
J. RUSSELL MANNING, M. D., V. S. 



ILLUSTRATED 

STOCK DOCTOR 

: AND : 

LIVE-STOCK ENCYCLOPEDIA, 

: INCLI'I)IX(; : 

HORSES, CATTLE, SHEEP, SWINE AND POULTRY. 

: WITH ALL THE : 

FACTS CONCERNING THK VARIOUS BREEDS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS^ 

BREAKING, TRAININCJ, SHELTERING, BUYING, SELLIN(;, 

PROFITABLE USE, AND GENERAL CARE ; 

: EMBRACING : 

ALL THE DISEASES TO WHICH THEY ARE SUBJECT THE CAUSES, HOW TO 

KNOW, AND WHAT TO DO; GIVEN IN PLAIN, SIMPLE LANGUAGE, 
FREE FROM TECHNICALITIES, BUT SCIENTIFICALLY CORRECT 
AND WITH DIRECTIONS THAT ARE EASILY UNDER- 
STOOD, EASILY APPLIED, AND REMEDIES 
' THAT ARE WITHIN THE REACH 

OF THE PEOPLE ; 



THE MOST RECENT, APPROVED AND HUMANE METHODS FOR THE PRESERVA- 
TION AND CARE OF STOCK, THE PRE\ENTION OF DISEASE, 
AND RESTORATION OK HEALTH ; 

DESIGNED FOR THE FARMER AND STOCK-OWNER. 



J. RUSSELL MANNING, M. D., V. S. 



WITH 400 ILLUSTRATIONS. 



ST. LOUIS, MO. : 

N. D. THO.MPSON & CO., Plblishers, 

5^0, 522 and 524 Pine Street. 
iSSo. 



"r 






Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year iSSo, b 

N. D. THOMPSON & CO., 

In the ottice of the Librarian of Congress, at AVashingto 



PUBLISHER'S PREFACE. 



It is with especial pleasure and pride that the publishers present to the 
public this volume. They believe that in design, extent, variety of 
matter and illustration, especial adaptability to the wants of the farmer 
and stock owner, and in its explicit and practical teachings, it has not been 
equalled in tiie history of American agricultural publications. No author 
has to the same extent carried into effect in this department of literature 
the modern and popular idea of '■^ object teacldng." And in no depart- 
ment of literature is such teaching so useful and practical in character. 
With our author it has not been enough to describe ; but he illustrates — 
teaching through the eye as well as by word, and with a definiteness in 
both I'espects that will enable any one, by proper study, however unfa- 
miliar with the subjects of which it treats, to become well versed in all 
the essentials of a practical knowledge of the use, cai'e, diseases and 
treatment of domestic animals. Though the book is large, the system of 
tiie arrangement is so perfect that any fact in its contents can be readily 
found, and this constitutes it a most convenient Avork for ready reference 
as well as for general study. The illustrations, covering the subjects of 
breeds, characteristics, points, character, and the various stages of dis- 
eases, etc., are exhaustive, while the elaborate charts, so minutely 
illusti-ating the ages of the horse and cow, are decided features and most 
useful as well as novel. 

The author's careful education in the profession of Veterinary Medicine, 
his large practice, and his experience in the general care and management 
of live stock, have eminently qualified him for the task he has undertaken, 
and we place the result of his labor befcn-e the public, believing that he 
has done his work well — that he has produced a book that will be of most 
practical and pecuniary value to every stock-owner. Relieving this, the 
book is launched upon the sea of agricultural litei-aturc with the confident 
belief that it is demanded and that it will accomplish its mission of 
usefulness. 



AUTHOKS PREFACE 



The author's object in writing the following; book was to impart 
such practical information to the American farmer and stock-owner, 
;is will lead to a nmch needed and beneficial reform in the breeding, 
care and general treatment of domestic animals ; to offer such informa- 
tion in practical shape as will enable him to realize a greater benefit 
from live stock in health, and familiarize him with the causes that 
produce diseases, that he may avoid them ; and also to give such facts that 
he may know the nature of a disorder when it exists, as well as the proper 
remedies to apply. 

In the suggestions offered we have kept steadily in view the necessity of 
simplicity in describing disease, and of prescribing those i-emedies that the 
ordinary farmer can without difficulty procure and easily administer. In 
a practice of tAventy-five years in country districts, among the agricultu- 
ral classes, we believe we have learned to know their wants in this respect, 
and this volume is an earnest effort to meet them. It has alwaj's been a 
matter of sui'prise that such a work for farmers and small stock-owners — 
simi)le in style and diction, yet scientifically exact, covering the entire 
subject of domestic animals — has never been prepared ; yet we believe 
we speak within the facts in saying that our agricultural literature has to 
the present time been without a volume fulfilling these requisites. 

The effort has been to produce a systematic work, accessible to the 
farmer, giving the known facts and principles of the art of handling, 
improving, breeding, care and management of domestic animals in health, 
the causes which produce disease, and how to avoid them ; how to know 
disease, and what to do. In short, to ]iroduce such a work as will serve 
as a valuable hand-book, both for study and for constant reference for 
tlic farmer, and which will enable him to tiu'ii the industry of stock- 
breediuii', raising, !)uying and selling to greater ^/-q/iV. 



AUTIIOU S PREFACE. VU 

In what we have said conconiiiig the characteristics, excellences and 
■defects of the various breeds of live stock (and in this we have tried to 
be full, explicit and exact), wc have not been biased by partial itj"^ for any, 
and have studiously avoided expressing any preference, when the facts, 
obtained b}' long familiarity with the subjects, and much reading and ob- 
servation, did not clearly sustain the position taken. 

The book is not in any sense in the interest of any breed or breeds, 
and even less is it in the interest of any class of breeders or importers. 
In these things the interests of truth and the reader have been the influ- 
ences that controlled. There is no advertisement in its pages. 

If in the directions given throughout the ^vork we liave subjected our- 
selves to the charge of making a hobby of cai'cful and tender treatment 
of animals, we reply that a long experience, and the observations of a 
life-time, have very strongly impressed us that not only humanity but 
■econohiij is l)cst served by kindness, and if the influence of this book shall 
lead to a more general study of the comfort of domestic animals, we will 
feel that we have served the JincatciaJ interest of the breeder in an equal 
IJroportion to the welfare of the animals. 

One of the facts that has always forcibly- impressed us is, that among 
horse owners, and even those long familiar with horses, there are so few 
good judges of a horse. The different developments of the horse for the 
different purposes for which horses are used, seem to be little under- 
stood, yet it is susceptible of very accurate knowledge, and in the ap- 
propriate places in these pages, we have, by careful analysis of the jyoints 
of the horse, and A^ery copious illustrations, given facts that will enable 
any one to readily determine a horse's appropriate uses and his value. 
In this is included the very extensive chart for telling the age, and also 
the easy directions for ascertainhig vices and unsoundness. 

"With the other domestic animals like information is given and with 
equal plainness. With these facts before him, so explicitly stated and so 
exhaustively illustrated, any one can soon learn to buy to advantage. We 
have endeavored to guard the unsuspecting against the arts of the jockey, 
and to point out so plainlv the difference between an elegant and common 
horse, a good and bad one, a sound and unsound one, an old and a young 
one, a vicious, dangerous horse, and a kind, tractable one, that any person 
may easily learn to protect himself against imposition. The same plan 
has been sustained with the other subjects. 

Hard names and technical terms have been avoided as much as possible, 
but when terms of anatomical and medical science have been necessarily 
employed they are exiflained and applied with a degree of plainness and 
precision that brings them within the ready comprehension of every 
reader. 



Vlll AUTHOR S I'KEFACE. 

To aid the noii-profcssioiuil owner in deciding the nature of disease, en- 
gravings are given which show the positions in the different stages of 
various diseases, and which cannot fail to be of great value in determining 
the character of the disorder. 

This preface ought not to be concluded without acknowledging the able 
assistance rendered in the preparation of this book by Hon. Jonathan 
Periam, of Chicago, whose great experience with stock, and as an agri- 
cultural writer, extending through a quarter of a century, has been of 
such advantage in its preparation. To his extensive information, prac- 
tical suggestions, and ready pen, every department of the work is in- 
debted, and acknowledgments are hereby made. 

To Prof. Ed. Porter Thompson of Bentonville, Arkansas, a graceful 
and prolitic writer, and a scholar of classical attainments, obligation is 
also expressed. 

J. R. M 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



PART I. 



THE HORSE, HIS HISTORV, BREEDS, CHARACTERISTICS AND 
MANAGEMENT. 



CHAPTER I. 

HIS HISTORY AS A COMPANION AND SERVANT OF MAN. 

Page. 

Connected witW Man from a Very Early Age.— His Importance as a Helper in the Work of the 
World.— His Superiority Over the Other Animals.— The Horse and His Eider become in Some 
Measure on« Creature. — His Nativity: Doubt Concerning it. — His Existence upon Earth 
Probably Contemporaneous with that of Man. — The Most Ancient Authors Allude to Him. — 
He Passes into Different Parts of the Globe.— Wild Herds in the Eastern Continent.— Origin 
of the Wild Herds in America, — Found as a Domestic among Nearly all People. — Greater 
Liability to Disease in a Domestic than in a Wild State. —Subject to Deterioration under Ig- 
norant Management.- The Wisdom of the Arabs as Breeders and Keepers.— Difference of 
Opinion among Men as to Systems of Breeding; Attention Called to its Treatment in this Work. 
— Knowledge and Skill necessary to Ills Proper Care 17 

CHAPTER II. 

ILLUSTRATED DESCRIPTION. 
Necessity for a Comprehensive Idea of the Construction of the Horse, and the Relations of His 
Parts.— Scientiflc Terms Used, but E.xplaincd.— Subsequent Portions of the Work More Readily 
Understood by Reference to this Chapter.- Knowledge of Structure Indispensable to Surgery.— 
Skeleton; Stctional View of Thorax, Abdomen, and Pelvis; Vertical Section of Head; Section 
ofFoot; Front and Back View of Foot; and E. eternal Parts 22 



CHAPTER III. 

HOW TO TELL A HORSE'S AGE. 
A Knowledge of Changes in the Teeth the Only Means.— This Chapter to be Studied in Connection 
with the Chart which Follows.— Buyers Likely, without this Knowledge, to be Deceived.— In- 
cisors Chiefly to be Relied on.— Condition of a Foal's Mouth.- The Changes that Follow.— How 
Foal Teeth are to be Distinguished from Horse Teeth — Wearing away of the Grinder or Enam- 
eled Portion —Number of Teeth in a Full Grown Animal.— Difference between Horses and 
Mares as to Number —Incisors, Hooks, and "Wolf's Teeth." How to Determine Age till Foal is 
Two Years Old.— Uow from Two to Old Age.— The Horse of Medium Size to be Taken as a Stand- 



l: TABLE OF CONTEXTS. 

Page. 
ard.— Shooting up and Grinding oil".— Irregular Teeth j How to Judge.— Peculiar Hardness of 

Bones and Slowness of Change in Certain Jreeds.— The Mule; Age Hard to Find Out with Ex- 
actness.— Deceptions; How to Detect.— Crib Biters How to Examine— Terms dedned 31 

CHAPTER IV. 

DIFFERENT BREEDS zVND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. 

I. The Inferior Varieties: Many found in Both Hemispheres, borne Good, but Little Known ot 
Thein. — II. Some considered as to Work rather than Breed; the Farm Horse; the Hunter; the 
Hackney; Horses for Heavy Draft —III. The Arabian.— IV. The Barb.— V. 1 h.- English Thor- 
oughbred. —VI, The Persian.— VII. The Turk. —VIII. The Turkoman.— IX. The Egyptian.— X. 
The Dongola — XL The Norman Percheron.— XII. The Thoroughbred in America.— XIII. The 
Morgan.— XIV. The Xarragansett Pacer.- XV. The Canadian.— XVI. The Connestoga.— XVII. 
Ponies 37 

CHAPTER V. 

BREEDING AND RAISING. 

I. Importance of the Subject.— II. The Best Stock the Cheapest.— lU. Hereditary Tendencies and 
Immaturity to be Guarded Against.— IV. Principles of Transmission.— V. The two Methods, 
"in-and-in" and "cross" Breeding Considered. —VI. Treair.ient of the Mare after being Served, 
During Pregnancy, etc. — VII. How to Know whether a Mare is in Foal. — VIII. How to Know 
Time of Fsaling.— IX. Abortion, or Slinking the Foal X. How to Raise Colts.— XI. Mules... 79 

CHAPTER VI. 

HOW TO BREAK AND TRAIN A HORSE. 
I. American vs. English Foals. —II. At Weaning Time. —III. The First Lesson.— IV. Training.— V. 
Training to Work —VL Training to Back.— VII. Training to Saddle and Harness.— VIII. To 
Handle a Horse —IX. How to Handle a Vicious Colt.— X. Saddling and Harnessing.- XI. How 
to Subdue a Vicious Horse — XH. How to Train to the Saddle. — XIII. Training to Trot [in Har- 
ness —XIV. How to Ti-ain to trot in Light Harness.— XV. How to Train for the Plow. — XVI. 
Training to the Wagon —XVn. How to Train a Kacer — XVIU. Traininga Stallion 87 

CHAPTER VII. 

HOW TO SHELTER. 

1. Comfortable Shelter Economical. — H. Consideration in Constmcting Stables— in. Mangers and 
Racks' — IV. How to Insure a Good Temperature. — V. Cleaning the Stables.— VI. The Loft. — 
VII. The Harness Room —VIII. The Out-shed —IX. Water 106 

CHAPTER VIII. 

HOW TO FEED, WATER AND GROOM. 
1. Laying the Foundation. —II. AVhat to Feed.- III. When to Feed.— IV . Watering.— V. Kinds and 
Quantities of Food to be Given.— VI. How to Prepare the Food. — VII. How to Make Mashes, 
Gruels and Hay-tea.— VIII The Value of Hay and Straw.— IX. Feeding Grain.— X. Stable Care 
and Grooming.— XI. The Time to Clean —XII. Care of the Feet . — XIII. Blanketing, when Nee - 
essary.— XIV. Proper Tools for the stable 11! 



TAHLE OF CONTENTS. XI 

Paob. 

CHAPTER IX. 

BENEFITS OF KIND AND CAREFUL TREATMENT. 

I. Abusing a Faithful Servant— II. Wliat are liarbarities —III. A Picture from Life— IV. The 
Other .Side. — V. A Guotl Farmer's Surroundings, — VI. Farmer Unthrift's Farm. — VII. His 
Home —VIII. The Careful Man's Theory.— IX. Using the Means We Have.— X. An Infallible 
Rule 121 

CHAPTER X. 

HOW TO DUY. 
I. now to Get Correct Information.— II. The Buyer Must Know What He Wants.— HI. Propor- 
tions of the Horse.— IV. The Cleveland Bay for ProBt.— V. How to Buy a Trotting Horse.— 
VI. One Mustknow what He Buys for.— VII. The Light Harness Horse.- VIII. Saddle Horses 
of all Uaits — IX. The High-Bred Hunting Horse.— X. Racing Horses —XI. What the Racer 
Should be —XII. To Avoid Vices and Detects ; How to Detect.— XIII. Other Faults and imper- 
fections 131 

CHAPTER XI. 

HOW. TO BUT, CONTINUED. 
I. PiUying Cheap Horses. — II. Color, in Relation to Value.— III. Action. — IV. Fast-walking 
Horses —V. What a Horse Should Be.— VI. What Constitutes UneoUBdness.- VII. Illustration 
of Form and Symmetry. — VIII. The Body and Limbs.— IX. The Body as Standing Facing You. 
X. Front View of Fore-quarters.— Showing Different Bad Conformations. — XI. The Hind-quar- 
ters —XII. The View from Behind —.Kill . What Not to Buy —XIV. Buying for Blood.— XV. 
Summing Up IKS 



PART II. 

DISEASES OF THE HORSE. THEIR CAUSES; HOW TO KNOW 
THEM, AKD HOW TO CURE THEM. 

CHAPTER I. 

I. Introduction. — II. External Manifestation of Disease 183 



CHAPTER II. 

DISEASES OF THE SKIV AND SUB-CUTANEOUS TISSUES. 

1. Scratches— H. Grease —III Thriisb —IV. Swelled .\nkles.— V. Swelled Legs.— VI Surfeit. 
VII. Mange— VIII. Ring-worm.— IX. HMc-boun I. — X. Saddle Galls, or Sitfasts.- XI. Fun- 
gous Collar Tumor —XII. Warts.— —^l. Vermin.— XIV. Lai-va in 'he Skin.— XV. Tetter — 
XVI. Rat-tails.— XVII. Malle drKT'andSallBnders.— XVIH. Poll-evil.— XIX. Fistula 187 

CHAPTER III. 

DISEASES OF THE GLANDS AND NASAL MEMBRANES. 
1. Glanders —II. Farcy— III. Distemper.— IV. Nasal Gleet.— V. Nasal Polypus 223 



XU TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

Page. 

CHAPTER IV. 

DROPSICAL AFFECTIONS. 
I. Dropsy of the Heart.— n. Dropsy of the Brain.— III. Dropsy of the Chest.— IV'. Dropsy of the 
Skin of the Chest. — V. Dropsy of the Scrotum. — VI. Dropsy of the Abdomen .^n 

CHAPTER V. 

DISEASES OF THE THROAT, CHEST, AND LUNGS. 
I Chest Founder.— II. Bronchitis.- III. Pneumonia, or Inflammation of the Lungs.— IV. Con- 
sumption.— V. Pleurisy. — VI. Colds.— VII. Enlarged Glands.— VIII. Swelled Throat.- IX. 
Chronic Cough.— X. Malignant Epidemic— -XI. Difficulty of Breathing.— XII. Broken Wind, 
Bellows, Heaves. — XIII. Influenza. — XIV. Spasmodic Action of the Glottis and Epiglottis.^ 
XV. Croup.— XVI. Bleeding from the Nose.— XVII. Strangles 248 

CHAPTER VI. 

DISEASES OF TH-E STOMACH AND BOWELS. 
I. Sour Stomach. —II. Colic— III. The Bot.— IV. Inflamm,ation and Rupture of the Colon. —V. In- 
flammation and Bleeding of the Rectum. — VI. Spontaneous Salivation.— VII. Inflammation of 
the Stomach. —VIH. Soreness and Itching of the Anus. — IX. Chronic Gastritis.— X. .«pasm of 
the Diaphragm.— XI. Rupture of the Stomach —XII. Gorged Stomach.— XIII. Inflammation of 
the Peritoneum. — XIV. Strangulation of the Intestines. — XV. Functional Diseases of the Liver. 
— XYl. Parasites which AiTect the Intestines. — XVII. Diarrhoea 272 

CHAPTER VII. 

DISEASES OF THE LIVER, URINARY ORGANS, &c. 
I. Jaundice. — II. Enlargement of the Spleen. — III. Inflammation of the Kidneys.— IV. Profuse 
Staling, or Diabetes. — V. Bloody Urine, or Hajraaturia. — VI. Thick and Albuniinous Urine. — 
VII. White or Lime Urine.— V^III. Gravel, or Stone in the Bladder. — IX. Suppression of the 
Urine. — X. Inflammation of the Bladder — XI. Foul Sheath.— XII. Rupture of the Bladder. — 
XIII. Spasm of the Urethra. — XIV. Inflammation of the Organs of Generation -293 

CHAPTER VIII. 

DISEASES OP THE TEETH AND MOUTH. 
I. Teething, or Dentition.— II. Shedding Teeth —III Blind Teeth— IV. Decay ol the Teeth.— V. 
Scurvy. — VI. Stump-sucking, or Crib-biting. — VII. Lampas. — VIII. Inflammation in and 
Around the Teeth — IX. Slavering. — X. Inflammation of the Tongue. — XI. Sharp and Project- 
ing Teeth.— XII. Scald Mouth— XIII. Aptha.— XIV. Inflammation of the Parotid Gland.— XV. 
Flstvila of the Parotid Duct 306 

CHAPTER IX. 

DISEASES OF THE HEART, BLOOD, &c. 
I. Thumps. — II. Scrofula. — III. Fever, or General Inflammation. — IV. Enlargement of the Heart. 
—V. Fatty Degeneration of the" Heart.— VI. Enlargement of the Arteries.— Vll. Inflammation 
of the Jugular Vein.— VIII. Inflammation of the Absorbeaiv — JX. Scarlatina 3IB 

'7 *■ 
CHAPTER X. 

DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 

I. Apoplexy, or Sleepy Staggers — II. Hydrophobia, or Rabies. — III. Mad ^taggers, or Phrenitie. 
XV. Blind Staggers, Megrims, or Vertigo. — V, Abscess within the Brain 327 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. XIU 

Page. 

CHAPTER XI. 

DISEASES OF THE MUSCLES AND TENDONS. 

I. Blood Spavin. — n. Bog Spavin— HI Curb.— IV. Tliorougli-pin—V Tetanus, or Lockjaw.— VI. 
Cramps. --VII. Rheumatism.-- VI II. String-lialt 844 

CHAPTER XII. 

DISEASES OF THE EYE. 

1. Natural Weak Eyes. — II. Sore Eyelids. — III. Moon-eyes. — IV. Cataiact. — V. Hooks, orlnHam- 
mation of the Haw. — VI. Dimness of Vision. — VII. Worms in the Eye. — VIII. Purulent Oph- 
thalmia — IX. Fungoid Tumors in the Substance of the Eye. — X. Impediment in the Lachrymal 
Duct.- XI. Gutta Serena 8,>il 

CHAPTER XIII. 

DISEASES OF THE BONES. 

I. Big Head and Big Jaw.— II. Sweeny of the Shoulder.— III. Sweeny of the Hip. — rV. BoneSpav- 
in.— V. EnlargedHock.— VI— Ring-bone —VII. Stifle.— VIII. Splint.— IX. Sore shins, Inflam- 
mation of the Metacarpal Bones. — X. Rotten Bones —XI. Inflammation of the Knee Bone. 
XII. Caries of the lower jaw 363 

CHAPTER XIV. 

DISEASES OF THE FEET. 

I. Ulceration of the Foot (navicular disease) —11. Cracked Hoof .—III. Hoof Rot.— IV. Corns. — V. 
Contraction of the Hoof (narrow heel). — VI. Injuries of the Frog. — VII. Founder. — VIII. Nail 
Pricking.— IX. Canker.- X. Sand Crack.— XI. False Quarter —XII. Quittor. — XIII. Toe 
Crack —XIV. Pumice Foot.— XV. Seedy Toe.— XVI. Ossifled Cartilages —XVII. Side Bones. 
XVIII . Incised Wounds of the Sole 37 1 

CHAPTER XV. 

WOUNDS AND INJURIES AND THEIR RESULTS. 

I. Strains and Sprains— II. Overreach.— TIL Brushing, or Speedy Cut.— IV. Broken Rnees. V. 

Capped Elbow.— VI. Frost-bite.— VII. Burns add Scalds.- VIII. Rupture.— IX. Choking.— X. 
Wounds Penetrating Cavity. — XI. Contused Wounds. ^XII. Lacerated Wounds. — Xlll. Punc- 
tured Wounds. — XIV. Broken Hock —XV. Dislocations. — XVI. Various Fractures. — XVII. 
Various Distortions. — XVIII. Diseases of the Ear Sgg 

CHAPTER XVI. 

POISONS. 



I. Internal Poison. — H. Poisoned Skin 



CHAPTER XVII. 

■VETERINARY SURGERY. 
I. Castrating. — TI. Bleeding— HI. Tracheotomy — IV. Periosteotomy. — V. Neurotomy. — VI. Di- 
vision of the Tendons, &c , &c., &c 414 



XIV TAHLE OF CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER XVIII. 

MISCELLANEOUS MINOR DISEASES. 

I. Melanosis, or Black Pigment Tumors.— II. Epithelial Cancer.— III. Dropsy of the Lungs.— IV. 
Stings and Bites.— V. Falling off of the Hair.— VI. Acute Irritation of the Skin.— VII. Hardtn- 
ingof the Skin.— VIII. Exotosis ofthe Lower Jaw.— IX. Swelling, by Pressure of the Bridle.— 
X. SoreNose.- XI. Roaring, or High Blowing.— XU. Wind Galls.— XUI. Rupture of the Ham- 
string 1 IS 

CHAPTER XIX. 

Medicines: What to Keep; llow to Obtain; How to Prepare; and How to Give Them Ui 

CHAPTER XX. 

Implements: What to Keep; How to Use 448 



PART III. 

Cattle. 

THEIR HISTORY, ORIGIN, BKKF.DS AND CHARACTERISTICS, 
MANAGEMENT AND CARE. 

CHAPTER I. 

NATURAL HISTORY OF CATTLE. 

Their Origin,— Early Domestication —The Different Kinds and Their Peculiarities .-Improved 
Breeds.- 1. Devons.- U. Sussex.- HI. Short-Horns.- IV. Alderneys.— V. Holsteins.— VI. Poll- 
ed Cattle.— VH. KcrryCows.- VIU. The Cherokee or Texas Cattle, Etc., Etc 447 

CHAPTER II. 

BREEDING AND FEEDING. 



CHAPTER III. 
TRAINING AND WORKING. 

Training vs. Breaking.— Training the Calf.— Haltering.— Training to Milk —Feeding at Milking' 
Time.— Viciousness in C9W8.— Hooking Cows.— Training 0.\en.— Train Stock Young. — Summing 
up.— Managing a Kicking Cow 571 

CHAPTER IV. 

HOW TO SHELTER. 

Necessity of Shelter.— Artificial Protection.- A Framed stable.— A Cheap Stable.— About Bams.— 
A Common Sense Barn.— A Square Cross Barn — Basements for Cattle.— Arranging the Base- 
ment.— Adapting Means to the End.— What to Plant 583 



TABLK <1F CONTEXTS. XV 

I'AOE. 

CIIAPTEK V. 

HOW TO PASTURE, FEED AND WATEE. 

About Pasturage. — Clovers that do Well — Undesirable Clovers. — AlTalfa. — The True Grasses. — 
Timothy, or Cat's Tail Grass. — Blue Grass —Red Top. — Orchard Grass. — Fowl Meadow Grass. 
—Time for Pasturing. — Watering.- FeedingStock Cattle. — How to Feed — Feeding Milch Cows. . GOl 

CHAPTER VI. 

BENEFITS OF KIND AND CAREFUL TREATMENT. 

Feeding for Profit. — As between well and ill Kopt Stock. — Heavyweights. — Profit in Early Matu- 
rity. —Make Beef Young — Baby Beef.— Feeding; Cost in England. — Summer Feeding. — Animal 
Waste.— Animal Heat. — Advantages of Summer and Winter Feeding 60S 

CHAPTER VII. 

HOW TO BU V AND now TO SELL. 

The Value of Good Care. — Estimating Weight. — Estimating by Measurement. — Buying to Feed. — 
How to Buy Breeders. — Where Good Beef Lies. — Buying Feeding Stock. — Analyzing the Carcass, 
— Proper Shape of Well-Bred Fattening Stock. — How to Buy. — Buying Milch Cows. — Buying 
Dairy Milkers. — Milk Mirrors.— The True Value of Milk Mirrors. — Value of Escutcheon Marks . — 
Milkers in all Breeds. — Heredity. — Digestion. — Respiration. — Symmetry 021 

CHAPTER VIII. 

THE DAIRY. 

Rushing into New Industries.— The Importance at Dairying.— Estimated Production of Butter and 
Cheese. — Conditions Necessary to Dairying. — How to Build. — Sub-earth Ventilation. — Care of 
Milk. — Temperature. — Various Methods of Raising Cream. — Making Dairy Butter. — Salting 
Butter. — Washing or Working Butter. — Packing Butter. — Preparing Packages. — Kind of Salt to 
TTse. — Cheese Making. — Cheddar Cheese. — Cheshire Cheese. — How to Sell Butter. — Utilizing 
Waste- Products 630 



PART IV. 

IDiseases of Cattle. 

THEIR CAUSES ; HOW TO KNOW THEM ; WHAT TO DO. 
CHAPTER I. 

DISEASES IN GENERAL— RECOGNIZING AND DISTINGUISHING THEM. 

FarmersShouldUnderstandSymptoms.-Of Diseases in General— Use Common Sense. -Gradua- 
tion of Doses —Frequency of Administering.- Forms of Doses.- How to Give Medicine — 
Injections.— Vapors, Spraying and Fumigation.— Anajsthetics.-To Deprive of Sensation — 
Blistering.-Firing.— Setons.— Rowels.— Sewing up Wounds.-Fomentations —Operation of 
Bleeding.— Recognizing and Distinguishing Diseases.— The Pulse —The Breathing.— The Animal 
Heat —The Skin and Hair.— The Posture.— Indications of Pain.— Special Signs in Cattle 6 



XVI TAULK OF f'ONTENTS. 

Taoe. 

CHAPTER II. 

GESTATION, DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS TllEUEOF. 

rim-ftl tvml Multiple Gistatlou.—Trciitmeiit Diirlug Gcstiitlou.—Binh.— Prolonged Labor .—Large 
rreseutatlon.— Unnatural Positions of the Call".— Flooding.— Presentation of After-birtli.— In- 
version of the Womb. — Languid Ltihor. — Irritability and Straining. — Temporary I'aralysis. — 
Abortion.— Isolation 67« 

CHAPTER III. 

INFECTIOUS, CONTAGIOUS AND EPIDEMIC DISEASES. 

rneumonla.— History.- Its Malignant ContJigiousness. — Dellnition. — llow the Infection enters the 
System. — IIow Long is a Diseased Animal lul'eclious. — How to Know it. — What to do. — Toxaa 
Fever. — IIow to Kkow it. — Bloody Murrain. — its Malignant Chanicter. — Preventives. — What to 
do.— Foot ami Moulh Diseases.— Malignant Catarrh 835 

CHAPTER IV. 

MEDICINES AND INSTllUMENTS; WHAT TO KEEP. 

1. Dissection —II. Action of Medicines. — III. Medicines to l)e Kept, anu Doses. — IV. Simple and 
Valuable Uccipes.—V. Forms of Clysters— VI. Infusions.— VH. Anti-Spasmodics.— Vlil . Mu- 
cilages.— 1.\. Washes.— X. Poultices.- XI. Fumigations,— XII. Tmcture for Wounds 687 



PART V. 

S h. e e p . 

THEIR HISTORY, BREEDS, CHARACTERISTICS, BREEDING AND 
MANAGEMENT. 

CHAPTER I. 

ORIGIN, PRINCIPAL 15KEEDS AND «. II.VRACTEKISTIC3. 
Cosmopolitan Nature of Sheep.— Long-Wooled Sheep.- 1. Leicester.- II. Bonier Leicester.— III. 
Cotswold.— Good Qualities of Cotswolds.-Cotswolds in the West.— IV. LiucolnSheep —V. New 
Oxfmlshire Sheep —VI. Middle- Wooled Sheep.— VII. Cheviot Sheep.— VIII. White-Faced 
Highland Sheep. —IX. Dorset Sheep —X. Southdowus— XI. Hampshire Downs.— XII. Shrop- 
shire Downs.— Xlll. Oxfor<i Downs.— Fine-Wooled Sheep.— XIV. American Merinos.— The 
Fleece .—The Head .—The Body .—The Most Prontable Sheep— Divisions of Wool 716 

CHAPTER IT. 

BKEEDING AND MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP. 
Watchfulness Necessary .—How to Breed.— Time for r,reeding.—Couplins.— Keeping the Reconl.— 
The Management of Rams —Training Rams.— Pasturing Sheep — Shade in Pastures.— Water.— 
Dosing Sheep.— Fall Pasturage and Feeding.— Sheep Barns.— Special Winter Food .-Manage- 
ment of Lambs .—Docking Lambs.— Castration.— Treauing.— The Nursery 734 



TAULE (JF CONTENTS. XVll 

Pagc. 

PART VI. 

Diseases of Sheep. 

HOW TO KNOW AND HOW TO CURE. 
CHAPTER I. 

ANATOMY AND DISEASES OF SHEEP. 
The Hea«i.— The Trunk.— The Tore-Leg.— The Hind-Leg.— Importance of the Head to Breeders.— 
Diseases of the Head and Brain.- The Teeth —Swelled Head.— Vegetable Poisoning.— Inflamma- 
tion of the Eye. — Sheep Distemper.- How to Know It.— What to do. — Grubs in the Head.— How 
to Save the Sheep — .Apoplexy. — Prevention.— Inflammation of the Brain— Tetanus, or Lock- 
jaw.— Palsy.— Rabies.-HydatidB on the Brain —Parasites of the Body and Skin ^The Scab.— 

How to Know it — Diseases of the Generative and Urinary Organs. — Diseases of the Limbs and 
Hoofs. — Foot Kot. — How to Cure it. — Fouls, and Travel-Sore Feet. — Gravel. — The Biflex Canal. 
Maggoty Sheep. — Lung Worms. — Intestinal Worms. — fiotten Liver. — Colic ■j47 



PART VII. 

> S ^w i 11 e . 

HISTORY, BREEDS, CHARACTERISTICS AND MANAGEMENT. 
CHAPTER I. 

HISTORY AND BREEDS. 
Origin of the Hog. — Teeth of the Hog.— Importance of Swine to Man. — I. Improved Breeds of 
Swine. — English Breeds. — II. The Berkshirea. — Establishing the Improved Berkshire — Stand- 
ard Characteristics of Berkshires. — III. Neapolitan Hogs. — IV. Essex Breed. — V. Yorkshire 
Hog — ^'I. SnlTolks. — ^ VII. Lancashire Hogs. — VIII. Lancashire Middle-Breed. — IX. Large 
Lancashire. — American Breeds. — X. Poland China. — XI. Chester Whites. — XU. Jersey Keds. 
— Chesnires. — XIII. Characteristics. — Recapitulation of Breeds ^ge 

CHAPTER II. 

BREEDING AND MANAGEMENT. 

Importance of Swine. — A Back-Woods Hog. — Fixing and Holding the Characteristics. — Selection 
Always Important.— Breeding Age of Swine.— Care of Breeding Sows. — Weaning.— Mnnagement 
of Swine — Absolute Cleanliness Necessary. — ?fummary 734 

CHAPTER III. 

FEEDING AND SHELTER. 

Good vs. Bad Food —Summer Feeding.- Other Summer Foods.— Roots.-The Grains —Feeding 
South —Mast.— Feeding in Conflnement.— Hog Barns —A Cross Barn.-A .Simple Pen.— Sum- 
mary.— Light vs. Heavy Hogs j92 

2 



XVm TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

Paos. 

PART VIII. 
33iseases of* S^wine. 

HOW TO KNOW AND HOW TO CURE THEM. 
CHAPTER I. 

DISEA*E-i OF SWINE. 
Uxpliirmlloa of Cut.-Uinicr.Uy ol' AdniinistcrinK Medicine— Gooil Nursing the Essential.— Malig 
nantand Contagious Diseases. — Maligniini Kpizo'itic Catnirli — ll'tw lo Know it. — Wluit toUo.-- 
Intestinal " Hog Cholera," — How to Know It. — Oausas. — Treatment. —Prevention. — 
Contagions Pnenmo-enteritis — Us Origin. — The Erysipelatous Form. — The Form with 
Malignant Throat. — What to Do. — Malignant Anthrax, Splenic Ferer. — True Charbon. 
—Inflammatory Diseases.— Qninsy, or Strangles.- Risingof the Lights.— Pneumonia. — Catarrh 

in the Head. -Diseases of the Skin.— Measles —How to Know it.— The Lard Worm What to do. 

— Trichina Spiralis. —How to Cure — Lice — Diarrhea — Summary gOj. 



PART IX. 

"Pou-ltry. 

HISTORY; BREEDS, THEIR CHARACTERISTICS; BREEDING AND 
GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 

CHAPTER I. 

History and Wild Types 819' 

CHAPTER II. 

VARIETIES OF BARN-YARD FOAVLS. 
I. DorKing Fowls. — H. Sliver Grey Dorkings.— Ill Black Dorkings. — IT. Fawn-Colored Dork- 
ings. — V. Bolton Greys. — VI, Dominique Fowls. — VU. I'lymoutli Rocks. — VIII. The Ostrich 
Fowls. — IX. Hamburg Fowls — X. Black Ilamburgs. — XI. Leghorns. — XII White Leghorns. 
— .\III. Spanish Fowls. —XIV. French Fowls.- XV. The Uoudans.— XVI. LaFleche Fowls — 
X.XII. The Creve Cieurs.— XVIII. Laige Asiatic Breeds.— XIX. The Cbittagougs.— XX. Buff 
Cochins —XXI. Partridge Cochins —XXII. White Cochins —XXIII. Brahma Fowls —XXIV. 
Light Brahmas— XXV. Frizzled Fowls —XXVI, Silkies.— XXVII. Breda or Guelder Fnwls.— 
X.KVIII. Game Fowls -1. Brown-breasled Reds.— 2. Earl Dirby Game.— 3. l>uck-winged 
Game.— 4. White Georgian Game. — .1. Game Bantams — G. Other Bantams — 7. Seabright Ban- 
tams, — S. Japanese Bantams ^j 

CHANTER III 

BREEDING. 
The Plumage. —Ideal Shape —Breeding to Type. —Disparity of .<e.\es.— Mating.— Breeding Grades. 838- 

CUAPEU IV. 

MANAGEMENT OF FOWLS. 
Going into Business.- Village Yards —The Ponltry n"U'=p — r-ni>ov 
For Market —Egg Producers.— How to Fatten— How to kill 
Market 



.. d f.r r,m 


■la —Best Breeds 


imI (Iri-ss Vo\ 


vis.— Packing for 




86(> 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. xix 

Paoe. 

CHAPTER V. 

THE HOME OF THE TURKEY. 

Varieties of the Domestic Turkey.— I. The Common Turkey.— II. English Turkey.— III.— The Hon- 
duras Turkey.— IV. Bronzed-Black Turkey.— V. Guinea Fowl —VI. The Peacock 8T1 

CHAPTER VI. 

DUCKS. 
1. linuen Ducks. — II. Aylesbury Ducks.— III. Call Ducks. — IV. Cayuga Black Ducks. — V. Grey 
Ducks. — VI, Black East India Ducks, — Summary gjg 

CHAPTER VII. 

GEESE. 
I. Embden or Bremen Geese. — II. Toulouse Geese.— III. Hong Kong Geese. — IV. 'White Chinese 
Geese. — V. African Geese.— VI. Canada Wild Geese. — Management of Geese. gtjB 

Glossary of Terms Used by Fanciers and Hrecders ^ijj 



PART X 

DISEASES OF POULTRY AND THEIR REMEDIES. 
CHAPTER I. 

DISEASES AND REMEDIES. 
Anatomy of the Hen. — Apoplexy. — Its Cause. — Roup —To Cure. — Egg Bound —Inflammation of 
the Egg passage. — Cholera. — Gapes. — Cause. — How to Cure. — Crop Bound. — Diphtheria, or 



Croup. — Lice 



PART I. 

THE HORSE ; 

:HIS: 

HISTORY, BREEDS, CHARACTERISTICS 
AND MANAGEMENT. 



THE HORSE. 



CHAPTER I. 
HIS HISTORY AS A COMPANION AND SERVANT OP MAN. 



•CONNECTED WITH MAN FROM A VERY EARLY AGE. HIS IMPORTANCE AS A HELPER IN THE 

WORK OF THE WORLD. HIS SUPERIORITY OVER THE OTHER ANIMALS. THE HORSE 

AND HIS RIDER BECOME IN SO.MB .MEASURE ONE CREATURE. HIS NATIVITY: DOUBT 

CONCERNING IT. HIS EXISTENCE UPON EARTH PROBABLY CONTEMPORANEOUS WITH 

THAT OP MAN. THE MOST ANCIENT AUTHORS ALLUDE TO HIM. HE PASSES INTO DIF- 
FERENT PARTS OP THE GLOBE. WILD HERDS IN THE EASTERN CONTINENT. ORIGIN 

OP THE WILD HERDS IN AMERICA. FOUND AS A DOMESTIC AMONQ NEARLY ALL PEO- 
PLE. GREATER LIABILITY TO DISEASE IN A DO.MESTIC THAN IN A WILD STATE. 

SUBJECT TO DETERIORATION UNDER IGNORANT MANAGE.MENT. THE WISDOM OF THE 

ARABS AS BREEDERS AND KEEPERS. DIFFERENCE OF OPINION AMONG MEN AS TO SYS- 
TEMS OF BREEDING: ATTENTION CALLED TO ITS TREATMENT IN THIS WORK. KNOWL- 
EDGE AND SKILL NECESSARY TO HIS PROPER CARE. 

" And God miidc the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after 
their kind, and everj-thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind : 
and God saw that it was good. And God said, Let us make man in 
our image, after our likeness ; and let them have dominion over the fish of 
the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all 
the earth. " 

Although the precise period at which the horse was .subjected to the 
use of man is unknown, it is not unreasonable to conjecture that it was 
at a time long anterior to his mention in history ; and it is probable that 
since the day when man was made master of all other created things, 
no animal has been more constantly his companion and friend ; and that 
no other has contributed so much assistance in subduing wild nature and 
making everything subservient to his w^ill and promotive of his happiness. 
Other animals, particularly sheep and cattle, have shared with the horse 
this usefulness to mankind, it is true : and in our present civilized state, 
when mechanical ingenuity is making such rapid strides in disiiensing ^\•ith 



1)S ILLLSTKATED STOCK DOCTOK. 

animal lal)or, it may 1)0, as is soinotimcs daimod, that the wool-bearing 
and mill<-givin_u' animals — esi)ecialiy eonsidering that these same animals 
funiish also a large proportion of our Hesh food — are to be held as taking 
the preeedenee ; but as to adai)tability, bet'oming, as it were, a ereature of 
all work ; as to comeliness and (juiekness of motion ; as to a certain sym- 
l)athv with his master that makes him at times so to })ai't(Uve of his spirit 
and motions as to seem one with him ; as to a readiness of submission to 
drudgery as well as to proud emi)loyments, he is without a rival in the 
world. 

It is afKrmed l)y many that the horse is a native of Asia, but of this we 
really know nothing. Others affirm with ecjual, or almost equal, jjlausi- 
bility, that he is a natixc of central Africa. AVhere all is conjecture, it 
is needless in a practical work of this chai-acter to speculate. Wherever 
his i)rimal home may have been, it is at least within the bounds of proba- 
bility that his existence in Asia, in his present state of develoi)ment, is 
eontempoi-ary with that of man upon earth. Some among the vei-y earli- 
est records of the human race contain allusions to him as a well known 
animal, in the service of man. The dcscrii)tion in the Book of Job, a 
l)roduction admitted to be of the very highest antiijuity, is a ease in point. 
He is mentioned here, in glowing terms, as a martial adjunct to his mas- 
ter — and not as a newly-discovered or recently-subdued creature, but as 
one with which the world was familiar. Sculptured images of horses as 
beautiful of ft)rm almost as the noble Arabian of to-day have been found 
among the ruins of the cities of the desert. He is mentioned by Moses 
in connection with the Egyptians ; and records older than the writings of 
Moses point to his having been known and used by that singular people 
from the dawn of their wonderful civilization. 

We tind him thus in both Asia and Africa ; and during all the historic 
period he has been present with man as though native to the soil of many 
districts of both Continents. AVhcthcr borne thither by natural result of 
migratory wandering, in a wild state, or whether l)y the ever-spreading 
human family, tiiere is little to guide us in determining. In the more 
thinly populated districts of Asia, notably in Southern Siberia, great wild 
herds have been long known to exist. 

Though, as we have prexiously intimated, there must have been a 
noble breed of horses in Aral)ia in the days of their most ancient cities, 
the introduction of the present breed into that country is thought to have 
been of a comparatively modern date. It seems clear that long subse- 
quent to the begimiing of the Christian era there were few horses in 
Arabia, and those few of no striking excellence, and that the now cele- 
l)rated Arabians have cither sprung from good horses introduced into the 



TIIK lIOltSK, IMS OUKilX, ETC. 19 

country witliiii the last tliniisaiul years, or are the result of judicious 
breediii<r and kindly care hcstowed u\Hm a natiye stock. 

He ^vas Iiroujrlit as a domestic animal to the New World, 1)}' the early 
adventurers ; — and no trace of him, (if we except a kind of cloven-footed 
species), haying hccn found upon the Continent, we can account for the 
herds of wild horses, known to have long existed in different pails of 
North and South Ainci'ica, u))on no other supposition than that they are 
the descendants of certiiin Andalusiaii marcs and steeds brought over hy 
the Spaniards, and abandoned by them when they could no longer render 
them service, or left free to escape to- the forests on the death of their 
masters in l)attlc. There is a stoiy current — of doubtful authenticity, 
liowevcr — that all these immense herds, in both North and South America, 
are sjjrung from one stallion and two mares that escaped from the exi)c- 
dition of l)e Soto through Florida, Georgia, and elsewhere. Be this as 
it may, there are now many great herds — a single one, especiall}- in South 
America, sometimes numbering many thousands. 

As a domestic animal, the horse is found among almost every people 
on the globe ; and his uses vary with the degree of civilization enjoyed 
l)y his owners. It ;nay be remarked also that this degi-ee of usefulness 
is intimately associated with the degree of his deterioration and with the 
dii?eases to which he is sui)j<(t. In a wild state, he is almost free from 
disorders of ever}' kind, — so much so that unless killed by accident or by 
dej)rivation of necessary food and drink, as is sometimes the cas(', he 
lives to a gi'eat age — dying in the course of nature, it is believed, at from 
thirty to sixty years. Among the Aral)s, where his condition ai)proaches 
more nearly to a natural state than among any other i)eople, excej)t the 
Indians, and where his laborious service to his master is limited almost 
exclusively to carrying a single rider, he displays his greatest perfections 
as a domestic animal, and enjoys the greatest immunity from disease. 
Among the leading nations of Europe and their colonies, where he is for 
the most i)art made literally "a beast of burden" in the different capaci- 
ties of animal for the saddle and for every species of draught, and where 
man practices almost mu'cstrained not only his active cruelties but many 
unwitting enormities, he is said by good authority to be constantly deter- 
iorating and becoming iiioi-c and more sul)ject to diseases and to prema- 
ture death. 

Among the Arabs, too, the best ])reeds are preserved in their purity ; 
whereas, among more civilized nations all efforts of man to improve the 
stock, or even to preserve any desired (|uality, result at last in rendering 
the subjects of his experiments mf)re liable to fall into various disorders, 
and, ('xcei)t in rare instances, in ultimate failure as to change foi- the 
better. 



20 ILLIISTHATEU .STOCK DOCTOli. 

It Miiiv not 1)1' irr('h'\!iiit to .stiilo in tliiw I'onnectiou that the grout oxcel- 
liMuc of till' Arnliian of tlic pri'.scnt da}', whatever may have been his 
orijiin, is duo in part to tho extraordinary affeotion folt for liiin liy his 
master, wliioh mnnifosts itself in the extreme eare that is la\ islicd upon 
him, and to which he is almost as sensitive as a human creature ; in part 
to his freedom from that severe hibor by which the horses of other na- 
tions are i)reniaturoly broken, stiffened, and dejjrivod of spirit; and 
partly, no doubt, by tho ste|)s which are taken, not. so nmch to hiiprove, 
but to prexerre, a choice breed. While other nations, notably the Eng- 
lish, French and American, are engaged in ceaseless endeavors to im- 
l)rove, and, according to some authorities, t'onstantly making lamentable 
failures — defeating their own ends by the systems of l)reoding, training, 
and use. wliich they adopt — the wild sons of tho desert maintain for their 
horses from age to ago the sui)eriority which they were tirst found to 

JIOSSOSS. 

Mom differ in oiiinion as to the cause of all this, anil tho mooted (pios- 
tions of crossing and in-and-in breeding find their ros|)octive clinnipions, 
and tho discussion is from time to time renewed ; Imt tho faot remains 
that the horses of Arabia exeel all others ; Mhilo another important fact 
seems to be mo.st generally overlooked, that the Arabs neither cross nor 
actually breed in-and-in, but, having by some means ol)tainod a noble race 
they guard eiiually against admitting admixture of blood and against too 
close oon.sanguinity. 

The subjoot of breeding, hoMover, will be found to have been more 
fully discussed under its proper head ; and in conolusion it will j)erhaps 
be sufficient to urge ujion the attention of the intelligent owner and 
breeder some few facts which have been touched upon in the course of 
this brief sketch, namely : That among horses in a wild state disease 
is rarely known, though admixture of blood Tuost probaldv does take 
place, and, for aught wo know to tho contrary, as close in-and-in 
brooding as tho most pronounced advocate of that .sy,stem covdd wish. 
Thus, wo tind exemption from destruetive disorders, but ordin.-irilv no 
strongly marked characteristics of race constantly i)revailing. and but 
rarely among them what niiiy be termed really fine animals. 

Again, that among tho horses of the Arabs and the American Indians, 
disease is almost as rare as among the wild herds. And again, among 
those nations where the hor.se is in the highest degree useful, becoming 
more tho slave than tho companion of man, he is the subject of a nmlti- 
tude of intirmities scarcely e(|ualled in nnmbor by those to wiiicii man is 
himself heir. It has been said that in becoming tho I'ompanion and the ser- 
vant of man, he has partaken, in some measure, of both man's spirit and 
his physical frailties. In battU', he adds to the toirors of the eonfliet 



TIIIC IIOHSK, Ills OliHilX, KTC!. 21 

h\- liis ticrcciicss :is well as Ky liis strciigtli aii<l swiftness; in the stables 
of careless opuleiii-e, he heconies tlie pampered victim of abundance, and 
falls a [n-vy to iliseases that come l)y irreguhir exorcise and surfeiting; 
with haul and driving task-masters, in the marts of trade, and subject to 
the exactions of business, he is soon stiffened, spavined, and generally 
broken as to botii conformation and locomotion ; while among the poorer 
class of tillers of the soil and other toilers, he seems to become si)iritless 
and dull, and subject to diseases that come rather from want of care 
than from either over-work or actual deprivation of food and driidi. 

Ill his best estate, he is the noblest of the lower animals ; in his worst, 
he is still a propei-ty of man, and a helper in his work. A knowledge 
of his ailments, and the possession of that skill necessary to his relief, is 
therefore essential to every one who owns even the commonest of the 
species. 



CHAPTER II. 

ILLUSTRATED DESCRIPTION. 



NECESSITY FOR A COMPREHENSIVE IDEA OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE HORSE, AND THE RE- 
LATIONS OF HIS PARTS. SCIENTIFIC TERMS USED, BUT EXPLAINED. SUBSElJUEJiT 

PORTIONS OF THE WORK MORE READILY UNDERSTOOD BY REFERENCE TO THIS CHAPTER. 
KNOWLEDGE OF STRUCTURE INDISPENSABLE TO SURGERY. SKELETON; SECTION- 
AL VIEW OK THORAX, ABDOMEN, AND PELVIS; VERTICAL SECTION OF HEAD; SECTION 
OF foot; front and BACK VIEW OF FOOT; AND EXTERNAL PARTS. 

In oriK'r tliat the roador may oUtain a ulear and comprehensive knowl- 
edge of the eonstruotion of the horse in all his parts and of the proper 
relations of those parts, it is thought best to introduce here, in one con- 
nected view, a description of the frame-work or skeletgn, as seen in Fig. 
1 ; of the internal organs and their positions, as seen in Fig. 2 ; of the 
head and its contents, Fig. 3 ; of the peculiar formation of the foot, Figs. 
4,5, and (?, and of the external parts of the animal, Fig. 7. 

It will be observed that Avhile we have used the ordinary seientitie terms 
in naming these various parts, we have annexed, wherever necessary, 
such explanations as A\-ill enable the plain reader to get the full meaning 
hitended to be conveyed. 

Some attention devoted to the subject here will of course suitersede the 
necessity of constantly recurring and tedious explanations throughout 
the subsetjuent part of the work. The clearness and fulness of the illus- 
trations provided leave nothing more, we think, to be desired on that 
head ; and if the reader chance to find, in our directions as to the treat- 
ment of any disease, allusions to the structure of certain parts which he 
has not well in mind, or terms used with which he is not entirely familiar, 
his difficulties can be speedily removed by reference to this chapter. 

Any attemjit to perform those surgical operations, however simple, 
Avhich sometimes become necessary in the treatment of domestic animals, 
must of course be directed by that knowledge of form, structure, and 
related functions which we endeavor here to impart. 



ILLL STliATEU UE.SCHll'TIUiN . 



23 




Fig. 1. Skeleton. 



Explanations. — A — Cervical vcilclnu^, or seven bones or joints of the 



B B — Dorsal verlebni?, or the ei<>hteen larirer joints of the baek-bone. 

C — Lumbar vertebra : — ^the six joints of the baek-l)one lying between 
the upper ends of the false ribs, and the upper edge of the haunch bones. 

D — Sacrum, or bone which forms the back pait of the pelvis. 

E — Coccvgeal bones, or tail bones. 

F. F-Ril>s. 

G — Costal cartilages, or the cartilages hy which the ends of the ribs 
arc joined. 

H — The scapula, or shoulder blade. 

I — The humerus, or large round bone between the point of the shoul- 
der and the elbow, or upper part of the fore-leg. 

K, K — The radiuses, the outer bones of the fore-legs, extending from 
humerus to knee. 



24 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

L — The ulna, the largt-r of tlio two l)om'.s of tlic njipci- part of fore- 
log, h'iiig behind the radiii.s and extending from the knee to the lower 
part of ehest. 

M — The carpus, or knee, e(nnposed of: 1, the seai)h()id, or l)one hav- 
ing a boat-like form ; 2, the scnii-lunar, or bone resembling a half-moon ; 
;{, the cuneiform, or -wedge-shaped bone ; 4, the trapezium, or bone re- 
sembling tlK^ mathematical figure of that name ; 5, the trapezoid, or bone 
resembling a trapezoid; (>, the os magnum, or great l)onc of the knee; 
7, the unc-iforni, or liook-sh-aped bone ; -S, the pisiform, or pea-shaped 
bone. 

fj H — The hu'ge metacarpal or cannon, the big l)oiie of the fore-leg 
reaching from the knee to the ankle. 

— Small metacaqial or "splint bones," the* two sniaUer l>ones of the 
lower part of the fore-legs. 

P p — The sessamoid bones — two small bones found in the substance 
of llie tendons at the joining of the fore-leg to the ankle. 

Q^ Q — Phalanges, embracing : 1, the upper pastern bone ; 2, the os co- 
rona, or lower pastern bone ; 3, the os jjedis, or first bone in the leg, 
inside the hoof — the coffin-bone ; and naviculare, a small ship-shaped 
bone, at the back of the lower pastern, not marked in the figure. 

R — The pelvis, or basin, composed of: 1, the ilium, or fiank bone; 2, 
the pubis, or fore-part of one of the l)ones of the pelvis ; ij. the ischium, 
or hinder and lower part of the liip-l)one. 

S — The femur, or Ihigh l)one. 

J — The patella, or small l)one covering the stifle joint — the joint of 
the hind leg near the flank. 

y — The tibia, or large, long bone between the hock and the stifle joint. 

V The fibula, the small, long bone behind and attached to the tibia. 

W The hock, or that joint of the hind leg between the stifle-joint and 

the fetlock, embracing the following small bones: 1, the os calcis, or 
l)ack i)oint of the hock ; 2, the astragalus, or upjjcr bone of the hock 
that supports the tibia ; ."). the cuueiforni magnum, or largest wedge- 
shaped bone ; 4, the cuneiform medium, or middle-sized wedge-shaped 
l)one ; 5, the cuneiform par\-um, or smallest wedge-shaped bone; fi, that 
small bone of the hock having a somewhat cubical form. 

X Lartre metatarsal, the front bone of the hind leg, between the hock 

and the i):istern joint, below which are 1, 2, ?>, tlu' })halanges of the hind 

leg. 

Y. 'I'he small metatarsal, or small bone of the hind leg in rear of large 

metatarsal. 

2 The head, embracing: 1, the inferior ninxilla, or lower jaw; 2, 

the superior maxilla, or u\^\n^v j;iw : .">, anterior maxilla, or outer part of 



II.I.rsTlJATKI) DKSCIMITKIN. 25 

the j;i\\' ; 4, the nasal Itoiic, or hone in front of the nostrils ; f), the ma- 
lar, or iironiincnt chcck-honc : li, tlic frontal or forehead l)one ; 7, parie- 
tal, the sides and ui)i)er part of the sknll hones — (wall l)()iies) ; ,S, orei- 
pital, the l)one of the hhider part of the head ; D, the laehrvinal, or houe 
iiudosing tlie hielirvnial iilaiid and dutt ; 10, the s(|uanious, or scaly por- 
tion of the temporal hones; 11, the petrous, or hard part of the lem- 
poi'al bones inelosinir the organs of hearinjj;. 

To snnnnarize, the s])iiie is divided into eervieal, dorsal, and hnni>ar 
vertebra-, or joints, in all, thirty-one ; the tail contains about se\enteen 
joints; the dorsal verteliraj, with ei<>-liteen ribs attached on oai'h side, and 
the brQiist-bone (which is not shown in the figure), form the thorax, or 
cavity inelosin<i- tlu^ heart, lungs, c*ie., — thirty-seven bones ; the fore part 
is made up of forty bones, taking both sides togetlier ; the pelvis, or 
l)asin, of three bones; the remainder of the hinder part, of thirtv-eight 
bones ; the cranium of ten ; the face and lower jaw of eighteen ; of 
teeth there are forty (in the male) ; the small bones of the internal 
ear, taking both, are eight ; and the hyoid, or tongue bone, consists of 
five parts. 

It is not the ])r()\ince of this Mork to enter into minute anatomical de- 
seriptions ; and for all really practical purposes the foregoing will be 
foulid ample. 

It must however be borne in mind tliat a thorough study of the anatomy 
and frame work of the animal is absolutely necessary to a perfect under- 
standing of how to breed, rear, care for, l)reak and train an animal. At 
the same time, neither the horse breeder, trainer, or driver, needs to un- 
derstand them so critically as must the veterinarian. The one repuires 
simply a general knowledge of the several parts, the other nmst under- 
stand intimately and critically each and every part, hot only in itself but 
with reference to its bearing and influence on, and relation to other parts 
of the body. Thus -what we give in illustration, while not going into mi- 
nutia such as would be necessary to make the veterinary exjiert, will be 
fully sutBcient for the instruction and every day use of the practical man, 
whether he be breeder, trainer, or simply the gentleman who drives for 
l^leasure. 



26 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 




ILLrSTKATKI) DIX l; I T'lK 



27 



Explanations. — 1 — ll"' <i<ii|>iil, <>i' tli.it ji.-irl of tlic skull which forms 
tlic hiiul part of till' head. 1 — Tlic (•crchclliiiii, or hinder and smaller di- 
vision of the l)iain. ;i — The <cnl)rnni, or front and larger division of 
the hrain. 1 — The nasal nicnilnanc, or cartilage hetwcen the nostrils. 
b — '{"he tongnc. li, (i — .Joints of the neck bone, 7, 7, 7, 7 — The spinal 
cord, or mai'i'ow. •'^ — The i>)iarynx, or cavity hounded hy the niemlirane- 
ons and muscuiai- walls heneath the l)as(^ of the skull, into which the 
nose and mouth both open, and wliiih is continuous below the tesoiiliagus. 
!), II, !) — The (esophagus, oi- passage through which food and drink go 
into the stomach. 10 — The orifice of the stomach passing through the 
diaphragm. 1 1 — The pylorus, or t he orifice of the stomach through which 
the food passes into the intestines. 12, 12 — 'i'he hinder Triurface of the 
diaphragm, or membi'ane which separates the stomach and bowi'ls fi'om 
the heart and lungs. l.">, l.'i — The trachea, or win(l|)i|ie. 14 — The lungs. 
].") — The heart, a — The stomach, b — The spleen, oi- milt, c — The left 
kidney, d — The broad ligament of the uti'rus or womb, with the left |)or- 
tion, and the o\ary or that part which contains the seed displayed, e — The 
rectum, or terminal ])ortion of the large intestines, f — The anus, g, h, 
i, j, k, 1 — Internal muscles of the thigh. 




Fig. ". Vkuticai, Section- OK lIoKSK's Head. 



This cut illustrates still more fully the structure of the head and its 
contents, a — 'J'he frontal bone, showing sinus or channel beneath. 1) — 
The parietal or wall bone, covering the brain, e — The nose bone, d — 
The occipital or back head bone, e, e — The Atlas, or first bone of the 
neck, showing th<' spinal marrow in its eentei'. f— The ethmoid or sieve- 
like bone, through which the olfa<-tory or ner\e of smelling passes, g — 
The sphenoid or wedge-like bone, which, with th<' ethmoid, supports the 
t)ase of the bi-ain. h — Part of the lower maxillary or jaw bones, with 
the lower incisor teeth. 1 — The cei-ebriun, or lari;-e brain. '1. — The cere- 
bellum, or small brain. ;i — 'i'he medulla oblongata, or upper portion of 

;3 



28 



ILl.l.sTltATKD vSTOCIv DOCTOU. 



the tspinal luanow. 4 — Tlu' spinal iiian-ow. A — Tlio turbinated hones, 
or tliin, bony plates, in the form of a seroU or horn, found in the nos- 
trils, and servinji' to jiive wider distribution to the lininji' membrane of the 
nose. B — The si'ptum nasi, or eartila<iinous division between the two nos- 
trils. C, ('- — The lips. i). The tongue. E — The epiglottis, or valve of 
the larynx. F — The trachea, or windpipe. G — The sesophagus or gullet. 
It will l)e observed that the great object in the formation of the eran- 
iiun, tliat of furnishing a tirm cover and a sure protector of the brain 
against all ordinary accidents, is secured by the employment of nine 
bones, arranged in this maimer: The two frontal bones (a), make up the 
anterior or forward part; the parietals (b), comprise the upper and cen- 
tral parts, and .cover the outer lobes of the cerel)runi ; the occipital bone 
(d), a singh> bone of great solidity, is at the back of the head; a little 
lower, and back of the occipital bone, is the ai)erture through which 
the spinal cord, tog(?ther with some nerves syid an artery, make their exit 
from the brain. Here the bone is smooth and rounded for the purpose 
of jointing ^vith the atlas, the first bone of the neck. The sphenoid bone 
(g), forms the inferior and central part of the cranium. The ethmoid 
(f ), through whieii the olfactory nervo passes, together with the sphenoid, 
as noted abov<', assists in upholding the base of the brain. In pro.ximity 
to the facitil bones are found sinuses bearing names derived from their 
nearness to particular I)ones. 

The temporal bones forming the sides of the cranium are composed of 
two j)arts, the sipiamous, or scaly, and the petrous, or stone-like. The 
petrous portion of the temporal bone contains the organs of hearing, 
having upon its inside surface the openings for the passage of the auditory 
nerve ; and upon its outside, large passages for the conveyance of sound. 





Fig. 4. Front and back view op 
the hones ov thl foot. 



Fig. 5. Sectional VIEW (IF THE 

BONES OF THE FOOT. 



ILIA'STKATKI) DKSCUIl'TION. 



29 




Figs. 4 and 5, taken in connec- 
tion, will serve to give the reader still 
more definite knowledge than that 
conveyed by the skeleton of the rela- 
tive situation of the different parts of 
the horse's foot, and the terms applied 
to eaeh. The bones exhibited in the 
front and back view, Fig. 4, are : c, c 
— The eoffin bone, or first bone of the 
leg. d — The sessamoid bone, b, b 
— The small pasteiMi. a, a- — The largo 
pastern. 

The parts exhibited bv Fig. (i are : 
a — The large metacarpal or caimon 
l)(>ne. b — The os suffraginis, or large 
pastern bone. c — One of the ses- 
samoid bones, d — The os corome, or 
small pa.stern bone, e — The navic- 
ular bone. f — The os pedis, or cof- 
fin bono, g, g, g — The fiexor perfoi'- 
ans,''or penetrating tendon, h, h — The fiexor perforatus, or ])enetrated 

tendon, i — The extensor tendon, j — The susjxMisorv ligament, k, k 

The capsular liganu^nt, or membraneous elastic bag sni-i-oundinu- the joint. 

1 — The fetlock joint, m — The pastern joint . n — The cofiin joint . o, 

The hornv crust, p, p — The hornv sole. (| — Tlie frog. r. — Thesensil)le 
laminse. t — The sensible frog, u — The cushion. v — Tlie navicular 
joint. 

It will be oliserved tiiat the parts exlii])ite(I by Fig. ") areplainl\- named 
on the engraving. 

The next cut furnishes a beautiful and compreliensive \ie\v of the terms 
applied to the various parts of the animal, and it can but prove of great 
use to those who would not only "talk horse" themselves, l)ut understand 
the talk of others — especially of veterinary writers when treating of dis- 
orders, their location, and the j^roper means for their relief. 



Fig. u. 



Vertical .Skction ok the Foot 
AND LowEK Leg. 



30 



Il.HSTUATKI) STOCK DOCTOK 




Fl<i. 7. K.viKi;.s- Ai. I" -,;; 



I IIK IIOKSK. 



Explanation. — l- The muzzlo. "2 — The f:uo. ;> — The forohoad. 4 — 
The poll. .") — Tho iTost. (! — The jowl. 7 — The <:ulK't . s — The wind- 
pip,., it— Point of thosh.iuldcr. 10— The bvoast . 11.— The arm. 12 
— Thoi-lhow. i;i— Thoiiiith. 11— Tho Hank, la— The sheath. 16— 
The stifle. 17— The withers. 18— The l)aek. 1!)— The loins. 20— 
The hip. 21 — Theeroup. 22 — Thcdoek. 2;3 — The quarter. 24 — The 
thiiih orijaskin. 2.5 — The hanistrinjj. 2t> — Thepoint of hock. 27 — The 
hoek, (hoiio:h) 2tS — The eannon hone of hind le<r. 29 — Tliefetloek. 30 
— The lar<re pastern. 31 — The small pastern. 32 — The coronet. 33 — 
The hoof. .'M — The knee. .">.'> — 'I'lie cmhuou ()f fore le<r. 3() — Tliefet- 
loek. 37 — The heel. 38 — The large pasteri;. o'J — The small pastern. 
40— The hoof. 



CHAPTER III. 
HOW" TO TELL A HORSE'S AGE. 



A K.NOWLKDGE OF CHANGES IN THE TKETH THE ONLY MEANS. THIS CHAl'TER TO BE 

STUDIED IN CONNECTION WITH THE CHAKT WHICH FOLLOWS. BUVERS LIKELY, WITH- 
OUT THIS KNOWLEDGE, TO BE DECEIVED. INCISORS CHIEFLY TO BE RELIED ON. 

CONDITION OF A FOAL'S MOtiTH. THE CHANGES THAT FOLLOW. HOW FOAL TEETH 

ARE TO HE DISTINGUISHED FROM HORSE TEETH. WEARING AWAY OF TUB GRINDER OR 

ENAMELLED PORTION. NUJIUER OF TEETH IN A FULL-GROWN ANIMAL. DIFFERENCE 

BETWEEN HORSES AND MARES AS TO NUMBER. INCISORS, HOOKS, AND ''WOLF'S TEETH." 

HOW TO DETERMINE AGE TILL FOAL IS TWO YEARS OLD. HOW FROM TWO TO OLD 

AGE. THE HORSE OF MEDIU.M SIZE TO BE TAKEN AS A STANDARD. SHOOTING UP AND 

OUINDING OFF. IRREGULAR TEETH ; HOW TO.IUDGE. PECULIAR HARDNESS OF BONES 

AND SLOWNESS OF CHANGE IN CERTAIN BREEDS. THE MULE; AGE HARD TO FIND OUT 

WITH EXACTNESS. DECEPTIONS; HOW TO DETECT. CRIB BITERS ; HOW TO EXAMINE. 

TERMS DEFINED. 

Tlie iifro of !i liorsc is to he iiccuratcly dctcniiiiicd only liy :\n c.vainina- 
tion of the teetli, with a knowlcdjiv of tlic cliaiijrcs wliich, from time to 
time, take place in them. The followiiiir dii'ectioiis, studied in eonnee- 
tion with the drawing.s exhibited on the accoMipanyiiiL:' chart, and the ex- 
planations written under them, will enahh^ any one of orilinary aeutencss 
and |)()wers of observation, to judge for himself, and thus to avoid that 
most common of all the jockey's impositions, a lial)ility to he deceived 
in the age of iiorses held for sale. 

Tlu' incisors furnish the chief indications ; and to them tlie attention 
nmst lie mostly directed ; but the l)ack and hook teeth should l)e observed 
to some extent, as their condition may occasionally serve to correct and 
more fre(juently to corroborat(> the indi<-ations of the incisors. 

When first foaled, the colt has no incisors. Twelve l)ack teeth have in 
most cases forced their points by this time through the gums ; but it is 
not until from two to three months afterward that the four nippers ap- 
pear ; in six weeks the ni])pers are seen : and in about eight months the 
four I'orner teeth. There are now. at eiiilit or nine months old. twentv- 



32 II.I.l SlUAIKl) .STOCK DCXTOl!. 

four toi'tli, (upper and lower), i.".\\\i.-d /()a/-/('('//i. These are all ehaiiged 
1)\- the tifth or sixth year, and those that follow are ealled horxe-teeth . 

'I'he haek teeth appear as follows : the three front double pair are seen 
at birth, and are afterward ehanjied ; the fourth double pair appear from 
the eighth to the ninth month ; (this fourth double pair are the first that 
remain stationary, and they are found in eyery yoar-old eolt) ; the fifth 
double pail-, or tifth four, appear in the seeond or third year; the sixth, 
usuaih in the fourth or early in the tifth year. These three double pairs 
of baeU teelli (last named), remain unehauiied, as do also the four hook 
teetii. 

riu' hook teeth are uneertain as to time of appearance, eoming some- 
times at the end of the thinl year, sometimes in the middle or at the end 
of the fourth, sonii>tinu>s in the middle or at the end of the fifth, some- 
times at the begiiming of the sixth. 

Observe particularly that the incisors of the fo;d differ from tho.sc of 
tile horse : (1) By theii- rcgul.ir, conical formation; (2) by a narrow 
eontraetion ealled the neck, yisiblc almost in the ecnter of the body of 
each tooth, whih> nothing of the kind is seen in horse-teeth ; (;5) by their 
smaller size, cxcn when full grown. The milk teeth, (or those teeth 
which are cast or shed), taken from the jaws of dead foals and comjiared 
with horse-teeth similarly obtained, are found to be only about half as 
long as the latter. The l)rca(lth is not to be depended on, since the milk 
teejli of large foals appear almost as broad as those of small horses. 
^\'hen the nipi)ers beeonu' horse-teeth, they form a great eontra.st to the 
middle and corner teeth. The size of tliese la.st Mill at onee .fhow them 
to be milk tcili. (4) By the fact that the outer surface of the foal-teeth 
is smooth and striped with brown, wh'de on liorse-teeth the same surface 
is divided by a dirty yellow milcut.it ion inclining toward the center, 
which is sometimes doiilile upon the ii))pcr teeth. 

One should study the fonii of tiic incisors by carefully examnnng 
those taken from dead horses of different ages. Each incisor Mill be 
found to consist of a hard, enamelled part, called the grinder, which has 
protruded above the gum ; of a bony substance, which has been for the 
most part hidden in the gum; and of a root, which has occupied the 
<'avity of the jaw-bone. 

These teeth, (of tiic foal as well as of the horse), arc slowly but con- 
tinually Avorn away by biting and clu'wing, so that the leng-fh is constantly 
decreasing, — sometimes eveidy and regularly, — so that in old age the 
tooth that was onee two and a half or three inches hmg is found to be not 
exceeding half an inch in length. The breadth generally decrea.ses in 
about the same proportitm ; but Mith this difference in foal and liorsc- 
teeth, that the thickness and breadth of foal-teeth are eon.stantlv deereas- 



THE HORSE, HIS AGE, HOW TO TELL IT. 33 

ill*; from the grinder or hard enamelled part to the end of the root, while 
horse-teeth decrease from the root upward. The grinder, or hard, grat- 
ing portion of the tooth, which has not yet been used, has somewhat the 
form of an egg ; it is three times as broad as thick, and hollowed out in 
the shape of a funnel, which hollow has two sharp edges inclosing it. 
This socket or hollow is called Utf rnork. In the center of this mark, a 
sort of kernel may be seen — a tube commencing at the end of the root — 
that contains the nerves of the tooth ; l)ut this inner hole must always be 
distinguished from the mark, which is the outer depression, lying next 
to the sharp edges. The inner cavity is a fuimel-shaped socket, of hard, 
enamel shell, around which, :ind inside the outward shell, is a thick fluid, 
which remains during the life of the tooth, becoming, by degrees, gray 
matter. This fluid averages about four lines in depth in the lower incis- 
ors and about eight in the upper ones. 

■The outer edge of each incisor always rises a line or two above the 
inner edge ; therefore, when the upper and lower are first grated together, 
only the outer edges touch for some time ; and the inner edges do not 
touch until the outer ones are worn down to an equal height with them. 
Horse-teeth generally do this in about one year. At the age of two and 
a half, the teeth begin to change, and those which then appear are called 
Ilori^c-teMh. (See chart. Fig. 7, A). 

A full grown stallion or gelding has 40, and a mare 36 teeth — the male 
having four hook teeth which are lacking in the female, except that some- 
times she has imperfect teeth in the corres])onding i)art of the mouth. 
Those teeth found in som(^3•oung horses, ne.vt to the first double teeth, and 
called "wolf's teeth," are not included in this numl)er, as thev are not 
real teeth, — frequently not brc:iking through tiie gums at all, and usuallv, 
in any cas(^, disappearing in eight or nine years. Twenty-four of the 
true teeth, in both horses and mares, are situated in the upper part of the 
mouth, (that is, in l)oth jaws, above the lipn). They are divided into six 
doul)le pairs, counting upwards from below, so that those situated next to 
the incisors in all the four rows are first ; those next to them, second; 
and so on to the last pair, which are called back teeth. 

Twelve others are in the lower part of the mouth, surrounded })v the 
lips, six in the upper and six in the lower jaw, standing, each lot, in the 
form of an arch, and occujn'ing the entrance to the holloM' of the niontli. 

These twelve are called incisors. The four innermost, two in each jaw 

those forming the key of each arch — are called nippers ; the other two in 
each arch are called corner teeth ; and those between the nippers and the 
corner teeth are called middle teeth. Each of these teeth in the lower 
jaw rubs against the corresponding one in the upper jaw. The teeth of 
the upper jaw are broader and thicker than those of the lower. The four 



84 ILLlSTliATKl) srofK DOl TOK. 

Inioks arc si'ati'd aloiii', ovor each covikt tootli, Imt nearer to tlie corner 
teeth of tlic lli)pel' than those of tlie lower, so that tliev, (tlle liooks), 
nevei- come in contact with each othi'r. 

Tlie horse has always attained the age of fonr and a half or tive years 
before he has a full nnniln'r of perfect teeth. Before this time, the 
yoime'er tlu' animal the fewer the teeth, and even these are not all piTma- 
nent . 

The more a permanent incisctr loses in lenfith, liy friction, the more it 
also h)ses in width, so that the nearer tiie friction surface approaches to 
the root, the narrower and thicker it must appear. 

Every new hook tooth is cylindrical and somewhat hooki-d, with a cone- 
shajjcd proji'i'tinii'iirinder, and this is surrounded hy a spoon-shaped edge, 
turned toward the hollow of the mouth, so that the cone cannot he seen 
from the outside ; anil the whole grinder, or hard, enamelled part, has 
the appearance of the hai'k part of the bowl of a spoon — the edge, like a 
screen, surrounding the short cone, l)ut so tiiat two deej) furrows remam 
between. Kxcept this grinder, the ri'st of the body is unifonnly round, 
and the surface almost even. As previously said, however, these by 
themselves afford no reliable indication as to age. 

Figures 2, 3, 4, .">, (> show how the age of a colt may l)c determined 
till he is two years old. 'I'he following further explanations, taken hi 
conniM'tion with the chart fr(nn Fig. 7 to Fig. Kl, inclusive, will teach 
how the age, from two to thirty, can be ascertaintnl. 

Large horses have, of I'ourse, larger teeth than small ones ; but taldng 
a horse of medium size as a standard, one can nnike allowances for either 
larger or snudler. and easily arrive at just eoni'lusions. 

The incisors In'ing our main reliance, our remarks must be understood 
to refer ehietly to them. The length of the tooth of a horse of medium 
size is three inches, or thirty-six lines. After the changed tooth has 
arrived at its proper leng-th, if s/ioots up a h'lie regularly every year, and 
if the teeth stand right, f/ie (/rinder is woru off a line everi/ year. It is 
also, as has been said, worn off in both width and breadth, so that the 
srrinder becomes, from year to year, shorter and smaller, as shown by the 
I'hart . 

If. however, the tc<'th stand too far forward, (irregulai- teeth, see 
chart. Fig. 11 ). they do not wear down in the sam(> propoilion as they 
shoot upward, and they become very long. The age in this case can be 
ascertained with ease and exactness by observing directions givin under 
Fig. 41, ai\d noticing with care the following points : At the age of tive 
years, the corner ti'cth of the lower jaw have grown u}) tive lines above 
the gum: each middle tooth, seven lines; and each nipper, nine. At 
eight years, and older, each corner tooth of the same horse projects only^ 



IIIK ll(ll;>K, lir.s ACE, ll(»\\ lO IKI.I, IT. Ho 

four, tlic iiiidillc tci'tli, six, uiid tlie nippers, ciuht lines above tlie ijunis. 
This is altsolulely noeessaiy to b(^ taken into aeeount, beeausc it is the 
only means by whieli one can decide with eei-tainty as to the age of a horse 
whose teeth have become Ioniser than they would have been if set ri<rht 
and wearing regularly. 

The foregoing remarks and directions are based ujjon flu; assumption 
tiiat there is no peculiarity about the individual animal or the bi-ecd to 
which lie belongs that would materially interfere with the plin<'iples laid 
down. It remains, however, to notice that to those breeds of iiorses 
which develop very slowly, of which the Spanish horse may be cited as 
an (example, the rules are a little more difficult of ai)plication. 'I'he 
bones of these, and perhaps of some few other kinds, seem to be harder, 
and the ti-eth change somewhat later and appear to wear down more 
slowly; so that it scmietimes hap])ens that such hor.ses, after their fifth 
year, apjjear a year or two youngm- than they really are ; but the same 
animals are ai)t to be more than ordinarily strong, hardy, and long-lived, 
and to be taken at a diminished age really detracts nothing fi'om their 
worth. 

The age of a mule is somewhat ditHtult to determine with exactness, 
owing to the caus<' just stated. 

DiTcptions may be practiced with very thrifty 3'oung horses, when it is 
desirable to make them ajjpear of suital)le age for work or for breeding, 
by knocking out tlie incisors a year sooner than tlie\' would natui'ally 
change themsehes. If a i)urchaser suspects deception, he can tletermine 
the matter by closely examining the renuiining teeth. If the nippers 
have changed, and the inner edges of the corner teeth have not yi-t come 
into contact, the foal is but one year old — and so on. 

The ojjposite cheat — that of trying to make a horse appear younger 
than he really is by burning artificial mai'ks in u\nm the teeth — can be 
detected by closely examining the enamel and the effect of the mark 
upon it. A\'lien a horse has reaciied an advanced age, say twelve to 
twenty, the enamelled surface has become so minute that burning in as 
lai-ge a mark as is found in horses considerably younger would disturb 
the whole enamel and so leaxc a means ^f detecting the fi'aud. 

In the case of crib-i)iters, that wear out their teeth prematurely, and 
so appear really older than they are, examination must be directed to the 
corner teeth, which are seldom injured ; or, if the corner teeth ])roye to 
be injured, deduct from the ai)])arent age as many lines as are wanting to 
make the teeth of the natural length. To feed constantly, from weaning 
time, ui)on hard, unshelled corn, sometimes produces tlie same effect as 
(•rib-biting, and the same directions must l)e followed in forming an 
estimate. 



3() ILLUSTUATKD STOCK DOCTOR. 

We close the chapter with a short vocahulaiy, by reference to which 
the reader may more readily apprehend the meanin<r of the terms 
emploj'ed in the ensuing chart. 

Incisor. — A cutter ; a fore-tooth which cuts or bites. In the horse, 
those twelve teeth, six in the upper jaw, six in the lower, which are 
surrounded by the lips, are called incisors. 

Grinder. — As used in the present chapter, it denotes the hard, grating, 
upper portion of the front teeth. 

Line. — One-twelfth of an inch. 

Mark. — As used with reference to horse teeth, it denotes that depres- 
sion in the grinder laying inside the sharp edges and adjacent to them. 

Nippers. — Those two teeth in each jaw that occupy the middle of the 
semi-circular row. 

Cokner Teeth. — The two outer of the six front teeth in each jaAV. 

Middle Teeth. — The teeth between the nippers and the corner teeth. 

Hooks. — Four teeth, two in each jaw, situated over corner teeth, or 
beyond the incisors, reckoning from the front of the li])s, and having a 
cylindrical and somewhat hooked shape. 

Milk Teeth. — The front teeth of a foal which appear at al)out three 
mouths of age and are cast within two or three vears. 




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i "mM 



ii i uuittiuaaLu Es 



CHAPTER IV. 



DEFTERENT BREEDS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. 



I. THE INFERIOR VARIETIES: MANY FOnND IN BOTH HEMISPHERES. SOME GOOD, BUT 

LITTLE KNOWN OF THEM. II. SOME CONSIDERED AS TO WORK RATHER THAN BREED; 

THE FARM HORSE; THE HUNTER; THE HACKNEY; HORSES FOR HEAVY DRAFT. III. 

THE ARABIAN. IV. THE BARB. V. THE ENGLISH THOROUGHBRED. VI. THE 

PERSIAN. VII. THE TURK. VIII. THE TURKOMAN. IX. THE EGYPTIAN. X. 

THE DONGOLA. XI. THE NORMAN PERCHERON. XII. THE THOROUGHBRED IN AMER- 
ICA.-^ XIII. TpE MORGAN. Xr\'. THE NARRAGANSETT PACER. XV. THE CANA- 
DIAN. XVI. THE CONNESTOGA. XVII. PONIES. 

:" I. The Inferior and Little Known. 

Among the great variety of horses there are man}' that are either of 
inferior importance or so little known that it is deemed unnecessary to 
notice them in detail. India, China, Japan, Siam, several of the Euro- 
pean States, and North and South America, have horses that are in some 
instances widely different from each other, as well as from the approved 
breeds ; but the}' are not known to possess any remarkable excellence, or 
any distinctive points that are constantly reproduced in their offspring, — 
so that a mere casual reference to them, ■\\ith very general statements as 
to qualities and characteristics, is considered to be sufficient. 

In India alone there are various stocks, known to have been so long in 
the various regions of that gi-eat country as to seem native to the soil ; 
but ^^^th the exception of the Turko, recognized to be a cross between 
the Turkoman or South Tartary breed and the Persian, they are regarded 
as cold blooded and inferior. The Turko is said to carry himself in a 
grand and stately way, and to be both beautiful and tractable. 

The Tartar and Calmuck horses, with the exception of the Turkoman, 
Mhich is described elsewhere in this chapter, are for the most part small 
and ill-made. They are hardy, however, being able to perform great 
journeys, with burdens disproportioned to their size, and to live on the 
poorest fare. 



38 lI.USTItAI'Kl) STOCK !>()( TOIJ. 

TIu' lioi-scs of China arc small, aiul lia\r no jioints of cxcclli'nco as to 
oitluT slia|)c Of spirit. 

'I'iu' lioi'si's of 'I'nrUrstan liavo hoi'n di'scrilu'd iiy sonu' as lia\ ing lu'iivy 
ln'ails and I'wc-iu'cUs, with h)ng logs aiul a scanty body : while others 
spcaU of high crests and long, bony hoilit's, and assert tiu'se horses 
crossi'd with those of Persia, produce inagnifieont animals — elegant, 
active, strong, and larger than the best Arabians. In Bokhara is a l)reed 
of small and shaggy but stout horses, called Knssaks, which has attracted 
some attention. Their manes anil tails arc long as coni[)ared with their 
general make up. 

Helgium, Holland, and the (icrnian states have breeds of horses noted 
only, or chietly at least, for being largi-, strong, and well-formed, and 
admirably adapted to purposes of heavy draft. 

in the forests of Sweden, Finland, and Norw.-iy is found a rai'C of 
horses in a half wild state, from which tiie inhabitants, without taking 
u|)on themselves the trouble of bri'i'ding and rearing, supply themselves 
wluMi the crcatui'cs arc wanted for use. Tlu'y are small, luil wcll-formeti, 
active, and spirited. 

The llun<:arian horse, though evidently of the same origin as those of 
(icrmanv, is somewhat lighter than they, and (josscsscs more spirit and 
action. He shows some signs of oriental blood, to which he probably 
owes his superiority to his neighbors. 

The horses of Iceland run at large and pick up their own scanty fare, 
wherever thev can tind it. until they are needed by the inhabitants, when 
thev arc cauirht and subjected to use. The origin of these animals is in 
doul)t. Some assert that th(>ir i)rogenitors were carried into that island 
from the forests of Sweden; others, that they were of the stock of 
ponies found in the Scottish isles. They are small, but active, and gen- 
erally well disposed. 

The horses of Italv were formerly much better than now. Few of 
thcni niav at iiresent be regarded as j)ossessing any striking excellenoe. 
Thcr>' a-e >aiil to be some, among the people of Naples, that are large, 
of tine appearance, and excellent as carriage horses. 

The French petiple have many breeds, adapted to the saddle, the light 
carriaiiv, cavalry, and light artillery, besides those that are re(|uired for 
the plow and the cart. The most famous antong them is the Norman, 
or Norman Percheron, which is described elsewhere in this chapter. 

The fait is well established that the horses of Siiain. previous to the 
I^Ioorish connuest, were i)ossessed of many noble nualities ; but thev 
Avere much improved by a mixture of liarb blood, conseiiuent upon the 
invasion and the introduction of horses from the Harbary States. They 



TIIK IlOliSK, DiriKKK.N'l' liliKKKS, KTf. 39 

.still s1k)w liotli tlicir ()i-iiriii.il iiii'l dciivL-d oxccllciiccs ; und :i puic-ldood 
8]):inisli IJnrI) is ,i fine and beautiful creature. 

In the plains of South America, Mexico, Texas, and th(^ Western 
Territories of the United States ai-e found <:reat herds of wild 1ioim>, of 
which there an; diffenuit varieties, though they must iiave iiad a common 
origin, as we hav(r stated in chapter I. Cliance mixture with horses 
iinjioi-ted into the countiy sul).se()uently to those brought from Spain, 
toiicthc r willi tlie influences of different climates and food to which they 
have long Ix-en subject, may perhaps account for this. The most marked 
types of tlie^' wild Americans are the Mustang and the Indian ponies, 
which are noticed on succeeding pages. As a general thing they retain 
the striking characteristics of their old Spanish or Andalusian progenitors ; 
in size, shape, and spirit they sliow whence they are derived. Their 
lieads are prclt\ and their limbs clean. They an; capable of great 
endurance ; and though not especially rajjid in action, it is related of 
them tiiat they ai'c sometimes ridden at the rate of t<'n or twelve miles 
an hoMi- for a stretch of <ighty miles, without anything more than a 
temi)orary half an(] such little food as could b(^ hastily eaten. Seldom is 
any gsiit known among tiiern except a walk and a lf)pe ; but an occasional 
pacer is discovered. Many of them do well for the saddle; but care is 
ic(|iiirc(l ill iiandliiig tliciii. In the hands of the cruel or inconsiderate, 
tiieir wild nature returns 1o thi'iii, and they become intractable and even 
dangerous. 

II. Some Considered as to Work, rather tban Breed. 

In treating of the different stocks and specifying distinguishing points, 
it is jiei'liaps not amiss to consider some characteristics that should mark 
aniniMls clidseii or set asi<le foi- special purposes. 

The gof)d _/>/;■/// lior.^f cannot, of course, be confined to any particular 
l)reed. If he combines within himself certain desiral)ie (|iialities, it is 
not pertinent to in(|iiire particularly what blood he carries. Some points 
that should distinguish him ma}^ be thus enumerated: He should be 
close-built and strong, but not gross and clumsy, since he is to serve as a 
sort of horse of all work — doing duty, by turns, under the saddle, and 
before the plow, the farm-wagon and the carriage. 



40 



ILLUSTIUTK.P KTOCK UUCTOR, 




THE HOUSE, DIFKEUEXT HKKEUS, ETC. 41 

Fiftci'ii to .sixteen liaiids iiiiirk the proper .stature ; and his limbs should 
be sinewy without absolute heavine.ss, while hi.s feet .should be of medium 
size. He should be reasonably s|)rin<>y under the saddle, and active-, 
without dash, in light harness. To these he should add a certain thriftiness, 
that will enable him to appear well even under good, close work, if well 
treated ; and in temper he should be mild. His breaking in and training 
should have been such as to render him readily adaptable to any work 
tiiat lie may be called upon to perform about the country home. 

The Inivtrr, or horse for the chase, .speaking with reference to a 
])astime which is still common in England, but to which little or no 
importance is attached in this country, is usually the better esteemed for 
iiuving some blood, but more for the absolute feats of .speed and leaping 
which he may be al)le to perform, and for his ability to stand a hard 
day's run. 

The best hunters ai'e said to be a combination of the thorough-bred 
with some coarser animal — producing more .strength, sub.stance, and 
hardihood, with les.s length of body. He is at the present time what 
may l)e called three-quarter.s bred ; and he is lighter and more fleet than 
formerly. 

The acc()mj)anying engraving, entitled "A light hunting horse," 
conveys an excellent idea of what he is now most commouly found to be. 

That is to say, a horse of good style and form, capable of long con- 
tinued exertion under the weight of an ordinary sized man, and also 
capable of showing as high a rate of speed as possible, combined with an 
aptitude to leap successfully such obstacles as may ordinarily interpose. 
In all this class of horses, whether they be light or heavy Aveight animals, 
blood — that is, the possessor of a fair amount of thorough blood as trans- 
mitted by thorough-bred sire.s — is al)solutely necessary. It gives style, 
form, hard and fine bones, muscular tissue, lung power, and all this 
means endurance to pei'form feats -under which the cold blooded horse 
would soon succumb. Such a horse as the engraving shows will not only 
make a capital saddle horse, but also a most valuable horse for general 
utility, if properly broken, good for the light carriage and buggy and 
good also at a load if pi'opevly trained and handled ; but let it always be 
remembered that iu as much as you put a saddle horse, and especially a 
hunting horse, to labor, you detract from his value in the field. 



42 



ILIASTKATEI) IST()("IC OOCTOI!. 



r)iirin<r till- last ('(Miturx'. however, and tlie first of this, it was deemed 
essential that he should l)e a heavier horse — an animal capable of making 




mmii^>\ 






m. 



■mil' 



prodijrious leaps while earrving a heavy wei<rlit. This type is well repre- 
sented 1)V the subjoined cut of "A heavier hunting horse." 



THE IIOIiSE, DIFFERENT HI!EEDS, ETC. 



43 



The Hackney, as the horse of all saddle and light harness purposes, the 
common roadster, or general knoek-about, is termed in England, may be 
considered in jiretty nuu'h the same light as the good farm-horse pre- 




viously noticed. Among the English people it seems to be essential that 
an animal must at least be supposed to possess some blood before he can 
be considered a good hackney. When known, or believed, to have a 



44 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



streak of the thorough-bred in hiui, and to possess the following charac- 
teristics, nothing more is desirahle : 

He must be about fifteen hands high ; l)oth his fore and hind parts 
nmst be strong and well nmscied ; he should be short in the back and 
well coupled ; his chest should be wide and deep, allowing full play for 




the lungs : his head should be light and his neck carried well up ; his 
limbs should t)e clean and l)onv, and with somewhat oblique pasterns ; he 
should be ([uiek and springy ; and in temper he should be kind and easily 
controlled. 



THE HORSE, DIFFERENT BREEDS, ETC. 



45 



Of Heavy- Draft Horses there are several breeds in l)oth England and 
the United States ; or rather, several kinds that have some of the hlood and 
some of the charaeteristics of the old heavy draft animals. When it 
became the fashion in Enirland to seek admixture with the heavy mares 
and stallions of Belcjium or Flanders, the English draft stock was really 
much iTuproved, thou<rh several English breeds soon lost thereby, for the 
most ])art, their identity. 




The Cleveland Bay, a powerful horse, though not of extraordinary 
size, was found chiefly in the four Counties of Yorkshire, Durham, Lin- 
colnshire, and Northumberland. He was capable of carrying a great 
weight, and of maintaining under it a rajiid rate of speed. A lighter horse, 
and one better adapted to the carriage, was j)roduced by crossing the 



46 ILLUSTll.\TEU STOCK DOCTOR. 

Cleveland mtire wntli a good-!<ized thorough-bred stallion. The best 
hunters and haekneys, having an arched crest and proud action, were pro- 
duced hy crossing the Cleveland mare with a horse lighter than the true 
thorough-breds, 3'et possessing real spirit and quick movement. The 
Cleveland, as a distinct breed, is nearly extinct. 

The Suffolk Punch is considered to be an excellent heavy draft horse. 
He is believed to be the offspring of the Suffolk cart-mare and the Nor- 
man stallion. When further crossed with the Yorkshire half-bred, (the 
product of the Cleveland Bay and the thorough-bred), he is active, spir- 
ited, and indomitable at a pull. 

The Suffolk, now hardly known as a distinct breed, was a horse of 
good size, being ordinarily from fifteen to sixteen hands high, and very 
stout in proportion. His distinguishing color was sorrel ; he had a large 
head ; his shoulders were thick on top and low ; his chest was round and 
deep ; he had round legs and short pasterns ; his back was long ; his crcmp 
high ; his fltmks full ; his (juarters heavj^ and strong ; and he was every 
way a spirited and determined animal, active and enduring. 

The Clydesdale horse, found principally on the Clyde in Scotland, was 
the product of certain Scottish mares with Flanders stallions. He is a 
larger horse than the Suffolk, but less clumsy in appearance, as his head 
is better and his barrel lighter. He has a long neck and deep legs ; and 
is strong, hardy, patient, and a faithful puller. Some of the horses in 
the United States said to be of this stock preseiwe most of these charac- 
teristics, but their bodies are rounder and their necks are not particularly 
noted for length. 

Between Lincolnshire and Staffordshire, in the midland counties of 
England, is found what is called the Heavy Black Horse, a large, well- 
built animal, of splendid appearance, and much in demand in London and 
elsewhere as a wagon-horse ; but no horses of this particular kind are 
known to have been brought to America for breeding purposes. 

Of American heavy draft stock, the Vermont cart-horse is deserving of 
special mention. He is said by one who is considered good authority to 
exist in Vermont and adjacent States as a distinct breed, and to be the 
very model of what a good cart-horse should be — quick and full of power, 
yet easily managed. As a general thing, he has a well-set head, a lofty 
ci-est, thin withers, mane and tail medium, and clean fetlocks. He has 
sufficient action to insure a good rate of speed, and makes, upon the 
whole, a fine show. 

His origin seems doubtful. There is a pony appearance about him, 
though often moi-e than sixteen hands high — his peculiar shortness of 
back, roundness of body, and general compactness contributing to make 



THE HORSE, DIFFERENT BREEDS, ETC. 47 

him seem much less in bulk than he is found to be by actual measure- 
ment. 

III. The Arabian. 

We come now to notice some of the most distinct, strongly marked, 
and valuable breeds, among which the Ai-abian, or that species of the 
Araliian best known to us, is justly celebrated. 

Whether the present pure blood Arab is native to Arabia or imported ; 
whether of recent origin or of a lineage as ancient as the sculptured ruins 
of ^S'iiievch and Bab^'lou, it is needless to inquire ; but the people of that 
country claim that they have authentic pedigrees reaching back for more 
than two thousand years ; while on the other hand, it is asserted by some 
who have tried to discover the real origin of this famous stock that prior 
to the tliirteeuth century the horses of Arabia were a poor race and lightly 
esteemed. Be that as it may, the horse of the present day, so 
renowned throughout the world, undoubtedly began to attract notice some 
five or six hundred years ago, since which time he has grown into his 
great repute ; and now the best horses of most civilized lauds are 
thought to derive their highest claims to noble descent from the Arabic 
Kochlaui, and those of liis congeners that have shared his excellences. 

In a subseijuent chapter the sul)ject of breeding will be appropriately 
treated ; but we may advert here to a singular fact in connection Avith the 
sous of the desert and the horse that shares their name and their affec- 
tions. So thoi'oughly are the principles of breeding understood among 
them, or such is their extraordinary care, (and perhaps climatic influence 
may have something to do with it), that their horses long since reached 
a degree of perfection unrivalled in any country, and tliis perfection is 
steadily maintained. 

Travelers differ as to the number and names of the distinct breeds of 
horses which are found in Arabia ; but a comparatively recent Mohamme- 
dan writer, who seems to have had more than ordinary' opportunities for 
knowing the facts in the case, has stated that there are six distinct breeds, 
which he names and characterizes thus : 

(1) The Dgelfe, found chiefly in Arabia Felix, seldom seen at Damas- 
cus, but common in the neighborhood of Anaze. Horses of this breed 
are of lofty stature, have narrow chests, but are deep in the gii'th, and 
their cars are long. They are remarkable for spirit and fleetness, but are 
exceedingly tractable, and their ability to endure hunger and thirst is a 
remarkable feature. A two-year-old colt, he says, will cost in his own 
country two thousand Turkish piasters. 

(2) The Secaloni, a breed from the eastern part of the desert, some- 
what inferior to the Dgelfe, though resembling him ni most points. 



4fS ILLUSTKATED STOCK DOCTOK. 

(3) The Mofki, ho infonus us, is a handsome horse ; but he is not so 
fleet as either tiie Dyolfe or the Seealoni. In tigure, he hears a resem- 
bhmee to the Spanish or Andalusian stotk. 

(4) A fourth breed is ealled the Salii, whieh is simihir to the Mefki, 
but seems to possess no speciall}^ useful or strildng qualities. 

(5) The Fridi. This breed is very common ; but they are often Ancious 
and untrustworthy, and lack some of the excellent (jualities possessed by 
the best of the others. 

((!) The Nejdi, found chiefly in the region of Bussorah. These are 
said to be at least the ecjuals of the Dgelfe and the ISecaloni. Some 
judges assert that there is no horse to be compared with them, and they 
stand very high in the market. 

This writer considers the Dgelfe and the Nejdi to be the most valuable. 
Thev are known to be the favorites of the horse-fanciers of India, many 
flne animals of these stocks having been carried thither l)y the sportsmen 
of that country. 

( )ther writers make mention of but three distinct breeds, to wliich they 
attribute names different from those above given ; and it is difficult to 
reconcile the statements of the two, and to determine M'hether they have 
really agreed in any way in pointing out the same animal, though by 
diverse names, as possessing the striking excellences which have made a 
certain breed famous and well known to us. Writers of the latter class 
speak of an inferior race, little esteemed, at home or al)road, which they 
call the Attechi. These are sometimes found in a wild state. Then come 
the Kadischi, a sort of half-breed stock, possessing some points of resem- 
blance to the true blood, and being sometimes imposed upon dealers for ' 
the genuine. Finally, they describe a superb race, the pure descendants 
of some extraordinary ancestors, and these they call the Kochlani or 
Kailhan. The best of them are found among the Shammar and Aneyza 
tribes. The Arabs themselves pi-etend to trace the Kochlani l>ack to the 
days and the stables of Solomon. While this cannot be credited, it is 
known that some of them have written pedigrees for at least four hundred 
years, kejit with the most extreme care, and alwa)^s on the side of the 
mare. These animals are sometimes sold to foreigners ; but they bear 
almost fal)ulous prices, and it is believed to be a very rare thing for a 
true Kochlani to fall into the hands of a stranger. 

The striking points of the pure Arab may be thus stated : In size, 
he is considerably smaller than the modern thorough-lired, scarcely ever 
exceeding in height fourteen and a half hands. His head is extraordinary 
for its ])eauty, — the forehead being broad and squai-e, the muzzle short 
and tine, so that some of them seem as though they could really "stick 
their noses into a tumbler." The face, upon which the veins appear 



THE HOUSK, DIFrKliKNT lilJEEUS, ETC. 49 

beautifully cour.sed, is liouy ; the nostrils are wide ; the well-set ears 
are small, while the eyes are large, prominent and brilliant. The neck, 
rising beautifully from the shoulders, and well arched, is very fine ; the 
withers are high and modi'rately thin ; the shoulder, inelining l)aekward, 
is perfect in form and position — nmscular as well as finely shaped. The 
body is light and narrow before ; but I)ehind tiie arms the chest is 
exijanded and affords sufficient capacity for the lungs ; the hips, though 
somewhat narrow, are well united to the back, and the quarters are 
strong, muscular, and well set. The legs are small, flat, sinewy ; the 
pasterns are oblique iu their position ; the croup is high, while the tail is 
set on with considerable arch. The nmscles of the arm, like those of 
the ham, are full and strong. The bones of the leg are large in propor- 
tion to the size, thei"e being no superfluous fatty matter, but full, free, 
strong, and clean tendons and suspensory ligaments. The hocks are 
large, but free from both curbs and spavins ; while the feet are small and 
sound. The ell)ow joint is prominent but fine, and gencrall}- plays clear 
of the body. 

Especially does the Arab differ from other breeds in the suj)erior 
fineness of his muzzle ; the somewhat hollowed but graceful face ; the 
fully developed jaws that A'et give no imjjression of heaviness ; the beau- 
tif ulll' pricked and exquisite shape of the ear ; the conspicuous neatness 
of the leg below the knee ; and the beautiful make of the hind quarters. 
The fleetest among them are also noted for a straight-dropped hind leg, 
which is always regarded as. a good point. A true Arabian has been 
described as ' ' looking the gentleman all over, with a bearing as stately 
as that of an autocrat." 

In spirit he is as noble as in his physical formation. Though kind and 
docile when with his native master, he is sensitive and full of spirit, and 
when excited is so indomital)lc that he would run or pull to the death 
rather than yield. With a cruel master he is apt to become in a measure 
ungovernable ; but his intelligence is such that proper treatment will soon 
win his confidence and remove a vicious -liabit. 

His sagacit}' is as remarkable as his susceptibilit}' to kind treatment. 
Instances are not wanting in which his master, overcome by the heat of 
the desert, and lost in a lethargic sleep, has been watched over by his 
faithful animal, and guarded from the approach of man and beast. 

The colors mostly prevalent among them are bay, gray, and chestnut. 
Occasionally a black is found. 

He is not so swift as the best English, French, and American coursers ; 
nor is it here that his great excellence must be sought. That arises from 
a combination of qualities, to some of which the best of other breeds are 
whollv strangers. 



50 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

He is peculiarly adapted to that waste and barren country, and to the 
uses for which he is prized b}- the wandering tribes. The food and drink 
upon ^\'hich he can live and perform great journeys would be wholly inad- 
equate to the keeping of one of ours which we are pleased to call thrifty. 

As has been said, this remarkatjle stock has long maintained its essen- 
tial purity ; nor does it show, in recent times, any tendency to degenerate. 
Those good Arabians that are offered for sale to British residents and 
other horse dealers in the markets of Bengal and Bombay command prices 
ranging from seven hundred and fifty to one thousand dollars ; and it is 
said by travelers that their best mares are seldom if ever sold. 

IV. The English Thorough-bred. 

We have already referred to different varieties of English horses, some 
of which have had more or less influence upon those of our own country ; 
but the most excellent and famous of all is the thorough-bred, or race- 
horse, descended chiefly from imported Arabians, Barbs, and Turks. 
The animal known to-day as the real English thorough-bred is perhaps of 
almost purely eastern origin. His excellences are derived, it is thought, 
from an admixture of various pure breeds, native to those regions to 
which the noblest of the race are indigenous, so far as either history or 
tradition determines. Arabia, Syria, Persia, Turkestan, Nubia, Abys- 
sinia, and the Barbary States, all have breeds closely connected with each 
other, and yet possessing different characteristics ; but the English race- 
horse is a superior animal to any of them ; and his blood cannot now be 
improved by crossing with any known stock. 

There seems to be in him a larger mixture of the Barb than of any 
other breed ; but the earliest and most celebrated importations into Eng- 
land were Arabians. Much attention has long been paid there to the 
improvement of racing stock. The minds of Englishmen were most 
probably turned to this by the a(!cession of the Norman Conquerors ; at 
any rate, soon after the Normans were estalilished in the island, the first 
Arabian of which any record has been preserved was imported. This 
was in 1121, during the reign of Henry I. Then, an authenticated case 
of importation from Arabia took place in the reign of James I. Tliis 
horse was condemned, not having met the popular exi^ectation ; but the 
true value of eastern blood began now to be appreciated, and the White 
Turk was soon brought over ; then a horse known as the Helmesley Turk ; 
soon afterward, Fairfax's Morocco Barb. The interest in the improve- 
ment of racing stock then so activeh' manifested has never suffered more 
than a temporary abatement, and in no other country than in England 
has such success been attained. During the troul)lous times consequent 
upon the overthrow of Charles I. and the accession of the Puritans to 



THE HORSE, DIFFEKENT BKEEDS', ETC. 



51 



power, there seems to have been a dceliiie ; but a love of racinir, and a 
corresponding desire to produce the best horses for this purpose, was 




revived upon the restoration of Chark's II. to the throne. This prince 
himself sent to the east to purchase brood mares and stallions, but he 



r>-2 ILLl'STUATKl) f^TOCK DOCTOR. 

affccti'd cliiotl^- Barbs and Turks. Many of liis wealthior subjects engaged 
in like enterprise on tlieir own jirivate account. 

But the most nuirlied improvement of Englisli stock followed the 
introduction into that country of the Darle}' Arabian, a fine and vigorous 
.stallion imported during the latter part of Queen Anne's reign by one 
Mr. Darley. Several horses of groat repute descended from him, of 
which the most noted were Almanzer, Flying Childer.s, and Bartlett's 
Childers ; and from the Childers, besides numerous others, of more or 
less celel)rity, Childers, Blaze, Samson, Snap, and Eclipse deserve special 
mention. Of the last named, it is recorded that though he was thick- 
winded or what is termed a " roarer," he never lost a race and never 
paid a forfeit ; and that three hundred and thirty-four of his descendants 
jjrovcd to be winning horses. 

During the reign of Louis XIV., of France, and when the Arabian 
stock, the descendants of the Darley, were already in high repute, a horse 
called the Godolphin Arabian, but which was really a beautiful Barb, of 
excellent spirit and action, was rescued by one Mr. Coke from the igno- 
ble employment of drawing a cart in the streets of Paris, (where his 
striking characteristics seem to have been wholly overlooked), and carried 
to England. He is said to have been about fifteen hands high, of a brown 
color, and to have been distinguished by the height of his crest and for 
round and drooping (juarters. From him is descended nuich of the finest 
racing l)]ood in England. 

We have spoken of the thorough-bred as a pure-blooded horse ; 
and though this ought doubtless to be understood M'ith some limitations, 
as even in the best of the stock there is probably some tinge of old Eng- 
lish and Spanish blood ; yet, such has been the great care bestowed upon 
him that he is regarded as " the eastern horse brought to the very highest 
state of perfection." It is certain that, as previously remarked, he is in 
some respects superior to the best of the original breeds. This has been 
brought about by long continued careful attention to breeding, to feed- 
ing, to all those points, in fact, necessary to the elimination of vicious 
strains and the preservation and improvement of those qualities that tend 
to Ihe one great end in view — fleetness, with a corresponding power of 
endurance. The climate of England is said to be peculiarly favorable to 
the horse -, and this influence has perhaps contributed something to the 
making of the English racer a pre-eminently tine and much admired 
animal. The following may be regarded as his distinguishing points : 

His chest is his one and only nwrk of superior strength ; this is ■wide 
and deep. His body is round, his flanks and belly light. His ears are 
fine ; his eyes prominent ; his nostrils are wide ; his lips are small and 
thin, while he is remarkably' Avide between the jaws. He has a long and 



THE IIOKSE, UIFFEKENT BliEEUIS, ETC. 53 

fiue neck, to whicli ii thin iiuiiie lies close. His withers arc uncommonly 
thin and liiuii ; his l)ack is low at the withers, then straifjlit to the haunches. 
Measured from the haunches to the turn of the rump, he is long ; from 
the turn of the rump to llie tip of the hock he is long and thin. lie has 
great power of springing, to force himself forward, by reason of his legs 
standing rather under the body than erect. His buttocks rarely touch 
each other; his legs below the knee and hock are small, and the cords 
stand out conspicuously. His tail is slight and thin-haii'ed, sometimes 
slightly waved ; the hair of his legs is very fine ; he has no fetlock tufts, 
and his hoof is small and cupped. His color is generally lia}', brown, or 
chestnut ; his height varies from tifteen to seventeen hands. His coat is 
thinner and the hair more silky than in common breeds. 

The soundness of feet and legs, and the powers of endurance, which 
characterize the Arab, have been transmitted to the thorough-bred ; and 
while the latter is not himself Mell suited to heavy harness work, or indeed 
to any of the general purposes of the farmer, animals are often obtained 
])Y judicious ci'osses with him which are admirably adapted to various 
usi's. He is valued solely for the turf, and for light single draft, 
except, as we have before remarked, for the improvement of the general 
stock of horses by admixture ; and for this latter purpose we are largely 
dejierident upon him in America as well as in Great Britain. 

V. The Barb. 

The horse of the Barbary States has long been known for his excellent 
qualities ; and he is especially remarkal)le for fine and graceful action. 
His ])owers of transmission are great, so that his marked traits are found 
in his descendants at remote periods and after commixture of various and 
inferior breeds. 

He has impressed himself pailicuhirly upon the Spanish horse and the 
English racing stock. It is thought that the horses of Spain owe all 
their excellences to Barb blood, which was brought into that country by 
the Moors, at the time of the concjuest. 

The Barb is found chiefly in Morocco, Fez, and Tripoli, and with the 
exception of an excellent species found in the kingdom of Bournon, he 
is the only African horse deserving of special mention. The horse of 
Bournon is represented by some as being superior to both the Arabian 
and the Barb. 

In addition to what has Ijeen said in those sections in which we have 
treated of the Arabian and the thorough-bred, the following description 
of the Barb will be sufficient to convey to the mind of the reader what 
a true horse of this breed really is : 



54 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

In height, he is from fourteen to fifteen hands ; his chest is round ; his 
shoulders are broad, but light, and somewhat obliquely sloping ; his 
withers are thin and rather high ; his loins are straight and shoit ; his 
flanks and i-ibs are round and well developed ; his haunches are strong ; 
his croup is somewhat too long for nice correspondence Math the rest of 
the body ; his quarters are muscular and full ; his legs are clean, and 
the tendons are clearly marked ; his i^asterns, like his croup, are some- 
what too long and slanting, but not so much so as to amount to real 
defect ; and his feet are sound and of good shape. But his head is 
especially beautiful. It is small and lean, while the ears are of medium 
size and admirably placed. The mane is i-ather meager ; but the neck 
rises boldly from the withers, and gives an impression of ease and grace 
in carriage. 

In spirit and fleetness he is not regarded as the equal of the Arab, 
much less of the real thorough-bred ; but in a certain native ■vigor and in 
form he is superior. 

VI. The Persian. 

No traveler to whose writings we have access in this country has 
sufficiently described the horses of Persia to enable us to point out with 
exactness the difference between the inferior and the better breeds that 
are known to exist in that country. The term the Persian horse is 
ordinarily applied to the most excellent of all, which has been celebrated 
for hundreds of years longer than the Arabian. At the pi-esent day, he 
has a large proportion of Arab blood in his veins. As a general thing, 
he is somewhat taller than the Arabians ; and in beauty and speed he is 
their equal ; but his powers of endurance are not so great. 

VII. The Turkish. 

This horse is believed to be descended from the best stock of Arabs, — 
crossed, however, with some breed that has given him greater proportions 
than his ancestors ; at any rate, the Turkish horse of to-day is full 
sixteen hands high, often more ; and he is more muscular than the Ai-ab, 
though still of elegant appearance, clean limbed and active. It is asserted 
by some that he is descended from Arabs and Persians ; and it is known 
that he possesses many of the best qualities of these stocks. Thouah 
strong and of sufficient spirit, he is docile, and well adapted to domestic 
uses. 

An arched neck, ^^•ith a high crest, is a striking characteristic of the 
breed. 

Vm. The Turkoman. 

As we have said elsewhere, none of the Tartar breeds exce^Jt the Turko- 



THK HOHSK, DIKKEKKNT ISliEEDS, ETC. 55 

ni:m or South Tiirtary lioisc arc worth}' to be rated among the better class 
of animals. He is famous for purity of blood, for good speed, and for 
woiulorful powers of endurance. It is related that one of them has l)een 
known f(i travel nine hundred miles, bearing a rider, in eleven successive 
days. He is not really ii graceful animal, however, as his head is rather 
large, and his legs are long in i)ropoi1:ion to his height, which is from 
fifteen to sixteen hands. 

Other domesticated horses among the Tartars are evidently of the 
sanu! brciid as the wild horses which are found in various parts of the 
country and in imnu-nse numbers, as the characteristics of the wild are 
exhibited in a nnirked nnmner in the domesticated. Indeed, it is known 
fliat these Mild herds are often drawn upon for recruits when necessity 
drives the inhabitants to add to their stock of s(;rA'iceable animals. 

All thesis inferior creatnri's are small and narrow ; they have long necks, 
app.niiitly weak legs, large iicads, and light barrels. The prevailing 
color is a reddish sorrel, with a black stripe along the back. Their 
manes and tails are black, except at the roots, where the hairs preserve 
this reddish cast. Their general appearance is rough and inelegant ; but 
they are of the most hardy nature ; and, contrary to appearance, they 
are rapid travelers. They live and even perform long and arduous 
journeys upon the sparsest and poorest food. 

IX, The Egyptian. 

It is repi'escnted by some who have devoted more than ordinary care 
to the study of the origin of breeds, and to the horse in his relations to 
various peoples and countries, that the horse of the ancient Eg^^^tians 
was identical with an inferior race that afterward existed among the 
Assyrians. Some sculjjtui'es, found among the ruins of Nineveh, care- 
fully executed and well preserved, portray a horse wholly different from 
that nobler animal carved in other bas-reliefs found in the same ruins. 
He is said to have bec-n the Egyptian horse ; and as thus conveyed to us, 
he was a large and heavy animal, having a coarso and ill-proportioned 
head, but a high crest. 

The modern Egyjjtian is also of unjjleasing aspect. From wheresoever 
derived, he is rough and ugly. Frequently his legs, knees and neck 
become positive defects ; but a good head is occasionally found. He 
would scarcely be deserving of mention were it not that he is spirited 
and impetuous ; and this, together with his weight, renders him valuable 
for heavy cavalry, in which capacity he has won some celebrity. His 
powers of endurance are not great. 

X. The Dnngola. 
This horse is also entitl(;d to consideration chictly upon the ground of 



56 ILHSTUATEU STOCK DOCTOR. 

his heinj; sreatlv prized as a war horse. Unlike the Egyptian, however, 
he has not only speed but powers of endurance ; and some have described 
hiui as both beautiful and tractable. Yet, even those who have had 
opportunities for personal observation do not agree in their descriptions 
and their estimates. One speaks of him as being deticient in substance 
and wanting in stoutnesss ; while another thinks him to possess the 
highest type of symmetry, size, and strength. From another we get 
this more particular description : In height, he is full sixteen hands ; 
his body is short ; his neck is long and slim ; he has a tine crest ; and his 
withers are high and sharp ; but his breast is narrow, his ([uartcrs and 
flanks arc flat, and he has a rather ugly back. 

He is found in the kingdom of Dongula and in adjacent regions. 

Wild Horse of America. 

That the horse existed in America at some far distant epoch is undeni- 
able since the fossil remains found prove this conclusively, and progress- 
ing naturally from age to age into more and more perfectly developed 
types. Yet at the discovery of America at the several points l)y the 
early navigators, no mention is made of nati\'e horses, as would surely 
have been done if such had been known to the Indians. 

America is undoubtedly indebted for her wild or feral horses which 
have roamed the great valleys of the Pacific slope, the immense plains of 
the "West and South-west, and the grassy portions of Mexico, to the early 
Spanish adventurers on the Pacific slope, as were the wild horses of the 
great plains and of Texas to the horses abandoned by De Soto when he 
turned his face eastward towards the Mississippi, after having abandoned 
his search for the fountain of youth and the new Eldorado. So Mexico 
and the Isthmus were stocked with horses in like manner, for it is futile 
to suppose that the increase of horses escaping from the Spanish conquer- 
ors of South America would have made their way northwai'd through 
interminable and tangled forests, and mountain fastnesses, but that rather 
thev would have betaken them to the pampas, which in reality they did. 
Tlius in a comparatively short time they covered most areas of country 
with immense droves, in reality as wild and as free as though they had 
always existed there. 

That the facts ai'c as we have stated, is patent from the fact that the 
produce resembles in many close characteristics the Spanish and Andalu- 
sian horses of the eaily Spanish adventurers, as did those found wild in 
New Foundland resemble the French horse of that period ; as does the 
Canadiin pony of the present day, although diminished in size from insuf- 
fiticnt food and the inclemencies of the climate through the long 
ufcncrations which have passed since their introduction into Acadia in 
160i, and into Canada four years later. 



THE HOKSK, nilTEKENT liKEEDS, ETC 

XI. The Norman Percheron. 



57 



Amoiijj; the striking and useful breeds, no horse has attracted more 
attention (hn-in<r tlie iast half-cent ur^■ tlian tiie Norman Percheron, other- 




wise known .simply as the Percheron, — a stock peculiar to La Perche, a 



58 lI.LrSTIIATEI) STOCK DOCTOU. 

district iu Franco. Volumes have been written respecting this horse, and 
various theories as to his origin and development have been advanced. 

One writer insists that he is descended from what tome call the primi- 
tive or natural horse, the pure blood Ai'abian, crossed with a stock of 
hca^v draft horses existing in that section, but "without historic mention, 
prior to the Crusades. He thinks that after the defeat of the Saracen 
chief, Abderamc, by Charles INIartel, iu Youille, in wiiich battle a host of 
Saracens perished, the caAahy of the onenu', Oriental horses of marked 
character, true Arabs, fell into the hands of the French, — thence many of 
these horses were brought hy their victorious masters to the districts of 
Normandy and La Perche. Here commixture of blood with a heavier 
horse of excellent quality followed, and the cross resulted in producing 
the now celebrated I'ercheron. 

The native race referred to is thought by some to have been the old 
war horse of the Normans — heav}', bony and sIom* — good for cavalry use 
during the days of chivahy, when the carrying of a knight and liis armor 
required an animal of great strength and powers of endurance. 

Others think that it was a stock of horses then peculiar to Brittanj^ and 
used for draft rather than for war. 

One author asserts that the Percheron is descended from a remote, cross 
between the Andalusians (after their commixture vv-ith the jNIorocco Barbs) 
and the Normans ; and this somewhat fanciful reason is given for the 
active agency of man in bringing it about : that the Norman, though pow- 
erful, was too slow for a fully caparisoned knight — the Andalusian or 
Spanish Bai'b was too light — and a cross was effected for the purjiose 
of sccm-ing a horse that combined speed ■w'ith power. 

But it is not within the scope of the present work to enter into minute 
particulars of this kind, nor to indulge in the discussion of mooted points 
that have a merely curious interest. 

"Whatever may have been the origin of the Percheron, it is evidently a 
pure race, one capable of pi'oducing and reproducing itself unchanged 
through a long succession of years, and "without deterioration of qualities 
when like sires are bred to like dams. Even when the Percheron stalUon 
is put to the seiwice of inferior mares, he impresses himself in a remark- 
able manner upon his offspring, transmitting to them his 0"vvn striking 
characteristics. Percheron marcs bred to inferior stallions affect in like 
manner, and in almost equal intensity, their i)rogeny — though the rule is 
that the stallion exerts the greater influence in determining the character 
of the foal. 



THK HOIiSK, l)irFKl!K\ T lUJKKDiS, K.TC. 



59 




The old Norniiui stock is ssiid to have transmitted to this race their ex- 
traordinary hone and muscle, while the Arab or Andalusian or whatever 
may have been the cross, give the sjjirit and action. The Norman has 



00 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

been described as being capable of carrying great burdens at a reasonable 
rate of speed ; to have been large, compact, muscular, and possessing the 
greatest endurance. 

The points of the Percheron may be stated as follows : 

The head is short ; the brow is broad, and has that hollow of profile 
between the eyes and nostrils sometimes kno\m as the dish-face — (in 
this greatly resembling the Arab ) ; but the head in general is not heavier 
than seems in keeping with the general massiveness of the frame ; the 
neck is long, Avell-arched and heavy, but, like the head, not dispropor- 
tioncd to the general bulk. The back is short ; they are well ribbed up 
and round barrelled ; their legs are particularly short from the knees and 
hocks downward ; they are heavily haired, but have not such shaggy 
fetlocks and feet as this would seem to indicate ; their sinews are iron- 
like ; and their feet are hard, sound, apjjarently insensible to disease. In 
height, they are from fourteen and a half to fifteen and a half hands, the 
latter being rather more than the average. Gray is the characteristic, 
almost the only, color. 

For hard work on ordinary fare the Percheron is unequalled ; and his 
energy -and endurance are wonderful. He vd\l keep his condition where 
another horse would die of hard labor and neglect. Though full of 
spirit, unflinching under even painful effort, he is yet docile. 

In mere speed he is by no means the equal of the thorough-bred ; but 
for quickness of •movement at heavy draft he has no rival. Hitched to a 
light carriage or wagon he is capable of maintaining a good rate of speed 
for a long time together, or of making comparatively short journeys with 
a rapidity that is astonishing. One, carrying a light vehicle and the 
driver, is known to have made 55 3-5 miles over a hilly and diflScult road, 
in four hours and twenty-four minutes ; and another, harnessed in like 
manner, is said to have traveled 58 miles and back in two consecutive 
days, without being touched with the whip, occupying four hours and less 
than two minutes going, and four hours, one and a half minutes returning. 

The Percheron of to-day makes an excellent cross with either the Arab 
or the English thorough-bred. For the improvement of our draft stock 
in the United States, no other horse is to be compared to him. Bred to 
good mares, this half-breed would partake more of the qualities of the 
sire than of the dam, and the progeny would be almost the equals of the 
pure French horses. Another step, bringing a pure imported stallion to 
the service of these half-breeds, would give us a race of horses for all 
work that would so far excel the ordinary race of scrubs as to seem 
almost like a different species of animal. 



THE HORSE, DIFFEREN'T BREEDS, ETC. 61 

XII. The Thorough-bred in America. 

The Flemish and Danish horses, large, strong, heavy draft breeds, have 
had more or less influence upon the horses of the United States, i)artieu- 
larly in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and the northwestern States ; but no other 
blo(jd is so widely disseminated among our various stocks as that of the 
English thorough-ln-ed. We have been dependent chiefly upon this 
auinial for the improvement of the horses among us ; and from a time 
long prior to the Revolution, it has been the custom of our most aml)itious 
breeders to import from England both stallions and marcs, but more 
especially the former, for this purpose. 

Lconai'd Calvert, Lord Baltimore, sometime between 1740 and 1750, 
presented to a Mr. Ogle an English thorough-bred stallion, by which the 
colonial horse of that portion of the country was much improved ; and 
this same gentleman. Ogle, imported Queen Mab, shortly after he came 
in possession of "Spark," the Baltimore horse. Selima, a mare sired by 
the Godolphin Arabian, was brought over by one Col. Trasker ; Miss 
Colville, or Wilkes' Old Hautboy Mare, was imported by Col. Colville ; 
Jennie Cameron, Crab, and othei's, b}' different persons, at various times. 

It was not until within about fifty years ago that any reliable stud book 
or turf register began to be kept in the United States ; so that it is often 
difficult to establish a claim to good pedigree extending beyond that time ; 
but many valuable importations are known to have taken place previous 
to 1829 ; and the register since kept shows that there is a very large ad- 
mixture of English blood in many parts of the country. 

The work stock of the southern States before the war, as now, was, of 
course, drawn mostly from States farther north and east, and was of in- 
different character ; but much attention was paid in that part of the 
country to raising stock ; and all horses raised there have more or less of 
the thorough-bred in them. Many really fine animals were found there, 
— the race-horse preserved in his purity, — ^but the true thorough-bred has 
rarely been found at any time in the northern States. In New England, 
the good driving horse, the horse of all work, medium sized and stoutly- 
built, is mostly found ; in New York, they have animals representing 
almost every variety of breed known in the United States, and among 
tliem the descendants of many famous racers. 

In Pennsylvania, Ohio, and the Northwest generally, they hav'e a great 
variety of heavy draft horses — some of them of great size — not much 
attention having been paid, as yet, to saddle, light carriage, and race 
horses. In the West however, considerable improvement has lieen made 
b}' the introduction of fine stallions from Kentucky and Tennessee, of 
both the thorough-bred and the Morgan strain. In Kentucky and Ten- 
nessee, the breeds are various, but there is a very large admixture of the 



()2 ILLISTKATKI) STOCK lH)CTOK. 

thoroufrli-hrod. Their saddle, light farriagc, trotting and racing stock 
arc justly renowned. Scarcely any country in the world is better adapted 
to the production of fine horses than the blue-grass region of Kentucky ; 
and it constitutes a sort of Arabia of the "West, to whose breeders and 
trainers the buyers of the United States, sometimes even foreign gentle- 
men, come to pvirchase mares, stallions, and trained coursers. 

The American thorough-lired retains many of the striking character- 
istics of the Arabian and his best old world representative, the English 
racer ; and in speed he compares well with the best horses of England. 
He is more stoutly built, however, and capable of more endurance than 
the English horse. 

XIII. The Morgan Horse. 

A story is curi-ent to the effect that during the war of the Eevolution, 
one of the British officers, (ien. DeLancy, rode a very beautiful stallion, 
of great value — said to have been a true thorough-bred. This horse was 
stolen by one Smith, an American, and retained within the American 
lines. He was the sire of a colt from a Wild Air mare ; and the colt, 
being foaled or having become by purchase the property of one Justin 
ilorgan, of Randolph, Vermont, received the name of his master, and 
his descendants have ever since been known as the Morgan horse. 

The stolen stallion, called "The True Briton*" or "Beautiful Bay," 
has been described as not only beautiful, but as haWng possessed great 
action, and tieing capable of leaping fences, hedges, and ditches, bearing 
a rider, from which it has been argued that he was not a thorough-bred, 
since that stock cannot jump ; but he was in any event a remarkable 
horse, and his valuable qualities have been transmitted to his descendants. 
Of so jnu'c blood and marked character was he that his powers of repro- 
ducing himself eciualled those of the nuist unmistakable Arabian ; and 
the Moriian blood is i)ercei)tible after various crosses, and that too, with 
many inferior breeds. 

So marked are the characteristics of these horses, and so different are 
thev, in some particulars, froin other races, that they seem fully entitled 
to be considered a distinct breed. They are in great repute, also, in 
many poi-tions of the country ; and some efforts have been made with 
much success, to bring the stock back to its former and better condition, 
bv breeding from the best and most strongly marked stallions and mares. 

Thev are stout and hardy, while at the same time of good form — 
capable of performing the greatest amount of labor, and that, too, with 
quickness of movement. They are always in demand, and command the 
highest market prices. 

The following may be considered the distinguishing points of a true 
Morsran : 



THE HORSE, DIFFERENT BREEDS, ETC. (J3 

lu height he is from fourteen to sLxteeu hands ; in weight sufficiently 
heavy for this height, with no appearance whatever of coarse bulkiness. 
He is compactly built, and of great strength ; his action is fine, his 
endurance unsurpassed, and in spirit he is indomitable — never failing at 
a pull, if rightly handled — yet patient and trustworthy. As roadsters 
and horses of all work they are excellent — having no equals, perhaps, in 
this country. He walks fast, and numy horses of this breed have been 
extraordinary trotters. In harness he is quiet, but nimble, and of eager 
movement. Bay, chestnut, and black are the prevailing colors. The 
mane and tail are rather heavy and coarse, and in general wavy. 

The head is not extremely small, but there is no superfluous muscle or 
fatty matter about it ; the face is straight, the forehead broad, the ears 
are small, fine, and set far apart, the nostrils are wide, the lips are close 
and firm, the muzzle is small, the eyes are not large, but very dark, 
prominent, set wide apart, and full of animation. The back is short ; the 
shoulder-blades and hip-bones are large and oblique, the loins broad and 
muscular ; the body is long, round, deep, and closely ribbed up ; the chest- 
bone is prominent, the chest wide and deep, the legs seem rather short 
for the height, but they are close-jointed, and though thin, they are ver}' 
wide, hard, clean, and yet with powerful muscles ; the feet are small and 
round ; the hair is short and flossy at almost all seasons ; th^' fetlocks are 
moderately long, and there is some long hair up the backs of the legs. 

In some parts of the country the Morgans are the premium horses, and 
their peculiar adaptability to all the ordinary purposes of the farmer is 
such that they enjoy a high degree of favor. 

As a breed, they are unusually long-lived, and this constitutes one of 
their great points of excellence. 

XIV. The Narragansett Paeer. 

This breed, now almost unknown as a distinct one, was remarkable 
chiefly as being natural pacers, and of such peculiar action as to render 
them peculiarly easy under the saddle. Though small, they were hardy 
and full of power, and their docility was such as to render them very 
pleasant to handle. The stock are said to have been imported into New 
England, from Andalusia, by one Gov. Robinson, and to have been bred 
chiefl}' in Rhode Island, where they were long held in great repute. 
Good saddle horses were in much demand in Cuba, and prior to the time 
when the Narragansett Pacer began to attract attention, the Cubans had 
been dependent for their horses upon the mother country. But the voyage 
was long, the risk consideralile, and the cost great, and when it was 
or^ce ascertained that a superior saddle animal, (according to the taste of 



()4 ILLrSTlttVTKl) STOCK KOCTOK. 

tlio timos). could l)o had in Hhodo Island, niui'h noaror lioino, a traduwas 
at (iiuo (iiHMU'd. which continued, with niucli profit to the Khodc Ishuid 
hivcdcis, till tlic roadways of the West Indies became so much improved 
as to render the introduction of liirht carriages a natural eouseijuence. A 
somewhat different horse was then required, and the trade in American 
stock hepui to decline. As the Cuban market became less and less prof- 
itable, the iutcR'st of the stock-owners ox[)erienced a corres]>oniling de- 
crease, till at last the effort to preserve the pacer as a distinct breed 
ceased altoirether. 

At the present day. though tlu> influence of the Narratrausett Pacer 
upon !S'ew Enirland horses is in many instances perceptible, he is no 
longer known in his former purity. 

The Veriront Draft Horse. 

Vermont has given the United States one of the two celebrated families 
of draft horses, than which few of the breeds have combined greater ex- 
cellence. Animals with lofty crests, thin withers, short backed, round 
barrelled, close ribbed, clean and sinewy limbed, that would at lirst be 
taken for ponies. Standing next to them they would be found to be six- 
teen hands high and over, and on the scales they would tilt the lever at 
from ll.">0 to 1:?.")0 pounds. Of their origin but little is known, but it is 
more than probable that the old Suffolk cart horse, imported into Massa- 
chusetts in 18:?1, the Cleveland bay, brought there in 1825, and the thor- 
ough-bred horses introduced in 1828, bred upon the best conunon mares 
of the country, have produced a class of horses, the lighter ones of which 
were driven to the stage coaches of thirty to lifty years ago, as they have 
seldom been driven in any other hill coxmtry. The heavier specimens of 
which furnished the best heavy team horses in the country, not excepting 
the Conestoga, a horse fully a hand higher, and admirable in every respect 
for heavy draft, as we used to see them, in the great six and seven horse 
teams coming from the mountains of Pensylvania through to New York. 
It is to be regretted that the furor over the Morgans since that time has 
caused the Vermont di'aft horse to become quite rare so that now it is 
rather ditficult to tiud a good specimen of the breed as it once existed. 



THE HOKSE, DII'KEItENT BKEEUS, ETC. 65 

XV. The Canadian. 

This horso, when pure, is entitled to l)e considered di-tiiict. He can 
lay no eiiiini, of course, to hein<j rejriirded us tlie natural iiorse, no more 
than tlie Norman, Pereheron or tlie Kn<.dish tiioroufrh-l)red ; hut his ehar- 
acteristies are so marked as to render him woi-tiiy of being classed sepa- 
rat(!ly and noticed with some minuteness. 

He is sui)posed to be descended from the Norman-French hors(!, 
brought over b}- the pioneers of Canada; but how crossed, (though he is 
evidently the result of a cross), it is impossible to say. In some partic- 
ulars, he so much resembles the old horse of Normandy as to seem the 
unmistakalile descendant of that stock ; whereas in others he is so unlike 
him as to indicate that the cross must have been with a very strongl>' 
marked animal, of great powers of transmission. 

The distinguishing ciiaracterislics may l)e stated as follows: 'I'lie 
average height is al)out fourteen hands ; the; body is solid, com])a(lly ])ut 
tog(!ther, but somewhat inclined to flatness of side ; the head is rather 
large for a horse of the height stated, l>ut it is well formed and l(!an, so 
that it does not ai)pear out of pro])oi-tion and cumbersome ; the forehead 
is broad ; the ears are wide apart, and carried well up ; the eye is small 
and clear, and has a liold expression ; the chest is broad and full ; the 
shoulder is strong, but inclining to be straight and rather low and heavy 
at the withers ; the loins are fine ; the croup round and fleshy ; the thighs 
iftuscular ; the legs comparatively heavy and joints pretty large, but the 
bones are flat, and no race of horses has sounder and more powerful 
limbs ; and none can equal the Canadian as to feet — these being tough, 
hard, iron-like, and free from disease, even under the most unfavorable 
circumstances. This seems to be one of his most valuable characteristics 
of body. Bad handling, awkward shoeing, hard travel — nothing in the 
bounds of reason seems to affect his fc^et. Dis(!ases of tliis jiai-l are 
almost absolutely unknown. 

The mane and tail are peculiar, being very heavy, and in almost all 
cases, wavy. The bark sin(!ws arc; shaggy-coated, nearly to the knee, 
and the fetlocks are long. 

The prevailing color is })lack ; but browns and chestnuts are fre(iucnfly 
found ; sometimes sorrels and duns, having manes and tails lightei- tiiaii 
the body. Occasionally there may be found a dark iron-gray, with 
black legs. 

Canadians are long-lived, easily-kept, and ca])al)le of the greatest 
endurance. They are heavy enough for the puqioses of thd farmer ; and 
as roadsters, while thev are not to be regarded as rapid travelers, they 
maintain a reasonable rate of speed, say six miles an hour, for long jour- 



(!() ILHSTKATEU .STOCK DOCTOR. 

ucys and continuously, and this while carrying a heavy weight. It is 
nothing uncommon for them to do fifty miles a day for many days in 
succession ; and some have been known to do seventy, eighty, even 
ninety miles, at a single stretch of one da}'. 

The breed is widely spread, but chiefly in a mixed state, (inferior to 
the true Canadian in almost every instance), in the Northern and Eastern 
States. Few horses are entitled to more consideration at the hands of 
those who would obtain the liest medium-sized and easily-kept animals 
for the farm, and for medium heavy and moderateh' rapid draft. 

XVI. The Connestoga. 

A somewhat peculiar ly)rse of all-work, said to have originated as a 
distinct stock in the valley of Connestoga. They are believed to be 
descended from Flemish and Danish cart-horses brought over by the 
early German settlers of this part of the counti-y, with a probable admix- 
ture of the ordinary draft horse in common use in the German States at 
that day. There is, however, no record of the origin of the breed, and 
all speculation may be at fault. They resemble for the most part the 
Flemish horse, especially in color, all the prevailing Flemish colors except 
black being found among them in like proportion. 

The Connestoga is a tall horse, often seventeen hands high ; l)ut his 
liml)s are light for his height, and he is not inclined to be full of flesh, 
having a muscular rather than a fatty heaviness, so that he is very power- 
ful in proportion to his weight. He is used chiefly for wagons, canal 
boats, and hea\y carriages, for which jjurposes he is both strong and 
quick enough. 

He is less distinct than formerly, and no pains arc taken to preserve 
the breed as such. 

XVII. Ponies. 

The small, or pony breeds, are numerous ; but the only ones deserving 
special mention are the Shetlands, the Indian, and the Mexican Mustang. 
The former is the most distinct and best type of the ponies of the Old 
World, while the Indian and the Mustang are the chief, if not the only 
native kinds, known among us. 

There are ponies somewhat similar to the Shetlands in th*^ northern 
parts of Sweden and of Iceland, in Wales, and on the southwestern 
coast of England. All these little animals seem to have originated in 
latitudes to which the horse is not native, and to be dwarfed descendants 
of large and powerful progenitors. 

Noticing first the Shetlands, those of most perfect form, though of 



THE HORSE, DIFFERENT BREEDS, ETC. 



(57 



small size, are found in the exti'eme northern isles of Yell and Unst. 
In height, they do not average more than nine or ten hands ; and many 




are found that do no exceed seven and a half. It is held that no true 
Shetland can be so tall as eleven hands. In form they are round and 



♦in ILLUSTKATKD STOCK DOCTOK. 

fl(i.soly ril)l)ed up; the head is mcU shaped — lean and bun}', wide in the 
hrow, sometimes shghtly basin-faced, like the Arab ; the ears are very 
small, well placed, are carried erect; the eyes are large and bright, Avith 
a fine look of intelligence ; the neck is short and thick, and covered with 
a great mass of coarse niaue ; the shoulder is sloping, thick, and having 
little elevation at the wathers ; the loins are broad but linoly formed ; the 
quarters are well made, but not large in proportion to other parts ; the 
back is gently curving, with never any tendency towards what is called 
sway-back ; the legs and feet are of excellent shape, and of the most 
powerful texture, so that the Shetlander is a stranger to all those diseases 
of the feet and legs to which many horses are subject, and a lame 
Shetland is almost unknown ; the tail, like the mane, is of great volume. 

When roaming wild they live on the poorest fare, and are exjiosed to 
all the inclemencies of the seasons. When they cannot pick up their 
scanty subsistence upon the uplands, by reason of the snows of winter, 
they betake themselves to the sea shore and live ui)on kelp and sea weed. 
When taken by the peasants of those localities which they most inhaliit, 
and reduced to subjection, they still require but little food and little 
care. 

Then" endurance is very great ; and though they are of course incapable 
of great speed, they will carry weights largely disproportioned to their 
size, and keep up a uniform [lacc of from four to live miles an hour 
throughout the day, accomplishing forty, even lift}' miles between 
morning and evening with apparent ease. 

They are gentle, affectionate, easily trained, and as children's horses, 
and for all other purposes for which a pony can be at all serviceable, they 
are the best of all found in either hemisphere. 

The prevailing colors are black, brown, and a dark sorrel. 

The Mexican Mustang, one of the most widely known and distinct of 
American ponies, is found chiefly op. the prairies of Texas and Mexico. 
His origin is doubtful ; though it is aflirmed that notwithstanding his 
dfminutive size, and some striking points of degeneracy, there is clear 
indication of Spanish oi-igin. It is difficult, however, to account for the 
difference between liim and other wild horses, that discover in size as 
well as in general formation that they are the descendants of animals 
left or lost upon the American continent by the early Spanish discoverers 
and conquerors. 

These jionies are undersized ; of very slight limbs : often ugly and dis- 
proportionatelv made ; \\\X\\ long neck, long back, and long, slender and 
weak jiosteriors. Their hoofs are often badly formed, tending to flatness 
and irregular^tw Their luwds, howexer, though long, are lean, well 
shaped, and wellset ; and theii nostrils are wide. Their manes and 



THE HORSE, DIFFERENT BREEDS, ETC. 69 

tails are fine. They have some activity and spirit, and are sometimes 
vicious, but not difficult to subdue. In a wild state, they are easily out- 
winded by well-trained horses of the larger breed** ; l)ut domestication 
seems to have the effect of improving their powers of endurance, as they 
do good service for the Comanche Indians as a cavalry horse — carrying 
those warriors, and enabling them successfully to evade the pursuit of 
well-trained United States cavalry. 

Almost every color is found among thein. 

The Indian Pony, another American, is thought to be a degenerated 
Norman — having sprung from liorses of that stock brought to Canada by 
the first French emigrants, and allowed by some means to escape into 
the forests, as was the case vnih. certain Andalusians farther south. 
Wandering, from generation to generation, in those cold regions, and 
under circumstances altogether unfavorable to the production of generous 
growth, they have become dwarfed and in other particulars modified as 
to form. They seem in their present state to be a perfectly distinct 
animal ; and they possess many points of excellence. They are found 
in the upper IMississippi country, on the borders of Canada, and west of 
the great lakes, and are used chiefly by the different tribes of northern 
Indians. Great herds of them are found m a ^vild state on the north- 
western prairies. 

They are a larger animal than the Mustang, and in most respects far 
superior to him. Though he is to be considered a true pony, he is often 
thirteen, sometimes even fourteen, liands high. The body is very 
strongly built, being round-ribbed, short-barreled, and M-ith powerful 
limbs. The neck is thick and short ; the legs are covered with thick 
hair, and seem somewhat heavy and clumsy, but they are as firm, mus- 
cular, iron-like and sound, as those of the Shetlands. The mane is very 
heavy, often falling on both sides of the neck, while the forelocks cover 
the eyes, and give a sort of shaggy appearance about the ujDper portion 
of the head ; the tail is also heavy and generally inclined to be wavy. 
They have a high crest, and quite a proud carriage of the head. They 
are docile, intelligent, sure-footed, capable of enduring all the rigors of 
a northern Winter, and able to perform long-continued journeys, at a 
moderate pace, while carrjnng or drawing disprojiortionate burdens. 

Their courage is so high that they do not readily succumb to any hard- 
ship, however trWug its nature, and though coupled with poorness and 
scantiness of fare. 



CHAPTER V. 
BREEDING AND RAISING 



1. IMPORTANCE OP THE SUBJECT. II. THE BEST STOCK THE CHEAPEST. III. HE- 
REDITARY TENDENCIES AND IMMATURITY TO BE GUARDED AGAINST. IV. PRIXCI- 

PLES OF TRANSMISSION. V. THE TWO METHODS, " IN-AND-IN " AND "CROSS" BREED* 

ING CONSIDERED. VI. TREATMENT OK THE MARE AFTER BEING SERVED, DURING 

PREGNANCY, ETC. VII. HOW TO KNOW WHETHER A MARE IS IN FOAL. VIII. HOW 

TO KNOW TIME OF FOALING. IX. ABORTION, OR SLINKING THE FOAL. X. HOW 

TO RAISE COLTS. XI. MULES. 

I. Importance of the Subject, 

No subject connected with the rearing and use of stock can be of more 
importance to the farmer and stock-grower, the inteUigent, practical bus- 
iness man, than that of breeduig. That it is every way more profitable 
to any one who rears and trains a single colt to have that colt of the very 
best rather than of an3^ indifferent quality is almost too palpable to need 
a moment's consideration. That it is possible for every man of observa- 
tion and good judgment to improve his stock is equally obvious. There 
is no line of work which horses are called upon to perform that has not 
its peculiar requirements, that can be better met by some specific kind of 
animal than by one chosen at haphazard. It is a matter, then, of the 
plainest common sense that every one who means to rear a horse for his 
own use should consider beforehand to what purposes he will most prob- 
ably devote it. If it is designed for market, he needs no less to consult 
his interests by determining what markets are accessable to him, and what 
description of animal will be apt to find most ready sale therein, at most 
remunerative prices. 

For the farmer who wants to breed and rear horses of all work, it 
would be manifestly foolish to seek a high-priced pure-blooded race, for his 



THE HOESE, BKEEDINU AND KAISING. 71 

mares, unless the mares themselves were of such t3^3e as to render it 
necessary to breed to high and elegant stallions in order to obtain those 
medium-sized, but compact, and moderately quick-paced animals that are 
so well adapted to all the wants of the farmer. 

On the other hand, one wanting a light and fleet animal would set his 
inconsiderateness in a striking manner who should so disregard all the dic- 
tates of sound sense as to hope to succeed by any chance selection of 
either mares or stallions. 

II. The Best Stock the Cheapest. 

It may be laid down as the tirst rule — a foundation principle — that the 
very best and purest stock that is reaUy adapted to the end in view should 
he sought after. 

It costs even less to feed a horse of good blood and lineage than it does 
to maintain a scrub ; it costs no more to shelter him ; it costs less to groom 
him and keep him in condition than it does to keep the scrub from looking 
like A scare-crow ; his movement is almost invariably smoother and 
steadier for the same rates of speed ; his temper is generally better ; his 
pluck and energy not less so ; and if it is found necessary to put him upon 
the Hiarket, ho brings a, better price. The service of a stallion known. to 
be of good, generous blood, and possessing adequate powers of transmis- 
sion, must of course cost more ; there must be a dam adapted to the 
obtaining of a foal of the best t^qie possible from such a sire ; but the 
penny-wise, pound-foolish policy of refusing to avail one's self of these 
advantages, when in the bounds of possibility, is too apparent. 

Taking it for granted, then, that the best, in this case, is always the 
cheapest^ — that the liner and purer the horse can be, other things being 
equal, the more useful, more easily maintained, and more marketable he is 
bound to be, it remains to consider some points that must always be re- 
garded by the intelligent breeder, who seeks wisely to adapt means to 
ends rather than to trust to chance. 

III. Hereditary Tendencies and Immaturity to be Guarded Against. 

A caution most needful to be insisted upon at the outset is that 
relating to the transmission of tendencies to disease and of actual disease 
itself. It seems that no man in his right senses, knowing the results to 
the human family when this consideration is disregarded, would think for 
a moment of utterly ignoring the possibilities of evil consequences ; but 
ordinary observation leads to the disclosure of the fact that among 
horses diseases and impaired constitutional powers are often transmitted 
in this way. Mares at an advanced age, too stiff, too weak, too slow to 



72 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

be of any further active use, are turned to account for breeding purposes 
— and the result is, a weak foal, lacking thrift and lacking spirit. 
Mares hacked about until they are ring-boned, spavined, and splinted, or 
perhaps dropsical or with a glanderous tendency, — no longer useful on 
the farm or on the road, are relieved from the work which they can no 
longer do with any chance of profit, and sent to the stallion. Result : a 
foal wath a rickety or knotty osseous system, or with a tendency to some 
form of dropsAS or ready, in the presence of any exciting cause, to 
develop a case of glanders. And so of other disorders, more especially 
of roaring, thick-wind, blindness, contracted feet, grease, and affections 
of the brain and nervous system. Some mares have a peculiar predispo- 
sition to surfeit, some to swelled legs, some to vertigo, some to a sort of 
unaccountable viciousness. No M'ise bi'eeder can afford to disregard these 
things. If he wishes to rear a horse for service, he wants a sound foal ; 
for he knows he can get from such a one more work for less cost 
than from one unsound in bone, muscle, secretions or integument. 
If he designs to breed for market he is aware that neither a puny nor a 
diseased creature can be palmed off there either to his profit or his credit. 

To insure healthy, active, thrifty progeny, then, the dam must be 
sound and vigorous; and this is no less true of the sire. We dwell less 
upon the latter because it is of far less frequent occurrence for a broken 
down and diseased stallion to be kept for the service of mares than for 
mares of this description to be put to breeding because they are known 
to be fit for nothing else, but are erroneously deemed useful for this. 
The condition of the stallion, however, must not be ovei-looked. Every 
breeder must have a care to choose a vigorous stallion, and one free from 
blemishes, mal-formation and hereditary taints. 

Nor should mares be put to breeding too young. They should be full 
grown and \dgorous, and when their powers begin to fail they should no 
longer be subjected to this service. It is the practice of some to begin 
to breed at two years of age. This is injurious to the mare, and 
otherwise unprofitable to the owner. The growth of the mare is 
hindered ; her form is modified both by the M^eight of the stallion and by 
carrying the foal. And the foal itself is apt to lack fullness and power. 
Yet, it takes from the young mother that sustenance which she needs for 
her own development, so that she is dwarfed, while it grows up a more 
or less puny creature — of insufiicient value to compensate for the injury 
done to the dam. No mare should be so used till she is at least three 
years old — four would be the better and more profitable age. It is said 
that mares which are allowed to mature, and are well treated afterwards, 
will not lose enough of their natm'al vigor to disqualifv them for liringing 
forth <rood foals till after they are twentv years old ; but it is idle to 



THE HORSE, BREEDING AND RAISING. 73 

exiject good, strong, well-formed, thrifty, and spirited offspring from a 
mare that is either too young or too old ; or that is subjected, even in 
matui'ity, to hard work, poor and insufficient food, and cruel handling. 

rv. Principles of Transmission- 
Let us next notice this principle, that when tJie dam and the sire both 
possess a due ainount of vigor, the foal will combine in itself the most 
marked characteristics of both ; lohile any quality that is peculiar to either 
of them is apt to be proininent in the offspring. This applies to both dis- 
position and physical conformation. 

It will be seen from this statement that no matter what the general line 
of policy to be pursued by the breeder, that of in-and-in, or that of 
crossing, he must select his stallions and mares ^-ith the view to having 
one supplement the other. If the mare is deficient in any point, the 
horse should be full or predominant there, and vice versa ; and if any pe- 
culiar trait is desired, that should be very strongly developed in either 
sire or dam, while merely nominal in the other. 

Another special point to be considered is this : that for the production 
of a full-formed, symmetrical, vigorous, and thrifty foal, the mare shotdd 
be proportionately larger than the horse. An overgrown stallion, of great 
power, serving a mare of diminutive size, or of size somewhat less in pro- 
portion than his own, will beget her a strong embryo that will require 
more room and more nourishment than the mare can afford ; and the result 
must be weakness, and, probal)ly, deformity — almost inevitably diminutive 
size. Men's minds were particularly called to this fact in Great Britain 
when, during a course of years, the farmers of Yorkshire thought that by 
breeding their mares to the very largest stallions they could find, and 
without regard to the size of the mare, they could meet the demand in 
London for great overgrown horses, which it was then the fashion to drive 
in coaches and other hea\y carriages. The result was a race of almost 
worthless creatures. 

In other points than mei'e size, more depends upon the selection of the 
mare than that of the horse. The great majority are marcs bred after 
their own stock unless the stallion is so powerful as to neutralize or over- 
come this physiological peculiarity ; so that it is necessary for her to be of 
good lineage if the best results are wanted. If she has come from dis- 
eased, vicious, or in any way evil ancestry, though she may be free from 
perceptible taint, tlie bad points of her stock will very probably ajjpear 
in her offspring. This principle makes it necessary to have a regard for 
her color and for the color that is known to have been prevalent in her 
line, since any dirty, vari-tinted, and other-wise disagreeable colors may 
appear in a foal of hers if her progenitors have had such a hue. 



74 ILLUSTUATEU STOCK OOCTOR. 

v. The two Methods, "In-and-in" and "Cross" Breeding Considered. 

Ati for the two leading methods of breeding, cireunistauce.s generally 
determine whieb the farmer or other breeder on a moderate seale is to 
adopt. He is now almost always under the absolute neeessity of eross- 
ins ; and the main i)oint with him is, how to cross, in order to seeure the 
best results. The main directions are already laid down, with sufficient 
minuteness to enable anj'one of ordinary intelligence to judge as to the 
best means. One point must not be overlooked, that really to improve 
the stock of horses as to blood — to obtain a strain that has the power of 
transmitting itself, and of so continuing in a steady line of improvement, 
recourse must be had to pure blooded horses. The English racer or 
thoroughbred is almost our sole reliance in this respect ; although an 
Ai-ab may occasionally be found. The true Norman Percheron is 
endowed with this characteristic of pure-blooded horses — he has gi'eat 
powers of impressing himself upon his offspring, and jierpetuating the 
strain ; Imt he is too heavy for the ordinary run of mares in this country ; 
antl if heavy draft stock rather than the lighter horse of all work is 
wanted, the Percheron mare should also be used — or some other of equal 
Icniith and weight. Good mares of the common mixed breeds in the 
United States, bred to the light Aral), Barb, or thorough-bred stallions, 
^■ill almost iuvarial)ly produce foals partaking of their- own size and 
strength, and of the Uner forms, acti\'it3', and wind of the stallion. It is 
difficult to lay down any specific rule for crossing. The whole matter 
umst be left to the good sense of the breeder, after the general state- 
ment of principles previousl}' set forth. If the breeder has in view a 
mere racer, and is unable to obtain both thorough-bred mare and stallion, 
let him seek the racing stallion, at least, and one that will, as previously 
directed, supplement his mare — supply the points in which she is want- 
ing for that specific purpose. If he wishes a trotter, the same care must 
lie oliserved. As trotting horses are of late days in great demand in the 
United States, we insert here a cut of one of the most celebrated of the 
Old AYorld trotters, the "Marshland Shales,'' a horse foaled in 1802, 
and which was known to old age as the very best in the British Isles. 
A careful studv of his conformation will be of advantage to those who 
seek to learn the peculiar points of a horse of known excellence. He 
was a half-bred ; and the impression long prevailed among the sporting 
men of England, (if it is even yet extinct), that no pure thorough-bred 
nor Arabian could excel as a trotti^'. 

Now, let the reader compare him with "Dervish," and note the points 
of difference. " Der^•^sh " was a little bay Arab, exceedingly fine, and 
remarkable for a darthui or straight trot — throwing out his fore-leg and 



THE HORSE, BKEEDING AND ItAISINO. 



75 



straightening the knee before the foot touclicd the gi-ound. He was 
sound, hardy, and a powerful foal-getter ; and a eross with sueh a horse, 
upon auv well-formed, large and reasonably long-l)odied mare, would be 




apt to produee the beau ideal of a trotter — moderately large, long, yet 
compact, and with light and clean yet powerful liml)s. 

Notice particularly the cut representing "Gold Dust," a Kentucky 
horse, foaled near Lexington, the property of L. L. Dorscv, a few years 
pnor to the civil war. He was mixed blooded, havinir been sired by 



7li 



ILLUtSTKATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



Vermont Morsjaii, a great trotter, while his daiu iiad in her both Arabian 
and thorough-bred blood. *" 

It is worthy of consideration on the part of the l)reeder that the eolts 
of "Gold Dust" showed sti'oniier marks of their Aral)ian and Euiiiish 




aneestrv, wliieh eame by his dam's side, and remotely, than of the 
^loriran, his sire, so superior is the pure blooded horse as a transmitter 
of his own qualities, and an improver of breed. " Gold Dust" is worthy 



THK iioiiSK, i{i;eki)I.\(; and haising. 



77 



of study. He was not only hoautiful, but a liorse of the finest action — 
a fast walker and famous as a trotter. When native American stallions 
such as he can he found, the owner of good mares need not repine if he 
finds it impossible to come at the much-to-be-desired pure blooded 




foi'eigner. He may rest assured of getting improved colts, and of such 
character as will, if judiciously handled, perjietuate, to some extent at 
least, their own good cjuallties. 

If it is heavy draft stock that is to be sought, the Norman Percheron 



7.S ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

stallion, as we have i:)re\-iously intimated, ought to he had, provided the 
breeder has mares of such size as to render it judicious to put them to so 
large a horse ; otherwise, the Norman Percheron mare mav be most 
advantageously bred to some native stallion, say a Morgan, a good 
Canadian, or some other compactly built and quick-paced horse. 

But it is unnecessary to extend these suggestions. If the breeder aWII 
consider Mith care what he really wants, and observe the points upon 
which we ha^e touched, he ■ndll be at no loss to judge intelligently what 
course to pursue when cross-breeding is his only resource. He may 
often, of course, find it diiEcult to obtain just the stallion which his 
judgment tells him he should have for his class of mares ; but this is a 
pointed argument in favor of that care which our farmers should long 
ago have exercised in this matter. Intelligent attention to the improve- 
ment of our stock throughout the Union Mall soon make it possible for 
them to select their stallions, rather than to be forced to take up wnth 
every hack that comes along with a flourish of red surcingles and a 
wonderful pedigree, manufactured to order. 

As to in-and-in breeding, but little need be said. All the long-winded, 
voluminous, and learned discussions of the subject have resulted in 
adding but little more to our stock of knowledge than this : that too 
close in-and-in breeding is likely to bring about weakness, malformation, 
and general deterioration ; but that to fix and preserve and intensify a 
certain strain, the Jcm', (to speak in a figure), must not intermarry vnth. 
the heathens round about him. In other words, to have true Morgans, 
both sire and dam must be of that stock, though of different families : 
to keep up the real Norman Percheron horse, we must have Norman 
Percherons, both male and female, to breed from ; and so on. 

The objection to close in-and-in breeding seems to be here : that 
nearness of kin is apt to be associated ^\'ith likeness of qualities, both 
physical and mental, (if we may so speak of the horse) : and thus the great 
requirement that one parent must supplement the other is not complied 
with. If there is a weak point in both, the weakness is perpetuated and 
made worse, whereas a weak point in one should be counteracted by a 
correspondingly strong point in the other. If it could be knowni ■nnth 
absolute certainty that two animals, close of kin, had strongly marked 
opposite traits of character, constitution and conformation, they might 
be bred to each other, and with the best of results. Such is sometimes 
the case ; but it is not likely to be, and the rule should be as we have 
said — let the strain be the same, but the kinship as far removed as 
possible. This is believed by the most candid observers to be the secret of 
Arab success. The individual breeder knows not alone his own animals, 
but those of his tribe, and of other tribes as well. Moreover, the Arabs 



THE HORSE, BREEDING AND RAISING. 7}> 

are close observers and astute judges of horse flesh, and au intelligent 
son of the Desert could l)j no reasonable means be induced to breed his 
mare to a stallion ni which his eye had marked some weakness or evil 
tendency which he knew the mare likewise to possess, however slight the 
indications might be in either. 

Then, to recapitulate briefl}* : if the breeder has it in his power to keep 
up a certain stock, let him guard against the slightest admixture of heathen 
blood ; and to be as sure as possible of no evil results, let him look to se- 
curing sires and dams as widely removed from kinship as possiI)le ; but he 
can never afford to "disregard the point previously so much insisted upon, 
as a principle to be observed in crossing, that if either parent has a fault, 
the other must be correspondingly strong there. 

VI. Treatment of the Mare After Being Served, During Pregnancy, etc. 

It is proper next to notice some little matters of detail in connection 
with the management of l)rood mares. 

Forty-four weeks is regarded as the time which a mare goes Avith foal ; 
but this must be taken as mean time, since one occasionally brings forth 
a perfect colt four or fiv^e weeks sooner, and others will go equally as long 
beyoaid this period. When once the time of a mare is known, the breeder 
can generally regulate her going to the horse so as to have the I'olt appear 
at whatever season he consideres most desirable, but without this knowl- 
edge he cannot. 

After having been served by a horse, the mare should be allowed to 
stand idle awhile, as conception will be far more apt to take place if she 
is left to herself. If put to brisk motion, or to any strain immediately 
after copulation, she is apt to fail of conception. She should also be kept 
away from strmg-proud or badly castrated geldings, not only at this 
period, liut during her entire pregnane}', as they are apt to worry her to 
the casting of the conception, or, at a later period, to slinking the foal. 

After she has been allowed a reasonable season of quiet, moderate work 
will be rather beneficial than injurious ; and this may be kept up until 
about the time of foaling. Special care should alwa3's be exercised to 
guard her against being kicked, heavily thrown, or inordinately strained 
in an}^ way. 

It sometimes occurs that at the time of foaling, a false presentation is 
made, producing ditficulty of delivery ; but no reliable instructions can be 
here given as to what course to pursue in these cases ; and it is best to 
seek the aid of some skillful veterinary surgeon. 

The mare which has had a colt will be found in season sometime within 
the next thirty days, and she ought to go to the horse at this time if she 
is to be bred at all. The ninth dav after foaling will generally be found 



80 ILLUiSTKATF.l) STOCK DOCTOR. 

to be the right time. Whenever indieatious of heat are discovered, the 
matter should not be delayed, as the season may pass off and not return. 
After putting, the days of trial are the ninth, then, if she refuses, the 
seventh after this, and upon a second refusal, the fifth after this, which 
is sufficient to prove her. 

Vn. How to Know Whether a Mare is in Foal. 

It is often important for both breeders and traders to know whether a 
mare is really in foal ; and one MTiter has published, the following direc- 
tions for determining this point, which he says may be implicitly relied on : 

"After the first service of the horse, and before the next trial, on ex- 
amining the vagina, or bearing, if conception has not taken place it will 
be of a fresh, bright, oi' florid and moist appearance, ^vith a clear droj) 
appearing at the lower part, and which, if touched, will nicline to extend ; 
but if conception is present, a different appearance of the sui-face of the 
vagina will be presented. It will be found dry, and of a duty brown or 
rust color; and a dark, brown looking drop will replace the former clear 
drop. When these latter appearances are present, pregnancy may be re- 
garded as certain." 

VIII. How to Know Time of Foaling. 

Two days, (in some mares only one), before foaling, a sort of sticky 
substance will be found protruding from each teat, somewhat resembling 
drops of milk. Care should now be taken to provide a suitable place for 
her, as this is a certain indication of near delivery. She should be 
rcmovi'd from other animals, and a careful person should see to her often 
enough to guard against accidents. 

Before the signs referred to, as shown by the teats, however, there is 
on each side of the spinal colunm, from the tail to the haunch, a furrow- 
like fold ; and the bag will generally be found considerably increased in 
size. These signs show that delivery is not very remote, but cannot be 
relied on to denote the day. 

IX. Abortion, or Slinking the Foal. 

When about half the time of pregnancy is passed, more than ordinary 
pains should be taken \\\th the mare, as it is at this time, if at all, that 
she is apt to slink. She ought now to have better feeding, and even 
gentler handling than she had i)reviously ; though at all times the owner 
but consults his own interests when he carefully guards her against ill 
usage. She has more need of food, and is less able, at this time, to 
endure hunger, as the rapid growth of the foetus makes a constant and 



THE HORSE, BREEDING AND RAISING. 81 

severe draft upon, her S3^stem. Want of care may cause abortion; and 
if a mare onc^c casts lier foal, she is apt to do so at a corresponding period 
of pregnancy afterwards, — more especially if like jjrovocation occurs. 

Various otiier causes of abortion, some of which may be briefly adverted 
to, for the purpose of pointing out certain preventive measures and sug- 
gesting others. Blows, strains, and any violent excitement may have 
this effect ; and it is said that to allow a mare to see and smell food to 
which she has been accustomed, and of which she is fond, without suffer- 
ing her to eat of it, will cause slinking. Feeding hogs or other stock 
upon corn, in sight of a mai'e that is not also thus fed, is, for this reason 
dangerous. Sympathy is a known cause : a pregnant mare, seeing an- 
other cast her foal, is apt to be affected in like manner. Nervous spasms, 
or a sort of animal hysteria, resulting from sympathy of the womb with 
a diseased stomach or other organ, occasionally results in causing the 
foal to he cast. Some affirm that a smell of blood, or of freshlv slaugh- 
tered meat, will do it. 

If a mare slinks because of a hurt, a strain, or some acute attack of 
disease, she is not apt to fall into the habit of abortion, jjrovided proper 
care is taken to guard against exciting causes at a corresponding period 
of her next pregnancy. 

When once this tendencj^ is established, however, it is difficult to coun- 
teract it, as the slinking is more than likely to take place at times when 
the mare is not under observation. If symptoms of casting chance to be 
discovered in time, it may be prevented by promptly burning pigeon 
feathers, (or those of other birds, if these cannot be obtained), on a hot 
pan, or a i)an of coals, and holding them so that she will be obliged to 
inhale the smoke. 

X. How to Raise Colts. 

If the colt is healthy and thriving, he should be weaned at from five to 
six months old. If allowed to run with the dam after this period, he is 
an unnecessary burden to her, since he has already learned to pick up 
and devote to his own use other sustenance, and he may most judiciously 
be taken away. If at this time the dam is still inclined to furnish milk 
so copiously as to render the udder painful to her, she should be looked 
after for a few days, to see that the over fullness does not result in inflam- 
mation and swelling. If necessar}', draw away the milk by hand once 
a day for three days. It is a good plan to keep her at this time on dryer 
food than usual, and at more than ordinarily steady -work. This course 
will tend to prevent the secretion of the . usual quantity of milk, and the 
udder will soon be dry. 



«2 ILLUSTRATED STOCK UOCTOK. 

No matter how well born a colt inuy be he can never amount to 
anvthiii" if raised a starveling. If the dam is what she should be, he 
will have been furnished with abundant sustenance from the time of 
conception to that of delivery, which is one of the secrets of full-formed, 
linelv-proportioned, vigorous foals. From foal-time to weaning he will 
have been kept vigorous and growing by the (juantity and character of 
the milk furnished him, together with such little food as he has early 
learned to partake of at the manger and in the pasture of the dam. And 
now, upon being weaned, it is of the utmost importance that he have 
liberal food and sufficient protection from the inclemencies of the 
weather. This must be carefully attended to during the whole period of 
gro^vth if he is expected to make any adequate return to the owTier. 
Bruised oats and bran have been recommended as the very best food to 
be given for a considerable time after weaning. In any event let his 
food be supplied with regularity ; and it must be nutritious, A'et of such 
kind and so disposed as to be easily partaken. 

He should not be stabled too much, nor in any oiuer way too closely 
confined — being allowed all that range and exposure to out-door weather 
common to older stock in the more clement seasons ; but he should never 
be left out in cool rains nor in the storms and biting cold of Winter. If 
a place is jjrovided in which he may always shelter himself when the 
condition of the weather inclines him to seek cover, it will save troul)le 
and yet insure a natural growth and that hardihood which comes of 
sufficient contact with cold and heat. For this purpose a straw rick is 
sometimes recommended — so constructed as to furnish shelter on the 
leeward side. This M'ill give at the same time both bedding and a light 
species of food. 

Provision must of course be made for his obtaining readih', and at 
such times as the wants of nature may dictate, plenty of pure Avater — 
the purer the better. 

Thus much as to food, drink, and shelter. Another point of impor- 
tance must not be omitted in his raising, that is, familiai-izing him with 
his master or with whomsoever has charge of him. He should be 
handled sufficiently and in such a way as thoroughly to overcome all 
shyness, and to load him to feel that man is his friend. This confidence 
once established, his training — when the proper time comes for that — will 
be easily and successfully accomplished ; his subsequent relations Avith his 
master will be always pleasant, and his value thereby much enhanced. 



THE HORSE, BREEDING AND RAISING. 83 

XI. Mules. 

The breeding and rearing of mules, so common in many portions of 
the United States, requii'es more than a passing consideration. To obtain 
the best results in crossing with the ass demands as much intelligent care 
as in the case of the horse : and the mule-breeder will find it much to his 
advantage thoroughl)' to inform himself as to how these results are to 
be obtained. 

Many mistaken impressions prevail as to the relative usefulness of the 
mule, as compared with the cost of breeding and maintenance. 

It is thought by the inexperienced that he is almost equall}' adapted to 
ever}' kind of draft work to which the horse may be j^ut ; that his power 
as a pack-animal is much greater than that of the horse ; that his endur- 
ance is greater ; that he can subsist on less food ; and that he demands 
every way less care. All these things are set down to his advantage ; but 
in most instances the impressions are wholh' erroneous. As a general 
thing, he is not well adapted to road or to city purposes at all. Especially 
are hard roads and pavements destructive to him if he is large of body 
and disproportionately small of leg. He is not so stout as a horse of 
proportionate size ; he is uttei'ly incapable of carrying so great burdens 
as some have represented, even if loaded and attended by experienced 
packers, — particularly if the journey is to be continuous and the roads 
are at all heav}' ; his powers of endurance are not greater than those of 
the hardier kinds of horses ; he will consume as much food as a horse of 
proportionate size, if required to do like work and to maintain a like con- 
dition ; and as to care, he can do without it — so can a horse — but both 
fail thereby of that eminent thriftiness, sprightliness and longevity which 
is to be expected of animals to which it is extended. 

On the other hand, and to his discredit, it is commonly thought that 
he is naturally vicious, and wholly incapable of appreciating kindlj' treat- 
ment — that the only way to control him is by violence. Hence, those 
who handle him generally feel as though they are justifiable in whipping, 
beating, kicking and whatsoever other cruelties they may choose to inflict. 
This is a grievous, foolish and wicked mistake. The mule has one means 
of defense, and his heels are dangerous to those who wantonly provoke 
or startle him and place themselves in his way. His long ears are sensi- 
tive, and by roughly handling them his combativeness is easily aroused, 
and distrust is awakened to that degree that renders him almost unman- 
ageable. Yet, the mule may be so raised and trained as to make him 
gentle, obedient, even affectionate and ready to follow his master Uke a 
dog — so trusty that only the one always necessary precaution need be 
observed in dealing with him — to keep out of the way of his heels, which 



84 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

he throws out as instinctively when, startled, irritated or approached by a 
stranger, as a cat thrusts out her claws. It has been remarked that 
"when a mule gets perfectly gentle, he is unfit for service ;" and that, 
taken in connection with the prevailing method of training him, is doubt- 
less true ; but there is a better wa}', and, if followed, it would result as 
we have stated above. 

Now, while the mule is not adapted to everything, and endowed with 
powers that are adequate to endure starvation and brutal treatment while 
in the performance of hard and faithful service, he is admirably calcu- 
lated to meet many of the wants of individuals and corporations ; and his 
breeding, rearing and training are matters for intelligent consideration. 
For suppljdng the army he cannot be replaced ; for towing canal boats 
he answers admirably ; for hauling cars inside of coal mines, he is indis- 
pensable ; for the general knock-about work of a farm he is good in all 
temperate climates ; and in a cotton and sugar country, where it is warm 
and sandy, he is most especially valuable. Though he cannot endure 
everything and still meet every requirement of a heartless task-master, he 
is yet gifted with a hardihood that is admirable, and recuperative powers 
that are astonishing. Seemingly half dead, utterly broken down and 
worthless, he will, with a little rest and cai"e, soon be again ready for 
service. 

In breeding for mules no less attention should be paid to the selection 
of suitable mares and a suitable jack than in the case of hoi'ses. It is 
folly to use old, worn-out, diseased, ill-formed, ill-conditioned mares, and 
yet hope to obtain a good foal. As a general thing a great, overgi"own, 
long-legged mule is next to worthless. He is expensive to keep and 
unreliable as a -worker — lacking wind, strength and nimbleness. The 
medium-sized, clean, compact mule is b}^ all odds the best, unless a team 
can be found to combine more than the ordinary height with round bodies, 
not disposed to fleshiness, and larger, stronger legs than usual, with feet 
above the common size — which is seldom the case. The Spanish or 
Mexican mule — the offsjjring of stout, close-built, active ilustang or 
Mexican mares is superior in endurance to any kno\vn in the United 
States. He requires less food, takes it quicker, and is always in better 
fix for travel. If it is more profitable to raise good animals than poor 
ones, (and no man of ordinary intelligence can doubt this proposition), 
select mares for mule bearing that are sound, compactly built, and yet 
without any contractedness of body — active, strong, every way service- 
able. Then, the choice of a suitable jack is important — doubly so from 
the fact that the great majority of mares breed after the jack in the 
matter of legs and feet, and, if it is a good and powerful jack, the foal 
will generally bear his marks, which is a matter of some imnortance, . 



THE HORSE, BREEDING AND RAISING. 



85 



since mules so marked are always regarded by experienced stock men as 
being most hardy and valuable. The jack should be large — the larger 
the better, other things being equal, since it is impossible to find one so 







much surpassing in size the mares we have described as to render him 
objectionable on account of disproportion, as may easily be the case with 



8() ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

a horse. Most especially must the breedei- have an eye to his legs and 
feet ; for here, if at all, the mule is apt to be a failure — having a horse's 
body, ready to take on flesh beyond his requirements, mounted on legs 
that are too slight of bone and too small of muscle, with feet below the 
standard size for highest usefulness. 

The cut on preceding page is a portrait of a large and powerful Poitou 
ass, an animal much valued in that district of France for breeding heavy 
draft mules from cart mares. The one here represented has been de- 
scribed as being fourteen and one-fourth hands high ; greatest girth, 
seventy-seven inches ; girth behind the shoulders, sixty-six inches ; length 
of ear, fifteen inches ; ears, tip to tip across, thirty-two inches ; with 
hoofs much larger than those of the common ass. Compare him with 
the small, light ass, now in too common use among us. The differ, 
ence seems to be almost one of kind ; and with these representations in 
his mind, no observant stock-grower can be persuaded to put up with a 
poor pretense of a jack for the service of his mares. 

As for the treatment of mares that are to be thus bred, no farther 
directions need be laid down, since it must be substantially the same as 
that prescribed for the breeding of horse foals. The like instructions 
relative to weaning, feeding, and sheltering the colt must also be carried 
out ; and too much importance cannot be attached to beginning early the 
work of familiarizing him with man. He should be taught to regard his 
keepers without fear, to allow himself to be haltered, and readily to 
submit to direction and guidance. If this is done, he will be easily 
trained, when the proper time shall have arrived ; and if properly handled 
and judiciously taught then, he will be not only a useful, but a trusty 
and agi-eeable animal. 



CHAPTER VI. 



HOW TO BREAK AND TRAIN A HORSE. 



AMERICAN VS. ENGLISH FOALS. n. AT WEANING TIME. III. THE FIRST LESSON. 

IV. TRAINING. V. TRAINING TO WORK. VI. TRAINING TO BACK. VII. TRAINING 

TO^SADDLE AND HARNESS. VIII. TO HANDLE A HORSE. IX. HOW TO HANDLE A 

VICIOUS COLT. X. SADDLING AND HARNESSING. XI. HOW TO SUBDUE A VICIOUS 

HORSE. XII. HOW TO TRAIN TO THE SADDLE, XIII. TRAINING TO TROT IN HAR- 
NESS. XIV. HOW TO TRAIN TO TROT IN LIGHT HARNESS. XV. HOW TO TRAIN FOR 

THE PLOW. XVI. TRAINING TO THE WAGON. XVU. HOW TO TRAIN A RACER. 

XVUI. TRAINING A STALLION 



I. American vs. English Foals. 

It is a common remark among Englishmen visiting America that our 
hor.se.s are more easily controlled and managed in the breaking in and 
training than English horses, and hence they have been led into the error 
of supposing that they were deficient in courage and spirit. Nothing 
could be farther from the fact. The true reason is, the growing fouls in 
the United States are more the companions of the children of the farmer 
than in England. They are not as a rule, beaten and abused, and thus 
do not find their real powers of resistance as they do in England under 
the handling of hirelings of little intelligence, and almost no education. 
In the United States the fondling of the colts and fillies commences 
almost with birth. They are special pets of the boys of the family. On 
the farm, and even on the road, the mares are often regularly worked 
with the colts ranning at the feet, a very bad plan for the colts, and 



88 ILLISTKATEU STOCK DOCTOR. 

especially so for the mares, but wbieh, nevertheless, early accustoms the 
young animals to strange sights, while it renders them tame ami contiding. 

II. At Weaning Time. 

The true education of the colt or tilh' should begin early ; at weaning 
time. They should then be haltered and taught to lead, to stand quietly 
in the stall when tied. After this is thoroughly understood the colts may 
then have their liberty, for there is nothing more healthful, or better 
calculated to develop those powers necessary to the exhibition of speed, 
endurance, or great nmscular exertion, than constant, every-day exercise, 
which all young animals naturally take in then- play, and this often of 
the most violent I'haracter. 

m. The First Lesson. 

The first lesson the young foal should be taught is to come readily at 
call. This is easily accomplished by providing one's self with delicacies, 
such as sugar and salt, of which horses are especially fond. If there are 
a number of them they will all take the lessons together, and easier, for 
the most intelligent wilt assist the others. At the same time they must 
be taught to l)c (juiet by a light tap of the whip to unruly ones. 

In haltering, the colt or tilly should be approached from the near side, 
the halter in both hands. Let the colt smell it until it no longer fears it, 
when, holding it properly in the left hand the right hand may be passed 
over the colt's neck and taking the strap of the halter it may be drawn 
on and buckled almost before the colt knows it. In case the colt should 
be wild, shy, or vicious, it must l)e confined in some place where the 
halter may be put on, but no haste must be manifested, until at the 
moment when it is to be l)uckled. Then do it (luietly and quickly. If 
very strong, two ends of rope, each ten feet long, should be attached to 
the ring of the halter, and a free passage out of the stable allowed, one 
num holding each I'ope. In the case of a colt three or more years old, 
and strong, these ends should be twenty feet long, and the halter should 
have a cavesson so the nmzzle will be pinched during violent struggles. 
Tlie nu'ii holding the ropes — there may be one or more, according to the 
struggles of the animal — are not to seek to throw the colt or horse, but 
simply to restrain him in his struggles to escape. The yard should be 
soft so that if the colt falls it will not be injui-ed. But if the animal 
does fall, when down it should be tirmly held so for five minutes, or until 
resistance entirely ceases. As a rule, before the expiration of fifteen 
minutes, the colt will take a lick of salt from the hand and thereafter 
follow quietly. As soon as the colt gives up he should be led to the stable. 



THE HORSE, HOW TO BREAK AND TRAIN. 89 

tied, given a little water and fed, and then be left to himself, being 
certain he can neither break the halter or injure himself. As before 
stated, the foal once haltered, taught to stand ijuietly, and to lead kindlj 
it may then be given its liberty until of the proper age for training. The 
animal three years old and over once in hand should be thoroughly 
broken and made way wise without delay. 

IV. Training. 

The regular training of a colt or tilly should begin at the age of two 
ycai's past. There are many urgent reasons for this ; first, the animal has 
neither the full strength, nor the disposition to resist, that it will have at 
a more mature age ; second, it is more tractable, and will acquire it» les- 
sons more easily ; third, it will not have contracted habits of self-will 
ditHcult to he broken off ; and fourth, lessons in flexions of the body may 
be taught tiiat will naturally increase its usefulness in whatever direction 
it may be wanted. 

In the whole manner of breaking and training the trainer nmst not only 
understand himself, but the young horse as well and also as of special 
importance, the particular use for which the animal is intended. If the 
colt is of cold blood, that is of no particular breeding, it will not p;iv to 
spend much time on its education. It is simply to tie taught to lead (|ui- 
etly, to stand still to be harnessed and unharnessed, to he accustomed to 
the ordinary sights and objects he will encounter, to work quietly at the 
plow, or other farm implements, and to the wagon on the road, and to 
stand (juietl}' when tied on the })ublic streets. If to be trained as a road 
horse, or as a saddle horse, or both, or as a hunting horse, a trotting 
horse, or a racer, all these will require special, and sometimes,, long con- 
tinued lessons according as the animal is intelligent and tractable or 
otherwise. It should always be remembered, however, that there is 
nothing gained hy cruelty and abuse. A contrary animal may be punished, 
but it should always be done calmly and with judgment. 

v. Training to Work. 

The first lesson for any use is implicit and perfect obedience to the will 
of the master. This thoroughly accomjilished the rest of the task is com- 
paratively easy, it is only a question of time. It is supposed the animal 
is entirel}^ free from acquired vice, that it has been halter broken, and 
taught to stand quietly at the end of the halter, to follow quietly, to lead 
by the side of the master, and to stand quietly in the stable. 

The next step is to procure a bitting bridle, a strong bridle with a heavy 
smooth snaliie bit with a tongue piece and keys depending from the center 



90 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

of the bit, it must also have a check rein that may be lengthened or 
shortened, and two side straps one on each side. The harness is simply 
a very wide strong surcingle, with padded back piece, having at the top a 
strap and buckle to form a loop for the check rein and also a buckle on 
each side of the surcingle in which to buckle to side straps. To the rear 
of the pad of the circingle is attached a back strap and round crupper 
strap, the latter to buckle and unbuckle. 

Take the harness, and approaching the colt in the stall, let him smell 
it until satisfied, then put it on without undue haste or fuss. If the colt 
is nervous or skittish, talk to him and take time. The harness on, put 
on the bridle, giving plenty of length to the check rein and side straps, 
so the colt will not be unduly hampered, and let it out in a smooth, tight 
yard, following it about with the whip under the arm. Sometimes a strong 
colt will struggle and sweat A'iolcntly, but if he has been properly handled 
heretofore, he will take the subjection pretty much as a matter of course. 
Let him exercise an hour a day for a few days, tightening the check rein 
and side straps gradually, until his head is brought into proper position, 
but not a constrained position. When he ceases to fret at the harness, 
pass the snap of a leading rope through the near ring of the l)it and snap 
it into the off one. This rope should be about fifteen feet long. Taking 
the end in the hand, exercise the colt in a circle, allowing him to walk if 
he will. When somewhat tired let him stop and standing in front of 
him, say come, tapping him lightly on the fore-legs with the whip. If he 
pulls, hold him firmly, but without undue violence while he resists, tap- 
ping him on the fore-legs at intervals, using the word come. He will 
soon find the way to escape the whip to be to get near to you. Then 
fondle him and give him a trifle of sugar or salt and let him follow to the 
stable. So proceed from day to day, exercising him in a circle both to 
the right and left, (lunging it is called), gradually increasing his pace to 
a fair trot, until he will work as you want him, turning at the word to the 
right or left circle, or to stand and come to his master at the word of 
command. 

VI. Learning to Back. 

This is one of the most difiicult things to teach a colt properly, and 
one most commonly slurred over. No horse is properly trained for the 
most simple use, until he will back as readily and as perfectly as he will 
go forward. It should be taught him while in the bitting harness, so 
that at the command to back he will do so to the extent of one or more 
steps. This is done first by standing in fuont of the colt and taking a 
rein in each hand ; or take hold of the rings of the bits themselves. At 



THE HOKSE, HOW TO BREAK AND TRAIN. 91 

the word back, use pressure enough to curb the neck somewhat, but not 
enouf^h to force the body in such a position as to cause the center of 
gravity of the animal to be strongly displaced. In backing, a hind leg 
should be lifted tirst, then a fore leg, and so on in rotation, the reverse as 
in walking. When the animal will back promptly and in line for ten or 
fifteen steps consecutively, the further lessons may be safely left until 
the time when the rider is in the saddle or in the vehicle behind the 
horses. Sometimes tiie motion may be made by standing at the side of 
the animal. However it is accomplished, if strong resistance is made 
the lesson must begin again and again until it is entirely comprehended 
and well executed. When so, a slice of sweet apple, carrot, a little 
sugar, or something the animal likes may be given it. 

VII. Training to Saddle and Harness. 

We have stated that the colt should be broken at two years old. At 
this age, however, it should never be put to hard labor. The work at 
two years old should be more in the nature of exercise than anything 
else, and this exercise should be to insure proper flexions of the body and 
limbs-than for the amount of work the animal will accomplish, bearing 
in mind always, as before stated, what the animal is designed for. If as 
a saddle horse solely, or in connection with light driving, it is absolutely 
essential that the flexions should be thorough. The word flexion is but 
another name for rendering the head, neck, body and limbs ])erfectly 
supple. The animal must tirst have been rendered so quiet and obedient 
that he will not strongly resist the will and action of the trainer. 

Put a bridle with a curb-bit on the colt, being careful to know that it 
fits and that there is space between the. chain and jaAV, so the finger can 
be easily slipped between. Standing in front of the horse, seize the right 
curb-rein with the right hand, about six inches from the branch of the 
bit, and the left rein with the left hand at about half the distance from 
the branch. Draw the right hand towards the body, jmshing at the 
same time with the left, so as to turn the bit in the horse's mouth. If 
the horse backs, continue the operation imtil he yields. When the horse 
flexes his jaw and lowers his head, let the left hand slip along the rein to 
the same distance as the right, then drawing the two reins equally bring 
the head near the breast, and hold it there oblique and perpendicular, 
until it is sustained of itself. The horse will give notice by champing 
the bits. 

The Jaw is flexed to the left by a contrary move as given above. So 
the horse may be made to hold his head up, and })er|)endicular, to lower 
it, so the trainer can make the horse flex his neck to the right and left. 



92 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

Standing at his shoulder, the trainer may make him move the hind-legs 
to one side or the other, the fore-legs remaining stationary', or to move 
the fore parts in a circle the hind-legs remaining intact, and this b}' means 
that will naturally suggest themselves. 

But in all this there must be no ill temper displayed by the trainer no 
matter how bad the horse may act. Even if it be necessary to punish 
him the operator must be perfectly cool, never speaking in a loud voice 
or doing anything to cause undue resistance in the animal. The object 
is to teach the animal subjection to the will of man, and this can never 
be done by intemperate ^^olence. Our practice has always been to break 
at two years old so the animal may become wa^'-wise, flexible to the bit, 
to draw light loads, and under the saddle to walk, trot, or gallop, at com- 
mand. Then at the age of three to four years, we let it again have its 
liberty. The reason of this is, at this age the colt is shedding some prin- 
cipal teeth, and therefore not fit for work. If the lessons have been 
carefully given they will never be foi'gotten. If however he be properly 
fed, in the stable, he may continue to do light work through his third and 
fourth year. In no case, however, should he be put to heavy draft until 
he is five years past. As a carriage horse, the animal should not have 
hard work until he is the same age. Then he will get better and better 
until eight years old, and often do good ser\'ice at the age of fifteen to 
eighteen and sometimes when past twenty years of age. There are more 
horses ruined between the ages of four and five years than at any other 
age. 

vni. To Handle a Horse. 

As we have stated, the foal should be handled as early as possible, and 
bv different persons, to early accustom it to different sights and sounds, 
but always gently. It should be cai'efuUy brushed so as not to irritate 
it ; its feet should be lifted and lightly tapped with a hammer ; a head 
stall should be put on the foal having a ring but no strap, but so the 
strap may be attached at any time to lead and exercise it. Thus, the 
trainer beside it, the colt may be taught to walk, to trot, or stand still, 
allowing it to do pretty much as it likes, within bounds. Never beat it 
under any circumstances at this age. Reward it with a trifle of sugar, 
or a little bread, or a slice of carrot, and fondle it when it has done well. 
Remember the future hoi'se is to be the servant of man for ten or fifteen 
vears of his life, and that it will pay to take pains wfth the education of 
so noble an animal, if well bred. In this day and generation it is money 
thrown away to breed or handle any other, whatever the breed may be. 

When the foal is six months old strap a pad to its back and attach stirrup 



THE HORSE, HOW TO BREAK AM) TRAIN. 93 

leathers so they may flap about. In the Spring following its birth put a 
colt's bit in his nioutii, with keys attached. Rein him c-omfortably to the 
surcingle, to which a crupper must be attached. In this, however, 
everything must be easy to the animal. Don't try to get his head up. He 
may be flexed from time to time, that is taught to open his jaw to the 
left and right ; to turn his head to the right and left shoulder ; to raise 
and lower his head ; to turn with his hind or his fore-feet in a circle, 
those not used l)eing the pivot ; to come to his trainer at the word : to 
back, to guide right or left by the rein ; in fact at the age of two years 
he may be made pretty M'ell way wise, so that when actually ridden, or 
hitched beside a steady horse, ihere will be little fear or resistance to 
combat. To get him used to the rattling of a wagon, tie him by a lead- 
ing strap to the trace buckle of the back band to the off and also to the 
near horse in the team. This will instruct him and get him used to the 
word, and to walking and trotting quietly. All this may seem like 
taking a great deal of trouble, but remember that much of it may be 
done while doing the ordinary labor of the farm. 

IX. How to Handle a Vicious Colt. 

Suppose you come into possession of a wild colt at three or four years 
old, or one that has never been handled. Put him in a close place like a 
narrow stall, where he cannot turn round or by any means escape. Put 
on a cavesson halter (a cavesson is a nose-band) and it may end under 
the jaw in a running noose, so as to press with force when drawn tight. 
Have lunging straps attached to the halter ring and securely fastened. 
Allow the young horse free access out of the stable, being careful not to 
throw him down before he gets out. Let the yard be rather small, but 
quite tight, and with none near except his trainer and assistant, who holds 
the ropes. Thus with a strong man to each rope acting in concert the 
wildest colt may be handled without danger. Let him struggle and rear 
and plunge, the ropes being well spread to each side. If he rear, ease 
on the ropes so as not to throw him, checking him us he comes down 
again. 

Only one person should speak, the trainer, using only the necessary 
words and those spoken in a firm but rather low tone of voice. 

Have a good and relial)le whip, a long, straight, flexible one, but not 
for use except in cases of an emergencv ; as in case the horse should 
get his liberty by slipping the halter and turn to fight. Then it nmst 
be used determinedly, but without exhibition of temper. If he ruslics 
on you, a sharp, strong cut across the muzzle, avoiding the eyes, to be 
followed by others, as necessary. This will subdue him. If he kicks, a 
determined sharp cut over the hind legs next the body, will tame him. 



94 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

A self-possessed man, uiiderstaudiiig the use of the whip, is in but little 
danger from a young horse. But there is no need that the animal es- 
cape. The straps and leading ropes must be secure. 

When the colt gives uj), let the assistant hold the rope, while the 
trainer, with the whip under his arm, the butt forward, gently and grad- 
ually shortens his rope, advancing to tiie horse. Take plenty of time, 
speaking firmly but soothingly to the horse, M'atchiug for any indications 
of vice. If the ears are held naturally or thrown forward, all is right. 
When mischief is intended they will be thrown back. When the horse 
allows you to approach him and will smell the whip or your hand, give 
iiini a trifle of salt or sugar, rub his nose gently, and induce him to fol- 
low you. Then lead him into the stable and tie him in the stall securely. 
From this time on he should have a daily lesson until broken. 

One thing must be remembered ; in first tying up in the stable, the 
halter must be so strong that the animal cannot by any possible means 
break it, and so perfectly fitting and secure that he cannot slip or rub it 
off. Thus you will never again have to In-eak him of pulling at the halter. 

X. Saddling and Harnessing. 

The trainmg of the horse fairly commenced, it should proceed day by 
day. (>et him used to the harness and saddle by jJutting them on every 
day. Do not throw them on. Buckle every strap as carefully as though 
the animal was to be taken to work. The saddle being allowed to be put 
on without restiveness, and kindly taken, gradually draw the girth tighter 
from day to day until sufficiently tight so it will not turn. Begin by 
bearin"- some weight upon it, first with the hand and then by pulling on 
the stirrup. If the colt cringes at first and leans over to the side pulled 
upon, it will soon get over it, and will at length allow the full weight of 
the man sitting upright upon the saddle in the stall. 

Then accustom the colt to being touched in different parts of the body 
with the legs, to be squeezed somewhat with the thighs and knees, mount- 
ing and dismounting repeatedly. This being permitted, lead him out of 
the stalile. and while an assistant holds him by the bridle above the bits 

not by the reins — the trainer mounts, the assistant lets go, and in nine 

cases out of ton the horse will move off at the word of command. If he 
doe.- not, use no haste: give him time. If he rears and plunges, the 
rider must have full command and confidence in himself, or else quietly 
dismount and use the jirevious course until the animal understands what 
is wanted. If the rider is master of the saddle, and the horse plunges or 
throws himself about, get him into motion in a field of not less than ten 
acres, and if rather soft, so much the better: circle him about the field 



THE HORSE, HOW TO BREAK AND TRAIN. J) 5 

until he wishes to stop, and then force him forward until he is thoroughly 
tired and subdued. Kide him to the stable, gentle him, wash his mouth, 
let him take two or three swallows of water, add a taste of some food 
that he likes, and the real work of breaking is done. Thereafter it is 
simply a question of training. 

When the horse is to be put to the wagon, know that the harness is 
strong, and that it lits perfectly and easily. If the colt has been tied be- 
side another horse on the road, until he is not afraid of the wagon, so 
much the better. Hitch him beside an old, thoroughly broken horse, 
tying the doubletree back so the steady horse may pull all the load if 
necessary. Get quickly into the wagon while an assistant is attracting 
the attention of the colt by talking to him and stroking his nose ; i)ick up 
the reins and bid them go. Keep the broken horse in a walk or slow 
trot, as the case may be, and the colt will generally take kindly to the 
work in less than five minutes. Drive for about half an hour, at a walk- 
ing pace if possible, letting the colt have his own wa}' if not too awkward 
and ugly, turning from right to left in rather long curves. When the 
colt shows signs of fatigue, and certainly before he is tired, but not until 
he has ceased resistance, drive to the stable and unharness carefulh \iid 
quietly as before described. 

XI. How to Subdue a Vicious Horse. 

If he be a colt that has never been handled, the directions we have 
given for bitting and training will succeed. If he has been made tricky 
by a previous owner, who was timid, go into the stable when he is tied, 
watch him closely, but keep cool and show no signs of fear. Take him 
by the head, and speak to him in a firm voice, put on a strong bridle and 
curb, and order him to back. If he does not comply, give him a sharp 
cut on the fore-legs with the whip, and hold him firmly with the left hand, 
standing facing parth^ towards his rear, but with the head turned so you 
can see every movement of his eyes and ears. If the stall is not roomy 
and high do not attempt it. The .struggle is better in a small close yard. 
If he rear cut him sharply again over the fore-legs while up, and if he 
kick cut him on the hind-legs near the body, but never more than one 
stroke at a tijiie. When he ceases to resist, gentle him, and so proceed 
until the animal is entirely sulnuissive to your will. If a horse has ac- 
quired vicious habits from having beaten a timid, or worse, brutal master, 
the case is more serious. Have nothing to do with him unless fully 
assured of your powers to subdue him. 

To succeed he must be made to lie down ; to do this confine him in a 
stall so close that he cannot turn round in it, and with the near side so 



96 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

arranged that you can approach him sufficiently near to operate in any 
direction. If the horse will submit to fondUng so much the better. 
Under no circumstances use a whip. The work must be done by showing 
the horse that his struggles are always against himself. 

Have the side of the stall so arranged that it may be taken down and 
allow free egress to a yard thirty feet square, with a high board fence, 
or, better still, a large square barn floor covered a foot deep with straw 
tramped solid. Pi'ocure the following articles : a simple single-rein bri- 
dle, strong, and having a gag bit with large rings and long guards, the 
reins to be only sufficiently long so they will lie on the withers ; have also 
a strong, padded surcingle, made with a two inch ring at the belly ; also, 
one strap an inch and a quarter wide, and three feet or more in length, 
with a strong loop to form a slip noose, and a strong buckle on the end ; 
and another strap five feet long with the end turned into a loop and flrmly 
sewed ; also two strong knee pads, to protect the knees in falling. 

Put on the bridle, buckle on the knee pads, loop the short strap around 
the near fetlock of the fore-foot, raise the foot and buckle the end tightly 
around the arm of the fore-leg next the body, thus you have one foot 
firmly held up. Put the loop of the second or long strap about the fet- 
lock of the off fore-leg, and pass the end of the strap through the ring of 
the surcingle under the horse. Do not be in a hurry, and in no case lose 
your temper. If it takes two hours, well and good, you have the horse 
then perfectly under command however vicious he may be. 

See that there is entirely free egress out of the stable and let him go. 
Approach him slowly, but Avithout hesitation, steadying him by the voice. 
If he show right do not hesitate, he is on three legs and nearly powerless, 
except to bite, or to strike you in the act of rearing. Seize him by the 
near bridle rein about twelve inches from the bit, and placing yourself 
immediately at his near quarter, or just behind his shoulder, gather the 
long strap in the right hand and when the horse i-ears draw up the other 
leg. 

If the horse struggles let him do so. It ^vill not be necessary to exert 
much .strength, simply tact and coolness in steering him. When he 
comes down it must necessarily be on his knees. If he continue to 
.struggle let him exhaust himself. It will rarely take over five minutes, 
and never ten by the watch. Having him on his knees always seek to 
draw the head from you by pulling on the rein that comes over the neck. 
Once you have the head turned keep pulling on him until he gives up 
completely and lies down. Use no violence on the rein. It is only to be 
used to steer or guide the horse. It is the strap that does the work. 
However manv attempts he may make to regain his liberty it will only 
end in the more complete discomfiture of the horse. Once down unless 



THE HORSE, HOW TO BKEAK AND TRAIN. 97 

he lies still hold his head still by sitting on it. When r()nii)letely sub- 
dued, stroke his head, rub him on various parts of the body, soothe and 
caress him, and especiall}' handle him wherever he is disposed to be 
touchy, being careful always to be on your guard, that if he resist he 
may be immediately chocked. 

Show him a buffalo robe, an umbrella, or anything he would be likely 
to frighten at, and alwai/n let him smell it until satisfied. Sit on his side, 
handle his feet, tap them, and at last remove the straps from his feet, 
and continue to fondle him. If he attempt to rise hold down his head 
firmly, and bend up one fore-leg. If he get the advantage do not struggle 
with him but let him rise to his feet again. Lay him down until he 
gives completely up. He ^\^ll soon come to lie down quietly at the 
■word, simply by t^nng up one foot, and at last will do so at your 
bidding without tying. AVhen down and quiet pass your hand repeatedly 
over his body, breathe in his nostrils, gently open his mouth, give 
him soothing words, and when on his feet give him a taste of some- 
thing he likes. 

This is substantially Rarey's plan, and it may be practiced successfully 
on very vicious horses, as we have done. As a i-ule, however, the direc- 
tions previously given will be found to be fully effectual in breaking 
colt 

XII. How to Train to the Saddle. 

No person should attempt to break a horse to the saddle unless he be a 
thorough horseman himself. It is not sutfieieut that he be able to stick 
on a horse's back with or without a saddle. He must be able to do so, 
and without aid from the bridle, when the horse is undergoing any of the 
movements likely to occur when on his feet. The bridle is used simply 
to steady a horse under certain circumstances, and as a signal to guide 
him. If the trainer be not able to ride thus, and with ease to himself and 
the horse, he has no business as a trainer. 

Walking. — A fast M-alk is the most valuable of all the gaits of the 
horse. To walk rapidly is the first and most persistent of the lessons to 
be given. To teach a horse to walk fast the head must be kept moder- 
ately well up, and yet but little real weight should be borne on the bridle 
— only just enough to assist the swaying motion and nodding head always 
exhibited in fast walking. During the acquirement of this gait, no other 
should be aliowed, and when the horse shows signs of fatigue, the lesson 
should end. In this, the seat of the rider is im])ortant, it should be easy 
and with sufficient grip of the limbs to steady the rider, and with jilay of 
the lower part of the legs to keep the horse well up to his work, and assist 



!•<:> ILLUtlTKATEU STOCK OOCTOli. 

in increasing the gait. Thus hy care and practice almost any horse can 
be gotten up to four niih'S an hour and a really active cue to five. 

In breaking to walk fast to the wagon, there should be just sufficient 
bearing on the reins to steady the horse. The check-rein should be quite 
loose, for no horse can walk fast and easily with his head gagged back in 
an unnatural position. The horse, however, should be first trained to 
walk fast under the saddle, and by the means M-e have indicated. Then, 
when harnessed, he will not forget the lessons given, and may even be 
improved in his walk, if not already brought up to his maximum speed. 

A natui'ally slow walking horse may be made to walk much faster ; a 
fast walking horse may be greatl}' improved in his gait, but a lazy, slow 
dolt will never pay for any education beyond that of honestlj^ pulling 
such a load as he maj'^ be able to comfortably move. For the saddle he 
is a nuisance, and no attempts whatever, should be made to bring him 
out as a riding horse. If a good one, however, bring out his walking 
powers. Like the trotter, he will impi'ove until he is eight or ten 
3'ears old. 

How TO Traix'To Trot. — Eveiy farmer's boy thinks he knows how to 
drive a trotting horse to a wagon. Very few really do. fcjtill fewer un- 
derstand how to trot a horse under the saddle. If properly performed it 
is the least exhausting to the horse within the limit of his natural speed, 
and need not be unpleasant to the rider. That it is among the best and 
most pleasant exercise the horseman can take is without doubt. 

Certain drivers have denied that the trot and the pace were natural to 
the horse. Every person who has been among the wild horses of the 
plains knows the contrary. It is a fact, however, that the trot is but a 
modification of the walk. There are two st^^les of motion for the rider ; 
one the rising motion, by which the rider eases himself in the stirrups — 
not ungraceful when properly performed — the other where the rider 
keeps a close seat, supporting himself by the knees and stirrups. The 
elbows should be kept rather close to the side, and with onh' just enough 
bearing on the curb and snaflle to keep the horse's head correct and the 
animal under perfect command. In fact, under no circumstances is the 
rein and bit for any other use but to guide and steady the horse. The 
rider maintains his equilibrium, keeps his seat, and renders himself en- 
tirely at home in the saddle, through the science of equitation and the 
proper pressure of the limbs against the saddle. Until this is thoroughly 
accomplished, no person has any business trying to train a horse to sad- 
dle gaits. The rider must train himself first. 

In the trot, when the rider rises in the stirrups, the snafiie-rein only 
should be used, a rein in each hand, and once grasped and pi'operly ar- 
ranged, the arms must be held rather close to the body, but without 



THE HORSE, HOW TO BREAK AND TRAIN. 99 

clinging thereto. The feet should rest in the stirrup so the heel is well 
down, the leg from the knee down fully straight, and moving but little. 

The rise and fall of the body must be as slight as possible, only suf- 
ficient to escape thumping, and to ease the horse. The head of the 
horse should be kept pretty well up, the limbs of the horse well under 
control. The rider will appear to support the horse with the bit. In 
fact, he does not. He simply holds the horse to his pace. 

There is this difference between road riding and race riding : in riding 
for pleasure, the animal is never severely pushed, whatever the gait may 
be. In riding a trotting or running race, the animal must put forth all 
his powers, the only object being that he extend himself as much as pos- 
sible, and without reference especially to the style of going. As a rule, 
race riders are dis(jualified for riding or trotting a horse gracefully on 
the road. 

In trotting, always train the horse to slacken his pace and stop if de- 
sired, by slacking the rein, and at the word. In square trotting, the 
hoofs move in exact time, 1, 2, 3, 4. Some horses acquire a pace denoted 
by the time 1, 2. With this motion it js difficult to rise easil}' in the sad- 
dle, and it should not be allowed. To ease the horse's wind let him walk 
or ciinter slowl}- ; or better, give him a jog trot. The jog trot, however, 
is under no circumstances to be allowed when traveling on the road in 
company. After a hard ride at aoj' gait, it eases the tired horse immensely. 

Xm. Training to Trot in Harness. 

In trotting in harness the horse is more firmly held than when under 
the saddle, and for obvious reasons. Yet here a dead strong pull is to 
be avoided. The horse is simply to be supported and steadied by the 
bit. The driver must learn by his own study, and l)y observing others, 
how to do this. The bit must be adapted to the horse. A boring, hard 
mouthed brute could not be driven with comfort in a bit that would suit 
a sensitive mouth. Very many trotting drivers spoil their horses' mouths 
and make them pullers. The pull of a trotting horse should never be 
such as to tire the well trained muscles of the driver, even though it be a 
lady. Indeed, one of the best drivers we ever knew was a lady, and she 
was superior by the delicacy and yet firmness with which she handled 
the reins. 

In training to trot in harness, the oliject should be to keep the horse 
squarely to his work, and at the top of his speed, ^\nthout forcing him 
beyond it. In fact, no horse comes to his best trotting speed until he is 
at least eight, years old. 

Do not force him beyond his power, and above all do not rein him so 



100 ILLlI.srRATKD STOCK DOCTOR. 

liiirtl as to make him a borer. Uiie of (he best j)air of road trotters we 
ever broke, were trained with curb bits, and when under smooth motion 
were apparently driven with u loose rein ; such, however, was only ap- 
parent ; they had been given such delicate mouths by careful driving 
that the least indication kept them in proper form. Below we give two 
illustrations : one showing a horse unduly checked and gagged back, the 
other with the head in an easy-going position. The use of the bearing 
rein is simply to keep the horse from getting his head too low, not to 
draw it back in an unnatural position. Under the saddle this is precisely 
the use of the curl). 





horse's HKAI) Wl I'U JiiCAUING-RKIN. HOP.SF.'S HKAD WITHOUT BKAUING-REIN. 

TiiK I'acinu Gait. — This is a gait natural to many horses, and exceed- 
ingly ditHcult to teach a horse that it is not natural to. On the other 
hand it is not ditiicult to make a trotter of a pacer. In pacing, a horse 
lifts both feet on a side simultaneously, and on pei'fectly smooth ground 
it may be made an exceedingly fast gait. It is easy to the rider but 
ungraceful in the extreme, from the fact that, as in sculling a boat, the 
body is swayed from side to side. If the horse has the pace naturally 
he should be trained to increase the pace by precisely the same general 
I'ules for increasing the trotting pace ; by keeping him well in hand and 
inducing him by every possible means to increase his stride. 

The rack, amble, and single foot, as it is sometimes called, are all but 
modifications of the pacing stride and the galloi), just as the jog-trot and 
the walk are modifications of the trot. 

The amble is a slow, smooth gallop, or rather canter, and must be 
taught to the horse under the curb. 

The rack is a modification of the pace, the feet instead of being lifted 
uji simultaneously side by side, represented by the ligures 1-2, may be 
represented by the figures 1-2, 3-4, that is, the feet are not lifted regularly 
as in the walk. 

Single foot is a trained rack. It reijuires i)atience and time to teach, 
except in a horse having a natural adaptation thereto. Once the animal 



THE IIOUSK, HOW TO BREAK AND TRAIN. 101 

catches the idea be sure to l(!t liini know thiit you appreciate it, and wish 
him to preserve it. 

It is difficult to give written instrucitons, for rules which would accom- 
plish the matter with one horse and rider, with another would totally 
fail. There is ouly this fixed rule: The horse must be iu complete 
subjection to the will of the rider before anything but the natural gait 
is attempted. All these gaits, and the canter as well, are taught by using 
patience, keeping the feet of the animal well under him, and keeping him 
suffi<-iently well curbed so he cannot extend his stride until he fully 
understands what you want of him. 

CiiANGiNO THE LEADING FooT. — In developing any gait the horse 
should be made to start with either foot as desired. It should be one of 
the first lessons taught. To do this turn the horse's head somewhat by 
pulling the rein and pressing the heel slightly on the side opposite to the 
log which it is desired to move. This will turn his head and croup 
slightly out of the proper line of progression, something that the horse 
naturally does when he starts. To change the leading leg, if, for instance, 
he is leading with the off fore-leg, rouse the horse, turn his head to the 
right, while the left heel reminds him to throw his croup out of line, 
upoi;, which, by a peculiar motion the change is effected. 

Gallopinc}. — The gallop is often stated to be the fastest gait of the 
horse. This is however not strictly true. When a horse is going at the 
top of his speed under whip and spur, the whole animal is extended to 
the utmost, the head and tail straight out, and the animal going close to 
the ground. The slower he goes the more upright he holds himself, un- 
til when in the fashionable canter — the most distressing gait for the 
horse — he is almost on his haunches. All that is necessary to get the 
horse into the gait is to rouse him, give him a check for the leading foot, 
and restrain the gallop to the requirements of the case. 

The hand gallop is an easy going pace, both for the horse and the 
rider, and may be said to be half speed. The gallop proper is such a 
gait as will exhaust the horse in going ten or twelve miles. Running is 
that gait which cannot be continued longer than from one to three miles 
without seriously distressing the horse. Being one of the natural gaits 
of the horse it is only necessary to rouse the lazy horse to the proper 
speed, or to check the ambitious one to the pace desired. 

Xrv. How to Train to Trot in Light Harness. 

Trotting in light harness is generally considered to mean, being hitched 
to a light vehicle, either single or double and being driven for pleasure. 
Used in this manner horses may be driven either with the curb, the 



102 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

siiafilo, or other trottinji bit ac-cording to the delicacy of the hand of the 
driver, or mouth of the horse. We prefer, after they are way wise and 
used to the eurb, to drive them thus, until they have acquired the proper 
carriajie, and this entirely without the bearing rein. The object accom- 
plished iu this is, the horse becomes entirely subservient to the driver but 
at the same time learns to rely on himself so far as sure-footedness is 
concerned. When he will go in proper form he may be driven with a 
trotting bit, until he has learned to extend himself fully, when he may 
again be placed in the curb, and if delicately handled will give satisfaction 
any where on the road. Thus trained under the curb, when used with a 
trotting bit, they may be made to exhibit all the style they are capable of 
at an ordinary gait, and n ay be shaken up instantly for a brush and ex- 
tend themselves to the utmost. 

In ti'otting at any speed the horse must be trained to take hold of the 
bit, so he may be steadied by the rein. He must never be allowed to 
suppose that this hold of the bit is for the purpose of pulling on. It is 
to be used simply to steady himself, and as a means of cjuick comprehen- 
sion of the driver's wishes. 

XV. How to Train for tae Plow. 

In training a team for plowing, they must be made to walk at such a 
pace as will lay the best furrow, to walk evenly and straight ahead, with- 
out pulling apart or crowding each other, to obey the slightest check of 
the driver in laying out lands, and at the end of the furrow to come im- 
mediately and quickly about. To this end the reins should be carefully 
adjusted, the whitiie trees should be as light as will suiJice to do the 
Avork, and the team must never be over driven. In stony or grubby land 
they must be kept so completely under control, as never to spring for- 
ward when the plow strikes an obstruction. 

In turning quartering about at the end, on square lands, in plowing 
right handed furrows, the near horse should back slightly, that the off 
horse may not step on his feet, and the traces should be kejit slack 
enough so the plowman may easily enter the point of the plow in the 
next furrow. 

In back furrowing, the section of the circle described must be that 
which will bring the plow, with the aid of the plowman, most easily to 
the next furrow, the off horse in this case, keeping slightly behind. 

In plowing there is nothing gained by hurrying a team, and then 
stoii])ing to rest. Plowing is hard work because it is a constant strain on 
particular sets of muscles. The team, however, may be very much eased 



THE HORSE, HOW TO BREAK AND TRAIN. 103 

by the tact of the plowman in holding his team up in plowing through 
hard or tough places, by knowing that the harness tits perfect!}', and by 
always having his plow clean and in a condition to scour. 

In laying out land the team should be rather wider apart than when 
plowing furrow after furrow, or so the plowman may see the line stakes 
between the horses. In laying out lands alwa^'s have the reins of such 
length that they may be carried over the left hand plow handle. Thus 
by taking the right hand rein a little beyond the center the hand may 
easily grasp the handle. A pull directly back will carry the horses gee 
and carrying the hand forward will tighten the near rein and carry the 
horses /latv, while a steady bearing will keep the team in a direct line 
ahead. 

The onlv position for the reins if carried otherwise than on the handle 
is to carry them just above the hips, and of such a length that when the 
team is going at ease they will be loose, and yet may be easily tightened 
by the plowman walking a little farther in the rear than usual. With a 
hard-mouthed team "feeling their oats" this will do. By the means we 
have indicated, if the lines are niceh' adjusted, the team may be made to 
pull on the plow, and once used to this way of driving we have never 
known of its being abandoned, except for a time as a change. The 
practice of carrying a rein in each hand adopted by some good plowmen 
is not to be commended, except with a kind team. In this case to carry 
them over the left handle is easier, whether the team be wild or gentle. 
In any case the reins should never be carried over the neck. It is 
awkward, and the team is never under control. Carried over one shoul- 
der and under one arm is an improvement upon this awkward plan. 

XVI. Training to the Wagon. 

But little need be said on this score if attention has been paid to what 
has been said previously. Upon good roads and with an ordinary load 
the team should be kei)t up to their maximum gait in walking. When 
the road is good in some places and bad in others, as country roads 
usually are, the load nmst be such as the team can move by hard pulling 
in the worst places. After a heavy pull always give the team a breathing 
spell, and in the middle of a pull if the team can start the load once 
stopped. This any honest team will do unless the bottom is miry, that 
is, unless from standing the team and wheels sink deeper and deeper. 
In this case, the only way is to keep going until firm ground is reached. 
The average driver is sure to hurry his team in the mud. They should 
be taught to pull steadily and slowly, and when started again, after rest- 



104 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

iiiii', to t;ike hold of the load steadily and with a growing impulse until 
it moves. 

XVII. How to Train a Kacer. 

The training of racing stock, whether for running or trotting, is a fine 
art, and one which it would take a volume to properl}' describe in print. 
There are certain essentials, however, which are easily understood, and 
which every one who breeds stock for speed should know. The colt 
having been taught to gallop easily and naturally, should be put upon 
good sound oats and the cleanest hay. Ho should be carefully blanketed 
and groomed and his legs hand rubbed until fine. The exercise should 
be daily, upon a good course, and ridden under the direction of a horse- 
man who is thoroughly up in his business. When this cannot be, the 
work must be done" under the instruction of the master. 

In race riding, the jockey throws about all his weight in the stirrups, 
steadying himself with the knees and thighs. The seat of the body is 
carried well l)ack, the loin slighth' arched, so the weight M'ill not be 
brought too far forward, as the breech would bo if the rider should stand 
straight in the stirrujjs. A jockey of ordinary weight will be found to 
carry his leg, from the knee, slightly thrown back ; thus by stiffening his 
knee he can change his center of gravity without ceasing to stand in the 
stirrups. 

Very light jockeys ride with longer stirrups, throwing their weight 
principally on their thighs, and with their breech raised entirely from the 
saddle, thus giving them a strong hold on the horse. Standing in the 
siirrup, however, cannot be long endured, and is only used for fast racing 
or galloping over bad ground, rough or deep, or in the case of a hill that 
must be passed quickly over. 

Traininff to racing speed on the fai-m may be sunmied up as follows : 
a smooth track, regular feeding four times a day with the soundest of 
oats and hay, with a bran mash often enough to keep the bowels in regu- 
lar condition ; the most careful grooming, with plenty of hand rubbing of 
the logs ; sweating exercise every day, and thorough cleaning afterwards ; 
a trial gallop to extend the limbs, with an occasional spurt to note the in- 
crease of speed, and occasionally a fair trial at the distance which the 
horse is trained, to test liis speed, powers of endurance, improvement, 
and cai)abilities. 

XVin. Training a Stallion. 

The training of a stallion should •■ommence from the time that it is in- 
tended to keep him as such, and certainly from the age of one year, 



THE HORSE, HOW TO BRE<VK AND TRAIN. 105 

when colts are usuully gelded. He should be exercised iu a close yard, 
first at the end of the halter, and at length without bridle or halter rein, 
and made to advance, to back, to circle, to describe a figure eight, to rear 
and come down at the word of command, to kneel, to sit on his haunches, 
to lie down, and especially to come instantly to his keeper at the word 
of command. 

All this takes time, but is labor well spent, for henceforth his usefulness 
as a sire, and escapes from accidents by being kicked, may depend upon 
his thorough training. Any observing person will have noted that in 
fully half the cases a stallion will be found dragging his keeper about 
like a puppet. All this may be avoided by proper care and training, so 
the horse will retain his full exhuberance of spirit, and 3-et be entirely 
under control. 

His care and "keeping should be of the best possible, and his daily exer- 
cise enough to keep his muscles firm, certainly not less than eight miles 
a day during the season of service. However well trained the stallion, 
when it comes to actual service, there is always a time when he may 
refuse to obey. - Then he must be made to do so at whatever cost, and to 
accomplish the object, the whip must be used to any extent sufiicient to 
conc^uer him. Cut sharp and strong, but with temperate judgment. Do 
nf)t rain a succession of blows. This will only make him fight. A few 
well-directed blows will generally suflSce, if they are sharp and cutting. 
Do not be afraid of drawing blood. If it can be done at the first stroke, 
so much the better. Give him time to tliink before you strike the second 
time. Give him the order you wish him to execute. If there is the 
least hesitation, strike again, and so on until he is conquered. If he has 
been properly trained previously, he will handle nearly as easy as a geld- 
ing. If not, he may become a brute, dangerous for any man to handle. 
Above all, a stallion once trained, never intrust him to an incompetent 
keeper, and never allow a valuable one to be ridden during the season of 
hard service. If he travels from one station to another, or is otherwise 
exercised, it should be with a leading rein, the rider being on another 
horse. 



CHAPTER Vl\. 



HOW TO SBCELTEB. 



I. COMFORTABLE SHELTER ECONOMICAL. II. CONSIDERATION rX CONSTRrCTING STABLES. 

HI. MANGERS AND RACKS. IV. HOW TO INSURE A GOOi) TEMPERATURE. V. CLEAN- 
ING THE STABLES. VI. THE LOFT. VU. THE HARNESS ROO.M. VIU. THE OUT 

SHED. IX. WATER. 



I. Comfortable Shelter Economical. 

Although the horse is found wherever civilized man has made his home, 
and has been subjected by barbarian tribes wherever subsistence may be 
found Summer and Winter, yet in a ^vild state he is only found whei'e the 
Winter and the Summer climate is mild enough to furnish herbage the 
year rouud. While it is true that the horse will stand weather as inclem- 
ent as cattle, yet the owner who subjects either horses or cattle to the 
storms of Winter, not only makes no money from them, but deserves to 
lose them entirely. Thus the humane man always consults his best 
interests when he keeps his horse stock not onl}' well fed but comfortably 
housed. 

II. Considerations in Constructing Stables. 

The first consideration iu the construction of a stable is the number of 
horses to be kept. .A.ftor this comes in economy of space in connection 
with convenience, ventilation in connection with the health of the horses, 



THE IIOHSE, HOW TO SHELTER. 107 

and lastly the cost. In tlu; construction of stables the question of 
warmth, convenience and ventilation are the prime integers, and wliatever 
the character of the structure it must combine these three essentials, else 
it is a failure. 

In the construction of stables the horse and carriage floor, including 
harness and tool room, and the loft, in which should be situated tiic bins 
for oats, shelled corn, corn in the ear, meal and bran, with suitable 
spouts and slides for delivering the feed on the lower floor, are all that is 
necessary. Every stable, however, should be supplied with a ventilating 
pipe placed about midway over one of the centre stalls. If there are 
more than four horses kept there should be two, and one in addition for 
each other four, but all connecting with the principal air shaft at the peak 
of the roof. 

Where the iiorses are near the ground, and especially if the first story, 
or the walls of the whole building be of brick, there should be at least 
two courses above the ground laid in water-lime, to jjrevcnt the dampness 
from the ground ascending up the walls by capillary attraction. How- 
ever the foundation l)e laid there must be perfect drainage, either natural 
or artifical, under the stable. Many valuable horses have been lost 
through inattention to this simple matter. 

The size of the stable must of course correspond tq the number of 
horses to be kept, and the number of vehicles to be sheltered. The 
width of the stalls should not be less than five feet each — six is better — 
and there should be at least one loose box in every stable, however small. 
If there are a number of breeding mares there should be one loose box 
to each four horses. These boxes should not be less than ten by twelve 
feet. Fourteen feet in depth for the stall is little enough. The travis 
or partition between stalls should not be less than six feet six inches long. 
If the stable is fourteen feet deep seven feet is better. It should be 
seven feet high at the head and five feet at the rear part. 

HI. Mangers and Racks. 

The manffcrs and racks should be of the most substantial character, 
and, if expense is no object, of enameled iron, as to the mangers, and of 
iron as to the racks. If made of wood, oak or elm is a good material. 
However made there should be no rough edges to annoy the horses, nor 
splinters to wound. The top of the cap should not be less than three 
feet three inches from the floor, nor more than three feet six inches. 
The manger to be about thirteen inches wide at the top, nine inches at 
the bottom and eleven inches deep. The caps may be four inches deep 
and three inches wide, securely jilaced. The sides and liottom of the 



lOS ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

ni:m<j;er iiiuy be of inch oak, or other hard wood. If made of pine they 
should l)r of inch and a iialf thickness. 

IV. How to Insure a Good Temperature. 

If the stable be of brick or stone, it may or may not be lined with wood 
with an air space between. If of wood, there should always be a lining, 
and the sheathing upon which the weather boarding is nailed should be 
covered with tarred paper. Ventilation must be attended to ; this is best 
secured by orifices at proper distances next the ceiling, that may be 
opened or closed at pleasure, and provided with lattice work to throw the 
air up when opened. This with the doors and windows in Sunmier will 
give plenty of ventilation and in Winter the ventilators alone will suffice. 
It is one of the most essential points in building a stable in our American 
climate, with torrid Summers and Arctic Winters, tliat no expense be 
spared to make the buildings comfortable. We are decidedly in favor of 
a vestibule, large enough to hold a harnessed team, or if preferred, if the 
carriage room lie large enough and separated by a close partition from the 
stable, as it should be, this may be made to do. From tliis the entrance 
to the stable may be a sliding door, through which to lead the horses ; the 
object being to prevent the rush of cold air into the stable chilling every 
horse in it. 

Where more than five horses are kept in a stable we advise a close par- 
tition between each four stalls and their accompanying loose box. Tne 
reason is, that in each compartment an equal temperature is retained. It 
is not so nmch the degree of cold that affects horses, as sudden changes 
of temperature. Thus each may have its separate ventilation and air 
shaft, and conduce very much to the comfort of the animals kept therein. 

V. Cleaning the Stable. 

Cleanliness in the stable is of the utmost importance. There should be 
sufficient bedding under the horses at all times to insure cleanliness ; all 
damp portions together with the droppings should be removed twice a 
day. We have never found a better nor more economical way than to 
use a wheel barrow, with sides sufficiently wide and flaring to hold the 
load a man may handle, in which the manure and damp bedding could be 
thrown and wheeled on planks immediately to the pile. Where it is 
thrown out of windows it often heats so as to be offensive in Summer, 
and in Winter these windows, besides often allowing the wind and storm 
to beat in, are objectionable in many ways. 



THE HORSE, HOW TO .SHELTER. 109 

VI. The Loft. 

We have already advised that the granary be in the loft, the shoots, 
however, should not enter the stable ; first, because they create more or 
less dust, and second, they are liable to contract more or less effluvia 
from tlie stable. They should communicate with a room b}' itself, suf- 
ficiently large for sifting oats and mixing feed. The granary must also 
be made rat i)roof , which is best done by covering the bottom and two 
feet of the sides, and the top with sheet iron. Tlie floor of the whole 
loft should also be covered with a tight floor of planks, plowed and 
grooved, so that by no possibility dust or trash can drop through ; the 
loft should also be high enough to hold straw for bedding, and hay 
enough for at least two months' feed. In fact, if it be a farm barn, it 
were better to hold enough, if possible, for the Winter. This might de- 
tract somewhat from the architectural appearance of the building, unless 
the storage and stable room be large below. In any event we should not 
build any stable, however small, less than eight feet high, with a loft 
above of the same height, and in the case of a large building we should 
extend the loft to ten, twelve or fourteen feet as the size of the ground 
floor might allow, 

Vn. The Harness Room. 

The harness room should be as complete as possible with suitable pegs 
for harness and seats or frames for saddles. It should also be provided 
with a saddl(M-'s horse for sewing straps, awls, needles, wax, thread, etc. ; 
also a table for oiling harness, and if it have a boiler set in a stove for 
heating water, it will often be called in requisition in Winter, not only 
for its hot water facilities, but for drying harness and saddles as well 

VIII. The Out Shed. 

If the stable is provided with an out-shed for cleaning horses when the 
weather is not inclement, it will be found to save much dust and dirt in- 
side. If this shed be a vestibule to the stable, with sliding windows, so 
much the better. It may even be used, in case of need, for temporary 
stables or for baiting a double team when it is not considered necessary 
to unharness. In fact there are many uses to which it may be put aside 
from the i)r()tection it would give the stable, in opening the doors in cold 
and inclement weather. 

The Surroundings. 

Every stable should have a smooth, I'lose yard, with a tight high fence 



110 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

surrounding it, and if one side can be covered witli ii shed roof, fourteen 
feet wide, so much the better. This yard should be about 30 or 40 feet 
wide, and if it contains a place in the center of strong posts for a man to 
take shelter in from a vicious brute, it is not amiss. We once saw a life 
saved in this way, from an ugly bull, which broke from his fastenings 
and would have killed his keeper but for this safeguard. There should 
also be a grass lot neav for cutting forage in Summer for soiling, and for 
turning in a sick horse occasionally. 

IX. Water. 

The water supply is important. If taken from a well and pump it is 
absolutely essential that there be no contamination from the drainage of 
the stables and yards. If a tank can be so arranged that it will not 
freeze, build one by all means, and connect by pipes, pumping the water 
by means of a windmill. Or the tank may be situated where it will sup- 
pi}^ the house, and a pipe laid to the stable underground, ending in a 
penstock. In this case, the windmill and tank may be entirely isolated 
from the barn or house, and the water carried for any distance, provided 
the head is hiijher than the outHow. 



CHAPTER VIII. 



HOW TO FEED, WATER AND GROOM. 



I. LAYING THE FOUNDATION. II. WHAT TO FEED. III. WHEN TO FEED. IV. WA- 
TERING. V. KINDS AND QUANTITIES OF FOOD TO BE GIVEN. VI. HOW TO PRE- 
PARE THE FOOD. VII. HOW TO MAKE MASHES, GRUELS AND HAY-TEA. VIII. THE 

VALUE OF HAY AND STRAW. IX. FEEDING GRAIN. X. STABLE (ARE AND GROOM- 
ING. XI. THE TIME TO CLEAN. XII. CARE OF THE FEET. XJII. BLANKETING 

WHEN NECESSARY. PROPER TOOLS FOR THE STABLE. 



I. Laying the Foundation. 

The feeding of hor.ses must be either simple or complex according to 
the circumstances under which they are placed and the nature of the 
work required of them. It would, for instance, be as foolish with the 
farm or ordinary work horse to pamper with fire- warmed stables, highly 
stimulating food, and exquisite grooming, together with all the parapher- 
nalia of blankets, hoods, bandages for the legs, and necessities of the 
trotting or racing stable, as it would be to allow this latter class to re- 
ceive only the same care and attention usually bestowed upon the team kept 
solely for the plow and other drudgery of the farm. At the same time 
the extremes to which horses are subject, either on the farm or in racing 
stables, might well be modified in very many cases to the health and well 



1 1 "2 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOE. 

being either of the faiin horse or the pampered and high-hred racer. 
That is to sa>', racers are often "drawn down" too fine, and the ordinary 
work horse too often suffers from neglect. Thus in the first class we see 
a number of diseases seldom shown in the stables of horses with suf- 
ficient care, while the stables of horses carefully kept seldom suffer with 
the class of diseases found when horses are allowed to go dirty from day 
to day, and often from week to week. 

To commence at the beginning, the breeder who would succeed with 
any class of horses, should see that the mare, while carr^^ng the foal, 
has sufficient food and shelter, and that the foal itself is sufficiently nour- 
ished during the period of growth. Nothing is gained by insufficient 
shelter and food, whatever the use for which the auimal is intended, and 
this brings us to the question of the food itself. 

n. What to Feed. 

In the West the feed of all horses of whatever class is oats, Indian 
corn, bran and hay. Whatever the work to be done, bran should always 
be kept, since a horse being off his feed, or slightly ailing from any 
cause not indicative of violent disease, bran mashes with good nursing 
will bring him out all right in nine cases out of ten. So, in the Winter 
when horses are confined to hard food, a bran-mash once a week should 
be given, and this generally on Sunday morning. On the farm there is 
nothing better than an occasional feed of roots — carrots, Swedish turnips, 
or mangel wurtzel — being valuable in the order named. If a peck of 
these could be given daily as an evening or noonday meal, the good 
effects of this feeding would be quickly shown. For the mai-es before 
foaling time, for the farm or draft horse, for the carriage horses of the 
citizen, and even for the fast driven roadster, or racer, when not being 
driven to exhaustive work, these will be found valuable. 

The foal itself should be learned to eat roots as quickly as possible, 
and if the mare takes kindly to them it will not be a difficult matter for 
the foal to learn to eat them. As to the other food of the young colt or 
filly, oats alone with grass or hay, according to the season, should be 
allowed. In the Winter, half oats and half corn may be given with ben- 
efit, unless the young things are intended for racing or trotting, and are 
kept in warm stables ; then Indian corn would not be desirable, as being 
too heating under the circumstances. 

For the ordinary farm team, or other horses of slow work, Indian corn 
mav be the main dependence in Winter, in connection with good hay ; 
especially so if a few roots can be allowed as a portion of the daily 
provender. For fast working horses, sound oats and hay will be the 



THE HORSE, HOW TO FEED, WATER AND GROOM. 113 

principal dependence, but in the Winter we have always given one-tliird 
of the weiirlit of the daily grain ration in Indian corn, and we have always 
thought, with decided benefit. 

III. When to Peed. 

The importance of strict regularity in feeding is underestimated by 
nine-tenths of the ordinary feeders, and by fully one-half of the stable- 
men having the care of well bred horses. The horse, for whatever pur- 
pose he is used, if actively eniplo^x-d, should not get less than three feeds 
a day, besides the hay he eats during the night. All fast working horses 
should have four feeds a day. The hours of feeding are of prime im- 
portance. These should be, as closely as possible, at six in the morning, 
at noon, and at six at night, except at those pressing seasons of extra 
labor, when the morning feed may be an hour earlier and the evening 
feed an hour later. In this case, however, nose-bags should be carried 
to the field, or they should be turned to the wagon at 10 A. M. and at 4 
P. M. to take one-third their usual allowance, as given morning and 
evening, which meals, as a rule, should be rather more than the noonday 
feed. When corn is the main dependence as feed these lunches should 
be of oats, and if bruised so much the better. 

Fast working horses should receive their food four times a day, at six 
in the morning, at ten, at two, and at nine at night. Carriage horses 
should be fed the same number of times, the first feed being at six, and 
the last after their real work for the day is done, tay at nine at night, 
since simply going to some place of amusement at eleven o'clock or 
later can hardly be called work. The mid-morning and afternoon meals 
will depend upon the hours at which they are generally used, nine A. M. 
and 1 P. M. being the usual times for feeding. 

IV. Watering. 

Watering and the water used is of fully as much importance as the 
feeding. A horse is particular as to the water he drinks, but yet may be 
accustomed to any water without detriment if it be fit for human use. 
The water of large lakes, rivers and running brooks is best and in the 
order named. That of ponds without outlet or inlet the worst ; in fact 
pond water should never be used ; well water is altogether better and may 
be given without fear, when used constantly, but as with man, the horse 
accustomed to lake or river water, which is always partially soft, should 
be given well water, when necessity requires, with care and only in small 
quantities, the change being gradually made. Water should always be 



114 ILLUSTRATKD STOCK DOCTOR. 

offered before feeding, iuid never given in large drafts immediatel}' after 
feeding ; two to four (quarts nia_y be given with beuetit ininiediatei}' after 
dry feed, to properly moisten the stomach, and it may be freely given iu 
two or three hours after feeding. "When driving, water should be offered, 
esi)eciallv in hot weather, at every stop, but only a few quarts should l)e 
taken at a time, for a heated horse, like a heated man, will take more 
than is good for him. Upon stopping, wash the hoi'se's mouth with a 
sponge soaked iu water, and let him swallow each time two or three light 
sips, just enough to moisteu the throat, and upon starting give him four 
to six (juarts eaeh as the occasion seems to demaud. Under no circum- 
stances allow a heated horse to drink heartily. Farm teams and slow 
draft horses, at ordinary labor, may be allowed what they will naturally 
drink, hut when heated the same rule must be observed as with hard 
driven horses. With these simple rules kept in view anj^ iutelligent owner 
or driver may keep his team fresh and without danger. 

V. Kinds and Quantities of Food to be Given. 

We have already spoken of the proper food to be given under ordinary 
circumstances ; they are sound, whole grain, and bright, clean ha}'. Cer- 
tain classes of horses, as omnibus horses, stage horses, car horses, and 
the draft horses of large mercantile lirms in cities, are generally fed 
ground feed and cut hay. AVhen the hours of feeding and rest may be 
estimated with accuracy, this is on the whole as conducive to the health 
of the animal as maj- be, when the economy of such feeding is considered, 
especially when we remember that in large cities a regular veterinary sur- 
geon is employed, who visits the stables regularly to look after the well- 
being of the horses, and also where the superintendents and foremen are 
supposed to be experts. 

On the farm, and in the stables of road-driving horsemen, and whei-e 
carriage horses are keiit, cut feed may very properly and economically 
form from one-third to one-half of the daily food given. When only one 
feed is ijiven it should be in the morning ; when two are given, they 
should be the morning and evening feeds. 

As to the (]uantitv to be given, no definite rule can be laid down. The 
horse must have a (piantity fully sutficient to keep him well up to his 
work. Hard working horses may, if regularly fed, have what grain and 
hay they will eat clean, and in this case there is no better judge than the 
animal itself, except in the case of ravenous gluttons, sometimes found 
anions: horses as in the human family. Elaborate rules have been laid 
down bv theorists, including a per cent, of grain according to the weight 
of the animal. In practice they will not work, since the labor, condition 



THE HORSE, HOW TO FEED, WATER AND GROOM. 115 

of the aniniiil, temperature of the season, and of stables must be consid- 
ered. In the large omnibus stables where all the work is to be got out 
of horses that they can endure, from ten to fourteen pounds of cut hay 
per day are given, with from eighteen to twenty pounds of corn meal. 
Mix into provender, and on it they will go from eighteen to twenty miles 
each day. With this about three poumls of salt may be allowed each 
month. Some stable men do not feed more than one pound, arguing that 
a large quantity produces profuse staling ; others feed up to four. In 
times of extra severe labor the cornmeal is increased by about three 
pounds. It would be better if the three pounds of meal where omitted 
and one extra feed of six quarts of whole oats be substituted, and given 
daily. The average livery horse may be kept in good condition on twelve 
pounds of hay and eight pounds of cornmeal daily, to be given at two 
feeds with the addition of six quarts of oats at noon, eight pounds of hay 
to be fed cut, with the meal, and four pounds from the manger. This 
same feed would do for ordinary farm horses at usual work, or if the 
grain is fed whole, five quarts of shelled corn, or its equivalent in ears, 
and six quarts of oats, with what hay \vill be eaten should keep the ani- 
mal in working condition. 

VI. How to Prepare the Food. 

In preparing chopped feed, half the hay to be used, or clean, bright, 
long straw cut into aljout three-quarters to one inch lengths, should be 
put into the mixing trough half an hour before it is to be mixed, and 
thoroughly moistened. On this throw the meal, mill-feed, or whatever 
article is to be used, and moisten it. Then cover with sufficient hay to 
make the mess for the desired number of horses, weighing both hay and 
meal. Let it stand until feeding time, when the whole should be worked 
over and over until thoroughly mixed. . If salt is given with the mess, 
put in the required quantity for each horse, from one-quarter to half an 
ounce per horse each feed. Man}'^ stablemen mix the mess half a day in 
advance, but this we do not like. Horses, like men, like their food 
fresh. An iron box is best for mixing, and it should be thoroughly 
cleaned after each meal, 

VII. How to Make Mashes, Gruel and Hay-tea. 

The ordinary sweet mash, as usually made, is to take four quarts of 
good bran, moisten it gradually with hot water, and then mix with what 
boiling water will bring it up to the proper consistency for eating, cover- 
ing it ^vith a cloth and feeding either warm if the animal will eat it so, 



11(5 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

or else eold. Wluit salt will lie on a quarter dollar may or may not be 
mixed with it. 

A better mash, especially for dry fed horses, is to boil two (juarts of 
oats and a pint of linseed, for each horse, for about three hours, and then 
mix with it sutfieient bran to bring it to a proper consistency. Cover with 
a cloth and feed cold. Such a mash given once a week, if the horses are 
on average feed, will keep their bowels in condition. If off their feed, 
add a little salt and a half pint of molasses. 

GiU'icL is one of the best possible things for a beaten out horse. Stir 
gradually in a gallon of water, a pint or a quart of oat-meal, or half tlour 
and half corn-meal, according as the horse likes it thick or thin, and fill 
up the pail with cold water. If the horse hesitates about drinking it, 
give him first a mouthful of Mater. If he be very tired a (|uart of sound 
ale will do him good, but under no circumstances, when exhausted, should 
he be given a feed either of grain or hay. If the horse will take nothing 
else, turn down a bottle of sound ale, rub him until dry and refreshed, 
and then feed. 

Hay tea is also a good stnnulant. To make it — fill a ])ucket three- 
quarters full of bright, clean hay, pour over it enough boiling water to 
fill the pail, and cover tight, to keep in the steam. Press the hay down 
occasionally, let it stand fifteen minutes, turn off, and add water enough 
to make a bucket three-cjuarters full. Give to the horse when the liquid 
is cool enough to drink. 

vni. The Value of Hay and Straw. 

In the feeding of horses the principal use of hay is to distend the 
stomach. For this reason lean horses, and those just off the pasture on 
coarse feed, require more than those which are regularly stabled and 
groomed. The change to grain must not be too sudden, else indigestion 
is apt to set in. Once a horse is used to full rations of grain, if oats are 
used, or corn meal and bran, he may get along daily with from six to 
eight pounds of hay a day. The hay, liowever, must be of the very 
best, bright, clean and free from dust. There is no economy in feeding 
bad hay. It is the cause of heaves, broken wind and other diseases 
produced by indigestion. Good clean straw is altogether better than 
poor hay. Straw is altogether the best material for bedding, and should 
always be used when it can be had. In the West it is plenty, and A'et 
not one farmer in ten uses it for beddiug in sufficient quantity or renews 
it often enough. 



THE TIOIJSE, HOW TO SHELTER. 117 

IX. reeding Grain. 

The most economical way of feeding grain on the farm is in its whole 
state. Oats and corn .should be shaken in a sieve with a mesh so small 
that it will not go through, all dust and light matter blown away, and all 
stones, bits of iron or wire, carefully picked out. It will pay tiie farm- 
er to do this as well as any other stable man. In feeding corn allow 
one-half the measure of shelled corn that would be deemed sufficient of 
oats, since corn weighs about double that of oats. If corn in the ear 
is fed, one-third more by measure heaped should be allowed than when 
shelled grain is used. In other words the stable must use seventy pounds 
of ear corn when fifty-six of shelled corn would be given, ov 112 pounds 
of oats. 

Some horses cat their grain bettor for being moistened. If so, moisten 
it, but as a rule we like to feed whole gr.un dry, since the horse is obliged 
to grind it l)etter to get it in condition for swallowing. Horses with bad 
teeth always bolt their food whole. All such horses, and also aged ones, 
should be fed cut hay and ground feed. 

X. Stable Care and Training. 

The importance of steadiness and care in the management of the stable 
and in the cleaning of horses cannot be over-estimated. A brutal stable- 
man, or one which a horse fears, should be immediately discharged. 
There is indeed now and then a horse that requires to be kept in terror. 
These of course are exceptions. The competent stable-man should use 
neither fear nor brutality. Not half the so-called strappers (cleaners) 
arc fit to l)c about a horse. 

Many staltle-men imagine the curry comb is an instrument for cleaning 
the legs and body of the horse. It is an instrument for cleaning the 
brush and for loosening the scurf on the fleshy — not bony — parts of 
the body. In using the curry comb, do so lightly, carrying it in circles 
rather than in straight lines. Use a wisp of hay for rubbing the dust 
from the legs, and a corn cob for the fetlocks, finishing with the brush. 
In brushing, do so thoroughly, with firm, long strokes, where possible, 
being careful in working about the head and bony parts. Clean the 
brush often by passing it over the teeth of the curry comb. When the 
scurf and dust are thoroughly cleaned out, go over the horse with a damp 
wisp of hay, and finish with dry cloths, being particular to get any 
particles of dirt out of the fetlocks, the ears, al)out the head, next the 
tail, below the thighs, under the jaws, and between the fore-legs. A horse 



118 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

thus cleaned, whether he belongs to the farm or the city stable will not 
occasion shame on the part of the owner. 

It is a question among horsemen, whether when a team comes in wet 
and muddy at night, it is proper to wash them. We have never found 
advantage in so doing. Clothe them warmly, bandage the legs loosely, 
and when dry, clean them, at least so far as removing the dirt, and getting 
up a glow at tlie surface is concerned. Thus handled, horses will seldom 
be found liable to surfeit, scratches, grease, and other diseases induced 
by checking the natural perspiration. 

XI. The Time to Clean. 

Clean when the horse is dirty. Alwa^-s once a day when the horse is 
kept in the stable. Horses that run in the lields in Summer, or in the 
shed yard in "NA'inter require no cleaning. Nature pro^'ides a natural 
scurf that defends them from the changes of the weather. Before work 
horses are littered down for the night they should be again thoroughly 
cleaned if necessary. As, for instance, if the animal has been on the 
road or in the field ; it is important and will lighten the morning cleaning, 
apart from real necessity of the case. 

Whenever the horse comes into the stable from the plow or wagon, for 
the day, he should be thoroughly cleaned ichen dry enough, and if sweat- 
ing or otherwise wet should be thoroughly scraped at once. The scraper 
is a thin, flexible piece of wood ; a section of barrel hoop makes a good 
one. In any event a horse once in the stable, clean him thoroughly, un- 
less he be taken out again after being "baited." If he remain in the stable 
long enough for the operation, clean him especially as to the limbs, and 
if there is time, as to the body. It may seem like a good deal of work, 
but it will pay. 

xn. Care of the Feet. 

The feet are half the horse, in fact a horse with bad feet, is as near a 
worthless animal as possible. Attention to the feet is therefore of the 
first importance. In this connection shoeing is to be attended to. Know 
that the blacksmith undei'stands his business. There are as many igno- 
rant botch-workmen in cities as in the country. The horse's foot should 
be a study, and every horseman should understand the anatomy of the 
foot ; this will be given in its proper place. How to care for the feet is 
in place here. When the horse is brought in from work, each foot should 
be lifted, cleaned, and examined with the picker to see that no gravel or 
other hard substance has found lodirment between the shoe and hoof, or 



THE HORSE, HOW TO SHELTER. 119 

about the frog. Examine the frog to see that no substance is wedged 
therein, and that no nail or other sharp object has pierced the sole. If 
the hoofs are inclined to be hard and dry, fill them with a mixture of 
cow-dung and clay, or with oakum saturated with tar and petroleum. 
Watch them for contraction of the hoof, caused by allowing the shoe to 
remain on too long, or from bad shoeing. If the frog gets torn and rag- 
ged, cut the ragged edges but leave the frog intact. If the hoof ))e found 
pierced with a nail, and you are not perfectly sure 3'ou have pulled out 
every bit, cut it out at whatever labor it may be to you, or pain to the 
animal. Then dress the wound with a pledget of tow saturated with tar. 
If the hoofs are inclined to be hard and brittle, oil them occasionall}', or 
let the horse stand, say for an hour or two, or for a half day on Sunday, 
in a box of soft clay and cow-manure, coming prettywell up the hoofs. 
Thus by the exercise of care and judgment you may keep the feet, what 
they ought to be, the better part of the horse. 

XIII. Blanketing— When Necessary. 

A blanket is always necessary when the horse is standing in the stable 
in Winter. A light sheet is about as necessary in Summer, during fly 
time. A blanket should always be thro^sTi over the horse in cold Avcather, 
or even in the cool weather of Spring and Autumn, when standing after 
being driven. A horse should always be blanketed when standing in a 
draft, or in the rain, using a cloth or rubber blanket as the case may be. 

In blanketing a horse, see that the blanket is sufficiently large to cover 
the animal from the neck to t-he tail, see also that the breast flaps are 
sufficient to protect this sensitive part, and that the blanket is large 
enough to cover the sides and flank fully. If not, do not buy it at any 
price. Buy a blanket for each horse, and having them use them when 
necessary, buckling them on so they will stay. Very many stable-men 
have a number of blankets for each horse ; this is well enough if they can 
afford it, but one blanket to each horse, with enough in reserve so a dry 
blanket may be had as occasion requires, and with a good surcingle to 
each blanket, is all that is really necessary. 

XIV. Proper Tools for the Stable. 

The tools necessary for cleaning a horse properly may be very few or 
many. As a rule any horse may be properly cleaned M-itii a scraper, a 
curry comb, a brush, a sponge, a comb, a wisp of straw, and a rubbing 
cloth. Horse pails lioth for washing the horse and for waterinjr are in- 
dispensable to any stable but never use one for the other. These should 



120 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

be of oak, half an inch thick, and with strong iron bails, and to hold 
fourteen quarts. The set of cleaning tools should be provided for every 
two horses. Every stable should have two manure forks, one of steel and 
one of wood, splint broom, a scoop shovel, and a wheel-barrow. With 
these any stable may be kept clean, and if the eye of the master is kept 
on the help, the horses will not suffer for want of care. And these essen- 
tials to a stable, and the treatment suggested, are urged on the score of 
economy. They pay. AVe also urge them from humane considerations, 
and those of neatness and system. In all respects kindness and attention 
to a horse are both satiafactorv and remunerative. 



CHAPTER IX. 



BENEFITS OF KIND AND CAREFUL TREATMENT. 



ABUSING A FAITHFUL SERVANT. II. WHAT ARE BARBARITIES. III. A I'lCTURE FROM 

LIFE. IV. THE OTHER SIDE. V. A GOOD FARMER'S SURRODXDINGS. VI. FARMER 

U.VTHRIFT'S barn. VII. HIS HOME. \^II. THE CAREFUL MAM'S THEORY. IX. 

USING THE MEANS WE HAVE. X. AN INFALLIBLE RULE. 



I. Abusing a Faithful Servant. 

The horse is the nK)st useful servant of mun, as he is one of the most 
noble of animals. He is fortunate if he falls into the hands of a kind 
and considerate master. Fully one-half of the horses used in civilized 
countries are driven by persons brutal in their temper and instincts, who, 
coming into possession cf a horse suffering from disability, inflicted by 
some former owner, or perhaps reduced in value by age, are sold for a 
song, and thereafter the poor tortured brutes wear out a most miserable 
existence, until at length they drop in their tracks, literally driven to 
death. This picture is not overdrawn. Go into any of our cities, and 
on to many of the farms of the land, and see animals in every .stage of 
incurable disorders. On farms horses disabled for city use in the posses- 
sion of some renter, whose only aim seems to be to see how soon and on 
how little food he can wear out the misera})le animal. Contrast these 
with the horses that are carefully fed and cared for, and by actual count 
the i-esult will be surprising even to a veterinarian. 

As a rule, the horses of the better class of farmers fare the best. The}^ 
are not pampered, it is true, neither are they overdriven or overworked. 
If they remain on the farm, they are capable of full work until they are 



122 



ILLl STIiATKl) STOCK DOCTOK. 



twi'iitv voars old. How inaiiy arrive at this age? Not one iiitiftv. The 
most of tiioin die under seven years of age. 

II. What Are Barbarities. 

Their name is legion. It is harbarous to overload or overdrive an- 
imals ; to give them insufricient food and water; to allow them to stand 




VM lit lllK I HI Kl. AXI> I.MlUO\ IIU'.XI' MASIKK. AN1> TUF. I'seAl. fil'KltOl'NuINGS. 



day after dav uneleaned and in tilth, denying them even the poor boon of 
(leaning themselves ; to work them during the progress of spavin or ring- 
bone, navieular disease, with corns, gravel, or other painful ailments of 



THR tloIiSK, KIM) TKEATMKNT. 



123 



the foot; to let them stiind shiveriiij^ in tlie cold, or in apologies for sta- 
bles, in inclement weather without l)lankets ; to drive them in the mud 
and mire and neglect to clean them ; to ride them under torturing sad- 
dles, or to drive them in galling collars and harness ; to use; l)adlv fitting 




Tllli T^;.^J1 (,1- ihe kind and CAUKPUL master, and the NAIUl.AL SUIiUOUNDINli! 



or torturing hits, and then jerk their tender mouths because their agony 
will not allow them to cany their heads directly in line or go straight 
ahead ; to ride or drive through deep mud at a pace which ijuickly ex- 
hausts the animal, and then beat with a loaded whip, because they flag, 
or spur them until their sides are a gore of blood ; to keep the poor 
!) 



124 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

creatures in terror, from fear of the whip, and then beat with renewed 
vigor because tlie iiniocent brute does not comprehend what the master 
really does not know himself ; to give the faithful servant over to the 
tender mercies of some man who calls himself a blacksmith, who either 
pricks him with a nail, pares down the hoof and tlie frog to the quick, 
and then because the poor animal cringes, holds back or perhaps stum- 
bles, beats him for it. Such are a few of the more common of the 
cruelties inflicted, and which may be seen day by day by any who will 
notice. A man cannot pass along the streets in any large city, on any 
dajs without seeing some of these things. 

The observing man need not travel far in the country to see some such 
picture as we i)resent of the farmer who believes in letting his stock shift 
for themselves when not at work, and is careful not to over-feed when 
they struggle with the plow or wagon. 

III. A Picture from Life. 

But, say some readers, the picture on page 122 is a fancy sketch. Not at 
all. It is drawn from life. The sui)erannuated, rat-tailed horse, with 
one ear gone, blind, spavined, ill kept and ill fed ; the mule, still more 
rat-tailed than the horse, intact only as to his ears, the broken-down 
fence, the edge of the marshj^ pond, serving as a wallowing place for 
hogs, and as a watering place for the family and stock ; the dilapidated 
stable ; the log cabin — all are true to life. There is but one redeeming 
feature in the whole scene : the wife begging that a little land may be 
left in front of the house unplowed. Will it be granted? Not so. 
The ragged edged plow will cut as close to the corner of the cabin as 
possible, and then bear off in a circle in the near distance beyond. Land 
is too valuable to spare any next the house, but the weeds and dilapidated 
fence tell a tale of plenty of land beyond. If the traveler chose he 
might learn the cause of all this. A history made in the corner grocery 
of the village, over the broken bridge. 

Contrast this with the companion picture we give on page 123, and 
which tells a very different tale. 

IV. The Other Side. 

It is of the farmer who is well-to-do by his own tact and energy. His 
team is trained to almost human intelligence. Strong, able liorses, whose 
dams were kindly worked and carefully fed. When foals they were early 
taught to take their oats. In Winter they were carefully housed, their 
training commencing within a few days of their birth ; broken in at two 



THE HOKSE, KIND TREATMENT. 125 

years old, worked gently, and at three past given full liberty again until 
four. They are now six years old, trained to go without lines, a gray 
and a bay ; well bred ; weighing 1250 each ; capable of going a mile in 
four minutes to the farm wagon. How much think you they are wortli? 
Let us whisper it ; $S()0 has been refused. A foolish farmer is he not, 
to keep so much money in afarni team? Perhaps not. He asks $1200, 
and he will get it. He has fultilled the conditions we have given as to 
bi-eeding, feeding, watering, care, shelter, breaking and training. They 
have lacked for nothing he could give them, and in turn refuse nothing 
they may be able to do for him. 

V. A Good Parmer's SurroundingB. 

The surroundings of a man in any condition in life, whether he be rich 
or poor, are an index to his character. The animus of all men is to make 
money, but some possess in connection, a love of the beautiful. Without 
method in labor no man can be successful. The farmer who has method, 
and an eye for the beautiful, and only comfortably well oif , perha))S. will 
show his barn yards and surroundings something like the following illus- 
tration : 




THK BARN OF Tllii Pl;o\Il>li.Ni' i.lASlEU. 



His barns are tight and ample, and filled to the ridge-pole with fodder. 
His yards are protected with shelter-belts and wind-breaks, his pastures 
and meadows ample and luxuriant, and his crops well tilled and heavy. 
Inside his barns will be found a place for everything and everything in 
its place. 

VI. Farmer Unthrift's Bam. 

On the other hand we give a view of the barn of the improvident master. 
His well, simply a hole in the ground where the drainage of the vard may 
enter, the roof of the hovel rent and torn, the delapidated doors propped 



126 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



up with rails, tlie weather-boards fallen or falling off, and the whole thing 

shaky, like the master's mind. Fine stock, fat, and well groomed, have 

come out of hovels of barns ; they 
were made warm and comfortable. It 
15 not the most expensive structures 
that always contain the best stock, 
but in the end the better barn will be 
built. We have never seen good 
stock issue from such a barn as we 
have shown, and it only needs to show 
the house the farmer lives in, with 
its bru.?h heai), its line of ragged 
clothes, the ragged, dirty children, 

and generally dilapidated appearance, to complete the pictorial story of 

general unthrift. 




■UiMKli UNIURIFTS BARN. 



VII. Farmer Unthrift's Home. 




FAUMHH UNT11[:^FT 



Such a man will raise his colts from spavined and broken down mares ; 
thev will shift for themselves upon scanty pasture in Summer, and in the 
brush in Winter. He believes in hardening his stock, and he does it; 
hardens them into "runts," not worth a month's keeping. They are 
literally broken to work, broken in body and temper with cruel blows ; 
they are halter-broken too, the halter is a rope knotted about the neck, 
like the poor old horse shown on next page, tied outside the barn for the 
benefit of the fresh air it may get ; a starved out skeleton horse, contem- 
platino" the skeleton of a barn. Even in such a barn there are capabilities 
that may be utilized for comfort. It may be reshingled, and new clap- 
boarded, and the doors hung on their hinges. It may even be patched 
up so as not to leak, and be banked up to keep out the cold. But will it 



THE HORSE, HOW TO SHELTER. 



127 



be? Hardly ! The picture of the old house, the wreck of a horse, the 
old rope around the neck, the rotten bai"n, all tell of more money spent 
at the dram-shop than for the maintenance and comfort of the family or 
the well-being of the stock. 





THE BARN OF THE CRUEL MASTER. 



A MODEL HALTER ON A MODEL COLT. 



VIII. The Careful Man's Theory. 



As an accompaniment to this we give an illustration of a well-kept 
colt in a model halter for unbroken hoi'scs. By slipping both ends of 
the chin strap through the ring of the tying rope, it is a halter for a well 
broken horse. The man who possesses such stock and fixtures may not 
be rich ; probably is not, but he is a careful, thinking, reading, method- 
ical man, who believes in doing everything well. He uses no cruel 
bridles, gives his colts no excuse for getting east in their halters. His 
harness seldom galls the team, and when it does, it is remedied at the 
first indication. However dirty his team goes into the stable, it always 
comes out clean and blooming ; not only this, such a master never finally 
leaves his team for the night, after a hard day's labor, until it is dry, well 
groomed, well littered down, and in every way comfortable for the night. 
In the morning his team are always ready for the field or road ; and 
however eager or spirited they may be, will travel along together, either 
ahead of or behind the master, and looking like the picture that we here 
give on following page — a lordly team, that only could belong to a kind 
and considerate master. 

They are not too many. The cruel, or shiftless", or drunken masters 
are plenty enough. The farm stock of many get barely enough to eat, 
and that in an irregular and improvident kind of way. They never pull 
very heavy loads, the master has not many to haul, and he believes ia 



128 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



skim plowing. When he conies homo, he "runs them into the barn," 
such as it is ; or they take the yard foi- it, and in the morning very dosely 
resenihle the picture on the left: 





TEAM OF THE KIND MASTER. 



TEAM OP THE CRDEL MASTER. 



A "humped up,"' iumgrv, thirsty pair of servants to a cruel, because 
iinprovident master. 

Such a man may not be cruel in the sense of lieating. He may be 
really a kind-hearted man, a good neighbor, "thoroughly honest, as the 
world goes," he may even be a good Christian man, or fJiink so at 
least. He is cruel nevertheless. More cruel perhaps than the brute who 
belabors his beasts and then repents. Cruel in his improvidence, in his 
neglect of his farm and his stock. 





HIS DOOH-YAED CATE. 



UIS 1'IKL1>-GATE 



Is it any wonder that in the morning the team should be found in the 
yard, waiting for their breakfast. The wonder is that there should be 
anvthing, either in the house or out for either man or beast to breakfast on. 

If to neglect we add a cruel or l)rutal disposition, the animals of the 
farm are to be pitied, and the household likewise pitied, and prayed for. 

This chapter is pictorial, and not particularly given to practical infor- 
mation on the care of horses. It is a chapter of contrasts, and given 
deliberately, as indicating far more eloquently than mere words can, the 
difference between careful and kind treatment of stock, and cruel or 



THE HORSE, KIND TREATMENT. 129 

neglectful tre;itment. It is, in fact, the story of thrift and unthrift. 
We expect few whom it might benelit will see it. The unthrifty man 
whom we have depicted, seldom sees books, and we might almost say, 
never buj^s one. Those however who do, ma}' j^crform good missionary 
work among the class wc liave represented, b}' showing them how quickly 
thrift will follow good intentions, religiously kept, backed up by honest 
industry, guided by careful judgment, and accompanied liy a will to 
perform. It will rejjair houses and barns, build gates and fences, culti- 
vate smiling tields, rear and train good stock, lift the moitgage off the 
farm, educate the growing family, and bring comfort and happiness to a 
once cheerless and suffering fanuly. 

IX. Using the Means We Havo. 

In the foregoing, it is not to be understood that expensive appearances 
are necessaiy for training a horse, neither is it to be understood that 
costly buildings are necessary. We have stated more than once that any 
farm animal may be kept in the most comfortable manner, in a structure 
made of poles and hay, and we will add, kept in as good health as in ex- 
pensive stables. The reason is that the master who uses care in making 
a simple structure warm and comfortable has humanity to start with, and 
generally gives his own personal care and supervision, while in costl)'' 
stables the animals are usually left to the care of men hired for the pur- 
pose. The owner, often, from the pressure of other Imsiness pursuits, 
being unable to do more than to drive a favorite animal or team. In 
perhaps a majority of cases he knows little or nothing of how a horse 
should be cared for, and of course nothing as to the fitness of those 
whom he pays for doing the work. 

The object of this work is to present in a condensed form the best prac- 
tices, founded upon common sense, and the experience of superior 
stockmen in the care of animals. A study of these pages will enable any 
person to acquire a good idea of the simplest and best means for arriving 
at a correct knowledge of how animals shcjuld be bred, raised, fed, trained, 
and cared for. He may thus understand hoM' to do the work himself, or, 
in case he be a man of business, or wealth and leisure, he may quickly 
know whether the help he relies on are doing their duty, not only in feed- 
ing and cleaning, in exercising and the general care of the animals under 
them, but also know at a glance, whether the animals are treated with 
the kindness and consideration that dumb brutes, but faithful servants, 
deserve from man. 



130 ILLrSTUATKD STOCK DOCTOR. 

X. An Infallible Rule. 

We lijive known a brutal stable-man to flofj a horse in the most t('rnl)le 
manner, simply to get rid of his own ugliness, as he expressed it, while 
at ordinary times he petted and made much of the animal. Such an auL 
mal will be frantic at the sight of a whip held in a threatening maimer. 
Animals that are in the habit of being struck with the pitchfork, or l)eing 
kicked and cuffed, will watch carefully the stable-man, and show by their 
nervousness in the stable what they are expecting, while of the master 
they wdl show no sign of fear. Stable-men are often cunning creatures ; 
they will have soothing words to quiet the animal in the presence of the 
master. We have always held that the horse should be spoken to Hrmly 
but quietly, and always have an inherent suspicion that a team exhibiting 
signs of fear at times, where we always hear the keein'r speaking to them 
in soothing tones, are abused in secret. 

No sane man would practice such treatment to his own stock, and no 
man who is obliged to leave valuable animals in the care of servants 
should fail to know that they are doing their duty. It is not enough that 
the stable-men feed the regular rations, that they clean and exercise prop- 
erly. It should l)e made inijjortant that in all their intercourse with the 
animals under their care, they be not unduly punished, nor in any other 
respect abused. 



CHAPTER X. 



HOW TO BUY. 



HOW TO GET CORRECT INFORMATION. II. THE BUYER MU8T KNOW WHAT HE WANTS. 

III. I'ROI'ORTIONS OF THE HOR.SE. 1\ . THE CLEVELAND HAY FOR PROFIT. V. 

HOW TO BUY A TROTTING HORSE. VI. ONE MUST KNOW WHAT HK BUYS FOR. VII. 

THE LIGHT HARNESS HORSE. VIII. SADDLE HORSES OF ALL GAITS. IX. THE HIGH- 
BRED HUNTING HORSE. X. RACING HORSES. XI. WHAT THE RACER SHOULD BE. 

XII. TO AVOID VICES AND DEFECTS — HOW TO DETECT. XIII. OTHER FAULTS AND 

IMPERFECTIONS. 



I. How to Get Correct Information. 

Every horse owner .sooner or later becomes a judge nf v.'hat he i.s buy- 
ing. If he depends entirely upon the lessons learned through cheats that 
are practiced upon him by sharp jockeys, life is too short for him ever to 
become an adept in distinguishing vice, un.soundness, "dosed up" and 
used up horses as among the various tricks and swindles practiced upon 
the ignorant and unwary. Generally after being cheated, or aljsolutely 
swindled a few times, the breeder goes to the only correct source of 
information, concisely written and carefully illu.strated books. He is 
tlius enabled not only to study, but subsequently to carry in his mind 
what he has read and seen ; he comes to compare critically the living 
animal with the iUustrations and d(^scri]5ti()ns, and thus becomes an expert 
himself, and in a hundredth part of the time by which he could acquire 
correct information in any other way. This is precisely the means used 
by any professional man in the acquisition of true knowledge in the 
pursuit of his profession, whether it be in a learned profession or in the 
education to practical art. Thereafter practice makes perfect. 

n. The Buver Must Know What he Wants. 

Suppose he is looking for stock from which to breed trotting horses. 
He must then consider the type of horse he wishes to breed ; whether for 



132 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK UOCTOR. 



speed alone, or for style iiiid speed. That is, tirst class road horses, or 
large, strong, able horses, coml^ining in as great a degree as may be large 
size, strength, endurance and such style as may be conformable with this 
class of horses. 




As shomng whnt may ho done in colts got by breeding up out of 
roomy mares of fair style, bred to high class trotting stallions, we give 
three cuts of stallions, certainly good enough for sires, and as models of 
what such horses should be. The first showing eminent breeding, with 



THE HORSE, HOW TO BUY. 



133 



style cnouirh ; rather straight on his fetlocks, according to the idea of 
many good horsemen, but with length enough, from our standpoint, to 
give tlexil)ility. A horse compact and smooth, with excellent Hat and 




sinewy limbs, good feet, ample chest, good lungs, fine eye, broad fore- 
head, and strong jaws. The head not the ideal of modern " blood 
horsemen," but nevertheless showing do(tility and intelligence in a high 
degree. Showing also high breeding iu every part. 



134 



ILLUSTKATJil) STOCK DOCTOR. 



The cut on page 133 is of a horse of great style and endurance, fine all 
over. A horse that will go with his head well up ; limbs exceedingly 
hue, mane rather light, but with plenty of tail, as a horse should have ; 
evidently showing Morgan blood, dashed with Bell Founder and other 
thorough blood. 




Between the two, for real and intrinsic- merit, the first should he taken. 
There is plenty of stylo about him, and strength. There is also a body 
of fine character on limbs of great power. Such will be found accept- 
able and sought after always by gentlemen wanting a single horse, or a 
pair for drivning on the road, or for driving in the city park-ways in the 



THE HOKSE, HOW TO BUY. 



135 



afternoon. Either of the two will make capital and stylish saddle horses, 
if well trained, such as no gentleman of ordinary weight or any lady 
need be ashamed of when taking the afternoon trot or eanter on the 
fashionable boulevards or park-drives of our large cities, or on the streets 
or roadings of cities having no parks. The first the best horse, the sec- 
ond the most stylish. 

The third cut we give is that of a horse of large size and strong build, 
adapted for drawing as a single horse for the coupe, or one of a team to 
the family carriage ; as one of a pair for a coach or barouche ; one that 
will give satisfaction almost anywhere, if not driven over eight miles an 
hour, and capable as well of hauling loads on good roads, at a fast 
walking pace. 

A horse of this stamp, sixteen to sixteen and a lialf hands high, not 
particularly heavy set, rather long-limbed, with rangy neck and good 
head, witii plenty of spirit, and weighing about 1200 pounds, may be 
called a r/eneral uiilifij horse. Such will command ready sale at any 
time, if well broken and trained, say at from $200 to $;500 each, and if 
particularly nice and well matched, often at $800 or $900 the pair, as 
carriage horses when five or six years old. 

III. Proportions of the Horse. 




PROPOIITIONS OF TIIK VARIOUS PARTS . 



To arrive at a clear understanding of the proportions of the horse, we 
give an outline that will be a good study, not only for the beginner, but 



13() II,I,U!ST1!ATEI) STOCK DOCTOR. 

will he v;ilu:il)lc for reference foi' ;ui\' horseman, however expert- he may 
be. This illustration coml)ines the average measurements of six horses, 
aceepted for perfect synmietry, and taken, says Mr. J. H. Walsh (Stoue- 
henge) — one of the most gi-aphic and lueid of English writers on the 
horse — two of them from celebrated stallions, two from thorough-bred 
hunters, and two from chargers of great value. This, therefore, will not 
apply to draft horses, but it will be found that the nearer the general 
utility horse comes to these measurements, the better he will be. 

Inches. 

Height 03 

Length Iroin shoulder-point to quarter 66 

From the h)vvest part of the cliest to the ground 36 

From the elbow-point to the ground 39 

From the withers to the pole, just behind theeiirs, ire a straight line 30 

The same measured along the crest 32 

Length of head 22 

Width across the forehead 9 12 

From the withers to the hip 22 

From the stille to the point nl the hock, in the attitude shown in the plan 29 

From the root ot the tail to the stifle-Joint 26 

From the point of the hock to the ground 22 1-2 

Length ot arm from the elbow to the pisiform bone (the rear bone of those 

forming the upper articulation of the knee) 19 1-2 

From the pisiform bone to the ground 19 1-2 

Girth varies from 78 to 79 

Circumference of fore-cannon bone (large metacarpel or shank bone, extrud- 
ing from the knee to the fetlock) 7 1-2, 8, 8, 8, 8 1-2 and 9 

Circumference of arm just below the elbow 1(! 1-2 to 18 

The foregoing is not to be taken as a fixed rule in comparing ordinary 
horses, nor even those well-bred. Eclipse, for instance, may be given as 
a most wonderful horse, differing in many material respects from these 
measurements. He was three inches taller at the withers, and yet higher 
in the croup than at the withers. His head was of the same length as 
the average given, but it is said to ha^'e been twelve inches across at the 
forehead. He was a big horse in every respect; tall, lengthy, cai)acious 
in body, higher behind than before, his neck and back long, the loin 
roached, his limbs would by some be called long, but they were strong 
with large joints, but fine ; his quarters straight, square and extended ; 
thighs long and muscular ; shoulders only moderately oblique, and of 
fair depth ; his knees and hocks broad and well formed ; head small, and 
as will be observed from its great breadth of forehead, Arab-like. On 
the whole it would probably be difficult to imjirovc the proportions of 
P2clii)se, simi)lv as a weight-carrying racer. For the hunting field, the 
fine saddle horse, or any of the uses to which practical men put their 
horses, aside from flat racing, select as many of the superior points of 



THE IK)RSE, now TO lUY. 



137 



Eclipse as you caa find, I)ut leave out tlu^ low withers and high croup. 
The horse that will come to the standard that we have given iu the dia- 
gram, is as a rule the iiorse to huy. 




IV. The Cleveland Bay for Profit. 

Of late years this admirable and stylish horse as improved from the 



13H ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK. 

uld farm hm-si- of lift}' years ago, ha.s attracted attention in the United 
States, and especially in the West, where many fair specimens have been 
imported. As showing the characteristics when standing extended and at 
rest, we give a portrait of a pure bay, in color, with a star in the fore- 
head, and one white hind fetlock. These dashes of white not detracting 
from the style of any horse, and showing breeding. It is a hoi'se show- 
ing blood and breeding, with lofty crest, magnificent withers, round bar- 
relled, and clean limbed, a coat like satin, and a head of excellent pro- 
portions. Colts from such a horse out of large, roomy mares of good 
style, will always sell for high prices. When you find such a stallion do 
not be afi'aid to buy, he will pay, and his foals will pay for their feed and 
training. 

The old fashioned horse of this race, the Cleveland bay, is extinct and 
gone. The present form is the result of crosses with staunch thorough- 
breds, giving better form throughout, greater speed and eminent style. 
We consider them as among the very best from which to breed stylish 
animals from proper nuires. Horses that may do the ordinarj' farm work 
until six 3'ears past, and then be sold at good prices for stylish omnibus, 
express, light draft, and carriage horses in our cities. Farmers \yho have 
■large, well built mares, wishing to breed colts that shall have size enough 
for any farm or road work ; that will breed to uniform color, so that they 
may be easily matched ; that will have style — not that of tlie blood horse, 
or light driving, or trotting horse — will do well to investigate the char- 
acteristics of the Cleveland bays. Canada has accjuired a high reputation 
for stylish, Avell matched coach horses. It is founded in a great measure 
upon crosses produced by breeding the modern Cleveland bays upon large, 
handsome mares of more or less breeding. 

Such horses if properly cared for Mill do eight or nine miles an hour, 
in harness, and under the saddle may be pushed up to twelve miles an 
hour ; are active in all their gaits, tractable, easily managed, intelligent, 
fast walkers, always I'eady for their feed, and as eager at labor, as they 
arc kind and intelligent every where. The late Henry William Herbert, 
(Frank Forester), a thorough horseman, an accurate judge of horse flesh, 
and a linished writer, in his voluminous work, "The Horse of America," 
thus describes the original Cleveland bay, and also the improved horse of 
his time : "The Cleveland liay, in its natural and unmixed form, is a tall, 
powerfully built, bony animal, averaging, I should say, fifteen hands 
three inches in height, rarely falling short of fifteen aud a half or ex- 
ceeding sixteen and a half hands. 

The crest and withers are almost invariabh' good, the head I)ony, lean, 
and well set on. Ewe-necks are, probably, rarer in this family than in 
any other, unless it be the dray-horse, in which it is never seen. 



THE HOUSE, HOW TO BUY. 139 

The faults of shape to which the Cleveland Bay is most liable are 
narrowness of hodj', and flatness of the cannon and shank bones. Their 
color is universally bay, rather on the yellow bay than on the blood bay 
color, Nvith black mane, tail, and legs. 

They are sound, hardy, active, powerful horses, with excellent capabili- 
ties for draft, and good endurance, so long as they are not pushed beyond 
their speed, which may l)e estimated at from six to eight miles an hour, 
on a trot, or from ten to twelve — the hitter quite the maxinmm — on a 
gallop, under almost any weight." 

The large and more showy of these animals, of the tallest and heaviest 
type, were the favorite coach horses of their day ; the more springy and 
lightly built, of equal height, woj'e the hunters, in the days when the fox 
was hunted by his drag, unkennelled, and run half a dozen hours or 
more, before he was either earthed or worn out and worried to death. 
Then the shorter, lower, and more closely ribbed up were tlie road 
hackneys, a style of horse unhapj^ily now almost extinct, and having 
unequally substituted in its place a wretched, Aveedy, half-bred or three- 
quarters-bred beast, lit neither to go the pace with a weight on its back, 
nor to last the time. 

From these Cleveland BaAS, however, though ift their i)ure state nearly' 
extinct, a very superif)r animal has descended, which, after several steps 
and gradations, has settled down into a family common throughout all 
Yorkshire and more or less all the mid-land counties, as the farm horse, 
and riding or driving horse of the farmers, having about two crosses, 
more or less, of blood on the original Cleveland stock. 

The first gradation, when pace became a desideratum with hounds, was 
the stinting f)f the best Cleveland Bay mares to good thorough-bred 
horses, with a view to the progeny turning out hunters, troop horses, or, 
in the last resoit, stage-coach horses, or, as they were termed, machines. 
The most promising of these well bred colts were kept as stallions ; and 
mares of the same type, with their dams, stinted to them produced the 
improved carriage horse of fiftv vears ago. 

The next step was putting the half-bred fillies, l)y thorough-breds out 
of Cleveland Bay mares, a second time to thorough-bred stallions ; their 
progeny to become the hunters, while themselves and their brothers were 
lowered into the carriage liorses ; and the half-bred stallions which had 
been the getters of carriage horses were degraded into the sires of the 
new, improved cart horse. 

V. How to Buy a Trotting Horse. 

In no class of horses should the purchaser be more particular than in 
trotting horses, whether they be for the road or the turf. In this case 
10 



140 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



the judgment must be most critical. The mere looks of the horse is not 
the most important point. In the first place the animal must be entirely 
free from any blemish that could by any possibility be construed into 




unsoundness, in its incipient stage. 'I'lic auiiiuil may not be handsome^ 
to the uneducated eye, none ever are, when fined down for work. To 
illustrate this we give a portrait of Goldsmith Maid, a phenomenon such 



THE HORSE, HOW TO BUY. 141 

as seldom appears on the turf. In her trained form she is goose rumped 
and inclined to he ewe-necked. An ordinary observer seeing her hitched 
to a wagon in the field, might pass her unobserved. Not so the critica. 
horseman. The mighty framework, great chest, magnificent limbs, the 
wonderful length from the stifle to the hock, the muscular form, all tell 
of wonderful force, put together fen- business, and without waste. 

Let us see what her record is, for this tells the whole story. Fast and 
continued exertion at trotting means display of great muscular power. 
It is as valuable in a horse in any other direction as in the exhibition 
of speed. 

Her Ctreat Trials. — The fastest time, meaning u]5 to the date given, 
all in harness, is as follows : 

In Harness. —Fastest one mile, Goldsmith Maid, Mystic Parlv, Boston, Sept. 2,1874, 
time 2:14. 

Fastest 2d heat. Goldsmith Maid, Mystic Parl<, Boston, Sept. 2, 1874, time 2:14. 

Fastest 3d heat, Luhi, Bufialo, N. Y., Aug. 10, 1875, and Goldsmith Maid, Bnftalo, Aug. 3, 
1876, tinii; 2:15. 

Fastest Gi li heat, Goldsmith Maid, Hartford, Sept. 1, 1870, time 2:19 3-4. 

Fastest two consecutive heats, Goldsmith Maid (2d and 3d), Buffalo, .\ng. 3, 1876, time 
2:16—2:15 1-4—2:15. 

Fastest four-heat race, Rochester, Aug. 14, 1S75, Goldsmith Maid winning llie first heat, 
and Lula the next three, time 2:15 1-2—2:16 1-2—2:15 1-2—2:17. 

Fastest five-heat race, Cleveland, July 27, 1876, Goldsmith Maid winning the first two, 
and Smuggler the succeeding three heats, time 2:15 1-2—2:17 1-4-2:16 1-4—2:19 3-4—2:17 1-2. 

Fastest six-heat race, Hartford, Sept. 1, 1876. Smuggler winning the first two, making a 
deal heat with Goldsmith Maid for the third, and the Maid winning tiie next three, time 
2:15 1-4—2:17—2:16 3-4—2:17 1-4—2:18-2:19 3-4. 

If we compare this with other records of fastest time in various ways 
of going, and at all ages, it will be seen that the American trotting horse, 
owing as the best of them do, their superior qualities to the thoi'ough 
blood in them, are not at all inferior to their racing congeners of the turf. 

That many turf-men are ill-bred and tricky is unfortunate. It does not 
detract from the real merits of a useful servant to man, and one of the 
noblest animals on the face of the earth. 

The fastest time of other celebrated horses will be interesting in this 
connection, and hence we give the record as follows: 

Fastest two miles, Flora Temple, Eclipse Course, L. I., Aug. 16, 1859, time 4:.50 1-2. 
Fastest three miles, H'mtress, Prospect Park, L. I., Sept. 23, 1872, time 7:21 1-2. 
Fs-stest four miles. Trustee, Union Course, L. 1., June 13, 1849, time 11:06. 
Fastest five miles. Lady Mack, Sau Francisco, Cat, April 2, 1874, time 13:00. 
Fastest ten miles. Steel Grey, Birmingham, Eng., April 13, 1876, time 27:56 1-2. 
Fastest twelve miles, Topgallant, Philadelphia, 1830, time, 38:00. 
Fastest fifteen miles, Girda, San Francisco, Cal., Aug. 6, 1874, time 47:20. 
Fastest twenty miles, Capt. MoGowan, Boston, 18.56, time .58:25. 
Fastest fifty miles, Ariel, Albany, N. Y., 1846, tinvj 3:56-40 1-2. 



14-2 



ILLUSTKATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



Fiirtest one liuiidred miles, Conqueror, Long Island, Nov. 12, 1858, time^8:55:53. 
Fastest Isc heit. Smuggler, Harttord, Conn., Sept., 1, 1876, tune 2:15 1-4. 
Fastest 4ih heat. Lula, Rochester, N. Y.. Aug. 14, 1875, time 2:17. 
Faste.st Bth heat, Smuggler, Cleveland, July 27, 1876, time 2:17 1-2. 




Fastest four consecutive heats. Smuggler (3d, 4th, 5th, Gth), Hartford, Sep. 1, 1876, time 
2:1G 3-4—2:17 1-4—2:18—2:19 3-4. (At Rochester, Aug. 14, 1874, Gloster trotted a four-heat 
race in 2:18—2:17 3-4—2:17—2.19, the first being a dead heat with Red Cloud ; the aggregate 
time of the four heals being the same in both races; btit the former is unquestionably the 
better performance.) 



THE HORSE, HOW TO BUY. 143 

Colt Races IN Harness.— Fastest mile by a yearling— Memento— Lexiugtou, Ky., Oct. 
10, 1877 (not a recoril), time 2:5« 3-4. 

Fastest mile by a two-year-old— So-So — Lexington, Oct. 12, 1877, time 2:31. 

Fastest mile by a three-year-olJ— Elaine— Hartford, Sept. 19, 1877, time 2:28. 

Fastest mile by a lour-year-old— Keen Jim— Lexington, Oct. 12, 1877, time 3:24 1-2. (Gov- 
ernor Spraguu trotted a mile, as a four-year-old, at Buflalo, Aug. 10, 187.5, between the heats 
of a race, in 2:21 lA, as timed by the official judges of the course ; but, as it was not in a 
race, the lime does not constitute a technical record.) 

Fastest mile by a live-year-old— Gov.Sprague—Poughkeepsie, Aug. 22, 1870, time 2:20 1-2. 

Trotting to Wago.v. — Fastest one mile, Judge Fullerton, San Francisco, Nov. 1874, time 
2:20 1-2. 
Fiistest two miles. Gen. Butler and Dexter, eacli a heat. Long Island, 1863, time 4:.")6 1-4. 
Fastest three miles, Kemble Jackson, June, 1853, time 8:03 
Fastest four miles, Longfellow, Ut-c. 31,1809. time 10:34 1-2. 
Fastest five mile.s, Little M;ick, Long Island, Oct. 29. 18G3, time 13:43 1-2. 
Fastest twenty miles, John Stewart, Long Island, Sept. 22, 1808, time 59:23. 

Miscellaneous. — Fastest one mile, under s:iddle, Great Eastern, Fleetwood, N. V., Sept. 
24, 1877, time 2:15 3-4. 

Fastest one mile, double team, Small Hopes arid Lady Mack, Fleetwood, N, Y., Sept. 11, 
1877. time 2:23. 

Fastest one mile, with running mate, Ethan Allen, Long Island, June 21. 1807, time 2:15. 

VI. One Must Know What he Buys For 

In buying a trotting horse, one must first make u|) his mind just what 
the horse or team is wanted for. If simply for speed, all that is neces- 
sary is simply to examine the record made. No fast trotter is ever 
bought, except by its record. In the case of an untried colt, there are 
other considerations. The colt may grow up very ftist, or only of mod- 
erate speed. The inquiry then to be tLade, if the young thinif has 
brothers or sisters of a trotting age, is to examine their record. If not, 
examine the record of the sire and dam of the mother of the colt, and the 
record of the produce of the colt's sire. If they sire good, the chances 
are in the colt's favor. If l)ad, the chances are against him. 

Again, if the colts are to be used for driving on the road,;style and 
handsonii? action, may or may not be the prime integers. If mere speed 
here is the requisite, buy a trotter of the fa.stest gait your purse will 
allow. For road driving the style is regarded — and verv properly so — 
as of as much or more consequence than mere speed. In this the buyer 
shonld study the different illustrations we give of form, style and 
make-up. 

, VII. The Light Harness Horse 

In many cases, where the roads are su])crior, and the animal is used in 
a, vehicle of, the lightest construction, to carry only one person, size is 



144 



II.I.lIS'l'IJA'l'Kl) STOCK DOCTOR. 



not iihvavs iiooossarv. Very iiiiiiiy lioiscs of fourtoon and a lialf hands, 
arc exquisitely hundsonu' and <ai)al)ic of very fast work. One of the 
best we ever knew was a 8t. Lawi'eiue mure fourteen hands high, that 




vow few large horses could get l)v on a smooth road — the "Bahy," as 
she was called — when driven on a track, always going as a paeor. 



rill': iioKsK, now TO ju"Y. 



145 



Tlic illu.stratioii on opposite page is of iiii Eiii;Iisli light, iiariiess, two- 
wheeled turii-oiit, ii vehicle now ocoasioiially patronized by fast livin"- 
young gontlcmcn. For style of going, the horse is us perfect as ho is 
handsome in his inai<c-iip, hut not showing the high knee action consid- 
ered stylish willi all two-whcclcti turn-outs. 




VITI. Saddle Horses of all Gaits. 

It has always seemed a pity that farmers' sons jiave not taken more 
kindly to the saddle than American youths do. It is well enoufdi for 



146 



ILLUSTUATEU STOCK DOCTOH. 



men of niature :igc to favor the buggv or light wagon, but every young 
mail and woman raised in tlie country should be taught to sit h, horse per- 
fectly, and to manage him at all gaits. In the South this is the lasc, but 




in the North the jierfect saddle-seated rider is rarely found. Lately, 
thoroughly trained saddle horses are much sought after in our cities, and 
certaiidy there is no place where they may be so perfectly trained as in 



THE HORSE, HOW TO BUY. 147 

the West. Every respectable farmer should have at least one well 
trained saddle horse to sell when called for. Twelve mouths training 
will put them in form. For good wear-and-tear, compact, able as a 
good leaper, of fine form, and undoubted bottom for any distance, the 
illustration, page 145, will give an idea of what such a saddle horse 
should be. 

IX. The High-bred Hunting Horse. 

When a long stride, great leaping powers, and ability to go long 
distances at high speed is required, the horse should be not less than 
one-half to three-quarters bred. A greater proportion even is favored in 
the South, where the passion for hunting is only second to that in 
England. The illustration of a horse of extra good action as given on 
page 14(5, will be seen to combine size, indicating capacit}' for carrj'ing 
great weight ; high breeding, as shown in the crest and head ; wonderful 
lungs ; great length of hip and limbs, and being near perfection as possi- 
ble ; a high caste horse that will not fail his rider in time of need. 

X. Racing Horses. 

There is one more class of saddle horses worthy of special notice : the 
thorough-bred racing horse, the foundation upon which has been built all 
that is valuable in every horse where speed, bottom, elegance, and great 
bone, sinew and muscle in every respect are required. It is the fact that 
on the race course there have been schemes and tricks practiced, probably 
there always will be those scandalous in the extreme, but frowned upon 
by all breeders of respectability. Among the more respectal)le associa- 
tions rules of the most stringent character have been drawn, and fairly 
lived up to. If dishonest jockeying can be still further eliminated the true 
aninms of the turf may have a l)right future before it in still farther 
improving the breed of staunch thorough-1)reds, capable of carrying 
weight, and with bottom to get tiie rider two, three and four miles at 
high speed. These are what are really wanted, and not those that at the 
end of a quarter or a half mile are entirely blown and jaded, or as an 
Englishman would express it, quite "pumped out." 

XI. What the Racer Should Be. 

The model racing horse should be from tifteen and a li.ilf to sixteen 
hands high, full and muscular in his build, with clean, sound limbs, short 
backed, round in the barrel, with long hips, deep and oblique shoulders. 



148 



ILLi;STI{ATKl) STOCK DOCTOR. 



ix rangy and not too nniscular nock; a head tine, bony and witli rather 
largo muzzle and j)rominent nostrils, broad in the forehead, with a full, 
bright, but mild eye, denoting a high nervous temperament, uniting 




great courage with docility. The accompannng illustration will give a 
correct idea of a horse of great speed, high courage and lasting powers 
of endurance. 



THE HORSE, HOW TO lUY. 149 

XII. To Avoid Vices and Defects— How to Detect. 

They are legion, and he who at present buys any horse, whetlier for 
speed or work, must be on his guard against them. Among the [n-\n- 
cipal disa))ilities to be guarded against are : 

1. — Bone spavin, cukb, king-bone and splints. — To detect these 
looiv at tlie horse from before and behind, for spavin and curb at the 
lioi'ks ; for ring-i)one, at the fetlocks ; and for splints, below the knee. 
Feel the bones at all these parts for tenderness or enlargement. If they 
appear, reject the horse instantly. lie will be worthless as a sire, or for 
riding or driving. 

2. — 8Tr.>inLiN(i. — Kxamine the knees to find if they arc scarred, or 
show the marks of i)revious injuries, or that have been operated upon for 
callosities. Then walk him over somewhat rough ground, and at a slow 
])ace, with an entirely loose rein, to see if he trips or goes weaker on one 
leg than on the other. If he is a stumbler, he is the most dangerous 
animal a man can own, unless it be a kicker ; in fact, more so than 
the latter, since kicking may be guarded against, when knowing the vice. 

3. — Kicking. — If this is suspected, the animal will lay back his ears 
if a,pproached in an apparently careless manner, though horses do this 
sometimes from mere playfulness. If they are vicious, they will lay 
their ears more completely back, and the eyes will also denote their in- 
tention. Examine the stall where it is known they have stood for 
marks of their hoofs, and above all, give the animal a chance to show his 
propensity when the groom is not near. 

4. — Pulling at the haltkh ok bhidle when tied. — Tie him up in a 
close yard, with a halter he can easih* break, leaving him quite alone for 
about half an hour, to exhibit his propensity if he will. 

5. — Ckib-biting. — If the horse is a confirmed crib-biter, his teeth — 
the central incisors — will show wear where he has gi-asped objects to en- 
able him to get leverage to perform the operation. Tie him out to a 
stump, or at a post about three feet high, and watch him, no person 
being in his sight. 

6. — Balking and backing. — Horses seldom balk under the saddle ; 
when they do, they are dangerous in the extreme, often stopping sud- 
denly when under motion, or backing into dangerous places. It is dif- 
ficult to detect, for they will sometimes go days, weeks and even 
months all right, and then suddenly show the vice. As a rule, it is 
exhibited by bad tempered, badly trained horses. A warrant from a 
respectable owner is the l)est guarantee. It may sometimes be detected, 
if a person strange to the horse mounts and attempts to start him sud- 



ISO ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

di'nl\'. Ill liiirnoss it may often bo detected hy the manner in which the 
animal starts and travels. 

7. — The Kocjue. — The rogue is the horse of vices ; he may take the bit 
in his mouth and run away, he will rear, back, kick, strike, bite, and do 
twentj' other unpleasant tricks, not always from pure vice, but often from 
exhul)crance of spirits, or from being crossed in some way. The}^ gen- 
erally perform well enough after they have found out that their rider is 
their master. They are difficult to detect in their Aaees, except bj' the 
thorough horseman, well versed in every expression and act of the horse. 

8. — Bisnoi'ED Teeth. — So named from the scoundrel who invented 
filing an old horse's teeth to make him look young, even to burning and 
blackening the cups formed. A careful study of the chart of the horse's 
teeth, given in this book, will enable any person to detect this, since it is 
impossible to cover the shrinking of the gums, b}' which the teeth sliow 
narrow, and are peculiar in shape. 

!l. — Weak Eyes. — Whatever the occasion, have nothing to do with a 
horse with bad eyes. Bring the animal from a rather dark stable just in- 
side the door where the full light may strike the eyes. Examine the lids 
and pupils carefully, to see if there is an}' considerable shrinking ; the 
eye should be al)le to bear the full light. Horses arc sometimes near- 
sighted, and also far sighted. Nearly all uliyinrj horses become so either 
from defect in vision or from cowardice. 

10. — Moon Eyes. — This is a specific opiithalm}^ from whicli one or 
both eyes periodically change color, and during the paroxj'sm it may be- 
come entirely blind. During the interval the e3'es look natural. It is 
better, if the buyer suspects this, to take a warranty against it. 

11. — Blindness. — This is sometimes difficult to detect by the ordinary 
observer by looking at the eyes. In rare cases the eyes may seem natural. 
A blind horse, however, may be detected by his mode of pi-ogression. 
As an example we give an illustration showing the mode of progression 
of a totally blind horse. 

XIII. Other Faults and Imperfections. 

The disa])ilitios noticed in the previous sections are those of positive 
unsoundness, or else of determined vice. Some others that should not 
be overlooked, are easily discovered by careful examination and test. 

These are : 

1. — Glass Eye. — This, if not complicated with specific disease, does 
not interfere with sight in any resjioct. It is a serious defect, siinjily so 
far as looks are concerned. Usually only one eye has this peculiar white 



THE HOUSE, HOW TO BUY. 



151 



glassy appearance, the pupil perfect, and the iris (juite natural. It should 
affect the price of the animal, only as detracting from elegance. 



.-,^^H^- 




<^^^«'-*f 



THK MODE IN WHICH A HORSE PROGRESSES WHEN liLlKl). 



2. White Spot. — Sometimes a small white spot will appear on the 
eye of a young horse, generally after three years of age, and usually 
near the outer corner. It has a peculiar cloudy appearance, sometimes 
increasing to the size of a hemp seed, and occasionally larger. The du- 
ration is variable, sometimes lasting for years, and again disappearing in 
a short time. It really impairs the vision but little, if any. Unless its 
history is known a veterinary surgeon should decide whether it is incipient 
cataract or not. Some veterinarians have termed it spurious cataract, but 
this is entirely a misnomer. The name white spot describes it perfectly. 

3. Roaring. — This is the result of obstruction in some part of the 
larynx or trachea, impeding the breath, and causing a peculiar roaring 
sound when the animal is in motion. It is rarely found in the United 
States, being chiefly contined to draft horses. It is often the result of 
chronic cough. In England it is quite common, and M'hen present in a 
horse of fast work, will render him worthless for the road. It may be 
discovered by urging the horse to a fast gait. 

4. Oblique Tail, ok Wry Tail. — This is caused by contraction of 
the muscles of the tail on one side. It may sometimes be improved by 
a surgical operation, and should be considered a serious defect in anj'^ 
horse, and especiall}^ so in a driving horse. 



152 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

5. TuRNiNo THE Toe of the Hook out ok in Unuulv, Sanu Cracks, 
Quarter Cracks, Dish Hoofs, Over-reaching, Interfering, etc., are 
all to be looked for before finalh' burying n horse. They are aU disalnli- 
ties that should not be present where the purchaser pays full price for 
the animal. Tho}' are, however, all so apparent that the purchaser is to 
blame if he fails to see them. 

(). Wolf Teeth. — These rudimentary' teeth, which are found in some 
horses but not in marcs, and which have been supposed by ignorant 
persons to produce blindness, and other diseases, are entirely harmless, 
except for the abrasion they sometimes occasion to the tongue and checks. 
If they do so they are easily taken out by any sensible blacksmith. In 
fact it is quite well to extract them, not that they will produce serious 
disease, but simply because they are not of an>' value, are useless to the 
animal, and may occasion slight inconvenience. 

7. Shying. — This is one of the most dangerous habits a horse can 
have, whether it be occasioned by cowardice — seldom the case ; injudi- 
cious punishment — more common ; or from defective eyesight, or from 
all these combined. If you are so unfortunate as to have a shying horse 
endeavor to break him of the vice by allowing him to examine objects of 
which he is afraid, by speaking soothingly to him, but never by whipping 
or spurring him. "When he shows a disposition to shy turn his head to 
rather than from the object. Stop him ; let him approach the object and 
touch it with his nose, for soon he will aiiproach it himself. If simply 
caused by nervousness, he may thus be cured. If caused by being short 
sighted there is no means of relief. Before you buy a horse be certain 
that he has not this infirmity, as dangerous a one as it is disagreeable. 
Such an animal is only fit to be driven by the side of another horse who 
will keep him to his work, and upon which he at length will come to 
depend, or of being driven as a wheeler in a team of four horses. 



CHAPTER XI. 



HOW TO BUY, CONTINUED. 



BUYING CHEAP HORSES. II. COLOR, IN RELATION TO VALUE. III. ACTION. IV. 

FAST-WALKING HORSES. V. WHAT A HORSE SHOULD BE. VI. WHAT CONSTITUTES 

UNSOUNDNESS. VII. ILLUSTRATIO.N OP FORM AND SYMMETRY. VIII. THE BODY AND 

LIMBS. IX. THE BODY AS STANDING FACING VOU. X. FRONT VIEW OF FORE-QUAR- 
TERS, SHOWING DIFFERENT BAD CONFORMATIONS. XI. THE HIND-(JUARTER8. XII. 

THE VIEW FROM BEHIND.^— XIII. WHAT NOT TO JJUY.^— XIV. BUYING FOR BLOOD. 

SV. SUMMING Ul'. 



I. Buying Cheap Horses. 

In the prccodiiiiT clKiptcr on tliis important sulijcct we have endeavored 
to show .sonic of the princii)al point.s to he considered in huyinj.!; a iiorse, 
especially those relating to tlie use for which they are intended. Tlierc; 
is one rule that will always apjjly in buying any horse. Never hu\- hiiii 
because he is offered at a price evidently far below his worth, tlial is, 
except it be from a friend that you can trust, who does not want the 
horse himself, and wishes to do you a favor. These cases will be found 
ver}' rare. In every other case rest assured the horse has some danger- 
ous vice, or is permanently unsound. In this country never buy a horse 
at any price which has any appearaiu-e of liroken knees by falling. 
Hunting horses are too rare here for one to have gotten the luiit in the 
field, and, accidentally, liy being i)ut at a l)arrier beyond his i)ower. 

Reject a lior.se with any weakness in his eyesight, unless you have use 
for a blind horse, then buy him at a blind horse's price. A one-eyed 
horse may do useful, but not elegant work. Never buy a lame horse at 
any price, until you arc assured that the disability is not permanent. 

Foot lameness, except it may be from a slight corn, and consequently 



l.')4 n.i.rsTUATKi) stock doctok. 

(•iir!il)l(\ slioiild 1)0 an iiusuponihlo bar to puri'liasc. You ciin never patch 
up a had foot. 'I'lioroforc be sure you always try the intended jiurchase 
on a liard road. Many pune horses, d(>ad lanie on liard roads, will get 
aloui; \\ it limit nnirii tlin('iiiii<>; on soft iiKids, or tlic tui-f. If \()u are 
eertaiii as to the eause of tiie lameness and know you ean oure it, the 
purciiase, as a speculation, may do; but never rely on the assurance of 
tiie horse dealer. It is his l)usiness to sell. 

>s'ever buy a iiairow ciicsted horse for hard service. It shows wt-ak 
lungs and those liable to intlammation. If for saddle, avoid a very broad 
ehesti>d liorse, though as trotters they are sometimes fast. The best and 
most perfect ciicst is a medium between the narrow and broad chest. 

A lucked up washy looking horse should l>e avoided. They may indeed 
do for ligiit W(M-k or sliort drives, but are totally unlit for real work. 

In buying a\did all defects in tiic wind; l)e sure the disability has not 
l)i'cn tem|)orarily covered up, by special means known to horse dealers. 
.\ wliisllcr or roarer may show no indication of his intirmity at a slow 
pace, or u[) to a certain sjieed. Beyond that it is apparent. Broken 
wind is :in incurable infirmity and probably as distressing to the horse as 
the asthma is to man. A horse may nuike more or less noise and yet not 
have broken wind. .\iiy indication of this, however, is to be looked on 
with suspicion. 

In buying a horse his points of excellence and infirmity are better 
shown if only in fair working condition than when very fat. A horse 
very fat is pretty nearly a useless creature until his condition has been 
brought down to that of bone, sinew and muscle, with just sufficient fat 
to lubricate, so to speak, the working jjarts. Yet a horse for slow draft 
lu.iN lie serviceable ;ind carry far more Hesh and fat than one used for 
fast work. Many superior horses have been ruinctl by haid tlriving when 
fat. or soft. 

II. Color in Relation to Value. 

It is a saying as trite as it is old that any color is good in a good horse. 
"\'ct a horse, however good otiierwise, should be invariably rejected if his 
color is bad. For instance, it would essentially nuirk both an ignorant 
and vulgar person who would select a piebald, spotted, or otherwise 
extraordinary color for a carriage horse. It would savor of the circus 
or show ring. 

As saddle horses ft)r gentlemen, self-colors are the best, and those dis- 
tinct. A star in the forehead and two white feet behind give character. 
A snip in the face, if large, is objectionable. Four white stockings more 
so. Bay, brown and dark chestimt are the preferable colors. If the 



Tiiio iioitsK, now TO luv. 155 

horse is cxcopti()niil)Iy stylish, Muck and (lai)])lo f^ray arc good colors. 
Gray liorses arc often l)ail Icnipta-cd, and tilack horses arc not as a i-iil(^ 
docih'. For hidies' use a dark cream color with white nianc^ and tail, oi- 
that rai'c comhination, a dai'k chestnut with darker tail and inan(^ an^ (ele- 
gant if of j^ood form. So a strawl)crry roan, if unexceptionahle in style 
and form, is elegant. 

For single or double light driving, all distinct colors arc good. Uneven 
or curiously marked horses are allowable in a fancy team — as a mismatch 
in distinct colors — as it is (■alle<l. The colors should lie <listinct and in 
strong contrast, or else harmonious. A chestnut and a dark l)av would 
be harmonious, and yet distinct colors. So would Ix- a ciieslmil and a 
brown ; a cream with whit(^ mane and tail, and a chestnut with <lark mane 
and tail would siiow a marked contrast, and yet Ik; elegant ; so would be 
cream-eoloriHl horses so marked. A i)ure white and a jet black would be 
the most marked contrast jjossible, and not for a Tuoment admissible, 
except l)oth were faulth^ss in form and style of going, llenv in fact is 
where the fine art lies in teams of two distinct <'olors : Wliatcvpr llw 
mimnalch in color, (lie team xhoiihl hi- an W'ar aUkf. in, fortn itnd ciir- 
riage as ponsible. 

ni. Action. 

There arc really but two styles of action : low, smooth, safe action, and 
high-stepping, showy action. The latter of little account except for 
parade and showing off on the road in connection with fine style. A 
high-stepping dolt is as unsafe as he is ungainly. TIk; actif)n that is 
slow and safe, and fast and safe, if combined in an animal is invaluabl(\ 

A horse with really good action moves all his limbs evenly, and brings 
his hind legs well under him at every movement. Some horses with 
round action in front — paddlers they are called — are often staunch and 
sure-footed, but this is in spite of this action, not in conse(juence of it. 
Horses that straddle behind are often exceedingly fast trotters. Yet 
neither of these movements are what would be sought, either in a line 
saddle horse or in a good harness horse. 

XV. Fast-walking Horses. 

We have before stated that a perfect and fast walking gait was not 
only indispensable to every horse, but the most valual)le gait a horse 
ccmld have for every day use. "i'et we seldom see a horse that will walk 
four and a half or live miles an hour, even when urged and in regular 1- 
2-3-4 time, nodding his hea<l harmoniously in cadence. If a j)urchaser 
gets such a horse, or one that will do four miles under the saddle with- 
11 



lot; 



ILLl'STKATKI) STOCK. DUCTOU. 



out stumliliiii;;, shutHiiig, dr()i)piiig' tho step or l)ri'iiking, be sure you have 
a gnoil one at speed, if lu; lias speed, for many great walkers are so 
broad chested that they cannot trot fast, and in galloping they will roll. 




Yet occasionally a horse will lie found good at all gaits. When so, it is 
the result of exceptionably good form and careful training. lie who can 
so train a horse may, if he tinds the proper JJurchaser, get a long price 
for his trouble and skill. 



THE HOUSE, HOW TO BUY. 157 

V. What a Horse Should Be. 

We have been very minute in stating the points of perfection in a 
horse, and have been particuhir in urging that the lungs, limbs and feet 
should 1)0 super-excellent. In addition, and as from one of the best 
authorities, we quote from the late II. W. Herbert, upon the physical 
structure of the horse, before illustrating physical perfection and i)crfcct 
conformation. Mr. Herbert says : 

"The points of the physical structure of a hor.se on which the most, 
indeed the whole of his utility depends, are his legs. Without his loco- 
motors all the rest, however beautiful it may be, is nothing worth. 
Therefore, to these we look first. The fore-shoulder should be long, 
obliquel}' set, with a considerable slope, high in the withers and thin 
above. The upper arm should be very long and muscular, the knee 
broad, flat and bony, the shank, or cannon bone, as short as may be, flat, 
not round, with clean, firm sinews ; the pastern joints moderately long 
and oblique, but not too much so, as the excess produces springiness and 
weakness ; the hoofs firm, erect or deep, as opposed to flat, and the feet 
generally large and round. In the hind-legs the (juartcrs should be 
large, powerful, broad when looked at in profile, and square and solid 
from behind. The hams should be sickle-shaped, not straight, and well 
let down, so as to bring the hocks well toward the ground. The hocks 
should be large and bony, straight, not angular and convexlj' curved in 
their posterior outlines ; the shanks, corresponding to the cannon bones, 
short and flat, and the hind feet similar in form to the front. The back 
should be short above, from the point of the withers and shoulder-blade, 
which ought to run well back to the croup. The barrel should be round, 
and for a horse in which strength and quickness are looked to more than 
great speed and stride, closely ribbed up. A horse can scarcely be too 
deep from the tip of his shoulder to the intersection of his fore-leg — 
which is called the heart-place — or too wide in the chest, as room in 
these parts gives free play to the most important vitals. The form of the 
neck and setting on of the head are essential not only to the bcavitv of 
the animal, but to the facility and pleasure of riding or driving him : 
hence, with an ill-shaped, short, stubborn neck, or ill set on head, the 
animal cannot by any possibility be a pleasant-mouthed horse, or an easy 
one to manage. The neck should be moderately long, convexly arched 
above from the shoulders to the crest, thin where it joins the head, and 
so set on that when ^-ielding to the bit it forms a semi-circle, like a bended 
bow, and brings the chin downward and inward until it nearly touches 
the chest. Horses so made are always manageable to the hand. The 
converse of this neck, which is concave above and stuck out at the 



158 ILLIISTHATED STOCK DOCTOU. 

windpipe iii<o ;i cock's w:itll(\ is tho worst possible form ; and horses so 
niado iiliuosl inviiriahly throw u|) llicir heads at a pull, and tiie most excep- 
tionable of brutes, rcgnhir sfar-r/azers. The head should be rather small, 
liony, not beefy, in the jowl ; broad between the eyes, and rather concave, 
or what is called basin-faced, than Koman-nosed, between the eyes and 
nostrils. The ears should be fine, small and pointed ; the eyes large, 
clear and prominent, and the nostrils wide and well opened. A horse so 
fianu'd cannot fail, if free from physical defects, constitutional disease 
and vice, to be a good one for .any purpose — degree of strength, light- 
ness and sjKU'd being weighed in accordance with the purpose for which 
he is di'sired." 

VI. What Constitutes Unsoundness. 

1. — S/xiriii, whether it l)c /««/ ,spavi>i, Jilood spavin or hone spavin, 
when sutKciently developed to be known. 

2. — Ossification of any of the structures adjacent to any of the joints 
and also witliout doubt ossification of the lateral cartilages. 

3. — Corns are considered as constituting unsoundness, but they must 
be discovered witliin a short time, say a few days of the purchase. 

4. — Ciirlis constitute unsoundness, but they nmst be shown to exist 
at the time of the sale. 

."). — Founder or Laininitis, is unsoundness wlietlier it produces lame- 
ness or not, for if it has existed the laniin;v will iiave been injured and 
the horse will be lame wlien worked. 

6. — Piunici'd Foot is misoundness as evidence of laminitis. 

7. — Qnittor may render the horse permanently unsomul. 

<S. — /i'i)i(/-l)ones and side-bones constitute unsoundness. 

!). — vl ycrrcd Jforsa is unsound as showing tlie existence of disease 
for whicli the operation was performed, and also from the division of 
the nerves. ' 

10. — Strinij-IIah is unsoundness. 

11. — T/iriui/i is so when severe. 

12. — Brealiinii down, even though the horse has recovered so as not 
to go lame. 

i;}. — T/iirkcnin;/ of //k' Bark Sincirs, or suspensory ligament, if known 
to exist, is unsoundness. 

14. — Broh'n Wind, lliick Wind, M'hisllinii and Jioarin;/ are all con- 
sidered as constituting unsoundness, as forming impediments in breath- 
insr, injuring the animal for drawing or other active service. 

l.'i. — Ffirci/ and Glanders. 

1(>. — Grease and Mange. 



THK HOrtSE, HOW TO BUY. l.')9 

17. — Cough, if it lasts. A Iiorse witii a chronic coujjjh is clearly 
unsound. 

18. — Mvijt'ions, if it can !>!■ sliown that the horse has iiail an attack 
before the sale. 

19. — Ophlltulmia, it it occurs soon after the purchase. 'I'he evidence 
of a veterinary surgeon may he necessary to show the previous presence 
of the disease. 

20. — C/ifrirnc/, however slight, constitutes a hoise iinsoun .. 

21. — liiokrii knees, when the joint is injureil. 

Tiiere are also vices for wiiicii a lioi'sc may be returned. These arc: 

1. — Bit! IK/, wlu'u clearly vicious. 

2. — BolliiKi, or I'unniiig away. 

3. — (Jvih-hiliiitj. 

4. — KirkiiKj, wiien shown to he \ieious. 

."). — Bdlkiti'i. 

(j. — lieariiiij. 

7. — Slii/li((i, when hahitual. 

8. — Weavimj In the utahle ; that is, the horse llii-owi.ig his lu'ad and 
body from side to side with a peculiar motion. 

Definition of UnsouDdness and Vice. 

Unsoundness may ho considered to lie the existence of disease or alter- 
ation of structure sufficient to impair the natural usefulness of the horse. 
Vice may he defined as the prevalence of a habit which interferes with 
the natural usefulness of the horse. In imsoundness or vice, however, 
either must be marked, as for instance the following diseases or accidents 
would not constitute unsoundness : 

1 — SUgJit bog spavin; 2 — broken knee, wlien the joint is not injured; 
3 — capped horks, or elbows; 4 — contractions q/" ^Ae/bo^, unless the re- 
sult of disease, laming the horse ; ,'J — curby hocks; 6 — splints; 7 — thor- 
ough pin, and 8 — thrush, are not unsoundness in their incipient stage, or 
in a mild way. But the buyer should refuse all such except, perhaps, in 
the ease of thrush. ,9 — (Jutting is not unsoundness, except the horse 
be lame at the time of sale, neither JO — soreness of the joints from lat)or, 
or 11, loindgalls. 

They are found often upon colts, but if tlu' animal be lame reject him. 
When a horse is bought on warrantee, it must be written and conciselv 
so. Do not allow verbiage to cause litigation. TIic following form will 
cover the whole ground : 

Received (insert place and date) of Mr (insert name) Dollars, 



K50 ILLUSTKATKI) STIX'K DOCTOR. 

fur (describe liorso or mare, and pedigree of same, if any) warranted years 

old (state agje) sounds free from vice ^ and 'juiet to ride or drive. 

When lilK'il out tliis initi'lit rciul as follows: 

Receioed, St. Louis, Mo., March 1st, 18S0, of Mr. John Doe, five hundred dollars for a 
bay mare by Lancer, dam Lady, warranted five years old and under six years, sound, free 
from vice., mid i/'iief to ridi: ov drive. niciiAKD ItoK. 

Tills witii sut^li careful exainiiuition as ^^o have advised ouiiht to insure 
an\ liuyer against danger in ease the seller is solvent. 

VII. Illustrations of Form and Symmetry. 

The head of the iiorse is the seat of intelligence, and to the conforma- 
tion of the head we must look not only for intelligence but docility :nid 
courage, or the opposite character, as we must look to the teeth for indi- 
cations of his age, to the nosti'ils as indicating his capacity for breathing, 
to the nui/./.lc and jaw for indications of capacity and feeding, and to the 
eye and car as sliowing tire, courage, and good temjier. 

Speed and bottom, which means the bone and nnisclc of good breeding 
whatever the family of the horse may be, is the sine qua non desired in a 
horse. His mission is labor, work of some kind, whether it be carrying 
:i man on his back, or trotting to a wagon, or hauling a load through the 
mud. 'I'he head of the horse is, therefore, one of the iirst thin<>s to be 
looked at. The extract we have given a few pages back, from one of 
the most eminent writers of this country on the horse, will convey an idea 
of what a riding or driving horse should be. The neai'er the horse for 
genci'al utility, comes to the illustrations we give, the better he Avill be. 
The horse for heavy draft while being coarser, more stocky and heavier 
in his frame should conform to the general characteristics except that he 
should be more upright as to his shoulders, and not so flcxil)le as to his 
liml)s : then the better will he be. In fact one of the best draft horses 
we ever owned was a three parts l)red ^Monmouth Eclipse, seventeen hands 
high, weighing 12r)0 lbs., pretty well up on legs, and those of exceeding 
flexibility. But when he got down to work he appeared to go close to 
the gi'onnd. This getting down to work — this getting close to the ground 
with the body, so every bone and sinew may exert the greatest possible 
leverage, is one of the tine arts of training. It really brings the oblique 
shoulder of the l)lood horse straight in the collar a possibility few horses 
have the knack of attaining naturall}'. 



THK IIOKSK, HOW TO IJUY. Hil 

Explanation. — The illustriitions we give on page 1(52 show ii side 
and fidiit view of licads of Mooded liorses, that may l)e taken as a tyiH' of 
what should constitute as near perfection as may he. Tiiose on page IC.'J, 
side and front views of heads are had. By comparing tliem witii the text 
the reader may form a good idea of charaett^ristit's. Ohserve in tlie sidc^ 
view, page 1(12, a tine liead, tapering to muzzle, the chin, the [jroininent 
and vet hriglit, clear and soft eye, with a rather prominent brow; the 
shape and setting on of tiie ears ; the strength of jaw, and at the same 
time its fineness; iiow tlie liead is set on to tiie ne(k, and llic tine, clean, 
muscular neck as well. In the front view observe especially the width 
between the eyes, tlw. eyes being in fact apparently at the side of the 
h(!ad, and yet looking straight forward. Observe the cheek boms, 
widening and strengthening the lower part of the head ; the temporal 
bones at the side; of tlie eye ; and tlu^ occipital bone at the top of the 
head between the ears. Especially observe the nostrils and li|i-- as to 
flexibilit}' and siz('. Turn l)ack the folds at the end of the nostril, and it 
will be found you can look clear into t\u\ jiassage, showing a moist and 
hcaltiiy surface, or the reverse. 

Lotus now examine the side and front views of head on p;igc ]li.'5. 
Tho'side view at the lop shows a head somewhat heav\ in chnr.iclcr, the 
nose and lower jaw thick to excess. Observe the peculiar formation of 
the nose. It is not the; dish face of the first illustration, giving temi)er, 
accompanied with intelligent obedience. The eyebi-ows are prominent, 
the head l)road, but the expression indicates not onlv tire but malice. 
The muzzle is that of a cruel horse, the intelligence that of self-will. 
The ears, although of good shape and breeding, are thrown back, and 
the head is set on at too great an angle with the neck. 

The figure to the left shows the front view of a badly formed head. It 
will be noticed that it is of nearly the same width throughout. The eyes 
are placed very different from those of the front view of good head on 
page 1()2 ; too close together, and too nmch in front. The expression 
of the eye shows a stubborn disposition ; the ears are good enough, but 
not held in that position of intelligent action as shown in the lower figure 
on page 1(!2. 'I'hev are pointed too close together. 

The figure of the front ])art of a head to the right, on page ]*'>'.'>, 
shows a head not badh' formed, but the general ex|)ression of the face 
shows doltishness, and the drooping ears, and tire expression of the eves 
show not only a cruel but a stupid disi)osition. 

The lower side \iew of head and neck on same ))age shows a head indi- 
cating a horse that will not only be wild sometimes, but snlk\- ; a self 
willed, obstinate brute, deficient in intelligence. The profile is curved, 
giving a Koman nose ; the eyebrows are raised, giving the eye a wild 



162 



•LLUSTRATF.U STOCK DOCTOR. 




iSD FRONT VIEW OF HEADS— GOOD {See Explanation). 



THE irORSE, HOW TO BUY. 



163 




SIDE AND FROVT VIEW OF HEADS— BAD. (See Explanation). 



Kit 



11.1,1 IS rUATKl) .STOC'K DOCTOR. 



expression, aiiii with (he liiiii jaw, a stuhhorii ciiaractor. Kollowiiif!^ the 
siii)jeel slill I'arlher, we iiiav linil all liie <irailati()iis of cliaraeter, iiieliidiiifj; 
llie exhihition of iutnous rmiidilv, fear, idiocy, and e\<'ii insaiiily ; for 
(iiat tlioro aro liorses suhjeet to al)eri-atioii, from mere iiallueinatioii to 
aeliial insiinitv, there is no douht. 'IMie hitter the most dangerous trait 
in a horse, since neither caresses nor puuislmient can cure. 




sinK VIKW OF FOKKiji'AKTKRS, SHOWiNO A OOOD snoui.DKR. {Sct Erplanation.) 

Vin. The Body and Limbs. 

Explanation. — FoUowinir up llic sultjeet on pages KU, 162, and 
1(!.'>, we pres(>nt side views, siiowing good and bad fore-quarters. The 



THK lIOItSK, HOW TO HUY. 165 

first illustration shows as iieiir perfection as may be in the shoulder for 
siaunch (jualitios, good action and a fast walk. The nock muscular, l)ut 
without superfluous flesh, hut with plenty of substance where it joins the 
shoulder; the shoulder oi)lique and deep; the shoulder-blade high, help- 
ing to give stability to the withers : the breast prominent, but tapering 
down to whore the legs come out of th«^ body ; the arm long, muscular, 
and yet tapering ; the joints large, but yet firm and compact ; the fet- 
locks of fair length and yet flexil)le ; and the hoofs of good size, round, 
of good depth, tough and sound. An animal possessing the confornuition 
as shown, will indicate a horse good for any purpose where speed and 
long continued jjowers of endurance arc required. While the illus- 
trations we give are i)crfect of their kind, and more valuable than any 
written description alo^(^ can I)c, yet the living animal nnist be studied, 
not only at rest, liut in luoliuu. TIk^ harness horses, however, need not 
have so oblique a slioulilcr as we li;i\t! shown. Tn fact, few horses, even 
of the best class, do. 

So the trotting gait, conil)iniiig speed with liigii action and grand style 
might be considered vile in a saddh; horse. In fact, the saddle horse 
should ha\(' a springy yet smooth motion, and except for show on iho 
road, this will l)e found to be best for fast and easy work in harness. In 
practice much of tliis is often sacrificed, in pleasure horses, for the sake 
of mere style. The breeding of such horses is a fine art, often a co.stly 
one ; yet those which fail in the style and action necessary to command 
the highest price as road and saddle horses, will be found to anqjly repay 
the breeding for tile general purposes of Die farm and for file road. 

Explanation. — 'bi i)age KW! arc illustrations showing, the upper one, 
to file left, a sfraiglit shoulder, a lii'avy chest, and legs placed too far 
under. Tiie arm seems longer fhiiii if is because it lacks muscularity; 
the shanks, while not positively weak, do not show due strength near the 
knee and jiasterns, and are not as sti'ong as they should be. 

The ui)i)er figure, to the right, shows a shoulder as bad as the prece- 
ding one, and also weak legs and pasterns, the length from hoof to joint 
above being too great. 

The left hand figure lit bottom of same page, shows a shoulder fairly 
well placed, but with the legs set too much under, and the jiasterns too 
straight. Such a conforniatioii will give the horse the appearance of 
standing on flie toes. 

The lowei- figure to the right, shows what old age, hard work, abuse, 
or all combined, may bring any animal to, that originally may have been 
not only well bred, but of fair ipiality Ihioughout. Watch for such 
limbs in buying, and avoid them. 



1(J6 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 





8IDK VKW OK KORE-gUARTERS, SHOWINC. „.o CONKORMAT.ON. (&« E.planaHon). 



THE IIOHSK, HOW TO HUV. 



167 




FRONT VIEW, SHowiNU liuiAST VXD LiMiss— c.ooD. (See Explanation). 



168 II,I,rSTI!ATEl) STCJCK DOCTOR. 

IX. The Body as Standing Facing You. 

The body of the horse viewed in front should present an oval shape, 
squared off from the arm or elbow joint in front to the point of the 
shoulder as on page Ui7. The perfeet eontour of breast, and especially the 
magnitieent museularity of the arm is near perfection. The neck rising 
grandly from the chest shows the perfect proportion of the parts each to 
the other ; the knee and fetlock joints ai-e strong and compact, gradually 
rounded to meet the shank or leg and bones of the pastern joint. The 
hoofs are staunch, tough, strong, with nothing about Ihcm to denote a 
flat foot, yet they will be found rather open behind, showing a perfeet 
hoof. 

Let us now examine the blood horse of the present day as quoted 
from Herbert, and also that of the ancient Greeks as written upon by 
Xenophon. It will show that in those days the breeding of horses was a 
fine art, as was also e((ucstrianism as exhibited in the excjuisitc sculptures 
that have come down to us. Yet the quotation we Uiake will show that the 
horse of the Greeks, useful and admirable as he was, was what tiie English 
would call a cab or Galloway, with a dash of thorough blood, and what 
•we would call pony built with a dash of thorough blood — something in 
fact like a chunky Morgan horse. The (juotation nevertheless will make 
a good study for the young horseman, and is as follows: 

"Wo will write how one may be the least deceived in the purchase 
of jiorses. It is evident then that of the unbroken colt one must judge 
hy the construction, since, if he have never been backed lie will afford no 
very clear evidences of his spirit. Of his body then, we say it is 
necessary first to examine the feet, for as in a house it matters not how 
fine may be the superstructure if there be not suttii-ient foundations, so 
in a war horse there is no utility, no, not if he have all other points perfect 
but be badly footed. But in examining the feet, it is befitting first to 
look to tiie horny portion of the hoofs, for those horses which have the 
horn thick are far superior in their feet to those which have it thin. Nor 
will it bo well if one fail next to observe whether the hoofs bo upright, 
both before and behind, or low and flat to the ground ; for high hoofs 
kee[) the frog at a distance from the earth, while the flat tread with equal 
pressure on the soft and hard parts of the foot, as is the case with bandy- 
legged men. And Simon justly observes that well footed horses can be 
known by their tramp, for the hollow hoof rings like a cymbal when it 
strikes the solid earth. But having begun from below, let us ascend to 
the other parts of tiie body. It is needful, then, that the parts above 
the hoofs and below the fetlocks (pasterns) be not too erect, like those of 
the goat; for legs of tiiis kind being stiff and inflexible, are apt to jar 
the rider, and are nH)re liable to inflammation. The bones must not. 



THE HOUSE, HOW TO BUV. 169 

however, he too low :iiid .springy, for in that case the fetlocks are liable 
to l)c uhnided and wounded if the horse he galloped over clods or stones. 
The hones of the shank (cannon bones) should he thick, for these are 
the columns which support the body ; but they should not have the veins 
and fiesh (hick likewise. For if they have when the horse shall be 
galloped over difficult ground the}' will necessarily he tilled with blood, 
and will become varicose, so that the shanks will he thickened, and the 
skin he distended and relaxed from the bone ; and, when this is the case 
it often follows that the back sinew gives way and renders the horse 
lame, liut if the horse when in action bends his knees flexibly at a walk 
you may judge that he will have his legs flexible when in full career ; for 
all horses as they increase in 3'ears increase in the flexibility of the knee. 
And flexible goers arc esteemed highly, and with justice, for such horses 
are much less liable to l)lunder or stumble than those which have rigid, 
unbending joints. But if the arms, below the shoulder-blades, be thick 
and muscular they appear stronger and handsomer, as is the case also 
with a man. The breast also should be broad, as well for beauty as 
strength, and i)ecause it causes a handsomer action of the fore-legs, 
which do not then interfere but arc carried well apart. 

"Again, the neck ought not to be set on like that of a boar, horizontally 
from the chest ; but, like that of a game cock, siiould l)e uprigiit toward 
the chest, and slack toward the flexure ; and the head being long should 
have a small and narrow j.iw hone, so tiiat Ihc neck shall he in front t)f 
the rider, and that the i^ye siiall look down at what is before the feet. A 
horse thus made will be the least likely to run violently awaj', even if he 
be very high s])irited, for horses do not attempt to i-ini awav b^- bringing 
in but by throwing out their heads and necks. II is also \cr^- necessary 
to observe whether the mouth be tine and hard on both sides, or on one 
or the other. For horses wliii-h have not l)oth jaws eiiually sensitive, are 
likely to be too hard mouthed on one side or the other. And it is better 
that a horse should have prominent than hollow eyes, for such an one 
will see to a greater distance. And M'idely opened nostrils are far better 
for respiration than narrow, and they give the horse a fiercer aspect ; for 
when one stallion is enraged again.st another, or if he l)econie angry while 
being ridden, he expands his nostrils to their full width. And the loftier 
the ci'est, and the smaller the ears the more horse-like anil handsome is 
the head rendered ; while loftv withers give the rider a surer seat, and 
produce a firmer adhesion between the body and shoulders. 

'A double loin is also softer to sit upon and jileasanter to look upon 
than if it be single; and a deep side, rounded toward the belly, renders 
the horse easier to sit, and stronger and more ea.sy to keep in condition ; 
and the shorter and broader the loin, the more easily will the horse raise 



170 ILIAISTKATKl) STOCK UOCTOK. 

liis r()i-c-i|iKirlfrs niid collect his liiii(l-(|uartci's under liiiii in jioinij;. These 
points, moreover, cause the helly to ai)i)ear tiie smaller; whicii if it be 
lariic at once injures the a[)i)earaiiee of the animal and renders him 
weaker and less inanageahle. The quai'tors should he broad and fleshy in 
order to correspond with the sides and chest, and, should they lie entirely 
firm and solid they would be the lighter in the gallop, and the horse would 
be the sjjeedier. Rut if he should have his buttocks separated under the 
tail li\ a liruad line, with a wider space between them, and so doing he 
will have a [iroudcr and stronger gait and action, and will in all respects 
be the bett»'r on them. A proof of which is to be had in men, who, 
when they desire to raise any thing from the ground attempt it by 
straddling tlunr legs not liy Iiringing them close together. ' 

X. Front View of Fore-quarters, Showing Difterent Bad Conformations. 

Explanation- — <^n page 171 tlu' upper left hand figure shows the legs 
fair lo the knee, hut from thence down, bad, and with toes turned very 
much out. 

The next tigure on the left, is very bad, the knees turned out and the 
toes turned in ; a dangerous hors(>, and untit for driving or riding. 

The lower tigure to the left is as unsightly as possible ; the legs spready, 
weak, straddling, and with the toes turned out. Such a horse may be 
tolcrablv sure-footed, if carefully uianaged, and not hard-driven, but one 
ncNcr u> be depended uixni. 

The next tigure at right of bottom, is bad all over, weak-liinl)ed, knock- 
kneed and sjilav-footed. A horse never to be depended upon and un- 
serviceable in the extrcnu'. 

Between these there are many gradations, which those who study these 
pages may profit by examining and comparing with the front view of a 
perfect shape given on i)age l(i7, and which carried fully in mind will 
go a great way in enabling one to form a pretty iiccuriite ojiinion iu buy- 
ing a horse. 

XI. The Hind-quarters. 

Tt has been said that the for(>-([uarters of a horso are simply to hold him 
up, while the hind-quarters projud the machine. This in a sense is true, 
l)ul a horse, however good his hind-quarters be, must not only have the 
fore limbs good enough to hold him up, but to keep him out of the way 
of the hind feet, and at the same time assist in i)ropeUing the body. In 
fact, the whole aninuil should be composed of parts working harmoni- 
ouslv toii-ether, each assisting the other wlule doing its own work; 



■I'lIE HOKSK, HOW TO BUY. 



171 





FRONT VIEW OF FORB-CIUARTERS, 8IIOWINO DIFrBRENT BAD CONFORMATIONS. 



172 



ILLl'STUATKU STOCK IJCXTOK. 



lU'Vorllii-loss tliu liiiHl-(|uarti'rs ;ur tlio i)r()i)clliiiji- [)()wer, especially when 
under the jiullop. Fov then the motion is eoinmunieiited by a Miecession 
of leaps, acting more in the nature of a balance than in walking or in 




OOOl> HiNiviji'AUTEKS. {See Erplanaiioii.) 

trottiuir. In order that tlie liiii(l-(iuarters may do tiicir work offeetively, 
there must l)e a stroni;- loin, ample and muscular (luariers, yreat length 



THK UOKSE, HOW TO HUY. 1 TH 

of hip, strong, donso hones, siiu'W.s like whii)-cord, strong joints and Hat 
and wide legs. 

In order to deterniine this the purchaser siiould observe first, looking 
at him from the side, whether he stands resting perpendicularly on every 
leg alike. The legs should not be straddled outside of their true position, 
neither should they be gathered together, or in horse-men "s phrase, as 
though he were trying to stand in a half bushel. He should stand straight, 
s((uare, and distinctly on every leg. If he stands with the hind legs be- 
hind tiieir true position, induce him to move his fore legs forward, to 
find if such a pf>sition gives him ease. Examine him as before statt^d for 
splints, damaged back sinews, ring-bones or side-bones in the fore limbs ; 
and in the hinder ones for l)onc blood or bog spavins, curbs or thorough 
pin, as previously described. If he stands as in the figure given on page 
172, and if he is free from blemish, one may go a long way to lind 
a better. 

E.\amine especially whether the pasterns, outline of the hock joints, 
are nearly perpendicular or angular, or whether they present a convex 
curvilinear protuberance just above the union of the shank l)one. If not 
there will be littl(! danger of curb, or a tendeiKy to throw tiiein out. if 
the hiTcks are drawn in the horse will api)ear cow -hocked, a malformation 
as serious as it is ungaiidy, for thus the animal will be weak. If tlie 
hind-logs are wide apart and the horse straddles in going forward, while 
it ma}' not weaken his stride it is not elegant. However true it be that 
some fast and strong trotters straddle — as going wide is termed — tiiis 
shoukl be avoided. The illustration on p;ige 172 will show accurately 
good liind-cpiarters, as those on page 174 will show bad ones. 

On page 174 the figure at the upper left side would be calbnl line and 
in every way good to the inc.vperienced l)uyer. The buttocks ar(> round 
l)ut lack character, and the legs are too straight and far behind. 

The figure to the right is bad in every respect — goose-rumped, eat- 
hammed, with the legs thrown far back to equalize the strain ; the ankles 
also weak. 

The figure to the lower left on same page shows a fair (piarter, l)ut the 
legs are thrown too far forward, and the animal stands too straight on the 
pasterns. 

The figure to the right is really not badly formed as to the (piarter, but 
the position is cramped and bent, and the limbs badly placed. 

XII. The View fVom Behind. 

The view of the horse as seen from behind should show good square 
quarters, full and perfectly shaped yracilis, as those muscles are called 



174 



ILLUSTUATED STOCK DOCTOR. 




IDK VIEW OF HIND QUABTEBS-BAD. (S« Explanation). 



THE IIOKSE, HOW TO BITY. 



175 



wliich fjive the peculiar swelling shape to the inside of tliijjh. These should 
be egg-shaped, oi' rather -should swell fi-om nearly a point lielow and then 
gradually decrease in size till lost to view near the runij) bone. 




BACK VIEW OF HIND IJl'AUTERS— GOOD. (Scc Ej-planaiion). 

The outside muscle of the tibia, or great Ijone of the leg above the 
knee, cannot well be too large. The tendons connecting with the hocks 



170 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 






HACK VIEW OF HIND-QUARTERS — BAD. (See Explanation). 



THE HORSE, HOW TO BUY. 177 

should be strong and well presented to view. The hocks large, firm, 
strong and well knit, but smooth and free from blemish, as should be the 
fetlock joints. If the horse is flat-footed he has a weak hoof, which 
should never go with a strong muscular horse. 

When the animal moves forward, observe that the feet arc lifted 
squarely, carried straight forward, without turning or straddling. If so, 
and the conformation is as presented in the rear view of the horse on page 
175, then if you have attended minutely to the other directions, and the 
movement is satisfactory, you need not fear to buy the horse. He will 
not fail you in time of need. 

As showing defects, in various gradations and malformation in the 
hind-quarters, we refer the reader to the figures on page 176, a study of 
which will enable the observer to steer clear of splay-footed, pigeon-toed, 
bow-legged or cow-hockcd brutes. 

XIII. What Not to Buy. 

Never buy a horse unbroken or half broken, unless you are thoroughly 
competent to train him, or else have some one to do so on whom you 
can depend. Never buy a horse overloaded with fat, expecting him to 
remtiin so under work. The first thing to be done with such a horse is 
to get him rid of the superfluous fat and water. This takes time and 
takes money. Besides a'ou never can know the real defects of a horse 
"very fat." An ox or a hog perfectly fattened, is pleasing to the eye. 
They are intended for succulent joints and steaks, or for hams, bacon, 
or pickled pork. A fat horse, except Ijefore the close coach of some 
wealthy and aged spinster or widow, is woefull}' out of place. 

Never buy a horse because he is big, unless you want him for slow and 
heavy draft. Light horses are for light driving. A horse weighing 
eleven hundred is heavy enough for ordinary driving, and generallv bet- 
ter than a heavier one. A pair of horses weighing twenty-four hundred 
pounds is good enough for any ordinary work that comes, and hcaw 
enough for any cit}' teaming, except when wanted as show horses before 
some In'ewer's wagon, or as horses of slow draft on heavy trucks. 

Don't buy a cheap horse, expecting perfection. The two never yet 
went together. Perfect horses are not so plenty. Indeed thev are so 
scarce as to be entirely beyond the means of any except the very wealthy. 
They are seldom seen even among this class. In fact perfection lies onlv 
in degree. A horse may be measurably perfect for our purpose, and yet 
quite defective for others. Therefore buy a horse for what you want, 
and expect to pay the honest price for what you get. Again, unless you 



178 ILLUSTUATEIJ STOCK DOCTOR. 

iiro a judge, buy of souio doiilor who has a roputation to lose, and the 
incaus to bacU u[) any guarantee he may make. 

XIV. Buying for Blood. 

In liuynig for fast work, buy bk)od every time, wliether the work de- 
sired is to be trotting to the wagon or carrying tiie owner under the 
sa(Ulie. 

In buying l)h)od, as a breeder, whether stallion or mare, never fool 
awa}' any money on a half or three-ijuarters bred sire, expcetiug to get 
high caste horses. With a stauneh thorough-bred of trotting action, you 
may successfully bi-eed good trotters and w-orkers on mares of cold blood, 
if they be of good size and form and are roomy. But for racing do not 
expect a cold-blooded mare to bring a very fast one, however good the 
size, excei)t it may be l)y chance, and a rare chance at that. 

In breeding for any purpose select the best of the class. Staunch 
thorough-breds for fast work ; handsome thorough-breds for show horses. 

For draft select from families that have been bred for generations for 
this woi"k. Above all do not buy horses and mares that happen to strike 
your fancy, expecting to start a new breed. Life would be all too short. 
It would bo far more sensible to begin where the last mau left off. 

XV. Summing Up. 

From the foregoing the reader may arrive at pretty corrcot ideas as to 
what a horse really should be if he carefully study aiul nuxke himself 
familiar with horses by (.'xamining the living subjects, and comparing 
with what \\ e have written and illustrated. As a rule neither the farmer 
nor the breeder is thoroughly grounded in what constitutes excellence 
in the horse, and especially are they dcticient as to wiiat constitutes 
soundness and unsoundness. In the same numner are they ignorant as 
to what will naturally give speed and endurance in an aninuil. It is true 
there are exceptions, but they are compai'atively rare. Yet, supposing 
they know all about it they will often pronounce a horse sound, or 
well broken to sadtlle and harness when he is manifestly neither one 
nor the other. Therefore the intending buyer, if he be not himself fully 
informed from actual experience, must not suppose that either of these 
classes necessarily know the real merits or defects of an animal. It has 
caused endless litigations in our courts, and will cause many more until 
those who breed take the pains to fully ground themselves in this, among 
the most important branches of the professional breeder. 

To become a perfect judge of a horse, from what one naturally learns 
from his own observation, unless he study carefully, may truly be called 



THE IIOKSE, HOW TO BUY. 179 

an impossibility. As a means of educating, boolvs are written. If the 
experience of expert.s and (juotation.s from the best and latest autliorities, 
given in this worii, shall induce a more careful study 1)V those into whose 
hands the book may pass, it will, on the one hand go far to rid the trade 
of mere jockeys and horse "dopers," who daily palm off the most 
worthless brutes by a glib use of a centrally-hinged tongue. It will do 
more. It will disseminate a more perfect knowUnlge of what a horse 
should be among farmers who seek to breed one, two or three colts a 
year, by showing not only the necessity of good blood, whatever the 
style of the horse they intend to breed, but it is hoped also that it may 
lead to a higher apprecnation of that noblest and best of the four-footed 
servants of mau, a well bred borBC. 



PART II. 
- Diseases of the Horse; 

THEIK CAUSES, HOW TO PRE^^ENT, HOW TO KKOW 
AWD HOW TO CURE. 



Diseases of the Horse. 



THEIR CAUSES; HOW TO KNOW, AND HOW TO CURE THEM. 



CHAPTER I. 



I. INTRODUCTION. II. EXTERNAL MANIFESTATION OF DISEASE. 



I. Introduction. 



The Vfirious diseases to which the horse is su>)ject, embrace nearly all 
those atHictiug the human family, and including among them, as most 
common, diseases of the skin and its integuments, those of the muscles, 
of the ligaments, and of the bones, quite rai'e in the human family, and 
to which the horse might be completely exempt, were it not for the igno- 
rance, and in very many cases the brutality of the master in over-driving, 
over-weighting, leaping, beating, neglect in clothing when heated, care- 
lessness in grooming, want of proper ventilation in stables, and the 
withholding of proper and sufficient food. Take away these causes of 
disease and the labors of the veterinary surgeon would be light. We 
should see but little of caries of the bones, causing degeneration of the 
substance ; of spa^^n, curb, ringbone, splint ; of injuries to the sinews 
and tendons, causing breaking down ; swellings and other of the most 
serious afHictions ; poll e\'i\ and other fistulous diseases ; of fractures ; of 
rheumatism ; founder, including grease, inflamed glands and veins, cracks 
of the hoofs, quittor, hei'uia, and all that class of diseases attacking the 
faithful servant of man, and henceforth rendering him useless for the 
purposes of pleasure or profitalile labor. Instead of ending the sufferings 
of the tortured animal by mercifully taking its life, many owners for the 
sake of the few paltry dollars received, transfer the once favorite steed 



184 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



to some one else equally inhuman, who thenceforth drives and goads the 
sufferer to labor under the most torturing circumstances, until the animal 
economy, entirely disorganized, perhaps by years of such unmitigated 
torture, drops and dies. 

The object of this treatise is to so enlighten the horse owner in the 
nature of disease as to enable him to determine whether treatment can 
be made effective — if so, what to do; and especially is it the purpose to 
so acquaint him with the causes, that occasion for treatment may be 
averted. By a study of the facts we give it maybe easily known whether 
cure is possible, and if not it is more merciful to kill and end the misery 
of the poor animal. 




EXTERKAL MANIPKSTATIONS OP SOME DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 



II. External Manifestation of Disease. 



For all the diseases we have mentioned l)Ut little medicine is needed. 
Kest and nursing arc most needed — often months of rest and care, as in 
the case of spavin, connncMicing in inflammation and ending in the depo- 
sition of bony matter, stiffening of the joint, or, as in the case of 
exostosis of the heads of the bones, they in time become quite anchylosed, 



THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 185 

when lameness ceases from the suspension of action of the joints caused 
by their complete solidification or growing together. 

That the reader may form a more correct idea of what we here write, 
and have it brought plainly to view, we present an illustration of some of 
the principal diseases of the bones and tissues, caused generally by abuse, 
with a short description of their origin. The treatment will be given in 
the proper place. 

A — Caries of the Jaw. Ulceration of the lower jaw, sometimes ends 
in mortification. Caused by bruises from barbarous bits and curb chains. 

£ — Fistula of the Parotid Duct. Fistulas are caused by bruises or 
undue compression of the parts producing inflammatiou and abscess. 

C — Bony Excrescence. (Exostosis of the jaw). A blow upon a bone 
will produce inflammation followed by exostosis (bony growth thx'ough 
increased nutrition) — that of the joints being fearfully painful. 

D — Swelling by pressure of the bridle, causing inflammation, and 
sometimes tumors. 

U — Poll Evil. A painful fistulous disease, often difficult to cure. 

P — Inflamed Parotid Gland. Caused by a bruise or compression. 

G — Inflamed Jugular Vein, caused in various ways, often by careless- 
ness lifter bleeding. 

H — Fungus Tumor, from compression of the collar. The result of 
galls and subsequent want of care, and inattention. 

/ — Fistula of tlie Withers, caused generally by pressure of the saddle. 

J — Saddle Gall, caused by a bad fitting saddle ; sometimes ending in 
sitfasts. 

K — Twwio/'o/VZie^/iow. caused generally by interference of the shoe 
in lying down ; sometimes by a blow. 

L — Induration of tlie Knee, caused by blows in falling. 

M — Clap of the Back Si7iews, caused by severe exertion in running 
and leaping, destroying the integrity of the sinews of the leg. 

JV — Mcdlenders, scurfy manifestations at flexions of the knee, sometimes 
becoming cracked and itchy. 

O — Splint, caused by blows, kicks, etc., on the shins. They are to 
be dreaded as interfering with the action of the sinews. 

P — Ringbone, caused by starting heavy loads, or excessive pulling in 
going up hill. 

Q — Tread upon tlie Coronet, the contusion of the shoe of one foot by 
treading on the other, causing laceration of the coronet and of the born 
of the hoof. 

R — Quittor, confined pus, from prick of the sole, corns, or injury to 
coronet. 



IbG ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

aS — Quarter Sand Crack. Imperfect secretion caused by dryness of 
the hoof ; rupture of the laminie. 

T — Contracted Hoof, or ringed hoof of a foundered horse. The 
result of Laminatis. 

U — Capped Hock. Injuring the point of the hock. 

V — Sallenders. Scurfy eruptions on the seat of flexion of the hock. 
Similar to inallenders. 

W — Spavin. Inflammation causing painful bony enlargement, some- 
times stiff joint. Caused by blows, slipping and hard work, often from 
weak limbs. 

X — Curb. Inflammation and lameness of the posterior part of the 
hock, ending in bony formation. Caused by wrenching or straining the 
limb. 

Y — Swelled Sinetcs, caused by strains or bruises, producing inflamma- 
tion, and ending in enlargement. 

Z — Thick Leg, caused by various injuries to the joint. Any inflamma- 
tion may result in a thickening of the integuments. In all inflammatory 
difliculties of this nature, including, spavin, curb, etc., cold water 
faithfully applied at the outset will be indicated, but often the trouble is 
not known until too late for cold water. The warm water fomentations 
will then be indicated. [See treatment]. 

1 — Grease, caused by debility, excessive labor and neglect, filthy sur- 
roundings, from stoppage of the secretions. Scratches are from the 
same cause, as working in the mud without proper cleaning, etc. 

2 — Toe Sand Crack, caused by the same diiBculty as quarter sand 
crack. 

3 — Quarter Crack. [See sand crack]. 

These are occasioned generally l)y severe labor of animals not strong 
in the feet, by which the walls are ruptured, Ijy breaking the hoof with 
the calk of another foot. False quarter is occasioned bv the absence of 
the outside and harder portion of the hoof. 

4 — Ventral Hernia. Rupture by which the bowel lies next the skin. 
When hernia is accompanied with strangulation it becomes dangerous. 

5 — Rat Tail, loss of the hair of the tail. 

Fuller facts as to causes and treatment of these disorders will be found 
in the appropriate place in this work, 



CHAPTER II. 



DISEASES OP THE SKIN AND SUB-CUTANEOUS TISSUES. 



I. SCRATCHES. II. GREASE. III. THRUSH. IV. SWELLED \NKLES. V. 

SWELLED LEGS. VI. SURFEIT. VH. MAN6E. VIII. RING-WORM. IX. 

HIDEBOUND. X. SADDLE GALLS, OR SITFASTS. XI. FUNGOUS COLLAR 

TUMOR. XII. WARTS. XIII. VERMIN. XIV. LARVA IN THE SKIN. 

XV. TETTER. XVI. RAT-TAILS. XVII. MALLENDERS AND SALLENDERS. 

XVIII. POLL EVIL. XIX. FISTULA. 

Of skill diseases there are two classes : those resulting from neglect 
and general bad treatment, and those due to disorders of the internal 
organs with which the skin is in sympathy, or which inflame it hy unnat- 
ural excretions or irritants in the blood. It is almost impossible perfectly 
to classify them, since even some that are generally considered to arise 
from constitutional causes may be produced l)v external circumstances, 
and the reverse. 

In the following sections we treat the most important of l)oth classes. 
Others of less moment will be found in our chapter entitled " iliscella- 
neous Matters and Suggestions, ^Slinor Disorders, etc." 

I. Scratches. 

Causes. — These are various ; as, clipping the heels, which is sometimes 
done, and thus destroying nature's covering, so as to allow the parts to 
become chilled ; washing off the legs with soap and water without subse- 
quently thoroughly drying them, and then suffering them to be exposed 
to cold air ; standing in snow or snow-i5lu.sh ; standing in or upon hot and 
steaming manure of any kind, while in stable ; or being long in mud and 
filth while in service and not .subsequently carefully cleaned. AnAtliing 
that will produce inflammation of the skin of the heel, or in any way 
weaken it, may produce scratches. 

As is the case with other local disorders, this is mcst ea.silv and rapidly 
13 



18S 1I.LIISTKATEU STOCK DOCTOK. 

devoloped when the horse is not in a eondition of good general healtli ; 
hut foul sta))les, while furnishing the irritating filth immediately to the 
seat of this disease vitiate the air also, and thus tend to Itring about a 
two-fold trouble. 

It is believed to be sometimes due to the existence on the skin of par- 
asitic plants and insects. 

The sure preventive is to keep the horse, if possible, in good genei-al 
condition ; and to coniine him, when he must be confined at all, only in a 
dry, clean, and well-ventilated stall. When he is forced to be worked 
during the day in mud or slush he should be neither stabled nor turned 
to pasture until feet and legs are well washed and thoroughly dried. 

How to know it. — Scratches ai'e said to be unknown to European horse- 
men ; but it is so well knoM'n in the United States as to render a descrip- 
tion well nigh unnecessary. It appears on the back part of the foot, 
generally of the hind foot ; and extends from the heel to the fetlock. It 
has been known entirely to encircle the foot, and to extend upward to the 
hock and to the knee. The parts are sometimes hot, swollen and sensi- 
tive before any cracking or ulceration takes jjlace ; then they become 
dry <ind scaly, and crack open by ordinary motion. A horse thus affected 
is apt to manifest a disposition to walk stifH>', with his hind legs, (when 
the disease is seated in the hind heels), wider apart than ordinary, and to 
throw his foot rather Wolently forward when an effort is made to exam- 
ine it. 

It is often the case that at iirst there are little patches of a thick, dry, 
scabby covering of the skin ; and these spread and inflame until they form 
a solid mass of scab and matted hair. These scabs may be distinguished 
from those Avhich sometimes appear in other skin diseases by this, that 
they have an unusual itchiness, which leads the horse to rub them as 
much as possible ; and he often does this until they bleed and become 
raw. This disposition of the suffering creature to scratch liimself is said 
to have originated the name by which the disease is knownj. 

What to do. — III cases where the patient is in good condition, and the 
disease is in its incipient stage, a thoi'ough cleansing of the parts with 
castile soap and warm water, and applying an emollient or softening 
poultice for a day or two, wth rest, will be sufficient. If there seems 
to be feverishness of the system, a dose or two of Epsom salts to move 
the bowels, given in doses of from one to three ounces at a time, well be 
beneficial. 

The following is for ordinary cases a most efficacious and easily used 
remedy : 



THE IIOKJ^E, iSKIX 1)ISEASE8, ETC. 189 

No. 1. Ji Oz. powdered gum camphor, 

1 Uz. gum myrrl), 
1 F'luid oz. sulphuric acid, 
1 Fluid oz. spirits of turpentine, 
1 Pint of lard. 

Mix thoroufflily, ;iud ruh the oiiitiiicut well upon the heels oiiee :i day. 
The legs and feet should be M'ashed with soap suds l)efore every a])j)lica- 
tioii. 

When the disease' is chronic, and jjroud tlesh has ap])carcd, make a 
poultice of ground Hax seed and lime-water ; sprinkle burnt alum over 
the poultice, and apply. Use two or three poultices a day until the 
proud Hesh has evidently disaijpeareil. then use the ointment No. 1 as 
above directed. 

Another course of treatment, to be adopted when there is a disordered 
condition of general health, and evidences of vitiated blood arc man- 
ifested, is this : 

First bleed ; but observe to regulate the (juantit}' of blood drawn by 
the condition of the animal as to tlesh and strength. If he is poor and 
weak, take from the neck vein about three pints, and after nine days a 
like quantity. If he is plainly in poor general health, but not reduced 
in flesh and still strong, bleed once, taking from the neck vein three 
quarts. Then make careful and thorough application of ointment No. 1. 

It ma}' well be stated here that in our practice we do not often resort 
to l)leeding, nor do M'e recommend it except in rare cases. To the nuin, 
however, who tinds it I)oth prolital)le and agreeable to be his own stock 
doctor it is often the cjuickest, easiest, and safest means of removing 
vitrious humors, and bringing about a more natural and healthful circula- 
tion. In some acute diseases of violent character, as pleurisy, mad 
.staggers, and the like, it is frecjuently of the first imi)ortance, sometimes 
almost the only hope ; but we would caution the reader against the 
indiscriminate blood-letting of the old |)ractitioners. Observe well the 
symptoms; consult this department of " The Stock Doctor " carefully ; 
and you M'ill not fall into the mistake of taking away gallons of blood 
when a little rest, some good grooming, and plenty of imtritious, life- 
giving food, are the things mostly reijuired. The manner of blood-letting 
will l)e found to have been treated'of in our cha))tcr entitled "Iniplc- 
ments : what to keep and how to use." 

The foregoing methods will answer in all ordinary cases ; but if the 
patient has not been taken in hand till the disease has become chronic 
and obstinate, the following is a most excellent jjreparation and may be 
used instead of No. 1. It re([uires care in the using, as it will discolor 
the hands and corrode the nails if it comes in contact with them, and it 
should never be entrusted to bungling and inconsiderate grooms ; but in 



lilO II.I.ISTUATKO STOCK DUCTOK. 

tlic liuiuls of ciii I'lil liorsciiH'ii it is ;i iiiosl Miliialilc rciiicdy for all ohsti- 
iiiitc! wounds, bruises, galls, tumors, and sores, ^^'e shall refer to it in 
subsccjueiit portions of the work as (•(unplioraicd rorroxive Hublimate or 

No. 2. 1 Pint >i)iril» ortnrju'iitiiiu, 

1 Oz. lincly |)ulv(!iizcii corrosive sublimate, 
1 Oz. gum cumphor. 

Have the corrosive suhliiiiate xci y (ini'ly gi-ouinl in a druggist's mortar, 
( llic ellicary ol' I lie coiiiiKiiind depends inucli upon t his ) ; pulverize the 
gum eami)h()r ; put all together into a good strong bottle, and shake 
thoroughly. Then let it stand for al least twenty-four iiours — longer 
would be better, as it becomes more and mon^ valuable with age and 
re|)eat(Hl shakings — and it will do to use. In ap[)lying it, saturate a small 
mop, nuid(^ of soft rags, neatly and firmly tied upon a stick. AVash 
befoi-e making fii'st a])plieation of No. 2, l)ut afterwards, unless tiie foot 
lieconies \('r\- foul, this need not be done. The liniment should be 
applied once a (la_\ till cure is effected. 

Keep the horse out of the wet during treatment, especially if the cam- 
phorated corrosive sublimate is used. See to it, also, that his stable i.s 
not onh' (lr\ , l)ul air\'. If it is pasture lime, he will need no other food 
than grass, unless i) is found necessary to stable him, to k>'ep him from 
I'ains and dc^ws. In any evcnl, he ought to be fed ratlu-r lightly at first, 
and with food not calculated to inliamc. If the time is Winter give as 
much green, soft fwod as can be con\'eniently had, such as roots, 
chops, etc. 

II. Grease, or Cracked Heels. 

Causes.' — This disease is but a modilication of sci'atches and nf tlirush 
— ])artaking more of the nature of thrush, however, than of scrati'hes, as 
it is eontined almost exclusivcdy to the heel, th(^ seat of th(> thrush, which 
is seldom attacked by the scratches. 

It is occasionalh' the result of constitutional weakness or derangement. 
When the system abounds in morbid matter, its tendency is towards the 
heels, and debility is felt in thi> distended vessels remote from tiie vital 
organs, ending in inllammation of the skin of the heels, distension of the 
sebaceous glands, a slinking deposit (Ui the surface, and a purulent dis- 
charge through ci-acks. 

Cutting away the hair of the fetlock, and thus exposing to sudden and 
])rotracted cold the parts which it is designed to jiroteot, often eau.ses this 
affection, even in animals of otherwise good condition. 

Fre(iuentlv, however, it may be regarded as most probably a secondary 
disease, oriirinating in some other, which has resulted from careless or 
inlunnan treatment, or from constitutional weakness. 



IIIK lIDKSr,, .SKIN DI.SKA.SES, ETC. 



IStl 



It is not coiitagioiis ; Imt tilth and want of attention will pi-odui-c it in 
ncarl\- all horses siniilailv suhjeetod to their intlueiiees. 

How to know it. — It manifests nearly tiio vcit same symptoms as 
thrush, as given in tiu^ following seetion ; hut there is one striking peeu- 
liaritv which distinguishes it from thrush, fool-evil, and other disorders 
of that kind — the heel cnickx apin. in a healthy state, th(^ heel of the 
horse is moistened, and so kept from bceojuiu^ dry and hard, by a eon- 
stiint secretion and discharge of an oily duid from the cellular tissues 
undei- the skin. A\'hen this is obstructed, tlu^ skin becomes dry and 
fe\crish, and looks scurfy and hot. It soon thereafter cracks, and the 
j)ent-ui) oily secretion, now turned to a foul, yellowish water, How^s out. 
As the How of matter increases, it becomes mni-e and nion; thick, stickoy, 
and stinking; and if not attended tf), tlu^ heel and sides of tlu; foot 
l)ecome a mass of ulcerated e.Xf^resecnses. 

It sometimes manifests itself by the oozing 
out of ■ a thin matter through the pores of the 
skin fi-om some deep-seated di.sease of either the 
eofRn-bon(^ or the navicular joint — most fre- 
quently the latter. The more effective treatment 
in this case would of course be that directed to 
the healing of the primary disorder. 

What to do. — The treatment necessary is sim- 
ilar to that for scratciu's. In the first place, see 
to it that the causes which have induced it shall 
no longer operat(\ If the disease is secondary, it 
must be somewhat difficult to manage ; and the ani- 
mal should be allowed to re.st, taking only such ex- 
{•rcise as nature prompts, in an open pasture, ex- 
cept in l)ad weather. When it is necessary to con- 
tine him, give him a good stable, dry litter, and 
jiure air. Remember tliat rest is one of the fir.st 
conditions of success ; while constant driving or an\' 
other labor will most ])rol)ably defeat the ends of the 
physician. 

If the disca,sc is discovered in its early .stage, and second st^B^r con 
the general health of the anim.il has not suffered, riRMKDGnBASBCBACKs. 
cleanse the parts well with tepid water and 

ca.stilc soap, and make occasional applications of Xo. 2, or the (•.■iniphor- 
ated corrosive sublimate, say on(te a day, till a cure is effected. \ few 
applications will generally be found sufficient . 

If the hor.se is thin in flesh, and in a low state of health troTn the 
effects of this disease, mix sulphur ,and rosin, in the proportion of two 




FinsT Stage op CoNFinMBD 
GRKA8E Exudation. 




1!I2 II.I.ISTKATKI) STOC'K DOCTOR. 

|)!irts of tlu' foniuT (() one of llic latter, aiul uivc him a (jiiarter of a 
pound of this every third day until he has taicen three or ^ir doses. 
Mcauwliile, thorouj^hly saturate the parts at least every other day with 
No. 2 till tiie disease is thoroughly eoncpiered. 

If the liniment forms a seal) upon the heel, so hard and dry that tiie 
reuK-dial effeets seem to ecase, omit the liniment for several days and 
keep the heel well greased. The seal) will eome off, and then the api)li- 
eatioii of the liniment, (No. 2), may he resumed. 1'liis eoui'se must l)e 
persevered in till a euro is effected. 

The liniment should be applied at night ; and tiic iiorse should not ]«• 
turned into pasture wIkmi the grass is wet with dew or rain — at any rate, 
not till six hours after tlie application has been made. 

In kSummer, pasturage will in general afford sutticient food ; but in 
Winter it should l)e more nourishing, yet green and succulent as far as 
possible. Roots and good bran mashes ought to be given in reasonable 
([uantity. (irain, as a regular diet in this case, is objec-tionable, on 
account of its tenden<'y to produce intl.-imination. 

After three doses of the sulphur and rosin have been given, as direi-ted, 
the following mixture, given every night until all traces of the active 
disease have disapjjeared, will be found an excellent tonic or strengthen- 
ing medicine, and ha\ing the efft'ct, too, of giving healthy tone to the 

skin : 

No. 3. K Oz. liquor of nrsenicalis, 

1 Oz. tini'tuiT of nuiiiatc of iron, 
>i IMiit of water. 

This constitutes a dose. Mix and gi\c as a drench. 

When it is ditHcult to procui'c No. '2, the following maybe j)repared 

and substituted therefor: . 

• 

No. 4. S Oz. tar, 

1 O/.. beeswax, 

1 Oz. rosin, 

1 Oz. uluin, 

1 Oz. fallow, 

1 Oz. sulphate of iron, 

1 Draelira carbolic acid. 

lMi\. and boil onci' a slow tire, stirring as long as dirty scuin appears, 
and then add '2 o/. of the scrapings of sweet elder. 

III. Thrush. 

Causes. — This, like scratches, results for th(> most i)art from foul 
stables, — the horses being forced to stand in mortar of dung and urine, — 
or from working in nniddy and filthy phices, without having his feet and 
legs well cleansed when he is unharnessed for the night. 



TIIK IIOIJSK, SKIN DlJSKASKS, KTC. VX^ 

It is sometimes caused hv injuries to the frog of tiie foot, as bruising, 
snagging, and improper shoeing. 

It may arise also from a gross iialiil of hodv, jiioducing iullanmiation 
of tne sensitive frog, wiien a sjjongv suhstanee is deposited instead of 
sound horn ; and this breaks awa}' and leaves the frog i-agged and tender 

Again, it may come from too frequently stopping soft frogs with cow 
dung, as is the practice of some grooms, thus encouraging rather than 
curing decomposition. 

Lastlv, it mav be secondarw having I'esulted fi'om other diseases, 
superintluccd b\- want of clc^inlincss and care. 

How to Know It. — In some cases, Ihc only means of detecting the 
existence of tiniisliisa ])eculiar smell, or b\- ver}' cart'ful examination, 
as the hoof ni:i\' shf)w no change, and the frog may not be tender. In 
this case tin; cleft of th(^ frog will generally be found lengthened and 
deepened, the (>i)ening extending to tin; sensitive horn within, and this, 
when thus closely observed, shows discharge of matter. 

The ])rogress of the disease is often slow , though showing meanwhile 
no disi)osition to heal ; till after awhile the frog begins to contract, 
becomes tender, grows rough and brittle, and emits a more offensive 
discharge. The horny part disappears, and a hardened substance takes 
its place ; this easily scales oi¥ and leaves the sensitive frog uncovered. 

In its advanced state, it is very easily detected, as it is characterized 
by a eontiimous discharge of offensive matter from the cleft of the frog. 
If not reasonably attended to, i)roud flesh sprouts up ; and as this s])reads 
the whole foot becomes involved in canker. 

What to do. — In tiie first place, if the causes wiiicli lia\c jn'oduced the 
disease arc still in ojieration, renio\c these. In any case, when the horse 
is to be stabled, use dry litter, and see that the stall is kept clear of 
moist e.vcrement, and that it is well ventilated. 

If the disease is secondai-y, the treatnient must of course be directed 
to removing the aifection from which it has spi-ung. 

In its simjile stages, it may be easily cured in tiie following niannei-; 

Clean well with soa[) suds, and allow to dry. Then, wet a piece; of 
cloth or string of tow with the liniment No. 2, and press it into the cleft 
of the frog and the corresponding ])art of the heel. Remove the tow- 
next morning. Continue this treatment, (jtutting in the saturated tow at 
evening), for four days ; then omit a day ; and so on until a cure is 
effected. 

Or, sprinkle a small cpiantity of lilue \iti-iol in the cleft of the frog, 
and then till up the cavities with e()tt<in, wiiieh so press in as to keep out 
all dirt. Repeat until the foot is eui-ed. 



194 IM-USTHATKI) STOCK DOCTOK. 

When i) li.'is Mi'iscii Irniii iirossiicss ;iii<l iiiti:iiiim;iti()ii, rallicr lliaii from 
lillli or otluT Idcnl ciiiisi', f^ivr a dof^r of lOpsoiii sails, from six to eight 
oiiiic<'s, a(cor< lillli- to degree "f inilainiiiation ; use, less stiiuulatiiig food, 
and give liiiii regular, )>iit not too scvci'c exercise every day. The local 
ai)|)li('ation must not lie of a stimulating eiiarneler. Put the foot in a 
bran pouUioo, and let it remain for some days, till tiie intlaunnation is 
redueed. Ho careful, however, uol to use tiie pouitiee too much, as 
undue softening is injurious. Then dress the frog with tar ointuient, (a 
mixture of e(|ual parts of tar and grease). If the frog is found not to 
harden by the ap|)lication of the tar ointment, moisten it occasionally 
with a solution of 10 grs. of l)lue-st(uie to 1 oz. of water; or, (which is 
a somewhat moi-e powerful medieint^), /> grs. of chloride of zinc to 1 oz. 
of water. 

W'iien the disease has l)ee<pme chronic, it is hard to effect a cure, and 
the following course ougiit to lie adopted: ("lean away all t he ragged 
portions of horn, so as to reach the scnsitixi' parts. 'I'hen smear some 
low with this ointment. 

No. r>. 1 Dnicliin oiiitmnit <if iiilrutc of mercury, 

I ( )■/.. zinc ointnieiit, 
i Drops creo.sote. 

Mix well ; and having smeared the tow with the pi'cparat ion, as directed, 
press it into the cleft of th<' foot and retain it there hy a bar shoe, slightly 
tacked on. Apply this excry day, observing its effects. If found not 
to do well, tr\' a wash made of six grains of sulphate of zinc, dissolved 
in one ounce of water. As the frog grows, it should be kept supple 
with (ar ointment. The bar shoe should be kept on until the frog is 
fully <levelopcd. Senile degree of pressure nmst be em])loycd by means 
of tow, and this pressure should be increased as the horn increases in 
sul)stanee. ^^'hen jiroutl flesh is obstinate it may be burnt away at once 
l)y forcing a stick of nitrate of silver (lunar caustic,) into it. 

In chronic cases, the horse should ha\'c, once a day, in his food, an 
alterative <lose, (a mild improver of health), say a table-s])oonful of 
sulphui' and powdci'ed sassafras, of each an eipial (|uantity. 

Till' following mixture is sometimes found vabiable when there is a 
tendenev to proud llcsh. The ingriHlients are to be well stirred together 
and sprinkled into the cleft of tiie frog, where it must be contined in the 
same manner as tlirei'ted for powdered blue vitriol alone: 

No. 0. I (I/, powilcrctl blue vitriol, 

1 Oz. ciippenis, 

2 Oz. l)uriit ilium. 
I--.; Oz. wliile vitriol. 



TllK IIOKSK, SKIN DISEASKS, ETC. 195 

IV. Swelled Ankles. 

Causes. — This affection invariaMy arises from a diseased condition of 
the feet. Its origin may somctinu's l)c traced lo diseases of the navicular 
and lower pastern joints ; l)ut it is known to proceed for tiic most jiart 
from hoof rot. It s(H'nis occasionally, however, to result from a 
plethoric condition of tlie general system, a superabundance of blood, 
hard woik, severe strains, etc., etc. 

How to Know It. — Contined almost wlioll_\' to the ankle joints, it is not 
diHieult of detection — the only point of importance being to detei'mine 
whether the swelling is mcreh- spasmodic and temporary, or whether it 
is the result of a primary disorder « liich recjuires attention. It is 
generally perceptible of a nu)rning, and disappears during the day, 
because exercise restores healthful ad ion ; but when llieic is really a 
diseased condition of the liottom of the foot, tiie fe\er caused thereby- 
infhimes the nu-nibrane of the joint, under llie skin, while the horse is 
inactive, and the swelling again takes place. If tiie aidvles pi-esent a 
swollen appearance from morning to morning, attention shouhl be 
directed to discover the real condhion of the foot ; and appropriate 
treatment must be resorted to before the disease takes the chronic and 
nn)n^ advanced form of swelled legs, ('racked 1 is, or serai elies. 

What to do. — If the swelling proceeds from plethoia, or too great 
fulness of the general system, give an occasional dose of I'.psoin sails, to 
I'cduce the tendency to intlannnation ; and feed upon gi-eeii and su<'i ii- 
lent food. 

If it i)roc(H'ds from soreness of the t)ottom of the foot, apply No. 2 
freely every day for four days ; then omit for two days, and ajjplv again. 
If there is any ai)])earance of thrush or cracked heels, treat as directed 
for the removal of thesi'. 

V. Swelled Legs. 

Causes. — Swelled legs may l)e the result either of an undue deposit of 
serum or watery particles of the blood, or of inllanmiation of the cellular 
tissu(> lying between the skin and bones in those parts of the Ic"- most 
destitute of muscles. 

A poor condition of the blood, or feel)leness from gi*eat loss of it, may 
cause the legs to swell, since the fluids conveyed to the extremities l)y 
the capillaries accumulate there, l)ecause, in the absence of muscular 
activity, the veins have no power to return tiiem. Diseased kidneys 
have a tendency to produce this disorder of the legs. 

The inflammatory type may result from blows upon the lower leg ; 
from concussion; or, in general, from anything that may arrest the 



196 ILLIIHTHAIKI) STOl K IXXri'Olt. 

iKtioii (if (lie (■('lliilar lissuo rcfciTod to, fiiusiiig il to hccoino dry and at 
li'ii^tli iicwlcly iiillaiiicd. It iiiiiy also arise from tlio shifting of intlaiii- 
matioii from oilier parts, as from the liin.ns, kidneys, cte. 

Morses of eoarse liher and full habit, ueeustonied to exercise, if allowed 
to stand idle several days, will hav(! swelled legs from the aeeuniulation 
of watery fluid ; and, if unattended to, the parts may soon hv. attiutked 
hy inllannnation, when the tissues become involved, and the disease 
assumes its more sc^rious typ(^ 

It is occasionally a mere (^\tension of (he effects of cracked hec^ls, with 
its j)rimary caus<( resting in whatever may haye produced the primary 
disorder. 

How to know it. — I'lic leg becomes greatly swollen, and looks as 
though it was stretched to its utmost tension. Occ.asionall)', the swell- 
ing appears almost suddenly, and llicii as suddenly subsides, in which 
case the cause may be considered as having but just begun to operate ; 
and if now treated, it is easily managed. Again, it is sometimes sudden 
in its attack, and vioh^it ; the skin is hot, dry, and extremely tender, 
and the pulse is (juick and hard, whih^ a peculiar lameness speedily sets 
111 The swelling niay extend to the slu-ath and along the belly, as far as 
the muscles of tlu^ bn^ast. 

In the more advanccid stage of tlu^ disease small (^-ac^ks appear in the 
skni , and from tlies(^ exudes a. wati^ry matter, of Avhitish-y(>llow color, 
similar to that which is seen in cracked heels. In this case it must be 
taken for granti'd that no tri-atmciil, liowe\'er skilfull, can s|>(>e(lily 
remo\(' il ; that llie improvement nnisl be slow, ami coiise(|uenlly inuch 
time re<|uired. 

What to do. — II" tlie disease seems to be merely undue (le|)osit of 
serum, owing to continement, nothing mori' may be necessary than (o 
give the aninnd a dose or two of niter, daily, to act u|)oii the kidneys ; 
and to exercise him regularlw In induce absorption. In the adminis- 
tering of a diuretic, howi'ver, e\cn so simple as niter, care should bo 
taken that it is not left to ignorant and irresponsible grooms, since it 
may be givi'ii in excess, and result in disordering the kidneys, and thus 
ultimately inducing the xcry disease which il is intended to icmedy. 

When theri' is a tendency to s\\'elle<l legs which manifests itself in the 
morning, but disap])ears during the exercise of the day, an excellent pre- 
ventive IS to stand the horse in cold water to his knees, half an hour, 
jiisl before night , and then rub dry before stabling; but care must be 
lakeii to dry the legs thoroughly, or the ])lan is ])lainlv objectionable. If 
it should be found not to ^ield to this, administer the niter in niodera- 
tiiin, as pre\ioiisl\ directed, and exercise the horse rciiularlv, eausintr him 



THE HOKKK, HKIN IHWEAKKS, ETC;. 197 

to sweat, ))()th of wliicli liavc a tcndciK y to (Jiinijiisli flic acfUiiiulatcd fluid, 
and to assist the veins and ahsorhcnts in their fuiicfions. 

In case the horse is in a di'hiiitattd condition, and the swelling is mani- 
festly owing to the sluggishness of the circulation, he should he well fed, 
on nutritious diet, and the h^g or legs should he firmly, hut not tightly, 
bandaged. 'J'hen prejiare the follow]. ig — a tonic and somewhat stinmlat- 
ing medicine : 

No. 7. )« Oz. pulverized assafoetida, 

1 Oz. ereain of tartar, 

2 Oz. powdered gentian, 
2 Oz. Afriean ginger, 

4 Oz. finely pulverized poplar bark. 

Rub these ingredients togcither in a nioilar until thoroughly mixed. 
Divide this into six doses, and give one, in the food, (!very night till 
exhau.sted. The bandagt; should be removed from time to time, and the 
limb subjected to a brisk hai)d-i'ubl)ing, or rubbing with a medium 
coarse cloth. 

If the disease has become rhi-onic, and the animal is nmch debilitated, 
th(! following moi'c stimulating medicine should be used. 

No. 8. 1 Oz. powdered golden seal, 

1 Oz. gentian, 

1 Oz. balmony, (or snakehead), 
>i Lb. flax Heeil. 

Mix well ; and divide into six doses, of which give one night and 

morning in the food. Bandage and rub alternately, as previously 

directed. If the disease does not s])eedily show signs r)f yielding to this 

treatment, a[)])ly, every night, omitting the bandage, the following 

liniment : 

No. 9. 2 Oz. CBHenee of eedar, 

1 Oz. tincture of eapsicum, 
1 pint flew rum. 

Wlien cracking of the skin has taken place, so that matter exudes, and 
there is much fev<!r, the following course has been found eminently suc- 
c(!ssful, and must be at once ado[)ted : First, take from the neck vein 
three quarts of blood. Mix finely pulverized sulphur and rosin, in the 
jjroportion of two parts of the former to oiu^ of the latter ; and give 
daily, for three or four days, six ounces of this mixture. It should be 
put into meal or l)ran, and the horse should be allowed no other food 
unlil he readily takes this. Meanwhile, apply No. 2 every morning to 
the parts most evidently affected, until the swelling has entirely subsided. 

In these chronic cases, it is best not to feed on very nutritious, or at 



198 II.LI^TKATEU .STOCK DOCTOR. 

loiist, stiimilatiiiu: food, unless tiic horse is in low jreiieral eondition. 
Ordinarily, i)asturiii<i- will he host, when the season admits of it. If it 
docs not, he siiould have light, moist diet; and his stal)le should be 
clean, dry, roomy, and so supplied \\ith litter as to induee hun to lie 
down as much as possible. 

VI. Surfeit. 

Causes. — 'I'his disease, sometimes known as prurigo, has for its prc- 
ilisposing cause a thick and impure state of the blood, with deranged 
eondition of the digestive organs. When the animal is in such case, any 
sudden exposure to chill, especially when he has been heated, will pro- 
duce surfeit-pim|)les ; :ind unless the general condition be attended to, 
a contirmed case of skin disease may be the result. 

It generally appears in the Sjiring, at the time of shedding, when the 
skin is more exposed than at any other time of year, and the horse is 
still exposed to sudden si)ells of cold and wet weather. The skin, thus 
bare, is easily affected ; and if the chill is severe or too frequently 
repeated, inflammation sets in, and the cuticle or outer skin becomes 
hard and dry because the pores are so closed as to retain the oily secre- 
tions necessary to moist(ui the surface. 

Some poisonous herbs produce this, or a similar, eruption of the skin, 
and musty hay has been knoAvn to have a like effect. 

Quick surfeit, or that which arises suddenly, even in animals in good 
general condition, upon being overheated and suddenly cooled l)y chill 
air or an over-draught of water, may disappear ujjon his being brought 
to a sweat by exeirise ; but that which is t'ontracted while the horse is in 
general ill condition is apt to become contirmed, and, unless timely atten- 
tion is l)estowed, may .•-ettie on the lungs and cause serious trouble. 

How to know it. — No symi)toms precede an attack of surfeit by which 
its approach may l)e known. The pimi)les or lumps, in (juick surfeit, 
suddenly aj)pear, and almost as (juickly subside. When a case of con- 
firmed surfeit has set in, the skin is hard, dry, and feverish ; and pimples 
appear, sometimes confined to the neck, but more frequently spread over 
the sides, back, loins, and quarters. Occasionally, these are attended 
with great itching, while again the}' seem to cause no annoyance. When 
they have remained a few days, they discharge, in small quautities, athin, 
whitish, oily matter. Small, scabby excrescences, formed by the dis- 
charging sores, cover the parts. These come off, taking the hair with 
them, and leaving a small scaly spot — sometimes, though rarely, a sore. 

Surfeit is sometimes mistaken for button-farcy : but it may be distin- 
guished from this by the shape of the pinqjles : in surfeit these are 



THE IKJUSK, SKIN DISEASES, ETC. 



199 



elevated in the center; whorcas, in farcy t lie iuinps are rather flat on 
top and have thick edj:<'s, iii<e a Ixitton in the skin. Farcy buds generally 




KECTED WITH SURFEIT. 



apperar on tlie inside of the thighs and fore legs, wiiile surfeit pimples 
are seldom found in these places. 

If not pronii)tly and properly attended to, surfeit is likely to dcg(Mi- 
erate into mange, wliic-h it is sonietiines taken to he, even in its early 
stages; but it may he known from mange by trying the short hairs at 
the roots of the mane: if it is mange, they will be loose and come out; 
but if surfeit, tiiev will show their natural condition. 

What to do. — If the general condition of the horse is good, and the 
affection has evidently arisen from sudden exposure or some other 
imprudence on the part of the person having him in charge, little 
treatment will be necessary. Prevent eostiveness and keep down fever 
by cooling food, such as bran mashes, roots, and other moist provender. 
Give arsenical drink ()nc(> a day, a pint at a time, to act on the skin, until 
cure is effected, being careful, meanwiiile, if the weather is cool, to keep 
the horse comfortably Avarm — blanketing him if necessary; and a half 
hour's M'alking exercise should be gi\en him daily. The arsenical drink 
consists of these ingredients in the propoi-tions named : 

No. 10. 1 Fluid oz. arsenicalis, or Fowler's solution, 

1 ,'i Fluid oz. tincture of muriate of iron, 
1 Quart water. 

If the disease has sprung from a thick and impure state of the blood, 
disordered digestive organs, and general ill condition, take fi"om the 



200 iM,i!sruA'rKi) stock ixk rou. 

iici'k \('iii from tlirt'c In live <|ii;ii-ts of Mood, accordiufj: to strength, 
cxtciil of cniplioii and dogrec of fever. Keep liiin from bccomiug 
(■osti\(' 1)\' cooliiij;- and laxative food, as previously dirin'ted ; see that he 
is eomfortahly staltled, if the weather is at all inelemeiit, and yive, on 
several sucu'ossivo nights, the following alterative : 

No. 11. 2 Drucbins Uivi^iiled (linely ground) untimony, 

3 DrauhmH iiitur, 

4 UraclimH sulphur. 

The food should he good — if possible, green and sueeulent ; and it 
will lie found advantageous to take the ehill from water given him, if the 
wcatiier is at all cold. If the ai)petite is bad, plaee gruel in the manger, 
so thai he may use it instead of water till stronger food is relished. 

If il is Summer, or Spring is suttieiently aiUanccd lo be mild, he may 
be turned to pasture; but in any event, hi' should be allowed to rest 
during treat nienl . 

In tin- more eonlirmed cases a speedy eure is not to be expected ; but 
good food, not of a iialure to induce costi\'eness and inllammat ion, and 
proper care as to warmth and cleanliness, together with a proper use of 
No. 1 1, will bring the patient round in time. 

In verv obstinate ceases, oeeasionally anoint those parts where the 
lumps appear with a mixture of .sulphur and ianl, in eijual proportions. 

VII. Mange. 

Causes. — This is sometimes brought .about by the same causes as 
surfeit ; or rather, it is indeed but an ad\ancc(l or chronic stage of that 
disease ; though in some cases of the same kind, it is of a much more 
serious chai'acter in itself, and highly contagious. 

When not a mere secondary stage of neglected surfeit, its immediate 
cause is a pai'asite — the acarus — bred in the skin of the animal when 
subjected to ilirt and tilth, and ilebilitated by hartl living and ill usage, 
or i)y total neglect and lack of food. The acarus i)roduees numge in the 
horse in the same m;inner as the human ])arasite pi'oduces itch in man ; 
but it is of a diffei-cnt species, and frc<|iiently so large as to be \isible 
to tile n.akcd c\'e. 

Neglect, starvation, and accumulated tilth having induced a di'praved 
state of the digesti\e apparatus, with which the skin sympathises, and 
the insect once having obtained a lodgment, the horse, unless promptly 
taken in hand, soon becomes a loathsome object, and dies. 

Tiie diNcasc once contract<'(l in this way, m;iy be counnunicated to eviMi 
sound aiiinuds, in good condition: in fact, the great majority of eases 
are thus contracted, as comparatively few animals are so utterly neglected 



TlIK IIOK.SK, SKIN DISKASKS, KTC. 201 

or exposed to filthy iiidiniiccs as to Ixcomc in tiiciiisclvfs tlic <i:oiu'rat()rs 
of tlK'.sc iiiaii<rc-l)i-eeciiiifr insects. It is rcfiiirdcd as one of tiic most 
contagious diseases to wiiicli tin; liorst! is sul)ject, and may l)c inijiarted 
not only to other horsi-s, but to cattle, hogs, and dogs, though it is 
asserted by good authority that none of these can in turn communicate it 
to the horse. 

The curry-comb, brush, <ollar, or blanket which has been used on a 
mangy horse will produce the infection in another; and to lie in the same 
stall or to rub where a mangy horse has itil)be(l himself i.s almost certain 
to eomniunicatc it unless the animal so exposed is exceedingly healt liful 
and in acti\c condition of body. 

How to Know It. — 'I'lic skin is at first scabby, the hair comes off, .and 
the outer skin becomes bi-oken into little scale-like ))ieces. These fall 
off, or are rubbed ol^', and lea\c the |)arts i-aw and now. The genitral 
appearance of the skin where the raw spots arc not too numerous is a 
dirty brown, and it is loose, flabln' and puckered. The horse is iin])ell(>d 
by itching to rub himself frequently and violently, and he thus ieav<'s his 
scurf, dandruff, and in the more advanced stage, his parasites, at evcrv 
place. 

Usually, where the disease is engendered in the animal itself, it appears 
first on the sid<^ of the neck, just at th(! edges of the mane, and on iIk 
inside of the cpiarters near the root of tlu^ tail. From these parts the 
eruption extends along the back and down the sides, seldom involving the 
e.xtremitit's, except in tiie very worst cases. Sometimes, though rarch'. 
the ears and eve-brows aie attacked and left bare. 

^^'llen it is tiie result of contagion, t\ii- horse may .at first be in iiealth ; 
but the constant ii'rilation makes jiini fe\crisli, tiie iiair falls off as in tiie 
first ease described, leaving tin' skin in those places almost bare; and 
little red pim]iles ap])ear here and there. Ka<'h of these contains a 
l).arasite, and the pimples are connected by furrows .along which the 
parasites have woi'ked their way. In time thcA' inci'case in nnnilier and 
size, and from them exudes a m.atter which hardens into a seal). I'nder 
these scabs the parasites may be found, upon I'cmoving them .and care- 
fully <'xaniiiiing in the sunlight. 

In the early stage of the disease, where it nuiy be sus])ected, but is not 
yet fully manifest, it may be detected by placing the fingers among the 
roots of the mane and tickling the skin with the nails. The horse is so 
sensitive to titillation when in this condition that he will thereupon sfri'tch 
out his neck and evince the most unmistakable pleasure as long as the 
ti<'kling continues. 

What to do. — The most effectual preventive, it will be readily inferred 



l'()2 ILM.STUATKI) STOCK DOCTOR. 

fi'oin tlic pi'cccding' statt'iiR'ut of causes, is clciuiliiiess. In no case 
slioulil ii licaltlij animal he allowed to occ^upy a stable where a mangy 
one has l)eeii kept until it shall hav(^ i)reviously hecu washed with water 
sti'onfily impregnat(!d with sulphur and chloride of lime — say half a 
pound of powdered suljjhur and one i)int of chloride of lime to each 
gallon of water. If the stable is thoroughly cleansed of loosi^ litter and 
dirt, anil all parts that may have been rubbed against by a mangy horse 
l)erfectly saturated with this solution two or three times, on as many 
consecutive days, there can be no danger in using it. Clothing, curry- 
comb, brush, etc., that may have conu' in contact with suc'h aninud, 
should be i)urnc(l up. 

If starvation, weakness, and general ill condition Iia\'e caused the 
mange, a patent means for its rcniovid will be fouiitl in gi\ing him clean 
cjuarters and good nourishing food ; which, however, should not be at 
lirsf of a heating nature. (Jenerous pasturage, unless the weather is 
damp, will ln' sutlic-ient ; otherwise, a full supply of oats and chop food 
should be given. It cannot be too much insisted upon that especially 
while tr(>ating a horse for disease his stable should be dry, well ventilated 
and properly supi)lied with litter. 

In cases of full habit of body, wiiere the disease is the i-csult of 
contact, and the presence of high fever is noted, bleed once, taking from 
I lie neck vein from thre(^ to five (piarts, according to the condition of the 
animal and tiic degree of fever; but if it is the result of poverty and 
debility, do not bleed at all. 

Ne.xt, hav<' him as thoroughly cleansed of seal) and dirt as |)ossil)le, with 
a wis]) of hay, aii<l by softly and lightly using a currv-ccmib. Then 
prepare a liniment of the following ingredients and in the proportions 
here given for grcntci' oi' less ((uantities: 

No. 12. 1 (^u:irt aniniul glycerine, 

1 (Jill creosote. 
'« Tint, turpentine, 
I (iill oil ol' juniper. 

Mix all together and shake well ; and with this saturate the wliole skin, 
as nearh' as possible, rubbing in wi>ll with a soft cloth. Care nmst be 
taken to rub it in thoroughly. A little well rubbed in is better than 
much merely smeared on. 

Leave him in this condition two days; then wash him well with warm 
water and soft .soap ; stand him in the sunshine if the weather admits, 
and rub with a wisp of hay or with suitable cloths until he is dry; after 
which, anoint him pretty well all over with the mixture described. No. 
12, and nil) if in. This course should be pursued imtil a cure is effected. 



IIIK IIOiiSK, SKIN DISEASKS, KTC. 20H 

Two to four applications will {ioiiorally l)c fouixl siifticiciil, even in 
obstinate cases, if care is taken as to food and drink. I'lic follo\vin<r 
alterative will be found beneficial : 

No. i;i. 1 <>z. t;irl;Mi/.cMl aniimony, 

2 Ur.s. nniiialu of quicksilver, 

3 Oz. powdered ginger. 

:! Oz. powdered anise seeds. 

Mix with nnicilaii^c so as to form a consistent mass; divide into six- 
balls, and <jive one every niornin'r till the eruption disappears. 

C'arc^ must be taken that the patient is not exposed to rain or lieavy 
dews wiiilc under this coui'sc of treatment. 

VIII Kingworm. 

Causes. — There are two kinds of ringworm ; one simple, of sponta- 
neous origin, and non-contagious. Th(^ other contagious. The first 
is usually the result of indigestion or confinement in clo.se and foul 
apartments, as in filthy and ill-aired stables, railroad cars or ship holds. 
The latter, or eontagous kind, is found on horses of good condition, as 
well ^as on diseased and neglected ones, and is produced b}' vegetable 
]iarasites in tlie liairs and hair-glands. 

How to know it — It is especially common in Winter and Spring, and 
appears on tlie face, neck, shoulders, sides, and sometimes elsewhere. 

^^'hen non-contagious, it may usually be known l)y its ajjjjearing as an 
<'rui)tion of .small bli.sters, about tlu- size of a wheat grain, on inflamed 
|)atclies of skin. These assume a circular form ; and if not seasonahh' 
attended to, tlu^ ein^lc enlarges and covers fresh jjortions of skin. 

The (lontagious t>pe ajjpears in round, bald sjjots, covered with white 
.scales, and surrounded by a ring of bristly, l)roken, or sjjlit hairs, with 
scabs around the roots, and scmie eruption on the skin. These broken 
hairs soon drop out, and a wider ring is formed. The most marked 
characteristic of the contagious r)r parasitical ringworm is the splitting of 
the hairs in the ring, and the perfect baldness of the central part. 

Occa.sionally the patches, in <'itiier form of the disease, assume an 
irregular rather than a really circular form. 

Any attack of this sort is usually marked also by the horse's rubbing 
and scratching himself again.st the sides of his .stable, or convenient 
objects outside ; but this is not to be depended upon as a marked symp- 
tom, since it likewise indicates surfeit and mange. 

What to do — If a simjjle, non-contagious case, shave the hairs as 
closely as possiiilc from the affected part, and paint with tincture of 
iodine ; or, if scratches or little ulcers have appeared on the patch, rub it 
with the following stimulating and healing ointment: 
14 



204 ILLUSTUATEU STOCK DOCTOR. 

No. 14. 10 Grains nitrate of silver, 

1 Oz. lard. 

If it is a case of the eontagious or sealy variety, wash the patches 
thoroughly with soft water and soft soaji, and then rub every day with 
the following ointment : 

No. 15. hi Drachm iodine, 

1 Draclim ioditle ol potash, 
1 Oz. eosmoline. 

If through negleet and long standing it has ulcerated, use this ointment 
twice daily : 

No. Hi. 6 Oz. pyroligneous acid, 

5 Oz. linseed oil, 
■2 Oz. spirits of camphor. 

If it has become obstinate — uot yielding to the foregoing treatment — 
apply a blister directly over the patch, and then treat as for a common 
sore, using some simple ointment. 

If there are signs of constipation and fever, care must be taken to keep 
the bowels open and regular, and to avoid stimulating grain food. A 
seasonable supply of cut grass and sliced potatoes, or of carrots, if they 
can be obtained, should be allowed. If in Spring and Summer, and the 
horse is not in active use, put him to pasture for a few days. 

When the horse shows a tendency to weakness, as is sometimes the 
case with young animals, and with those suffering from neglect, give 
good nutritious food, and tonic medicine in moderation. 

To prevent spreading the fcontagious form, clean the stable where a 
horse So afflicted has stood, and white-wash its interior thoroughly. 
Wash the harness, collars, and whatever else may have covered the ring- 
worm, with strong soap and water, and rub them over with a solution of 
corrosive sublimate, (one drachm to a pint of water.) If the horse has 
been blanketed while suffering with the disease, the blanket should be 
well boiled. 

IX. Hide-bound. 

Causes — Strictly speaking, this is not of itself a disease, though the 
skin is in a peculiarly abnormal condition, but the result of a diseased 
condition of the general system or of derangement of some specific vital 
function. With respect to the causes from which it arises, it is some- 
what similar to mange ; but, milike mange, it is neither eruptive nor 
contagious. 

Poverly and cruel usage — the food being deficient in quantity or 



TflK HOKSK, SKIN DISEASES, ETC. 



205 



^^4^*;7a 



^\.^X\lf 




One of the Cxu-iKs < f Hide-bound in Hor'^es. 

quality, and tlit- labor onerous — bring on impaired digestion ; the blood 
becomes thick, dark, and feverish, because the secretive processes are 
sluggishlj' performed ; the skin sympathizes mth these internal disorders, 
and ihe lubricating fluid through the pores is suspended ; and then, 
instead of remaining soft and pliant, it becomes dry and adheres to the 
body. A disordei-cd state of the stomach, bo\vels, and urinary and 
respiratory organs may be considered as having produced it when no 
si)ccific form of disease can be discovered as existing ; but it is an almost 
invariable accompaniment, in a greater or less degree of intensity, of big 
head, glanders, grease, farcy, founder, distemper, bad cases of swinney, 
big shoulder, lock-jaw, consumption, and chronic dysentery. The fever 
in these dries up the watery secretions and shrinks the hide. 

Formiu'ly it was supposed to be caused by worms in the stomacii and 
alimentar}' canal ; but this is erroneous. Worms may of course exist 
while the horse is in this state, but tliey are rather a consequence than a 
cause — the result tif iinpei-fcct digestion and excretion. The skin, as 
has been elsewhere stated, sympathizes readily with the vital internal 
organs, and in all obscure; cases hide-bound should be considered a 
sym])tom of disorder in these, and treated accordingly. 

How to know it — The skin is dry and hard, and the hair is rougli and 
rusty. Both are evidently destitute of th.'it oil by M'hich in health they 
are kept in soft, pliant, and glossy condition. Adhering almost immov- 
ably to the ribs, legs, neck — almo.st every jjart of the body — the skin 
cannot be caught up in folds with the hand. At times it ajipears scurfy, 
and the exhalants, (having the ((uaiity of giving out or evaporating), pour 



L'Oli ll.l.l STUAI'lOU STOCK DOCTOK. 

foi'lli imiisu.il (|ii;nititics of iinittci', llic more solid poi'tions of \\lii(!h 
form .sciili's :iinl give tlio horse ii filthy iijjpoarimcc. 
Tlic cxcrcinciit or (luii<i is drv, hai'd, iiml Mack. 

What to do — Ksi)i"cial pains iiiiisl he taken to discover, if possible, 
what specilic disease has i;iven rise to this state of the skin. If the 
cause is ohscure, direct the treatment to restoring a healthy condition of 
the digestive organs. Begin hy helteiing liis treatment in every way. 
Instead of hanl lahor, he should ha\(' only gentle exercise, and instead of 
being left exposed to the lain, snow, and merciless winds, in barren j)as- 
ture land or Hlthy barnyard, he should be well sheltered, and, in AVinter, 
blanketed — nsinir for this purpose two blaid<ets joined along his back by 
tapes so that a spsiee of an inch or two may be left for the <'scai)e of 
insensible persjiii-ation. Instead of allowing the skin to grow clogged, 
torpid, and dead for want of eleaidiness antl friction, ho should liave 
regular daily currying and brisk rubbing with good brush or ('oarse cloth, 
which will imderially aitl in restoring healthy action of the skin. 

If it is pasture season, give him a run at good grass during the day ; 
but stable at night in a clean stable, furnished with dry litter, and give 
him a generous feed of lu-an and oats, or moistened bran and chopped 
hay. Mix with the food nighl and moi-ning, the following altei-atiye : 

No. 17 :> <)/.. ptiwiliTcd siisafnis bark, 

:i (>/.. siilphur, 

;i oz. wilt, 
i Oz. blooilroot, 
2 Oz. balmony, 
1 Lb. oatmcul. 

Mix, and divide into twelve doses. 

If he appears in tlie beginning of the treatment to be filthy, fcveri.sh, 
and stii¥, bleed him — taking from the neck vein three (juarts. If the 
stiffness continues, bleed again after seven days, taking a like (|uantity. 

If the appetite is l)ad, mix with Is'o. 17, (the alterative above described), 
a spoonful of ground ginger ; but in general you should avoid cordials, 
tonics, and aromatics, (that is, warm and pungent mi'dicines). They 
nia\- arouse fe\er that would otherwise fail to develop itself, and thus 
defeat tlu' ol)jeet for which the mild laxatives and temperate alteratives 
prescribed liave bei'ii gi\'en. Cordials may indeed arouse the vital 
functions to sudden action ; but even if no lasting f(>ver is created, the 
action soon subsides, rendering it necessary to continue the cordial or 
forego whatever seeming advantage may have been tierived from it. If 
excitmeiit is continued by this means, the powers of nature are impaired 
and lasting injury done. 

A good and sutfieient tonic may be furni.shed, of whidi the horse will 



IIIK lloitsi;, SKIN DISKASICS, KTC. 207 

partake as imidi as tlic system rc(Hiii-cs, hy plMiini;- a poplai- pole in ihc 
stiihlo, U])()n wliifli \w. can coiivcniciitly g'liaw. 

If tlui time is W'iiitci-, it will i^-ciicrally he ("(iiind iicccssarv to i)('ji;iii tlic 
course of treatment l>y <iiviii<r a purjiative, say two ounces of Epsom salts, 
whicli may l)e repealed within se\('ii liours if it fails to produce the 
desired action; and to feed liini lui laxative food until constipation is 
overcome and a healthful action of liie howels restored. 

Reiuemher tiiat one of tiie very tirstohjects is to estalilish rei;nlar 
action of the liowcis-; mid t lien licnenius <liet, (let it lie iii'iM'ii and succu- 
lent if piis>ilil<', lint at am I'ale nutritions withmit Kein;:' intlannnatorv), 
with cleanliness and rcirnlar ri-i<iii)n i'( the hide, will do more than 
medicine. Do not ex|)ect to elTcct a speedy cure ; in any <'vent, the very 
existence of hide-hound indicates chronic disoi-(ler, and all chronic dis- 
eases re(iuire time. 

If it is known to be tlie result of a well-defined disease, as l)iji;-head, 
fare}', etc., the treatment nuist of course he directed to the removal of 
that, according to directions elscnvhere given in this worU ; and the hide- 
bound will disajjpear as its immediate cause is removed. 

X. Saddle Galls, or Sit-fasts. 

Causes These are swellings, sores, and tumors, caused hv ill-litting 

saddle or harness. niffei-ent names are applied to them according to 
their ap[)earance and character. A\'hcu a mere heati'il swelling on the 
horse's back or shoulders is unattended to, while he is kept in constant 
use, it sometimes assumes the appearance of a dead ])atch of skin, and 
is then calleil n wafblc ; when these ulcerate ami discharge pus, and a 
leatlu-r-Iike piece of skin is lirnily fixed upon the top of if, the nann^ 
sil-f<i.<t is applie(l ; and when, hy the use of saddh^ or haiMiess befon^ a 
warble or sitfast is thoi'oughly healed, a hard, callous lump is fornu-d, it 
is called a iidvel yall — said to be so called because it is generally on that 
part of fill' back ojipositc; the navel. 

How to know it — These; swellings, sores, and tumors rei|uii-e no 
further description than has already b(!en given. 

What to do — The first and most essential thing is, that the animal 
shall be allowetl to rest ; or at any rate be sid)jccted to such labor onl\- 
as will not rcipiii't' the saTue chafing, abrading saddle or harness which 
has pi()ducc<l the trouble. 

'I'hen, if it is merely a gall or scald — a heated, tender swelling, without 
either suppuration or hardness — bathe with cold salt and water two or 
three times daih'. AA'hcn the heat and tenderness are sensibly rcducecl, 
anoint oi'casionally, until the lump has entirely disappeared, with a ndxture 
of tar and olive oil, c<(ual ))ai'ts. 



:i()8 ILMSTUATKl) STOC^K l)()(n'()K. 

If it lias assumed the cliaractcr of a sitfast, do not use llic knife, nor 
dy to tear llu' drv sivin away, hut hutiio with warm soft water, and tlieu 
a|)|ily a poultice. 'I'iiis must be repeated, if necessary, until the callous 
skill is easily removed, and then anoint frecjuontly, until the sore is healed, 
with the following : 

No. 18. 1 Dr. iodide of potash, 

(i Di'M. siinplo ointment, 
'i l)i"s. glycerine. 

When it has rcHiciied the stage of navel gall — hard, grisly, almost 
horny — iipp'.V (hiilv the camphorated, corrosive suhliniate, No. 2. Shake 
the liotllc well Ix'fore pouring it out ; use a moj) with which to put it on ; 
thin, when it is thoroughly saturated with this liniment, use a hot iron 
\\ itli w liicli to dry it in. 

\\'lieii (iiic (lads his horse suffering in this way under saddle or harness, 
his own interests, as well as the promptings of humanity, demand that 
he shall at once reinove the cause, if possible; liut it is sometimes the 
case thai this cannot he done — aliseiicc on a journey, military necessity, 
})n'ss of f.iriii or ro.id work, re(|uiriiig regular service. Undca* these 
circumstances the saddle or harness should rcH'cive immediate iittention 
and sul)se(|ucnt watchfulness on the part of the rider or driver. The 
jiaddiiig must lie taken out of the saddle or collar so as to obviate 
pressure on the part affected ; or, as for the saddle, the blanket may be 
so arranged as to lift it froiii the spot. The sore place must be bathed 
well with salt and water as soon as possible after it is discovered; 
and then co\'crcd with a piece of adhesive plaster, heated, of course, 
until it sticks readily. if matter has formed, a hole should be cut in 
the middle of the jilastcr to allow it to escape. 

'Prcatcd in this way, the lioi'se may be ricklcn from day to day, and 
reco\cr while in use. 

(ireasing collars and other parts of harness will frci|iicntly previMit 
tli.it cliating which I'csults in sores and callous tumors. 

II' the horse, through constitutional ttMiderness, is subject to these 
swellings and sores, it is well to put the satldle on half an hour before 
using him ; and leave it on, having slightly loosened the girths, for a half 
hour or an hour afterward, thus pi-e\-enting sudden change in the temper- 
ature of the skin. 

XI. Fungous Collar Tumor. 

Causes This ill its nature is essentially the same as that described in 

the ju-eeeding .section as saddle gall, or sitfast — differing, however, in 
location and specific cause. It is an inflammation and swelling beneath 



THE IIOKSE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC. 209 

the large flat muscle thai covers the front of the shoulder, and is caused 
by tlie chatini;: of tlie collar. 

How to know it — it is scarcely necessary to undertake farther deserip- 
tiou of a wcli-Iniown, visible affection. It is usually found near tlie 
point of the shoulder; and the character of the tumor as to siniplicit v 
or severity can l)e readily deteriniiied hy examinalion. If of considerahle 
standing, it will be found so hard as to render it almost impossil)]!' to 
detect any fluc^tuation that would indicate the presence of matter. 
Where there is much swelling, however, there is almost invariably matter, 
and no cure can be effected until this is removed. In cases less marked 
there will be a small, hai-d or indurated lump without matter. 

Under similar (conditions as those mentioned in the jji-eceding section, 
it may form a leathery patch in the center and become a real sitfast. 

What to do — Tlie tumor iiiiist, if possible, be so treated as to leave no 
sear or liiiiip, as this would Ix; easily irritated by the cdllar upon subse- 
quent usi>, and prove a source of constant trouble. The liist thing in 
order will be to take the horse from work, if al all practicable. If not. 
use a breast-strap, so as to prevent all further dialing. If the swelling 
is recent, apply cold water often, or cover the part with a wet rag hung 
over the shoulders in such a way as to remain in contact with the swelliiiif. 
This naist l)e kept constant 1>' wet. 

But if the tumor is hwge, and of long standing — alrcach- hartleiied 
and containing matter deeply hidden, open with a knife — making a 
smooth, vertical cut, and of sufficient dej)th to thoroughly evacuate 
the pus. Syringe the opening well e\-c]-y day M'ith the following solution : 

No. 19. 30 (iraiiis oliloridf of zinc, 

1 (iiiart water. 

If tlie wound seems iiieliiied to heal and leave a hard lump in doing so, 
discontinue tluc injection, and nib fre()uently with the following liniment 
to promote the absorption of- the callous or gristly formation : 

No. 20. 1 Oz. ioilinc, 

12 Oz. soap liniment. 

XII. Warts. 

Causes — II is ditli<'ult to point out anything that may l)e inii)lieitly 
received as the cause of these excrescences, (ienerally accompanying a 
plethoric condition, they may be considered as owing their origin i^riina- 
rilv to high feeding and insufficient exercise. This, however, must not 
be taken as conclusive, since they not unfrequently api)ear upon active 
animals, of meagre iiabit. 



210 ILLLSIUATKU STOCK DOCTOR. 

Tlu' nianiKM' of tlicir formation sceins to be tliis : Knots in the true skin 
aro gniduaily tlcvclopcd, being surrounded with a covering of the searf- 
skiu, something thielvened and matted together ; and tliis outer covering 
generally dries and splits into tibers towards the top, while blood, in 
greater quantities than usual, is sent to the inner or vascular parts ; and 
more nutriment is thus diverted to it than to the surrounding flesh, so 
that an upward or outward growth is promoted. 

8(!ed warts usually make their appearance on the eyelids, the nose, the 
sheath and adjoining parts of the bi;lly ; the encysted or sac warts, on 
the pasterns, iiock-joints, and knee-joints, and sometimes upon the sheath 
and neighboi-ing parts. 

Unless warts appear upon the penis they are not injurious to health, 
and at first occasion little inconvenience imless upon the shoulder or 
some part where harness or sadtlle touciies constantly ; but tiiey should 
be removed, nevertheless — particularly the sac wart and those seed warts 
which manifest a tendency to enlargement. If the encysted or blood 
wart is allowc^d to r(>niain it will almost invariahly enlarge and spread. 

How to know it — There are two kinds of these formations, one of 
which is Hl)rous, white, and gristly or cartilaginous, but somewhat 
si)ongy lump, contained in a sac or cell wliich has taken its rise from the 
outer or scarf-skin ; and the oilier is a somewhat cartilaginous substance, 
not inclosed, but adhering iirndy to tlie skin — a hard excrescence, — the 
" seed wart," — which is too well known to requii'e particular description. 
It is sometimes difficult to distinguish the blood wart, as the former is 
sometimes called, from the seed wart ; but it generally presents a more 
rounded, smooth appearance, and sometimes hangs as by a little stem, in 
whic^h last case it is readily known. 

What to do. — If ther(! is doubt as to the character of the wart, the 
matter nia\- be speedily determined hy running a sharp-knife througii it; 
when, if a l)l()od or sac wart, the contents will come out, accompanied 
\)\ more or less copious bleeding; whereas, the seed wart ■wall in tJiis 
case l)e merely divided by the incision, each part retaining its firmness or 
consistency. 

When the blood wart is thus o])ened, nothing more will be necessary 
than to touch the part with a solution of chloride of zinc, one grain to 
the ounce of water, or lunar caustii-. When these warts are attached to 
the sldn by narrow bases, or small stems, they may be clipped off with 
knife or scissors, and the part slightly burned over with caustics as pre- 
viously directed. 

If the growth is of the fixed kind, ov seed wart, remove by means of 
scissors or knife when standing sir,gly ; but if the stem or base is large, 



THK IIOKISK, iSKIN DISKASES, KTC. 211 

or if the warts grow in hunchos, too numerous :ind too close together to 
be (;ut away, i)iek off or otherwise chafe the rough outer sui'facc so as to 
make it bleed; then with a stiff brush rub iu yellow orpiment wetted 
with a little water, and iu a few days they will come away, or may be 
rubbed off, and leave a healthy sore, which soon heals. If the entire 
wart does not come off by reason of one application, repeat. 

When the penis is wholly covered with warts, the best plan is to have 
it amputated, as the warts cannot easily be removed without destroving 
as much of it as it would be necessary to remove entirely in order to be 
rid of them. 

Xni. Vermin. 

CaU38S — Vermin are liotli a cause and a consequent of skin disease ; 
and Vjeing also l)red in tlic hairy covering, pcrliaps in the very skin 
itself, they are iiroi)erly treated in this connection. 

Every species of animal is more or less troul)lc(l with his own i)cculiar 
insect tormentor ; and while no Mcll-detined cause can be assigned as to 
their origin, they are almost always found associated with filth and 
squalor. 

Tht'v sonu^times, however, trouble animals of fair condition, and accus- 
tomed to reasonable care ; but in this case they are caught by contact. 

Poor, ill-car(!d-for, mangy horses, colts in tlic S[)ring of the year, with 
long, uncurried coats, and old and feebh^ horses with like rough and 
shaggy covering, most probalily breed them ; and on these they are most 
fre(}uently and plentifully found. 

The itching torment to which they subject diseased animals doubtless 
intensifies whatever disorder may exist ; and the very earliest opportunity 
shouhl be taken to eradicate them from the sufferer. 

When horses stand in i)ro.ximitv to a hen-iiousc, tliey are often 
seriously annoyed with hen-lice, which an^ even more tormenting than 
those peculiar to the horse himself. 

How to know it — The horse infested witli vermin will usually mani- 
fest his uneasini^ss by biting and rul)i)ing himself ; l)ut their presence 
may be unmistakably detected by a more or less careful examination of 
his coat . 

What to do — If the horse is suffering from some skin disease re(juir- 
ing treatment, the means adopted for this will almost invariably suffice of 
themselves to remove the vermin ; but where no su<^h disease exists, and 
it is a simple case of lousiness, anoint him with the following salve : 



212 ILLUSTUATKL) STOCK DOCTOK. 



1 Dr. carbolic acid crystals, 
1 Quart fresh lard. 



Rill) it iijion ovory part of the hoih' thoroughly; wash with warm soap 
suds next day ; repeat if neeessary — at la.st washiuji' and drying. 

Attention to his general health will also be demanded ; and to this end 
he should be upon good pasture, or a liberal siii)i)iy of noiirishiiig but 
not heating food should be given. 

If it is ii case of lien-liee, the first thing to be done is to remove the 
horse from the phice infested with tiiest', and then to anoint and wash 
as before directed. 

XIV. Larva in the Skin. 

Causes, — The huva, which infests chiefly the back — ^that pai-t of the 
horse upon wliich saddle or harness must press — is not only a source of 
trouble to the animal, but of great inconvenience to the master, as the 
iicute painfulness of a tumor r.aised by one of these grubs often pre- 
vents use. 

The larva is the offspring of a Hy which deposits its eggs upon the 
back and sides of the horse while he is out at pasture or roaming at large 
upon the common. This fly does not fretiuent the barn-yard and stable, 
so that horses which are contiiunl to these M'hen not in use are never 
annoyed with the larvii. 

The eggs are hatched by the warmth of the animal ; and the (creature 
burrows into the skin, where it remains and grows till Spring, raising 
meanwhile, by its irritating presence, a small lump, wliich is eventually 
developed into a painful tumor, upon the pus of which the insect pro- 
longs a life that it began upon the natural juices of the sldn and cellu- 
lar tissue. 

How to know it — The most unmistakable sign of the trouble, when it 
is luil i>laiiily discernible with the eye, is the restlessness manifested bv 
the horse when subjected to the saddle. When he does this, and no 
well-detined occasion for his displeasure and his pranks is readily per- 
ceptible, examination will reveal a tmnor or ab.scess if the larva is jiresent ; 
for the horse will hardly grow resti\'e at tirst, when there is a mere lump 
in the skin. Upon the top of this abscess a black spot will be found, 
which is the jioint of entrance, and the opening through which the 
insect obtains the little air that it needs. 

What to do.— The 1)est thing to do, because both quick(>st and safest, 
is to open the top of the tumor .slightly with a lancet, and then to 
squeeze out the larva. The wound should then be dressed a tinu; or two 



TllK lIOUSi;, SKIN DISKASES, ETC. 213 

with a solution of one jj^rain of chloride of zinc to one gill of water ; and 
the trouijle will soon bo over. 

XV. Tetter. 

Causes — This seems to arise from some constitutional cause, wliich it 
is difficult to [)oint out. It appears on horses of different conditions or 
habit of body. On sonic it breaks out periodically, Summer after 
Summer. 

It is not contagious, unless negle('ted until it assumes the epizootic form, 
which it sometimes does, after which it is communicable 1o both man 
and hor,se. 

There are said by some; to l)e two or three forms of tetter, but in 
reality whatever different forms it may assume, when not complicated 
with other affections, they are indications of different degrees of severity. 

How to know it.— The attack is usually sudden, and the animal is 
observed to iiib liimself severely, as suffering from intense itchiness. 
The neck, shoulders, back, and thighs are the j)oints ordinarily affected. 
Upon examination, the skin will be found red with inflannnation, some- 
times torn or scratched by rubbing; and the blisters or pimples will 
be seen on those parts of the inflamed spot not so torn or scratched. 
These l)listers Ijreak, and a watery fluid is discharged, which keeps the 
surface moist. 

In its more advanced stage it may be taken for mango ; but it may be 
distinguished from mange In' its manifesting less tendency to spread and 
invade all parts of the skin ; and by the absence of parasites under the 
scabliy portions. 

What to do. — First, see that the horse's bowels are put in good condi- 
tion. If there is any tendency to plethora, (too great fulness), to 
constipation, or general feverishness, give him a purgative dose ; and in 
any event let his food be of such character as to prevent costiveness. 

Give, once a day, an ounce of Fowler's solution of arsenic. Rub the 
affected pails well with sweet oil, and let it remain thereon for a few 
hours ; then wash with warm soapsuds so as to remove the scabs or 
scales. Then cover the diseased surface and some portion of the healthy 
skin all round with the following ointment: 

No. 22. >i Lb. flour of sulphur, 

>i Lb. carbonate of potash, 

1 Oz. carbolic acid, 

2 Lbs. lard, 

2 Lbs. olive oil. 



21 I ILLUSTKAIKl) STOCK DOCTOR. 

Mix well witli a iiciitli^ heat. Allow il lo i-ciuain on llu- skin for two 
or (lircc (la\s, aiul tliini wash off with stroni:; soap and water. 

Tar oiatniont, (otjual i]uantitic\s of tar and lard well mixed with i;;('ntl(^ 
heat ), is an excellent external applieatlon, and may be used when No. 22 
is dillieult lo procure. 

XVI. Rat Tails. 

Causes Simple letter, as also mallenders and sallenders, is sonu'timcs 

allowed tlirouiih negleet to heeome obstinate; the skin Ihiekeiis ; ugly 
cracks are formed, from whi<'h tlows in abundance a sort of purulent 
half-watery fluid ; upon the thickened portion of the skin the scabs 
increase, growing up into somewhat i)t'ri)endieular layers, and the hairs 
growing from these are glued together by the exuding matter. Such 
bunches of matted hair are I'alled, by reason of their api)earance, "rat 
tails." 

The disease seems occasionally to be produced outright, witiiout the 
suporvcntioii of any other known disorder, liy much exposure to wet 
ground of a chalky or loani>' nature, or to sticky nuid. 

How to know it. — It appears chiefly upon the legs, one or all of 
which may be affected at the same time ; but the hairs of the tail, 
especially near the root of the tail, are often found in the condition 
described, and for a like reason. 'I'etter, ringworm, or some other dis- 
order prodm-es itehing ; the horse rubs the i)art till it becomes raw ; 
matter exudes at length, and the hair is matted in bunches along the 
upper portion of the tail bone, as shown in the flgure exhibiting external 
nuuiifestations of disease. 

If resulting from either neglected tetter, no matter what its position, 
or from nudlenders and sallenders, it is accompanied by itchiness ; but 
this is generally less severe than is the case with these disorders in their 
simple form, ^^'llcn the disease is fully developed, the apjjearance of 
the bunches of hair upon the parts is a suiKcieut indication. 

What to do — As in sim])le tetter, attention must be directed to estab- 
lishing a good ciindition of the bowels; and to this end a purgative may 
be given — especially if tiiere is any indication of constipation and 
gcuer.d feverislmess. The food must be regulated by the neees.sity of 
kci'ping down all intlaninuitory symptoms. Make a tonic powder as 
follows: 

No. 23. 12 Oz. sulpllur, 

1 I>r. nrscnic, 
1 Oz, bruised coriaiulor seed. 

I>i\ ide info twelve parts aiui gi\c one in the food night and morning. 



THE HOUSE, SKIN DI.SEASKS, ETC". 215 

Dress the sores three (iiiies a day willi tlic foUowiiii^ lotion, sippljing 
with a soft rag : 

No. "it. 1 Fluid oz. laiidiiiumi, 

1 Fluid oz. glycerine, 
K Oz. csrbonatc of soda, 
1 (^iiart w.itor. 

XVII. Mallenders and Sallenders. 

Causes. — By these terms are denoted oozy, seurfy patehes upon the 
knee and iiock — those wliieh apjx'ar haeiv of the knee ])eiiig railed (for 
what reason nobody seems to know) mallenders ; and those whieh appear 
in front of the liocU, sallenders. They spring from idleness and iiegleet 
— an impure state; of the blood having been brought on by heating and 
unsuitable diet, and disorders of the bowels, liver, or kidneys. 

Though of no serious impoi-tanee as diseases, they are unsightl}-, and, 
if negleeted, they result in troublesome sores. 

How to know it. — They first begin as a moist tetter, apt to eseape 
o])ser\atii)n until they ajjpear in a roughened state of hair about the 
])arts mentioned, under whieh the skin i.s seurfy, feverish and somewhat 
tende'r. Itching of such severity sometimes attends them as to render 
the horse restive and hard to keep under i-esti-aint. 

What to do — In the tirst plaee attend to the cleanliness of the horse 
and put him upon a reguhir course of moderate exercise. Give him 
twii'e daily, night and morning, a pint of the excellent alterative and 
tonic drink : 

No. 2ij. 1 Fluid oz. liquor arseiiicalis, 

1)4 Oz. tincture muriate of Iron, 

1 (^t. water. 

Rul) the parts affected two or three times a day with an ointment made 
as follows : 

No. 26. 1 Oz. animal glycerine, 

2 Drs. mercurial ointment, 
2 Drs. powdered ointment, 
1 Oz. spermacetti. 

If the scurfy places have d('Velo|)('d into suppurating sores, use, instead 
of the ointment, the following lotion, saturating them well twice a day: 

No. 27. ,'a I'int animal glycerine, 

)i Oz. chloride of zinc, 
6 Quarts water. 

Be careful that his food is such as to keej) him from con.stipation and 
fever. 



2i(; 



II.HSTRATEl) STOCK DOCTOR. 



XVIII. Poll-evil. 

Causes Poll-t'vil is the name given to :i deep abscess having its seat 

of i)rini;iry intiiinmmtion between tiie ligament of the neck and the first 
bone which lies beneath without l)eing attached to it ; and it is serious 
in its nature by reason of this depth and of the difficulty with which the 
matter formed finds its way to the surface through the strong fibrous 
membrane that envelopes it. If not attended to in its earlj- stages, the 
surface of the first bone from the head, or that of the joint between the 
first two bones, becomes inflamed, and the joint or joints involved. 

The disease may be said to owe its origin almost wholly to violence of 
some kind. A l)l()w upon the poll by a brutal driver may very readily 
produce it ; and much slighter causes, often repeated, result in this 
affection ; as, the forcing on of a tight collar day after day ; hanging 
back and so bruising the poll with liridle or halter ; and excessive rubbing 
of that part because of itch produced I)}' dirt accunmlated about the ears 
and upper point of the neck and not carried away by brush or currycomb. 
Striking the head against low ceilings aad the beams of low doorways is 
doubtless responsible for very many cases of this dangerous and disa- 
greeable disorder. 

How to know it — A certain restlessness, a throwing back of the head 
and then returning; again, a drooping tendeuc}^ turning the head from 
one side to the other ; a dull appearance about the eyes ; a sluggishness 
of movement — all these are sometimes observed before anj^ symptoms 
of the disease may be discovered about the head. 

Sometimes no notice is taken of its existence until considerable swelling 
and even an unwholesome discharge have set in ; but more frequently an 
oval tumor is discovered, — hot, tender, situated directly in the region of 
the nape of the neck, but generatly inclining to one side. In the milder 
form this tumor is evidently superficial ; and the horse moves his head 
with comparative ease and freedom ; whereas, in the more advanced stage 
he carries it stiffly, and every movement of it or the neck causes great pain. 

Sometimes- the disorder is so deeply- 
seated that the tumor is not developed 
sufficicnth' to make much outward show_ 
It is nnicli likelier to discover itself plainly 
as a well-developed swelling when the 
hurt is superficial. In any case, it must 
Ix' examined with the fingers to deter- 
mine this point. Place the fingers gently 
upon it, and give the animal time to re- 
cover from tlie little scare into M'hich this 
toucliiiig of ;i sore at first gives him ; 




POLL-KVIL DURING TUK FlItST STAGK. 



THE HORSE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC. 



217 



tlicn graduiilh' press upon the part. 
If the hurt is near the surfaee,he will 
flinch quickly ; if deeply seated, he 
will be corres])ondingh- slow in show- 
ing evidences of pain. If suppura- 
tion has already set in, it can readily 
be known when near the surface by a 
sort of fluctuating feeling ; but this 
fluctuation can scarcely be felt at all 
if tlic matter is deep seated. 




PoLL-KVIL IN ITS SECOND St 



What to do. — If discovered when there is nothing more than a swelling, 
no matter having yet been found, remove all tendency to general fever- 
islmcss liy giving ])urgative medicine according to evident fullness of 
condition ; allow the horse to rest ; and put him on moderatelv light 
diet. Then make the following cooling lotion, and keep the swelling 
constantly moistened with it by having a small rag pad laid over it and 
saturated with the mixture from time to time : 



No. 28. 2 Oz. tincture of arnica, 

1 Dr. iodide of potassium, 
1 Qt. vinegar, 
1 (^t. camomile infusion. 

If this does not reduce the inflammation and remove the swelling 
within a few days, it ma}' be inferred that matter is already' forming, 
though it may have been impossible at tirst to detect it ; and you must 
])ring it to a head as soon as practicable by poulticing. Use for tliis pur- 
pose a mixture of ground flax seed, corn meal, oil of turpentine, and 
hog's lard. As soon as matter can be felt, have ready a large and very 
sharp knife ; east the animal, and have some one to sit ujion his neck to 
prevent struggling ; then open with a quick, steady, and strong sweep of 
the blade through the tumor — being careful to have the wound open at 
the lower point of the tumor, so as to provide for more easily draining it 
of matter that may hereafter form. Be careful, too, not to cut the 
tendinous ligament that runs along the neck under the mane. If the 
matter appears to be on both sides, open the places separatelj^, so as to 
leave this ligament undivided. It may, if absolutely necessary, be 
severed between the second lione and the head, and the support of the 
head be not materially weakened, since the main stress is on the second 
bone, and the di\'ided ligament, if healthy, will soon heal again ; but it 
is best to avoid all risks ; and if at all convenient, the aid of an ex]3er- 
ienced veterinary surgeon should be had when it becomes necessary to 
use the knife. 



218 ILHISTKATEl) STOCK DOCTOR. 

Tho wound iiiiist now be cli'imscd hy l)oin<>; isyrinii;i'd daily with a stini- 
uliitin<f Ma.sh, (1-2 dr. chloride of zinc in 1 quart of water), until a 
healthy discharge sets in, and evidences of healing begin to manifest 
themselves. Nothing further will then be neeeHsar}' than to keep the 
parts clean by daily sponging with warm soapsuds. 

It sometimes occurs that before remedial measures are resorted to, not 
alone the fleshy, but the tendinous, ligamentary, and bony structures 
have become involved, and the disease has assumed a desperate char- 
acter. If further neglected, the spinal cord is likely to become diseased, 
and the case hopeless. If, upon opening a tumor, the matter is found to 
How in great ([uantities, resembling melted glue, with something of au 
(nl\- consistence, it may be known that the disease is deep-seated and 
dangerous ; and the probe should be employed to find whatever (^aviti(\s 
may exist. If any are found, the knife should again be employed, and 
another cut made, smooth down, and in the same direction as the first, to 
]irevent all rough and hacked walls, till the lowest depths are reached. 
Then cleanse the wounds with warm soapsuds, using a good gum com- 
press syvinge ; and dress with a mixture of spirits of turpentine, honey, 
and tincture of myrrh. When a thick, light-colored matter begins to 
appear, the dressing must be discontinued, and the parts must be kept 
cleiin, as previously directed, by sponging with warm soapsuds. 

It is sometimes necessary to cut away loose pieces of ligament till a 
healthy aspect is presented on the walls and in the depths of the incisiou. 

In the more desperate cases, numerous openings are formed, and these 
discharge a matter resembling the white of au egg, which adheres to the 
surrounding parts, and gives to the animal a most repulsive appearance. 
In this t'ase the knife should be used so as to take in at one sweep the 
greatest number- of openings, and then the other openings should be con- 
nected by cuts with this main channel ; after which the wound should be 
cleansed as previously directed, and dressed with the mixture ])rcscril)cd 
— spirits of turpentine, honey, and tincture of mjTrh. 

Aft(;r matter has formed, the knife is the only sure means of saving 
the horse ; and, in the hands of the skillful man, it is a merciful 
means. The operation is brief ; and the relief is more speedy than can 
otherwise be obtained. Let no one attemi)t it, however, who cannot 
operate as though for the moment divested of feeling, as there must be 
no hesitation^ no awkwardness as to direction, no notching and hacking. 

A horse that has once had the poll-evil should never afterward have a 
collar thrust over his head, or be hauled around with a halter or any 
other head-iiear pressing upon the part. The poll will long renuiin ten- 
der, and a return of the disorder is likely. 

If it is necessary to treat during Sunnner, when the horse is apt to be 



THE IIOK'SK. SKIN UISEASEiS, ETC. 219 

annoyed with tlics, keep Uw wouiul covered with a rag nioi.stcned in a 
solution of tar. 

XIX. Fistula. 

Causes. — This is sometimes known as Jisfu/on.s withers, to distinguish 
it from tistuhi of the parotid duet. It is similar to poll-evil and is gen- 
erally caused in like manner, by bruises. In the case of fistula, these 
bruises may be caused by an ill-titting (H)llar ; by a lady's saddl(\ i)ai-tie- 
ularly if awlcMardly ridden ; by the pressing forward of a man's saddle, 
(■s|)e(ialiy in case of high withers ; by strildng the withers against the 
top of a low door-way ; by rolling and striking the withers against some 
hard substance ; by the biting of other horses ; and by a blow of the 
l)laeksmith's hammer. The points of the spinal processes, (little pro- 
jections of the sjiine or l)ack bone,) are hurt, inflammation sets in, and 
the fistulous tumor is produced. Its site is the spine above the shoulders ; 
and it is more troublesome than poll-evil, because it is more exposed to 
ri'peated injuries. 

How to know it — The first indication will be a swelling on one or 
l)()tii >;ides of tiic withers, generally rather broad and flat. Upon exam- 
ination with the fingers this will be found hot, tender, and ai)i)arentlv 
deep seated. If observed when first formed, it will be of uniform 
hardness throughout. If unattended to while, in this state, the tumor 
soon becomes an abscess ; and owing to the difficulty in the way of the 
matter's escaping, (its natural outlet being at the top of the shoulders), 
the pus sinks downward ; and the abscess sometimes becomes enormous 
before; there is any well defined head, and before there is any opening. 
When it breaks, or is opened, a large quantity of extremely offensive 
matter fiows out. Ordinarily, the tumor will come to a head in from one 
to two weeks. When the discharge has begun, the tumor does not begin 
to grow healthy and heal, but the walls of the opening thicken, and 
continue to discharge matter which becomes more and more offensive. 
The matter burrows between the shoulder blade and spinal ])oints, and 
everything around seems to be rotting away ; and it is both difficult and 
dangerous to trace the opening. In process of time several holes M'ill 
ap[)ear along the course of the muscles in contact with the original al)scess, 
and from each issues a foul discharge, till the ulcerating process seems 
to extend itself to nearly all the muscles of the shoulder. 

Tiie health of the animal may at first be excellent, and there may be 

no lameness ; but as the inflanmiatiou extends, there is lameness of the 

shoulder, and he suffers generally — often greatly. He is averse to 

motion, and will suffer for food and drink rather than undergo the pain 

15 



220 



ILLU.STKATEI^ ST(J(K DOCTOK. 



.)f trvinii' to reach and ])artakc of it. 
oxtciuliiii;- into tlic sinucs decay. 



Ill its worist .stao;e.s the bones 




What to do — Be careful to ascertain, in the 
first place, whether the tumor has nowly 
risen. The matter may form in one, even 
while it is quite small ; and it is important 
to know when the knife may be used to 
advantajie. 

If nuitt(M- has already form(>d, it I'an be 
detected b}- the somewhat soft and fluctuat- 
ing feeliuir of tiie abscess. 

If discovered while still a new formation, 
tiike the horse from work, if possible ; if 
not, take especial pains to protect the in- 
jured point or points from pressure. 
A l)ruise at that point of the with- 
ers wliere the collar rests will not 
unfit a horse for the saddle, unless 
considcral)le inflammation and ex- 
tending soreness has already set in ; 
nor will a saddle bruise, farther 
back on the withers, necessarih' un- 
fit him for harness. 

A recent swelling should l)e im- 
mediately treated with fomentations of bitter herbs. 

Boil wormwood, or nmllen stalks, or life-everlasting in soft water, to 
make a strong decoction ; and applj' it with large woolen c-loths, as hot 
as can be borne, to ha.sten the formation of nuittcr. When the tumor 
begins to soften and show signs of heading, have a suitable, fine-pointed, 
sharp knife. Ascertain the lowest point of the abscess. Then stand 
close to his side, near the middle, to avoid both hind and fore feet in 
case of kicking or striking, with the back of the knife to the shoulder ; 
jioint ujiward and outward, stick at the lower edge, and cut open Mdth a 
free incisidii. Next, syringe the abscess till it is as thoroughly cleansed 
as possible witli a solution of carbolic acid and water, one part acid to 
two of water. Tlien dress with coal oil, or some convenient salve. 
After two or three days, the wound should be thorouglily cleansed by 
syringing with warm sbap suds ; then use the carbolic acid water, and 
repeat the oil or salve dressing ; and so on till a cure is effected. 

Tile iiatient must in no case be turned to pasture, since the constant 
motion of the neck and jaws necessary to procuring and masticating his 
food aggravates every .symptom. Stable liim comfortably, and feed 




FiSTDLons Withers— Worst Stage. 



TIIK HOKSK, SKIN DISEASES, ETC. 221 

acc'oiMliiiii' to his i!:<'iHTal cdiulilion. Let liiin Imvc water frcclv : and trive 
opportunity cacli ilay for sonic exercise \>\ allo\\iii<i- liini tlie rwii of a 
small inclosure. 

When the case has become chronic, and holes in considerahle number 
have appeared, make a cut so as to reach the hones, and to include in its 
course as many holes as practicable. If there are other openings, (])ar- 
ticularly below), cut from them into the main incision. Have an assistant 
to press l)ack the sides of the greater opening till the matter is cleared 
out ; and if the spinous processes or points are found to lie carious or 
rotten, nip off with a pair of bone forceps till the healthy bon(^ is 
reached. If any of this decaying bone is left, the wound will inevitably 
matter and break again, though it may for a time ajjpear to have healed. 

After thus cleaning out th(^ bulk of the matter and picking away the 
dead bone, use the syringe and warm soap-suds still further to clean the 
parts ; then inject the carbolic solution as previously directed. But 
instead of coal oil, use this ointment ouce a day ; 

No. 29. M Oz. verdigris, 

H Oz. copperas, 
1 Oz. oil of turpentine, 
, 4 Oz. yellow rosin. 

The co))peras and rosin nmst be tincly powdered — then mix all together 
thoroughly. When a kind of thick whitish discharge is observed to have 
set in, discontinue the ointment : but still wash or syringe thoroughly, at 
intervals, with warm soap-suds. To keei) away flies, cover the wound, 
after each dressing, with a largi; i-lotli saturated with diluted tar. 

Should the horse grow feverish from the effects of blood poisoning, 
which takes j)laee in a greater or less degree in this chronic stage by 
reason of absorption, bleed him once, at least, taking from the neck vein 
from three to six quarts, according to general condition and severity of 
the inflammation. 

When the disease has i)roceeded to tlie length of riMjuiring this severe 
treatment, the recovery is necessarily slow, and the horse is inevitably 
disfigured. 

In very desperate cases it is sometimes liest, or, indeed, almost indis- 
pensable, to use the rowel. The pipes, (or sinuses as they are sometimes 
called), the openings whence the matter exudes, take a dangerous direc- 
tion, and tend from the withers to the chest. Use an elastic jirobe, to 
ascertain the direction and the depth ; and if it is found that cutting will 
not answer, use the r/uardpiJ seton or rowel needle described in the chap- 
ter on medicines, ointments, etc. Insert it as far as it will go, then give 
it a firm raj) on the handle, so as to force out the cutting edge and drive 
the point through the flesh. Knot one end of a long, slender tape, 



•_'L'2 lI.MsritAI'KI) STOCK DOCTOU. 

place till' ollici- tlii()iiL;li (he opciiiiif;' near tlii'|)()int of (lie iii'cdh^ and 

draw it Ihioiiiili. 'I'licn tic a Uiiut at tlio otlior end, and leave it. In 
(liis way, the sinus will iiax'c an opcuiinij hclow, and (lie ta])e will iu:t as a 

drain, wliiie tcndinjj also hy friction to roniove the hard lininjjj of the 

pipe. iVs soon as a healthy looUinjj matter is seen to IxMssuinj;; from 

the lower ()iiti<(', renio\t'tlK' seton, hut I'leanse occasionally with warm 
soap anil water. 



CHAPTER HI. 



DISEASES OF THE GLANDS AND NASAL MEMBRANES. 



I. GLANDERS. II. FAKCY. III. KISTICMI'KK. — —IV. NASAL OLEKT. V. NAHAI, 

I'oI.YrllS. 

I. Glanders. 

Causes. — This .soem.s to !)(• i)i-iiii,irily ;i disoaso of th<^ lymphatic and 
nasal glands, and confined to thcni ; l)ul upon lliis point authorities dis- 
agree, and it is ((intended }>y some that all the air passages are always 
affected — that it is a kind of phthisic, or inci|)iint pulmonary disorder — 
and that whether the ulcers apjjear on the nienihrane of the nose prior or 
subsc(]uent to the formation of tubercles in tlic lungs docs not invalidate 
the proposition that the cailicst external manifestations arc luil the 
effects of pnimonarj' derangement. 'i'he most tenable conclusion, how- 
ever, is plainly this: that inflammation of the membrane^ of tlu^ nos((, 
and confined to that membrane, at last results in ulceration; that tlu^ 
niattei- discharged from thes(^ is jjoisonous, and acts upon the glands by 
nutans of the absorl)(>nfs with which it comes in contact, and is also 
inhaled into the lungs with the air as it pas.ses through the nasal cavitu-s, 
till at length both the ciiculatoiy and the I'cspiratoi'y sy.stems are gen- 
erally dise:is(!d. 

Whenc^e thi.s poison is derived is not at all clearly defined. The disease 
is both .spontaneous, (bred in the horse), and contagious ; but it is doubt- 
less due far more frequi-ntly to predisposing cause than to contagion. It 
is found as a prevalent disease where neglect, tilfh, and foul atmosphere 
exist; and we may reasonably conclude that poisonou.i inhalations, acting 
upon the delicate snid easily irritated membrane of the nose, produce- 
that incii)ient ulceration from wliidi the subsccpient general poisoning 
.proceeds. In <;los<! stalls, the c!irbf)nic acid given off from the lungs, 
(which gas is of a deadly poisonous charairtta- ) , passes again and again 



224 II.IA .STUAI'KD STOCK IX XTOli. 

into tin- liiiiiis, inixi'ii willi oIIkt 'mlpul•iti('^ cil' tin- stall itself; tills, acting 
porhii|)s more rcadilv uium the nasal imiiilnaiic than upon tlii' other 
liiiinii's of till" air passajics, piodnccs inllanini;iti(in. This inHaniniation 
inav long I'xist.and unsuspccti'tl l>_v tlic onlinarv ol)si>rvci', till sonic 
intense action is set up. wlien iile(>ratioii takes plaei'. 

Or it may be proiluetHl \>y anytiiinji- tiiat injures and \vi>akens tiio. vital 
eneri:\ of this niemltrane ; as vioU'iit catarrh, acconii)anied l)y U)ng con- 
linued discharge from the nostrils ; a fracture of tlu> hones of the nose ; 
ami the too fi'iMiucnt injection of stimulating and acid suhstances up the 
nostrils. Kxcrything that Avcakcns the constitution, may. under peculiar 
circumstances, produce glanders. .Vniong the hurtful inlluciici's that 
may opt-rate to this end \v(> may enumerate: liardshi|)s and an exhausted 
<'on.stitution ; am intcrfei'cncc \\ ith the due elimination or throwing off 
of inorhid and \\aste matter ficun the system : want of regular exercise; 
sudden and \ ioleiit exercise when the horse has nut lieeii previously pre- 
l)ared for it ; jilacing a weak and worn-out horse upon a course of diet 
that is too nutritious and stimulating: .and hereditary predisposition to 
certain forms of disease. 

One point is deserving of sjiecial meiitiou : it is sometimes jjresent and 
contagious in animals apparently in tine Ixtdily condition ; other horses 
ma\' contr.ict the disease from such a one and die of it while it is still 
ditticult to discoM'i- unmistakalile traces of it in tlu' tirst. 'riiere may be 
intlammat ion. and minute nlecrs so far up the nasal passages as not to be 
seen : these little hidden ulci'rs may discharge so .small a quantity of mat- 
ter as to escape notice, and yet the matter is so poisonous that when it 
comes in contact w ith any thin and delicate membrane, by which it mav 
he absorbed, it will produce glanders. Weeks, and e\en months, mav 
iiiterveiu' between the tirst existence of intlanu-d mcmbrani' and the 
development of the disease. In this case there may be counteracting 
tendencies, requiring some violent action or sudden change to determine 
the issue. 

It must be observed that its infectious nature is iu>t general, but par- 
ticular — depending upon inoculation with the matter exuded from 
glanderous ulcers, or at least from jioison reci'ivcd in .some wav from the 
gl.'indcreil animal and communicated directly to a wound or to some del- 
icate membrane of anotiier horse, an ass, or a human being. 

How to know it. — .\s may lx> inferred fnnu tiie preceding, it is not 
always easy to detect the actual presence of this disease, though it is 
often a matter of i)arainouut importance that it should be known. Its 
dangerous character as an infectious disorder makes it essential that it 
should he known in its very earliest stages, that the proper precautions 
may be taken to pre\ cut the infection from spreading. 



THK IIOH8I:, IJISKASES OK TIIK NA.SAL (ILAXUS, ETC. 225 

'rhcrc arc sonic .sviiii)t()iiis llial iiiav he ol)sci-\-c(l, even Kefore tlie 
a])i)eariuiee of any discliargt! wliatevcr ; and tlii-se may he de.serilK'd, 
thoiurh Ihey may sometimes prove fallacious, and are found to he ItuI 
extraordinary indications of some other disease. 

The first si<:;ns an; those? of heaviness, dullness, followed hy fever: the 
eves avv I'cd and unhealtliy lookinj^, while the light is sccmin^rly l>aiiiriil (o 
th(!m. 'I'hc hail' is one day dry, the; next, pci'haps, it resumes its natural 
apj)carancc, and so altcrnatinf^ until after awhile it heconies starin<r and 
unnatural. The flesh wast(?s away ra])idly for a time ; then, and jjai-ticu- 
larly if a ehanjjfc! of food is introduced, showinj^ some imprf>vement, and 
so altcrnatinjij till at lenjrth he hejrins to show sijrus of ))einianently 
failinjf health and of a <rencral dchiiity. 

These may he reL''ardcd as for tlic niosi pail premonilory siiiiis, and up 
to this tiuK? there iiia\ !»■ no appearainc of tiiiiKHs and no discharire 
from the nostrils; hut tlic animal should lie suhjeilcd In the most ri^.'-jd 
scnitiiiN', to discover wlictlicr there is an\t liiiiLT to i-oiilirm the ini|ircssion 
made li\' the sympt<iiiis cimmciatcd as lo (he prohahlc cxislciice of >.dan- 
dered coiidilion. 

After these manifestations there may he said to he three stajres of the 
disearse, the ))eeuliarities of each of which, in so far as they are distinctly 
defined, an; frenerall\- as follows: In the first stafre the dischai'jre so 
much resemhlcs th:it whicii attends some other nasal affection as some- 
tiincs to |)ass uimoticcfl, hut examination will disclose a curious fai't 
which h;is not liecn accounted for, — it will Ix- found confined to one 
nostril, and that, in the \ast niajorit\ of cases, tlic left. ( )cr-asioiiall\- it 
is the riiilit, very seldom holli. This, howexcr, must not he rcfxardcd as 
a peculiarity of the first only, as it is common to c\ci'y stajre of the 
disease. 

'J'lic! second staire is cliaracti'ii/.cd hy an imrcaseil How, and it also 
1)ecf)nies iiifn-e mucous and stick\-, while its color chaiifrcs from an almost 
transparent <learness to a \\liiti>li or sdlowish tin<rc. It often hcjrins 
now to dri|) from the nose in striiiiry <'lots. Some of the matter in this 
sta<re, now more actively poisonous, hein<r taken up hy the alisorhcnts, 
affects the neijrhhorinir <rlands. If hotli nostrils are discliai-<rinjr, the 
glands within the under jaw will he enlarired on hoth sides; if from one 
nostril, only the <rland on that side. As other discises will produce 
these swelled <riands, as catarrh, for instance, it heconies necess;irv to 
look for some jjeculiarity in order to dcterniinc certainly as to the exist- 
enc<' of <rlaiidcrs. At first the eiilargement may he spread over so much 
surface as not to make any distinrtly marked lum|)-- : hut tlii> .-0011 
ehan<res, and one or two small swellings remain, and these ;iic not in the 
eenter of the channel, but adhere close to the jaw on the affected side. 



:>;>(! ii,i.is'ri{Ai'i;i> stock hdcioi;. 

This mm he ri'^Ml'dcil ;is ;m .'ilnuist (•()M(lnsi\ (• test. 'I'lic iuciiil)l:mc of 
till- nose will now lie loiiiid nf cilluTM (l;iik imiiilish Inic or ;i IcadiMl 
color (lie hillrr, unless I luTc is sonir ol' (lie ii'dniss of inll;iinni;it ioil ; 
mid iilcci's will pi'olndilv ii|t|)(';ii' upon llu' iiu'Milu'iUU', usually ii|)pro!icliiii{j 
to a circular forui, ami deep, willi altrupt aud prominent cd<i'cs. When 
these a|»iiear there can l>e no fui'tlu r douM . Iml care must lie taken to 
know that lliev are not sjuits of mucous. To this end, try wiietlier tiiey 
ni:i\ lie iii'ushed away. Is'otii'e particularly, too, tliat the oriiice of tho 
duel wliieli comiects with tiie tear "glands is just within (he nostril, and 
on the inner side of it ; otherwisi>, this, if foul, may ln> mistaken for an 
uleei'. This oriiice ina\- he I'cadily distiiiiiuislied fi-om an nhiT iiy 
olisi>ryinji' that it is on ihe eontinualion of the eonniion skin, while tho 
<;laiiderous ulcei-s arc on (he memluane of the nose. 

\\'lu'n these ulcers liCLiin to lie \ isililc, I he i;enei-al condition <if tlii< 
anim:d soon shows sii^ns of chance ; his coal seems dead aud sliiriui;', (lie 
hail' eoniiiii; (iff easily; his appel i(c is impaired ; he loses tlcsli ; his lielly 
contracts; he <>rows more and more di>liili(a(ed : thci-e is more or less 
eoujth ; the discliariie increases in (|uanti(y, and its increased poisonous 
character causi>s it. Ic remoye tlu> hair wliei'c it (lows, while it seems 
(inj.jed witli Mood, and is offt'usiyi' to (he smell. 

In (he (hird staji'e the ulcers lum- lieeome lariri"r and more numerous; 
and upon placinii' the ear to (he horse's chest , a jiratinjj;, ehokiiiii noiso 
will lie heard at c\ cry ait of lireat hiiii;'. The air passajies ln>iiii!; olistrneted, 
c\i'r\ li|-calh is drawn with dillieult\ . The skin of tli(" foi'elieail will be 
found somew hill I liiekened. swelled, and peculiarly tiMidci- ; the mendirano 
liniiii:- tlic fionlal opcmiiiis ol the nose will lie not only ulcerated hut 
e\idenll\ mllamcd ; the diseharjivs are increased and lieeume inoi'e sticky 
and of darker color, thouiih still somewhat tleeked with Mood. The 
ali>orlients liccomi' more and more in\ol\ed: it seems now Ih.at iicneral 
ulceration has set in ; and the additional symptoms are henceforth those 
of farcy. 

To preyiMit its lieinj:- mistaken in its earlier .staijcs for stran<ilcs, which 
is sonu'times done, the following;' direi'tions will sntliee : 

S(ran<iles is peeuliai- to younji hors»'s, and at the outset resemliles cold 
with some fe\er and son> throat, aeconipanied jienerally liy distressinjj 
eouii'h and some wheezinu;. The i-nlarjienient which sometimes appears 
beneath the jaw in strangles is not a siuiile small u'land, but a swellins; 
of the whole substance between (he jaws, jrrowinjr harder (oward the 
center, and at lenulh. d' the disease laius on. lireakin<r. In stranjrles the 
nu-ndiranes of the nosi> will lie \i'iy red, and ihc discharsje from the 
nostrils profuse and mattery almost from the lirst. When the tumor has 
burst, the fcyer will abate and tiiehor.se will speedily ^et well. 



'IIIIO IIOIiSK, IMHKASKH Ol' IIIK NAHAl, <iI,AM>K, KT<;. 227 

To diKtiii<;uiHii it from catiirrh, for wliidi alno it iH HoiiiclitiicH iiiihl:ik(Mi, 
ot)Mcrv(! tliiit fcvci', loKK of appetite, eou^liiiif^, and nore lliroat all 
aeeompaiiy eatai-ili, \vlierea8 th<!He HyinptoiiiH are rarely if I'Vi-i- foiiiKJ 
tof^etiier ill j:laii(l<is. in catarrh, tli(! liorwe quids liin food, (liiopH it 
from liis inoutl] partially clK-wcid), and fi'u]|)H liiH water. The diseliarf^c; 
from tiie nose is profuse and HomctimeH matt(!ry ; tin-, f^iands undei' the 
jaw, if swollen, are niovaldf!, wiiilcs tlmrc in a tiiiekcuiin^ arouii<l lliem 
and tin y are liot an<l lender. 

What to do — Tlie firs) tliiii;: (o do, and in the first s(a;re, will naturally 
8ii<rjrest itself to aii_\' one who has tak(!n the j)ainH to inform himself of 
th<^ dreadful natun; of the disease. Its contaj^iouw eharaet<!r rcinders it 
danfrorous, an lias been 8ai<l, not only to all of the horse kinil luit to 
man; and no time should he lost in removiiif^ a {.'landi-rerl aiiiirial from 
the possihility of e(immunieatin<( the disorder to another. If .-tahh-d, 
there should he no (connection whatc^vrjr iK^tween his stall ami those of 
other animals, as the discharf^e from the. nostril, (in whicii lies the 
dan<^(!r), may hr? communi<'ated through any opeiiiufr suftici<-nt to allow 
horses to hit(! oi- nihhle at each other. If jdaced to pasture, it should hi; 
known that no other horse is at all likely either to Ix; turned in with him 
or tir approach the inclosun-. And this removal or separation should 
tiik(! jdace whenever it is observed that there is that constant discharf^e 
from one nostril which has been described, even thou^^h it may seem l)Ut 
wati'ry and natural, and the horse be in the very best ajiparciit condition. 
Kemember that a jrlandered condition may lonjr exist, and minute ulcers, 
in the hidden recesses of the no>e, discliar{i;<' a sort of limpid or ilear 
fluid, without an\' of the ai-tive and violent symptoms bcan;^; manifest; 
but that all this tiim? the horse may b(! abh- to communicate the disease 
to others; and that thes(! may die of it while he is yet in reasonalily fair 
eonditi'iii. 

It can hardly escapcr the iiitellij.''ent horse owner that every known 
eausc! of the disciise should, if possible, be ])romptly removed. Close, 
dam[), dark stables, recikinj^ with exhalations distilled from miiijrled dung, 
urine, and rain water, ought at any rate to begin to receive a little 
attention aftc-r the |)oor occu])aiit has caught what is monr than likidy to 
prove his dr-ath ; if he is jaded and exhausted by labor, no hope of cur<! 
can be entei'tained unless lie is promptly r(!l(!as(!d frf)m his toils and jtut 
u|)on moderate and h(^:iltli-giving exercise only, with such generous diet 
as will restore the wasted tissur-s ; if, on the contrary, lie is jtampccred 
and stimulated and grown un wholesomely plethoric for want of labor 
proportioned to his good ktwjjing, his ff)od should be gradually changed, 
and a regular course of moderately increasing ex«!rciH<! Ix; institule<l and 



228 ILLL'STKATKI) .STOCK DOCTOK. 

piTscvcrcd in till Ili;i( point is discovered iit whieh such exercise is 
reruperative rather than exhaustive, and then maintained. 

Jt may l)e well, before proceeding farther, to caution the reader against 
the advice of (juacks, and point out what not to do. This may be 
suunned up in the one single injunction, do nothiny cruel. All such prac- 
tices as slitting the nose, scraping the cartilage, searing the glands, firing 
the frontal and nasal bones, and injecting nmstard, capsicum, vitriol, and 
corrosive sublimate up the nostrils, are l)ut the hurtful de\ices of ignor- 
ance combined with brutanty. 

If the disease is in its first stage when the horse is taken in hand for 
the purpose of employing nMiiedial agencies, phice him in a good, dry 
and any stable, if in Summer, or in an open jjasture where most of his 
food may be obtained by himself, observing the precautions already haid 
down. If in Winter, he should still have the dry stable, not too chise, 
and supplied with clean litter, and care should be taken to guard him 
against severe cold and exposure to any sudden change. The matter of 
food may be regulated by this : it must be nutritious M'ithout being 
inflammatory ; and t\w (n)ndition of the animal as to previous treatment 
and present condition of flesh must regulate the quantity, as also to some 
extent the ([uality. Then prepare anil administer the following medicine : 

No. .'!0. 1 llr:iilim powilcrofl sulpliatc of camphor. 

4 Fluid draclinis Fowler's solution of arsenic. 

Mix with linseed meal and .syruj) to form a ball, and give one of like 
quantit}' each day for three days ; then omit a day : then gi\(" the balls 
for three dav's again, and so on till a change for the better is perceptible 
or its failure is manifest. Meiinwhile, swab out the nose every day with 
a solution of pyroligenous acid — using warm M-ater, (as warm as the 
horse can well bear), and putting in sufficient of the acid at first to make 
the solution of medium strength. It should be a little incrciased from 
day to day ; but care must be taken not to make it too strong, as violent 
acid injections or swabl)ing solutions are calculated to do harm rather 
than good. A good mop for this purpose may be made by attaching soft 
rags, (old cotton cloth is best), to a light stick, two fe(>t in Icnglh — so 
arranging the cloth as to have it project beyond the end of the stick to 
be inserted, to [)revent any roughness that might abrade or scratch the 
membrane, and fastening very securely, to prevent its slipping off. 

If this treatment is found not to \w c>fficacious, or if the disease has 
already devel()])ed into the second stage — the discharge more mucous, 
.slicky, and .stringy, with glands swollen and the meiiii)rane of the nose 
of a dark juirple or leaden t'olor — adopt the following treatment, and 
carr\- it out enei'getically and i)ersistently : 



TlIK lIOIiSK, DISEASES OK TIIK NASAL GLANDS, KTC. 229 

Tiikc from the neck vein from tliivc to six (|uarts of l)lood, accord- 
ing as tlio horse may apj)car feeble or j)k'tlioric'. j\Iakc a gallon of 
very strong decoction or tea of tobacco leaves, which keep ready for use. 
Put enough of this into warm water, (as warm as the horse can well 
l)ear), and swab out his nostrils with it, as high up as j)ossible, using 
mop as just directed. Then put a gill of this same strong tobacco tea 
into a pint of warm water, and drench him with the solution. There 
must be no uneasiness on account of tlie dreadful sickness which this 
will produce. The tobacco is necessiiry thoroughly to relax the system 
and overcome tixed or chronic tendencies, and to counteract the influence 
of the glanderous poison. Swab out the nose every day for eight or ten 
days, and drench every third day for from two to four weeks, or until 
the discharge has ceased and the ulcers are j)erceptibly healing. 

So for the first two stages. If all these directions, (those as to food 
and car(> as well as for the administering of medicines), are faithfully 
carried out, a reasonal)le hope of success uv.iy be entertained. If the 
disease has passed into the tliird stage, ho\vc\'er, no treatment can ])e 
confidently recommended. So doubt lui is it as t<i wiiellur any remedial 
agencies will avail, that most veterinai'iaiis in the I'nited States conli- 
dently declare that liic best thing to do is to kill the sufferer in the 
(juiekest and most inimane way, and bury him deep in the ground, bevond 
the ])ossibility of his contaminating th(\ atmos])here with his decaying and 
poisonous carcass. This ^is made a matter of legislative enactment in 
England — severe penalties attaching to the keeping of glandered horses 
— and it is contended by some that the general safety of both animals 
and man rei|uire like legal t'naetments in this countiT ; but, as we have 
said, until he has passed into tiie tliird stat<', or where he seems to l)c 
suffering with both glanders ami fai-cy, a gootl horse ought not to be sac- 
rificed. It cannot be toe strongly urged, however, that no effort ought 
to be s])ared to |)re\ent tlie s]iread of the contagion ; and the man 
who would expose a horse for sale, known to him to be ghuiderecj, but 
not appai'cnt to a casual observer, ought to be confined in the State 
j>rison. 

A horse affected witli this disease, in any stage, is dangerous to the 
man who handles him ; but he is doubly so, perhaps, when he has become 
a loathsome object in limbs and body as well as in head ; and under 
ordinary circumstances it is doubtless best to destroy him as quickly as 
])(issible. In case treatment is determined u]ion, nothing better than that 
]irescribed for the second stage can be reconunended. 

The reader's attention ought to be called to this fact: that there have 
been instances of a sjjontaneous cure of glanders — that is, of cures 
having taken place without the agency of remedial means used by man ; 



2,^0 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

hut all .siu'li Ciuses may have been apparent rather than real — a mere sus- 
pension of the active powers of the poison — and they ought to be looked 
upon with suspicion. These may be resumed at some future time and 
with fatal result. 

It remains now but to suggest some precautionary measures to prevent 
contagion, in addition to those which have already been given. If a 
stable is known to have been used by a glandered horse, no other animal 
should be allowed to occupy it until the trough, the rack, and the walls 
have been thoroughly scraped and scoured with strong soap and warm 
water. Then take one j^int of chloride of lime and dissolve it in two gal- 
lons of water, with which thoroughly saturate every part that the horse's 
nose may have touched. Next, white- wash the walls inside. Then burn 
bridles, halters, buckets out of which he has drunk — whatever may have 
been about his head — and if any blanketing has been used have it care- 
fully cleansed by washing, or burn it up. 

II. Farcy. 

Causes — In treating of glanders and farcy there if? a great diversity 
of ojjinion as to the relations in which they stand to each other — which 
is the antecedent, which the consequent ; but the most sensible view of 
the matter, and the one taken by the ablest veterinarians, is this : that 
the two are but different manifestions of the same disease, and that they 
might with propriety be so treated. Regarding them separately it is 
difficult to say which is the more acute form, wliich the more chronic, as 
it IS now generally conceded that a horse afflicted with what may seem at 
first a well-developed case of glanders may be presently laboring under 
confirmed farcy — the last state apparently worse than the first ; again, a 
case of farcy may assume the type to which the name glanders is applied, 
and in this case also there seems to be a development of the first into a 
more hopeless disorder. 

This would be a matter, however, of no special consequence to the 
intelligent horse owner were it not that the confused notions of men 
concerning the two affections might chance to bring him face to face with 
this difficulty : that, unable to eliminate the truth from the tangled 
statements of some who, entertaining diverse \'iews, may take it upon 
themselves to advise, he may find himself halting between two opinions 
when it is of vital consequence that he should be doing something. Let 
him be assured that it is Avholly unnecessary to trouble himself with nice 
questions as to the priority of either disease or the real difference 
between them ; the one important ])oiiit for him is to be able to detect in 
the incipiency of an attack of either that one of them is present. 



THE IIOKSE, DISEASES OF THE NASAL GLANDS, ETC. 231 

Spealdng now of the farcy as a distinct disease, it is to he regarded as 
a general poisoned condition of the horse — the poison having its imme- 
diate origin in an ulcerated condition of the lymphatic glands ; and its 
remote origin in whatever tends to disorder these lymphatics. The 
remote causes are often found in constitutional or inherited tendencies, 
but more frequently, no doubt, in neglect and abuse — some of the forms 
which these take on being overwork and under-feeding ; lack of the 
curry-comb and brush ; exposure to the foul atmosphere of dark, damp 
stables, and their accumulations of lilth. 

The glands so affected are more numerous along the jaws, neck, and 
flanks than elsewhere near the skin. Some species of poison is taken 
iuto the system of the animal, which manifests itself by an enlargement 
of some of these glands into the hard, rounded lumps, cnWed fare i/-fjt((h, 
or buttons, which presently secrete and discharge dangerous infectious 
matter. The absorbents whose office it is to remove useless particles 
from the Ijody, take up from beneath the skin some of this virus ; they 
inflame with it and swell ; and by their connection with the veins give the 
latter a corded, swollen appearance. The poison, of course, finally 
reaches the veins and is mingled with the blood ; by the blood it is 
convej'ed to every part of the system. Acting upon the valves of the 
veins — those little membranous sacs which assist in giving the blood a 
uniform tendency towards the heart — the poison creates new knots or 
l)uttons, and thus they increase until many portions of the skin are 
covered with putrid ulcers 

The first existence of an ulcerous condition may not be ui)on an}' visible 
portion of the body. Minute poisonous ulcerations may arise in the 
recesses of the nose, and discharge so slightly as to escape observation 
until the general system is thoroughly inoculated with the virus. 

It IS, however, extremely capricious in its manifestations ; probably 
owing more to the peculiarities of different animals than to any difference 
as to either immediate or remote causes of the disease itself. It occa- 
sionally takes on a lingering form, and will continue for months and 
years ; again it will run its course and kill the horse in an incredibly 
short tnue. 

It is extremely contagious in all its stages, and is communicable not 
only to ()th(>r lirutes, but to man. 

How to know it — it is difficult to give in few words such directions 
as enalil(> the unprofessional and inexperienced reader readily to detect 
this disease in its incipiency, and to distinguish, in its somewhat advanced 
state, between it and some other diseases which have, occasionally similar 
manifestations. It often perplexes by the different forms it assumes ; 
but close attention to the following particulars and a mde-awake interest, 



■>;-i9 ILLU.STKATEU .STOCK DOCTOR. 

that leads one to observe ehanges aiul peculiar conditions will probably 
sutfice : 

In some eases the horse will drooji for many days before the appear- 
ance of either buds or corded veins ; the appetite is impaired ; the coat 
is staring, or rough and unpleasant to the sight ; his mouth is hot ; his 
thirst great and dilficult to (juench ; the urine is highly colored ; the hail- 
comes off easily ; and he e\'inces then the symptoms of a generally 
deranged condition. 

Sometimes the horse will appear to Ije perfectly well at night, and next 
morning one leg, usually the liind leg, will be fearfully swollen, hot 
with fever, and almost without the power of moving. 

At other times the head will swell, the muzzle, particularly, will be 
enlarged, and an offensive dischai-ge proceed from the nose. 

Again, this tendency to the swelling of the leg is accompanied by 
cracks at the heels, leading the inexperienced to mistake it for ordinary 
"swelled legs" or for "grease."' 

When taken by inoculation, (the poison having been received from 
another animal or from trough, stable, or curry-comb), it is apt to 
manifest itself in its earliest stages by shivering, followed by heat of 
body, a frequent and hard pulse, dullness, accelerated breathing, and 
rapid elevation of temperature. These attacks may speedily prove fatal. 

In all these cases, the poison has been worldng, but is not yet 
outwardly manifest. Generally the tirst stage of umnistakable local 
manifestation is a swelling of the lymphatics, a development of the 
"farcy-bud." A single bud will sometimes appear near the pastern 
joint and run up in an uneven knotty form. They usually appear, 
however, along the sides of the neck or inside the legs, and are rounded, 
with an elevated edge, and a pale surface. These presently burst and 
discharge a watery fluid for some time, when a change takes place and 
the discharges become more mattery and offensive, and are mixed Math 
blood. They frequently increase in number until the neck, shoulders, 
and legs are almost entirely covered with them — ^ sometimes almost the 
M'hole body becomes a putrid loathsome mass. In this last case there are 
no longer any buds or knots, as the veins have become so generally 
injured as not to show special prominences at the yah-ular points. 

Occ-asionullvMt will be found that the buds will not ulcerate, but 
become hard and dilEcult to remove. This indicates that the progress of 
the disease is suspended ; but the poison is in the system, and if steps 
are not taken at once to eradicate the seeds of the malady, it will in 
time break out and destroy the horse. 

When it rises along the spine, as it occasionally docs, it is to be 
considered malignant and ver}' dangerous, pax-ticularly to those horses 



THE HOUSE, DISEASES OF THE NASAL (iLAXDS ETC. 233 

that arc fat and full-l)loodcd — the diseases in this case bein<r most 
probably the result of infection. 

To enable one to distinguish it from those diseases for which it is 
sometimes mistaken, the following directions, if closely observed, will be 
sufBcient : 

It differs from surfeit in this : that the buds are generally higher than 
the surfeit tumors, more knotty, not so bi'oad, and are found principally 
on the inside of the limb and not on the outside. 

The sudden swellings of the legs, head, or chest arc charai'tcrizcd by 
heat and tenderness that do not accompany other eulai'gements ; and the 
farcy may be distinguished from grease or swelled legs by this : that in 
grease there is usualh' a peculiar tightness, glossiness, and redness of the 
skin, with scurliness, discharging cracks, and a singular spasmodic catch- 
ing uj) of the leg. In farcy the swelling is more sudden — the leg that is 
apparently sound at night is found in the morning swollen to an 
enormous size. It is owing to a simultaneous inflammation of all the 
absorbents of the limb ; but instead of the redness and glossiness of sur- 
feit there will be burning heat without outward manifestation, and the 
leg will be peculiarly tender, while the body will be generally feverish. 

Itwuay be known from that local dropsy of the cellular membrane pro- 
ducing an enlargement beneath the thorax called water-farcy, by simply 
observing that in water-farcy there is general weakness unaccompanied 
bv inflanuiiation. 

What to do — The treatment must of course be directed primarily to 
the removal of the blood poison and to the restoring of the assimilative 
powers of the digestive and circulating organs. It must be both general 
and local ; as the vital functions are to be restored to their normal condi- 
tion at the same time as the outward manifestations of the poison are 
removed. The buds must be disjierscd and the ulcers healed bv active 
external applications, since the powerful internal remedies must be more 
or less inoperative wliile these receptacles of poisonous matter furnish a 
constant supply to the absorbents, to be carried by the various organs of 
circulation to all parts of the body. 

The lirst and most necessary thing to do is to exercise a wise discrim- 
ination as to the stage of the (fiwase. If found to be in its incipiencv — 
few buds having appeared, and being slow to spread ; no foul discharire 
from the nose ; no sudden swellings and violent heat — the following 
treatment may be adopt<^d with every hope of success : 

Pay particular attention to feeding, and to keeping the stable, (if nec- 
essary to have the animal confined), clean, dry, and comfortalilc. The 
food should be easy of digestion, but nourishing, and cspecialh- of such 



234 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

a character as to keep the bowels reguhir. Bran, oats, long forage, 
(green if possible), are good ; and an occasional mash of boiled carrots or 
turnips mixed with bran or shorts, to which a table-spoonful of salt is 
added, will be found beneficial. He should have moderate daily exercise ; 
and as much good pure water as he will take should be given him. If 
the food given does not have the effect of keeping the bowels open, give 
an occasional mild purgative compounded as follows : 

No. 31. 3 Dradims finely powdered aloes, 

1 Dnichm ground ginger. 

Stir these ingredients thoroughly together ; then use sufficient soft 
soap to make a paste that can be rolled into a ball. Wrap this in thin 
paper, and give by elevating his head and thrusting it into his throat. 

Give the follo\ving tonic, to stimulate the digestive and secretive 
functions : 

No. 32. 6 Oz. powdered sulphate of iron, 

6 Oz. rosin, 
3 Oz. gentian, 
3 Oz. ground ginger. 

Mix thoroughly, divide into twelve powders, and give one night and 
morning. When these powders are exhausted, make up the same 
mixture, wath the exception of the rosin, which, b}' too long continuance 
is apt to affect the kidneys unduly, and give as before, night and 
morning. 

To remove the buttons and ulcers, take a large stick or pencil of lunar 
caustic or of caustic potash, and with it burn out the central portion of 
each bud, and cauterize each ulcer. When convenient to obtain what is 
called a farrier's "budding iron," the work may be more expeditiously 
done by heating the iron to redness, and, after rubbing it on something 
to clear off the scales, inserting the point into every bud and ulcer — 
remembering that it must be done moderatel}^ and not so as to destroy 
the tissues. AVhcn these burnt places begin to slough out, and look 
pale, foul, and . spongy, with thin matter, wash them frequently with a 
solution of 1 drachm of corrosive sublimate in 1 oz. rectified spirits. 
Wiien the wounds begin to look red, and the bottom of them is even and 
tirm, \\hilc tliey discharge a thick white or yellow matter, use some 
simple ointment. 

If the disease is plainly in an advanced stage — ^the buttons and ulcers 
numerous and widely spread over the body ; the thirst great and hard to 
satisfy ; signs of glanderous ulcers on the mucous membrane of the nose ; 
the hair, where the sores have not invaded the skin, staring and easy to 



TlIK )l()i;sK, DISEASES OE TllK >AsAL (il.ANDK, ETC. 235 

conio off; tlio •rrncral ;i]i|)(';iran(c liltliy ;iii<l loatlisoiiic — the folli)\viiig 
severe treatment should l>e adijpted and jjerseveriiigl}' I'arried out : 

lu the first phiee, observe all the preeautions as to diet- and th(^ state of 
the bowels previously reconnnended, being careful to guard against 
extensive purging, for this will tend rather to reduce the disease to a 
lower stage, and to retard recovci-y. 

Bleed at once, taking from two to four quarts of blood from the neck 
vein, according as the body is more or less inHanied. 

Take a gill of very sti'ong solution of tobacco and i)our it into a pint 
of warm water, and drench M'ith it. Kepeat this dose every third day 
until a change for the better has evidently taken place. If the feverish 
state <-ontinues lie should l)e bled again, t. iking a like (|uantity as at first, 
within a week or ten days. The i)racti<-e of l)lec<ling. as insisted upon 
b\- some veterinai'ians, cannot be rccomnicndcd : hut tiicrc are cases in 
wliicii it may be eniplovc<l with tiic greatest advantage. In farej', it 
cannot be said to remove tin' poison to any great extent, though it does 
in some measure have tiiis effect ; but the vitiated condition of the fluid 
.seems to render it turgid and slow, and to produce an unnatural disten- 
sion of the veins and cajjillaries, which bleeding partially relieves — 
possibly b}' both diminishing the quantity a little and by a reaction which 
follows the shock given to the organs of circulation l)y the act of blood- 
letting. 

The tobacco drench is a powerful medicine in counteracting the poisou 
in the .system : and while the dose recommended will make the horse very 
sick, from its well-known nauseating properties, its effects are not to be 
feared. 

On those days wiiicli intervene between the doses of tobacco tea, the 
tonic powder, No. '.\i, may be given as directed for tiie milder stage of 
fare}', omitting the rosin. 

When the poison has been long at work without betraying its presence, 
till all at once the horse becomes lame, his legs swell, violent general 
heat sets in, large and vicious looking buds appear suddenly and presently 
break, while a stinking discharge takes jilace from the nose — corded veins 
and l>uttons appearing in some in.stances along the spine — the case may 
well be looked upon as hopeless ; and if there are other animals that are 
in danger of taking the affection from him, it is doubtless be.st, as is 
generally recommended by English veterinarians, for even much milder 
form.s, to kill the horse and bury him beyond the reach of all danger to 
others. In this stage of the disease he is dangerous to man, and no 
one ought to be required to take the ri.sk of handling him. 

Lastly, every precaution should be taken to guard against the spread 
of the contagion. When a horse is known to be affected with farcy, no 
10 



23(3 • ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

time should be lost in cleaiisiug the stable where he has been confined — 
Avasliing the trough, nick and walls thoroughly, — saturating them after 
that with a strong solution of chloride of lime, (one pint of chloride to 
two gallons of water), and then white-washing the walls inside. Curry- 
comb, blanket — whatever may have the poison adhering to it — had 
better be burned. 

I 
III. Distemper 

Causes. — This is an epidemic disease, occurring in young horses, geu- 
erallv, and when it once breaks out all the animals in the stable are likely 
to be infected with it, unless they have already had it. Colts and young 
horses will take it from older ones more easily than older ones from the 
young. 

If it is not actually generated by tilth and uncleanness in the stables, 
the disease is certainly aggravated by causes producing miasma and l)ad 
air in the stables. Therefore cleanliness is essential not only as a means 
of preventing the disease, but in rendering it of a mild type when it 
breaks out 

Horses will contract the disease from others when at a considerable 
distance. It is supposed to be communicated both by actual contact and 
also from germs proceeding from the breath. Hence when once it breaks 
out, at the first symptoms, isolate the sick animal or animals, fumigate 
the stable thoroughly and daily. 

To do this fill the stable with tobacco smoke, both the stable from 
whence the sick horses have been taken, and the place where they are 
confined during treatment. Let the smoke be so thick as to become 
quite inconvenient. Make all the animals inhale as much as possible. 
Wash every part of the stable, and especially the feeding places and hay 
racks, M'ith a strong decoction of tobacco stems, u.sing for the purpose 
cheap, rank tobacco. Keep powdered tobacco leaves in the mangers of 
all the horses. This being early attended to its spread may be generally 
arrested. 

How to know it. — The disease has three stages. In the early stage of 
the disease there is a dry, hacking cough, and there will be noticed a 
discharge from the nose, first of a thin, watery fluid succeeded by a 
thicker, purulent discharge of a whitish color. 

The next stage of the disease shows itself in a swelling of the throat. 
The salivary glands, which at first were inflamed, are now closed, and pus 
is being formed. At length an abscess is formed. 

The third stage is the suppurative stage, in which the abscess breaks ; 



THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 237 

sometimes there are two. From this time on, the animal is in a fair way 
to mend, and every means should he taken to promote the diseharge. lu 
bad cases the suppuration may continue for weeks, and in extreme cases 
it may continue for months. 

From first to last there is a fever. The pulse is (luickened and hard. 
The appetite fails, both from the fever and inability to swallow. As the 
fever increases the eyes become dull and jrlassy : the hair is dry, will not 
lie close, looks dead ; and the animal stands with its head drooped, and 
the whole appearance is stupid. 

What to do. — In some cases, bleeding will be indicated. This, iiow- 
ever, should not be allowed except under the advice of a competent 
veterinary surgeon or physician. If the animal is fat, or if there are in- 
dications of blood poisoning, from a quart to three pints of blood may be 
taken from the neck vein. The animal must be warmly clothed and kept 
in a thoroughh' well ventilated but comfortable stable. Let the food be 
light, but nourishing. Mashes made of oat-meal and bran ; also boiled 
oats ; oat-meal gruel, and hay-tea should be given for drink. Give the 
following : 

No. 33. 1 table-spoonful pulverized gum myrrh, 

1 table-spoonful j;un powder, 

1 table-spoonful lard, 

i table-spoonful soft-soap, 

2 table-spoonfuls tar. 

Mix, and put a spoonful of this mixture on a long, narrow paddle 
down the throat twice a day, so it will lodge about the glands of the 
throat. 

Let all drink and food have the chill taken off before giving it. If 
there is considerable fever and the tongue is coated, give a little cream of 
tartar in the drink. If the limbs are cold, bandage them and hand ruli 
to promote circulation. Give once a day in the food the following: 

Xo. 34. 2 or three ounces flower of sulphur, 

1 ounce resin. 

To be mixed in the food if it will eat, or in the drink. Give also three 
ounces of sulphur per day, if the animal will take it. AVash the neck 
two or three times a day with a decoction of tobacco as hot as the animal 
will bear it. If these remedies are taken in time and faithfully applied, 
they will often prevent any tumor from forming. If the tumor form.-, 
then every means must be employed to cause it to suppurate. It will 
then be dan£erous to scatter it. If the bowels are obstructed, remove 
the contents of the rectum by the following injection : 



•2;ifi 



ILIA'.S'l'KATKU STOCK DOCTOR. 



No. 35. 4 Draclims powdered uloes, 

1 Onichm common salt, 

2 Drachms hot water. 

Mix, and inject when lilood-warm. 

Use every p()ssil)le moans to proinolc the formation of pus and its <lis- 
eliarije. Common distemper and strangles are similar in some of their 
syniptcms, and one may run in the other. Stimulate the swelling with 
the followinir: 

No. 36, Two parts spirits of turpentine, 

One part laudanum, 
One part spirits ol" camphor. 




.\ppiy this thre(> times a day with a 
brush until soreness is produced. Af- 
ter each application keep the ])arts 
warm with folds of flannel, kept in 
plaec with an eight-tailed bandage, a 
piece of flannel having three slits 
put in the (mhIs for tying, and long enough to go romid the throat and tie 
over the top of tiie head. 

If this does no) cause tlic tumor to form, pi-e])arc a jioultice as follows : 



EIGUT-TAILKD BAND.UM:. 



No. ;i7. 1 Part iiowilcruil slippery elm, 

1 Part poplar bark, 
1 Part ground llax seed. 

Moisten with vinegar and walcu" ccjual i>arts, (juilt between two folds of 
cloth and apply to as large a surface as possible. When the tumor has 
formed pus and is nearly ripe, which may be known by a soft ])lace where 
it is working its way to the surface, open it with a knife with a round- 
pointed blade, and if necessary increase the opening with a button-pointed 
bistoury, to allow free exit of matter. It will give almost immediate re- 
lief. Then apply to the swollen glands night and morning, the following : 

No. 38 4 Ounces spirits of camphor, 

3 Ounces pyroligneous acid, 
1 Pint neat's foot oil. 

Mix. If the acid is not to be easily obtained use strong cider vinegar. 
Prepare the following powders : 

No. 39. 2 Ounces powdered jtentinn, 

1 (.Hince powdered golden .seal, 
1 Ounce powdered pleurisy root, 
1 Pound t)owdered liiiuorice root. 

Mix. and divide into six powders, to be given in the food night and 
morning. 



TIIK IIOi;SK, ITS DISEASES. 239 

IV. Nasal Gleet. 

Causes. — Tlils affliction sometimes follows disitcmper and strano-les and 
is one of the attendants on glanders, sometimes runninc; into it. It is 
sometimes caused by a chronic affection of the schneiderian surfaces. It 
is caused sometimes by the relaxing and enlarging of the ducts commu- 
nicating between the cavities of the mouth and nose by disease, alldwiiiir 
the semi-liquid food and its juices to pass into the nostrils. This is true 
chronic gleet, and the discharge is tinged with what the animal eats. It 
is in one of its forms a suppuration of the nmcus membrane lining in the 
facial sinuses, producing distortion and a terribly offensive discharge, 
which may have been produced l)y a blow on the fa<'e. In bad cases the 
cheapest way is to end the animal's misery by killing. 

How to know it. — Discharge is not always present, neither is it uniform. 
Sometimes during fair weather it Mill bo discontinued. The discharges is 
a thick yellow nuicus tinged with gnsen, if the food })e grass, or with the 
color of (lie food. If it becomes ])urulent, that is pus, matter, and 
tinged with blood, it may end in ulceration of the cartilages of the nose, 
and iii glanders. If the discharge is confined to the left nostril, is tena- 
cious, ehistic, accumulates around the edges of the nose, if there is 
enlargement of the lymphatic submaxillary gland, under and on the side 
of the jaw, it is cheaper to kill the horse, or else call in a surgeon, since 
for the proper treatment of the disease (he trephine should be used, 
by which a circular piece of the bone may he taken out to facilitate 
treatment . 

How to Cure. — In mild cases look for decayed molar (grinding) teeth ; 
if found, remove them. Look for swelling of the frontal bone, ]n-oduced 
bv bruises. Put the horse where he may be comfortable, let his diet 
he light, but soft ; fresh grass in Summer, with good food. Inject (he 
nasal passages thoroughly with the following : 

No. 40. 1 OiiiK-e li;iyl)prry hurl;, 

1 I'int boilins; water. 

When cool strain (hrougli a <l()sc linen or white flannel clo(h, and inject 
daily . 

Pre|)are the following: 

No. 41. 1 Part (Jrains of Paradise, 

1 Part wliite mustard seed, 
1 Part powdered sulphur, 
1 Part powdered charcoal. 
Mix, and give one ounce daily in the food. 



240 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

Give occasionally in gruel the following : 

No. 42. j-i Ounce balsiira copaiba, 

2 Drachma sweut spirits of niter. 

This with warm clothing and nutritious food will suffice for mild cases. 
Where the trephine is not to be used, treatment must be persisted in until 
the animal is cured. 

V. Nasal Polypus. 

Polypus may form upon any of the cavities of the body which com- 
municate with the air, being peculiar to the mucous membrane. These 
grown to such size as seriously to impair breathing, are accompanied some- 
times by discharge of mucus which is pure. That is, it is thrown out as 
soon as formed, and therefoi-e it is not fetid. 

Y/hat to do. — If the poh'pus which is genei'ally pear-shaped and at- 
tached to the membrane of the nose, by a small neck, can be made visible 
by causing the horse to cough, it may be removed by a ligature or a 
pair of polypus scissors by any physician, if no veterinarj- surgeon is 
at hand. 

When the polypus is entirely concealed from view, tracheotomy may 
have to be employed before an examination can be made, since the poly- 
pus may have gone so far as to oppress the breathing. Thus in all cases 
of polypus, unless it be so low that a ligature can be emiiloyed to strang- 
ulate it at the neck, it is altogether better to call in the aid of a veter- 
inary surgeon. 



CHAPTER IV. 



DROPSICAL AFFECTIONS. 



1. DROPSY OP THE HEART. II. DROPSY OF THE BRAIN. III. DROPSY OF THE CHEST. 

r\'. DROPSY OF THE SKIN OF THE CHEST.- V. DROPSY OF THE SCROTUM. VI. 

DROPSY OP THE ABDOMEN. 



I. Dropsy of the Heart: 



Causes. — The pericardium or membninous covering; of the heart is 
subject to inrtiininiation ; h}' this inflammation and consequent obstructed 
circulation in the minute vessels that supply it an effusion takes place, 
and either thickens the walls of the pericardium itself, and thus contracts 
or compresses the heart, or it is deposited in the cavity of the pericardium 
in quantities varying from a pint to a gallon. This diseased condition is 
generally found in connection ^vith dropsy of the chest or abdomen. 

How to know it. — In the early stages of the disease there is a quickened 
and irregular respiration, with a bounding action of the heart. As the 
fluid increases the action of this organ becomes feeble and fluttering. 
There is a peculiar expression of anxiety and alarm on the countenance 
of the animal. If he does not die of the disease before the pericardium 
is filled, violent palpitations and throbbings characterize the advanced 
stage. The breathing becomes diflicult, and when the head is raised 
there is a tendency to faint. 

What to do. — If it is observed wliUc there is yet a painful state of the 
pericardium bv reason of inflammntion — profuse effusif)n not having 
taken place — the first thing is to reduce the inflammation and allay the 
pain, and thus forestall the further accumulation of the fluid. For this 
purpose relieve constipation, which is usually found as an acconqianiinent, 
by moderate doses of salts, or of oil. Then give tiie following draught : 



242 ILUS'lltATKI) STOCK DOCTOR. 

No. 4.!. 1 Oz. nitrutc of jxitush, 

IT) Drops tiiu'tui'c of ueonite, 

1 I'iut (if water. 

T\w aiiiinal niu.st bo kept coiiif()rtal)le, according to the season, and 
lia\ e a plentiful supply of fresh air and cold water. 

If there are no indications of iclicf within four hours, givt^ the following 
draught : 

Ko. 44. 4 Oz. solution of acetate of ammonia, 

10 Drops tincture of aconite, 
li ()z (if water. 

Repeat this after eight hours, and then leave off the aconite, hut con- 
tinue to give, at intervals, the acetate of uinnionia in watci'. 

If the disease has reached an advanced stage, and the cavity of the 
pericardium is largely tilled with watei', it is scarcely to he hoped that the 
animal may i)e saved ; hut even in that case the course here prescribed 
shoultl be adopted, unless there is some more general disorder under such 
treatment as will render it unnecessary or ()l)jectionable. 

II. Dropsy of the Brain. 

Causes. — J'he remote cause of this disease (known also as hydrocepha- 
lus), is some constitutional disorder of the brain, or of its membranous 
covering — ehieHy, as is believed, a scrofulous tendency. The innnediate 
causes, (U* the excitants to its develoi)ment, are various, as castration, foot 
|)unctur(', staggei-s, acute diseases of the stomach, defective nutrition, etc. 

How to know it. — At first an uiniatural sleepiness will appear, with aj)- 
|).irent unconsciousness and a tendency to rt'cl when moving on foot. 
The pupil of tiie eye is perceptiblv dilntcl : I'lc animal ImMlIics in a 
hard and grunting way ; he tosses his head aiioul and throws ii upward 
or backward, as though in much pain. When down, with neck lying 
prone, as is often the case, he will sometimes raise his head, then drop it 
s[)asniodically, beating it ui)on the ground. If unrelie\ed, convulsions 
tinaliy set in, and ileath ensues. 

V/hat to do. — Tf the head is hot with fever, denoting an acute attack, 
sponge frc(|iienilv with cold water, and see that the bowels are kept mod- 
erately open. If there is decided constipation, as is sometimes the case, 
use ;in injection of soap-suds at intervals, until the bowels are moved. 
Then gi\c the following in doses of i' ounces, morning and evening: 

No. i'). 4 Oz. fluid extr.nct of bucliu, 

2 Oz. iodide ofpotassium, 
6 Oz. water. 



TIIK llOHSK, ITS DISKASKS. 243 

Continuo tliis, keepinj^ tlio liorso from lahor and as quiet as possible, 
until all syinjitonis of fcvt'ri.siiiu'f-s disai)p(>ar from about tho head, and 
the unnatural torpor no longer manifests itself. 

III. Dropsy of tho Chest. 

Causes. — This disease, (called also Indrotliorax), is frequently the 
seijuel of pleurisy, and is tlie result of the inflamed condition of the large 
surfaces of the covering of the heart and lungs. The absorbents are in- 
ade(|uate to the taking up of the abundant effusion, so that the chest is 
tilled, the hmgs are pressed upon antl death 1)}' suffocation follows. 

How to know it. — Tiie impaired appetite and chilliness of the ears and 
legs wiiicii characterize tiie last stag*; of pleurisy, change when it is about 
to assume a dropsical form, and the horse becomes more lively, his ap|)e- 
tite n^turns, his legs and cars become warm, the ej'es look more cheerful, 
and his manner is every way more encouraging. A few hours after this 
first apparent improvement, however, the breathing becomes labored, the 
nmscies quiver and twitch, and the nostrils flap. The animal stands 
with the legs wide apart, head low, or resting upon something, neck 
stretched out, eyes staring, and the motion of the flanks increased, even 
brought into forcible heaving action. The pulse is more frequent, but 
small, irregular and fluttering; and the nose, ears and legs become cold 
again. His weakness rapidh' increases, and if not relieved the animal 
dies, sometimes within a week, though he may linger much longer. 

The disease may be detected in its early stage, or immediately after the 
horse has shown signs of relief from pleurisy, by j)lacing the ear to the 
chest, near the breast bone. If the dropsical effusion has set in, tiie ear 
will detect no sound, nor will any be detected until the ear is jilaced high 
up the shoulder or flank, past the Uiiddle of the ribs. Holding it here, 
at the point where the breathing is first audible, and directing a slap to be 
made on the other side with the ojien hand, the examiner will hear a dull, 
splashing noise as though of disturbed water ; and there need be no 
longer any doubt as to tlie nature of tiie case. 

What to do. — In the first place adopt the use of diuretics and laxatives, 
that the various organs may be assisted in carrying off the accumulated 
fluid. For the first day give every six or eight hours, the following: 

No. 46. 4 Draclims powclercil nitrate of potasb, 

1 Fluid ouiiL-e tincture of carilamoms, 
10 (>/.. water. 

Mix tlie potash and water, and wiieii a clear sohition is formed ;i<l<l the 
tincture, and give from the botth; twice or thrice in the twcnt\-four iiours. 



244 ILLlSTKATEl) STOCK DOCTOR. 

On the second dav, two or three times :i day give : 

No. 47. 2 Fluid ounces solution of acetate of ammonia, 

1 Oz. nitrous etlier. 

Mi.v with water and adniinistcn- from tlie bottle. 

If this treatment does not seem to be giving relief at the end of three 
to tive days, draw off the liquid by tapping the ehest. It is a simple and 
safe operation and will give relief unless treatment has been too long de- 
layed, so that there is an accumulation of substances that will obstruct 
the mouth of the canula and prevent the flow of the liquid. The instru- 
ment to be used, the trocar, armed with a stylet, must not l)e large, as 
drawing off the water too suddenly would prove fatal. The smallest of 
those made for human practice is large enough, but it must be of greater 
length. Having the instrument, and that, in good condition, select a place 
behind and about on a level with the elbow, and take a small portion of 
skin, between the eighth and ninth ribs, which must be pulled forward. 
Then make a narrow slit with a sharp knife upon the place which the 
skin oi-iginally covered. Still holding the skin gathered forward, insert 
the armed trocar into this opening and press it with such force as sutfices 
to push it gradually onward until resistance ceases. It is then within the 
cavity of the thorax, and the stilet must be withdrawn, whereupon the 
water usually begins to tlow out. Take all the water you can get if the 
horse will suffer so much to be withdrawn ; but if at any time during the 
operation he shows signs of faintness, withdraw the trocar and let the 
skin fly back. It is necessary always to have the skin drawn forward so 
that on returning it may cover the wound lest the air may enter the chest 
from the outside, which would prove quickly fatal. In an hour or two 
after the first attempt a second may be made but the trocar must be in- 
serted in a new place, as the first wound might be irritated by an effort 
to re-insert the instrument. 

There is sometimes apjirehension lest this operation may injure an 
artery l)y approaching too near the posterior border of a rib, but this is 
groundless, as the artery is protected by the groove through which it 
travels. 

If the trocar is ]iropcrly inserted, and no water flows, the case maybe 
regarded as mcII nigh hopeless. A whalebone may be inserted to break 
away the i)us or :\hatever substance may line the thorax, but this is not 
known to have ever resulted in any good. 

If there is fluid on both sides, it should be drawn off on both sides at 
the same time, to prevent pressure ujion the delicate divisions of the 
che.st. The fluid is generally confined, however, to one side. 

The operator should stay by the animal during the slow abstraction of 



THE HOUSE, ITS DISEASES. 245 

the water, so that upon any sifrn of faintness he may withdraw the trocar 
and prevent death througli sudden collapse. 

After the water is pretty tlioroughl>' drawn off, be careful to give the 
patient as much nourishing and carefully prepared food as he will con- 
sume ; and the following tonic ball should be administered night and 
morning for several times on alternate days : 

No. 48. 1 Drachm iodide of irou, 

>i (Jraiii Htrychnia, 
>i Dnicbra Bulpliate of zinc. 
4 Drachms extract of gentian. 

IV. Dropsy of the Skin of the Chest. 

Causes. — This is an effusion of iluid underneath the skin of the chest ; 
and it is a sequel to various diseases — beginning generally to manifest 
itself only after the animal is reduced to a debilitated state. It is most 
likely to occur in the Sj)riiig and in the Fail of the year, at tlie time of 
changing the coat . 

How to Know it. — A swelling apjiears on the chest and somewhat 
between the forelegs ; and its dropsical character may l)e known bv its 
yieldfng to pressure of the fingers with a fluctuating feeling. 

What to do. — If it is the accompaniment of any more general disorder 
the first tiling, of course, is to remove that primary disease. Meanwhile 
if the fluid accumulates in any considcrai)le quantity, draw it off with the 
trocar ; and if there is not too much soreness, subject the part to regular 
and moderately vigorous friction occasionally for some days. 

Diuretics are always good in these dropsical complaints. No. 45 is 
good. It is important that the bowels be kept regular, and that good 
nutritious food, as boiled oats or boiled l)ai-ley, with wheat bran, be given 
regularly, and in sufficient quantity to nourish well. Give 4 drs. of 
gentian cverv other day for a week or two. 

It must be rememljered that these medicines are to be given only in 
case there is no treatment in progress for a more general disorder. 

V. Dropsy of the Scrotnm. 

Causes. — This is usually found in connection with dropsy of the abdo- 
men, and arises from either local injury and conse(|uent inflammation, 
followed by effusion, or by sympathy from that cause which has ))roduced 
the general abdominal trouble. 

How to Know it. — It is readily known by a chronic distension of the 
part, except when mistaken for scrotal hernia or rupture, from which it 



•JH't ILIiTTSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

mu\' 1)C! distiii<;-iii.'<lio(l by its not p;issini;' hnck witli ;i sudden movement, 
when pressed with llie tinners, but with ;i ste:uly ciirreiit and jiraikial 
diminution. 

What to do. — If it is associated witii dropsy of the abdomen treat that 
tirst, and until it is relieved, without which being done it is unnecessary 
to attempt the cure of the more local and dependent disorder. In any 
event, tind out, if possible, and remove the primary cause. Next see to 
it tiiat tlu' bowels of the patient are kept moderately active ; and as iu 
the case of dropsy of the abdomen, give sutficient of diuretic No. 45, to 
act freely topon the kidneys. 

If the tluid has accumulated in any considerable quantity, so as to 
render the scrotum painful by distension, draw it off with a line armed 
trocar, or a hypodermic syringe, and supi)ort the parts with an elastic 
bandage. 

VI. Dropsy of the Abdomen. 

Causes. — Tliis is a collection of water in the ubtlonien which is gcner- 
allv the result of chronic intlammation of the peritoneum, a tough, white 
membrane which lines the abdomen and embraces the bowels in its folds. 
Wluni this intlammation has assumed a chronic condition, the peritoncmm 
secretes a watery fluid, because of long obstructed circulation, which fills 
the cavity, and unless attended to will finally cause death. 

Frequently it follows injuries of the abdominal walls, when the perito- 
neum has l)cen subjected to violence, and is associated with local inflam- 
mation of the nmscular tissues, from which effusion is directed inward. 

Sometimes it arises from obstructed circulation caused by. diseases of 
the liver, lungs or heart, and again from a poor, watery state of the 
blood, superinduced by exhaustion or by scanty and innutritious food. 

It is more ffc([ueiitly found in old than in young and vigorous animals. 

How to know it. — Gencralh% a low state of health precedes the more 
unmistakable manifestations ; there is thirst and loss of apiietite ; the 
pulse is hard and small ; the memlirane of the nose is pale ; the mouth 
is dry ; the head droops ; there is a condition of weakness and languor; 
and there are some signs of heart and liver diseases ; pressure upon the 
abdomen is so painful as to cause a gi-oan. Sometimes there is local 
dropsy of the sheath, legs and breast, as well as of the belly. The 
bowels are apt to be constipatinl, l)ut are sometimes irregular ; and the 
coat is loose and staring. 

When the water has begun to till the cavity, the horse manifests a de- 
sire to lie down and rem;uii long in one position ; there is a gradual 
enlargement of the abdomen, and as the fluid increases there is increased 



THE HOKSK, ITS DISKA.SES. 247 

difficulty in breathin<y. In tlio chronic staii;i's of the disease, the progress 
is slow; but the belly becomes more and more bagjry ; and -in some in- 
stances the hair of the tail comes away easily or drops out, showin<i; that 
the skin and capilhuy glands of that part of the body arc affected. 

The jjrcsence of water, w hen it has coUcctctl in any considerable (]uan- 
tity, may be detected by placing tlie ear lo tiie al)d()nH'n and having some 
one slap the iiorse on the opposite side wilii the open palm. 

In mares, this enlargement of the belly is sometimes mistaken for a 
pregnant condition ; but it may be readily distinguished by a fluctuating 
feeling whicii follows a pressure upon the parts with the fingers, a sort of 
fluid motion, as of water f()rcil)ly displaced. 

What to do. — If i' i"^ known to proceed from local injuries, or from 
diseases of tiie \itai organs, it is scarcely necessary to adopt any course 
of treatment, nnle-->, indeed, tiie primary disease can itself be removed; 
but wiien it tlepcnds upon intlamination of the peritoneum, or when it 
results from bad or deficient food and unwholesome surroundings, plac'e 
the horse in a good, dr}- and well-ventilated stall, feed him generously, 
and give him the following tonic ball, night and morning: 

Ko. 4!). 1 ()■/.. pnwilorc.l digitalis, 

,'j (iz. Milpiiali' of iron. 

Mix witii mucilage and a spoonful of linseeil meal to form a ball of 
sufficient firmness for handling. 

It is important that the kidneys should be kejjt active, and the follow- 
ing diuretic must be used for that purpose : 

No. 50. 2 Pounds soap, 

2 Pouiuls nitrate of potash, 

3 Pounds rosin, 

2 Pounds Venice turpentine, 
>i Pint oil of turpentine, 

Melt the soap and rosin slowly together, and stir in the other ingredi- 
ents while the former nuxture is cooling. Make it into 2-ounce balls 
with linseed meal, and give one at a time as often as necessary to keep 
up a somewhat copious action of the kidneys. 

If at any time the water accumulates in a great (|uantity, draw it off 
by means of a tine trocar, plunged into the most dependent or lowest 
part of the distended abdomen. 



CHAPTER V. 



DISEASES OP THE THROAT, CHEST AND LTJNGS. 



I. CHEST-POUNDBR. II. BRONCHITIS. III. PNEUMONIA, OR INFLAMMATIOS OP THE 

LUNGS. -IV. CONSUMPTION, V, PLEURISY. VI. COLDS. VII. ENLARGED GLANDS. 

VIII. SWELLFD THROAT, OB LARYNGITIS. IX. CHRONIC COUGH. X. MALIGNANT 

EPIDEMIC. XI. DIFFICULTY OF BRKATHING. XII. BROKEN WIND, —BELLOWS, — 

HEAVES. XIII. INFLUENZA. XIV. SPASMODIC ACTION OP THE GLOTTIS AND EPI- 
GLOTTIS XV. CROUP. XVI. BLEEDING FROM THE NOSE. XVII. STRANGLES. 



I. Chest-Founder. 



This when it is not soi'eness of the muscles from hard work, is rheu- 
matism in its acute form. Sometimes it is caused by lesion, or straining 
of the muscles or the tendons connected with them. 

Causes- — It nniy be brought on by suddenly allowing the horse to 
become chilled after heating, giving large drafts of cold water when 
warm, or driving him into cold water up to his belly when heated. 

How to know it. — The horse is dull ; his coat may be staring ; he 
is stiff, and mo\cs unwillingly. Sometimes the soreness extends to the 
limbs ; usually docs from sympathj'. There is fever in the parts affected 
and accelerated pulse, the latter from 70 to 80 beats in a minute. Also, 
sometimes profuse sweating and heaving at the flanks, but the legs will 
remain warm. The parts affected may be more or less swollen, but 
always tender to the touch. 

What to do. — Clothe the horse warmly, and put him where he may 
be kept so. If the animal is fat, and full of blood ; if there is evident 
determination of blood, bleed moderately, say a pint from the neck vein. 



THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 



249 



We never, however, advise bleeding, except by a veterinary surgeon or 
physician who knows his business. Wash the throat in warm salt and 
water. Relieve the bowels as soon as possible by an injection of soap 
suds, if the rectum be impacteti. Give as a laxative 4 draclims Barba- 
does aloes. Pulverize and mix into a ball with molasses and linseed meal 
to form a mass or give the following : 

Nu. ;■)!. a Oz. grouiul ginger, 

1 Diaclim tartar emetic, 
1 1'jut salt and water. 

Mix and give as wai'm as the horse can swallow it. As a rule the 
horse being thoroughly piiysiokcd will get better; if not, applv a mild 
blister. 

No. 52. 1 Oz. powdered eantliarides, 

8 Oz. lard oil. 

Heat to l)lood heat and mix thoroughly. Shave the hair from the 
breast, wash with warm vinegar and apply the mixture rubbing it well in. 
When the blisters rise dress with a plaster of mutton tallow. 




A FIT SUBJECT FOR FOUNDER OR BRONCHITIS. 

II, Bronchitis. 

Causes. — Exposure of a heated and steaming horse to chill, or over 
exertion, and leaving the horse in the stable, when the system is quite 
relaxed. Riding to town and leaving a horse in the cold and wind while 
the owner is making himself comfortalile. There is first a cold, enlarged 
glands and swelled throat. The inflammation extends down from the 



25Q ILLUSTKATEU STOCK DOCTOR. 

hirviix through the trachea into the l)roncliial tubes and air passages of 
ihe lungs, and ends sometimes in contirnied and incurable bronchitis. 

How to know it. — In the acute stage there is difficult}' and rapidity 
of l)reathing, from the filling of the membranes with blood and the con- 
sequent diminishing of the size of the tube. After a time mucus is 
formed and increases the difficulty of breathing and causes a cough. The 
pulse will be 60 or 70 beats per minute ; the cough will become hard and 
dry, and the sound in the throat will be rattling, and after the secretion 
of mucus a gurgling sound will be given similar to that made in blowing 
soap bubbles. In extreme cases the breathing becomes extremely labori- 
ous, the cough is constant and disti'cssing, the legs are extended, and at 
length the animal dies of suffocation. 




•^'^SyW^^ 



;> "L"^*'^^ ^-^— L \ 



A HORSK DRESSED FOR BRONCHITIS. 

What to do. — The first step is to find the extent of the inflammation. 
Never bleed. Clothe the animal warmly and give an injection of warm 
water to relieve the bowels. Avoid all strong jjurgatives. In fact, give 
none unless the bowels are decidedly bound up. Let the food be soft and 
laxative, green grass in Summer, or mashes and gruels in Winter. For the 
throat, scalded soft hay, fastened by means of the eight tailed bandages, 
will be good. Wash the neck and chest with a weak decoction of tobacco 
as hot as it can be borne. ^Vlien dry, shave the hair from the chest and 
apply a blister of better strength than that advised for chest founder. 
The following will be good : 

No. 53. 1 Ounce powdered cantharides, 

1 Ounce powdered resin, 
4 Ounces lard oil. 

Melt the resin and lard together, with just sufficient heat to melt the 



THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 251 

resin. Add the c-antlmrides iind stir until it sets together. Apply to the 
chest and throat if the case is desperate. If only irritation is desired the 
following will be good : 

Jso. 54. 4 Ounces lard oil, 

1 Ounce turpentine, 

fl Drachms powdered cantharides. 

Shave the hair and apply b}' rubbing in. . 

For the body prepare a strong cloth as shown on preceding page. Get 
two pieces of Hannel three yards long and the full width of the fabric, 
also four pieces half a 3'ard long and a foot wide. Saturate one of the 
pieces with cold water, fold, and apply near the top of the back, equally 
on each side. Two of the smaller pieces are to be saturated with water 
and laid along the sides of the chest, fasten the jacket at the back so as 
to hold all snug. When the flannels are warm remove them and replace 
immcdiatelv with others. So continue for two or three hours as the case 
may l)e, and then allow them to remain until the animal is pretty well 
recovered. 

In very aggravated cases of congestion give every half hour until the 
pulse regains its tone, and then at longer intervals, reduced at last to 
once a day, the following : 

No. 55. 1 Ounce sulphuric ether, 

1 Ounce laudanum, 
1 Pint water. 

At the third dose discontinue if the effect required is not produced and 
give the following : 

No. 50. Ji Ounce of aconife, 

H Drachm of extract of belladonna. 

Rub down the belladonna ^\•ith an ounce of water. Mix. Give this 
every hour until the pulse is better, then withdraw the aconite and half 
the laudanum, and add half a drachm of belladonna to the drink tirst rec- 
ommended. (No. 5.5.) Let the food be thick gruel of oatmeal, boiled 
potatoes, and oatmeal and bran mashes. Give no dry, and especially no 
dirty food. When the animal begins to recover so as to eat whole grain, 
grass and hay, let them be especially freed from dust, and let them be 
given moistened, until the horse be perfectly recovered. 

If the disease is to terminate fatally, the pulse will grow (juick and 
tremulous. In drawing the breath the body will quiver, showing increas- 
ing difficulty and ]iain. The membrane of the nose becomes of a l)luish 
tint with frothy blood and purulent matter about the nostrils. The 
17 



252 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



respiration, will become more and more difficult, and the cough most 
distressing, and continuing until a quantity of fluid matter is ejected from 
the nostrils, only again and again to be resumed. Thus the animal suffers 
and dies, or else slowly recovers, remaining through life with the cough 
of incurable bi'ouchitis. 




A CODGH OF INCURABLE BRONCHITIS. 

III. Pneumonia, or Inflammation of the Limgs. 

This may follow acute congestion of the lungs, this being really its 
first stage, though often not noticed, by the ordinary observer, as such. 
But congestion may occur in its sudden and fatal form from overtaxing 
a fat horse, or one otherwise out of condition. Suppose from hard 
driving or hard riding he hangs heavily on the bit ; droops and staggers ; 




A CASE OP CONGESTION. 



if not pulled up he may fall ; or getting to the stable he stands with 
dilated nostrils, extended head, quick, convulsive or labored breathing, 
eyes staring and bloodshot, his nasal membrane deep red or blue, and 



THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 



253 



pulse rapid and weak ; if in puttino; the ear to the chest there is a loud 
respiratory murmur with crepitation (a peculiar slight cracking sound) ; 
if the heart, as felt behind the left elbow, is beating tumultuously ; if 
the limbs are cold, with perspiration breaking out on different parts of 
the body, there is no time to lose. In extreme cases bleed at once from 
the neck vein. The Iilood will be turl)id, dark, almost jelly-like in very 
bad cikses. 

Remove everything from the animal that may impede breathing, and 
allow him plenty of fresh air. Give an active stinuilant, the easiest to 
be had ; whisky, four or five ounces, or a tumbler full in a half pint of 
water. If tliis caimot be had give an ounce of ground ginger in a pint 
of water, or a half ounce of oil of turpentine in half a tumbler of 
water. Give also warm water injections to relieve the bowels, and also 
active hand rubbing of the legs to promote circulation to the surface, 
while the body is enveloped in l)lankets wrung out of hot water, and 
covered with diy ones. If the patient does not soon recover muler this 
treatment the case will be one of pneumonia. 

How to know it. — II Ihe disease docs not succeed to the symptoms we 
have just described, those of acute congestion, there will be a chill with 
shivering, and generally a dry cough, but deep as though from the chest. 
There will be a hot skin, indicating fever, quick-labored breathing, a full 
but oppressed pulse. The membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth will 
be red, and as the disease advances a yellowish or whitish matter will 
come from the nostrils. The horse will always stand with the legs wide 
apart ; so will the ox in bad cases, 

and the latter will moan Mith each ex- '^ ~ *;---- 

piration of the breath. Generally 
the ox will lie down. There will l)e 
crepitation of the lungs about the 
seat of the disease, and a more than 
normal murmur upon applying the 
ear. By percussion, striking the af- 
fected parts, there will be flinching 
and even groaning, but except at the 
seat of the disease the chest will re- 
tain its healthy sound, while the dis- 
eased parts will sound dull and solid. 
Thus, by the ear, and sounding bv 
the hand, the progress of the solidi- 
fication of the lungs may be followed from dav to dav. 

What to do. — Under the advice of a veterinary surgeon or physician, 
blood may be drawn. If none such are near, if the animal be young and 




254 ILLISTIJATED STOCK DOCTOK. 

plrtliorR', blood iMiiy he drawn in tlio earlier stages. Phieo the animal in 
u loose box stall, with plenty of ventilation to the stable. If the bowels 
are costive, loosen them l)y injections of warm water. Bandage the 
limbs to keep them warm, and give the body such clothing as the neces- 
sities of the case seem to require. Let the food be simple, laxative and 
cooling. Bran mashes, boiled carrots, linseed meal, soft sweet hay. Do 
not check diarrh(ta or profuse staling ; it is an effort of nature to relieve 
the system. If there is fever, give ijlenty of water. If there is swift 
pulse and oppression of the lungs, give 20 to 30 drops of tincture of 
aconite in half a pint of water, or 1 to 2 drachms of tincture of veratrum 
in water every two hours. If under this treatment: the system becomes 
depressed, and it must be watched, discontinue. If the pulse falls — if 
there is trembling sweats, and a ijeculiar anxious expression in the eyes, 
discontinue. If there is great exliaustion, give moderate doses of whisky, 
but discontinue it unless good effects are seen. If there is much weak- 
ness, give two drachms each of camphor and of carbonate of ammonia, 
made into a ball with molasses and linseed meal, twice a day. In the 
case of considerable congestion, strong nmstard poultices will be indi- 
cated, to be applied to the chest ; or in extreme cases, blister. 

In the case of cattle, the same general treatment should be followed. 
Doul)le the (juantity of aconite and ammonia should be given. As a rule, 
cattle reijuire more than the horse ; and in giving medicine to cattle it 
must trickle down tlie throat, in order that it may not pass into the first 
stomach. 

In this disease s^miptoms must be watched. Good nursing is of espe- 
cial value, and as the animal begins to recover, give soft and easily 
digestible food, and assist the system if necessary with wine, ale or 
whisky in very light doses. 

IV. Consumption. 

This hereditary affection is much more common in the West than is 
generally supposed. More common in cattle and even in sheep and 
swine than in horses. In horses it is comparatively rare. The disease 
may be communicated to healthy animals b}^ inoculation, and by eating 
the raw fiesh of diseased animals, and it may also be superinduced in an- 
imals predisposed to the disease by local inflammation ; so also the germs 
may be received in milk, when the disease has invaded the mammary 
glands of tlie cow. Deep milking cattle with narrow horns, thin necks 
and narrow chests are especially predisposed to the disease. Tubercles 
may be developed in any i)art of the body, even, in rare cases, the bones 
and muscles ; the lungs, the spleen, the liver, the pancreas, the ovaries 
and the kidneys are the usual seats of the disease. 



THE MOUSE, ITS DISEASES. 255 

Causes. — Badly constructed and illy ventilated stal)les ; movinir from a 
warm to a cold climate; exposure to eold and wet; or any thing which 
teiidii to lower the health in a predispo.sed animal will bring on the disease. 

How to Know it. — The disease ma}- be acute, carrying off tlie animal, 
sometimes, in a few weeks. It is generally chronic. The attack is insid- 
ious, tubercles often being formed before danger is suspected. There is 
a general dullness and loss of spirit, tenderness of the withers, back, loins, 
and of the walls of the chest. In cattle the nose will often be dr}', show- 
ing fever ; the ears and horns will be hot ; the skin loses its elasticity and 
pliant quality. The heat of the body may go up to 102 degrees ; the 
pulse is weak but accelerated, and there is a slight, dry, but not frequent 
cough ; the lymphatic glands about tiic throat may be enlarged and there 
may be swelling of the joints. If the chest is sounded there may be 
heard a murnmring sound hoarser than natural, if it be listened for just 
over the lower end of the wind pipe or in the chest. As the disease ad- 
vances, the eyes become more and more sunken, the skin becomes more 
and more hide bound, the hair is dry and erect. If the bowels are 
involved there will be more or less scouring, and if the lungs are prin- 
cipally affected tiiere will be swelling and lameness, labored breathing, 
exhaustion and profuse perspiration occurring upon the slightest exercise. 
There will be temporary windy distention of the stomach after feeding, 
and the appetite fails. The cough increases with rattling, the discharge 
at first light, increases. There is ci-epitatiou (a rattling or snapping 
sound) of the lungs, with a whirring or gurgling of the chest, and percu.s- 
sion gives a dull sound, with wincing when the parts covering them are 
bandied. So if tubercles arc formed in the liver, pancreas, or kidneys it 
will show the involvement of these parts. Recoveries are rare. Occasion- 
ally calcification of the tubercles occurs in animals naturally of a strong 
constitution, but the disease usuall}' ends in death. 

What to do. — A cure is scancly over accomplished. Tlie symptoms 
may be mitigated. The animal must have dry, j)ure air, jjlenty of sun- 
shine. Summer and AYinter, and be protected from sudden changes, and 
must be kept warm. The food should be light and digestible, good gi'ass 
in Summer and ground food with linseed meal and roots in Winter. In 
the early stages of the disease four to five drachms of gentian may be 
given daily in the food, at two or three doses, alternated with two drachms 
of sulphate of iron as a tonic. As an expectorant, and diaphoretic, give 
occasionally three to four ounces flowers of sulphur every other day, or 
once in tin-ee days, or to act on the skin and as a diuretic, the following: 

No. 57. 2 Ounces of flowers of sulphur. 

2 To 3 three drachms powdered resin. 



25G ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

Mix and ^/wc a dose daily until the effect is produced ; and afterwards 
as needed. As an antiseptic (to countei'act putresence) the funics of 
burning sulphur would he indicated. 

How to Prevent. — From what we have written the owner will under- 
stand the difficulty attending the treatment of this disease, and also its 
dangerous character in the case of cattle. The flesh and milk it is better 
not to use at all, although danger can be destroyed by the most thorough 
cooking. Using consumptive animals as breeders, or selling the milk of 
consumptive animals should not be thought of. Drainage, good pastur- 
age, a warm, sunny location for the stables and yards, care against all 
chronic and debilitating diseases, good, libei'al feeding, especially when 
animals are giving milk, the prompt removal of all consumptive animals 
from pastures and l)uildings, and the thorough fumigation of the latter is 
recommended. 

V. Pleurisy. 

Tills is an inflammation of the membrane lining of tlie cliest and 
covering of the lungs. It is common to all domestic animals, in exposed 
situations and those liable to rheumatism. The pleura is one of the sei'ous 
membranes, those lining close cavities, as the chest, abdomen and joints. 
In liealth they are insensible to us, but under the effects of inflanimatiou 
the most sensitive and painful possible. Since every inspiration and 
expiration of the breath moves these membranous linings upon each other, 
we can at once see the extreme anguish it must occasion. If relief is 
not soon olitained the disease quickly ends in death. 

How to know Pleurisy. — There will l)e some alternations of shivering 
followed b}' heat of the skin, sometimes extending to the limbs. There 
will be localized sweating and congestion of the muscles. If confined to 
one side the foot of that side will be extended. The animal will look at 
the flank, lie down, rise again, and there will be general uneasiness indi- 
cative of pain. The pulse will be cjuick and hard, seeming to strike the 
finger under the compression. There will be inclination to cough, but 
which the animal will fear to exercise. The cough is not always present, 
but when so, is always suppressed, short and hacking. The l)reathing 
will l)e hurried, l)ut apparently confined to the abdominal muscles, the 
inspiration short and checked, but the expiration slow and prolonged. 
In pneumonia and Vironcliitis there is often intense redness of the 
nose, in pleurisy less. There is no nasal discharge and the heat of the 
breath is not so great as in pneumonia. After effusion of serum (fluid 
matter or water) into the cavity of the chest ensues, which may be in 24 
or 3fi hours, the pulse becomes soft, and the animal seems better. If 



THE HOUSE, ITS DISEASES. 257 

the effusion is re-absorbed the animal will recover. If not, the pulse 
loses its full tone, and again becomes hard and quick. The breathing is 
again difficult and attended with lifting of the flank and loin. The nose 
and head is extended, the nostrils are dilated, with signs of suffocation. 
The pulse at length becomes weak, thrilling at each beat until at length 
the animal wavei's, staggers, falls and dies. 

An attack of pleurisy is often taken by those unacquainted with the 
disease for spasmodic colic. This error, if made, will probably be fatal 
to the animal affected. In colic the pulse is natural at the commence- 
ment, and the paroxysms of pain are of short duration. In i)leurisy the 
arteiy is thin, the pulsations seem to strike the fingers, but the stroke is 
short. The pain is continuous, the body hot, but the feet generall}^ cold. 

What to do. — The same general care as in bronchitis and inflammation 
of the lungs is to be observed. If there is a chill, wrap the horse com- 
pletely in blankets wrung out of hot water, and cover with dry ones. 
When removed, do so a little at a time, rubbing dry, and re-clothe warmly. 
If taken in its earliest stage, give : 

No. 58. !j Ounce laudanum, 

M Pint linseed oil. ^ 

This will often prove effective ; if not, repeat the dose in a few hours. 
For an ox, give double this dose. If the symptoms increase, apply a 
strong mustard poultice to the side of the chest, or a. blister. No. 53 
may be applied to the chest. The bowels should be kept moderately 
open. If effusion of water takes place, give drachms of acetate of 
potassa once or twice a day in a pail of water. The following will be 
found excellent in place of the last named remedy, if there is weakness 
and a rapid pulse (70 to 80), and scanty urine: 

No. 59. }i Ounce tincture of chloride of iron, 

?i pail water. 
Give as a drink twice daily. 

The effusion of water not yielding, the chest may be tapped with a 
trochar. Divide the skin with a lancet, between the eighth and ninth 
rib and near the lower end. Be careful the air does not enter. Draw 
off ouly a part of the water if it produces a shock. In this, one should 
have the advice of a veterinarian. Repeat in 24 to 48 hours. The ani- 
mal should be kept u]i with suljiiiatc of iron, two drachms, twice a day, 
in water, with stimulants and easily digestible and nutritious food. 

It is absolutely necessary, after effusion of water has taken place, that 
the urine should be passed freely to assist absorption. To this end the 
followinir will be indicated : 



258 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

No. 60. 1 Drachm iodide of potassium, 

1 Drachm carbonate of ammonia, 
^ Ounce powdered gentian. 

Give twice a day as a drencli in a quart of Avater, or as ti ball mixed 
with liuseed meal aud molasses. 

VI. Colds. 

Colds in horses, as in the Immau family, arc usually the result of im- 
proper care or undue exposure. Taking a horse from a hot, illv ventil- 
ated stable, and allowing him after driving to become cold, is one prolific 
cause of colds. There are so many means of causing this disability that 
it wonhl bo impossible to enumerate them. If the attack is light, all that 
^\ ill 1)(" ni rcssary will be to clothe the animal warmly and relax the bowels 
wiih a w.uni nia-h, and give rest for a few days. 

Sometimes, however, the attack is prolonged 
and severe. The appetite ceases, the coat rough- 
ens, parts of the bod}' arc hot and othei's cold, the 
nu'nil)rane of the nose at first dr}' and pale, 
with the facial sinuses clogged, at length termi- 
nates in a discharge more or less great, but with- 
out improving the health of the horse. 

What to do. — Keep the animal warndy clothed, 
in ample box stall, with plenty of bedding. If 
A house's HEAD Willi I .Li>. the cold does not give way in a few days after 
the first attack, and the symptoms are as we have 
intlicated, or if the membranes of the nose are dry, nuike a sack of 
coarse gunny cloth, large enough so it may tit the nose properly, l)ut en- 
larging to the bottom, and two feet or more long, with a slit covcri'd with 
a flap in the side, half way down. Put into the bag half a peck or more 
of coarse pine sawdust with which half an ounce of spirits of turpentine 
has been thoroughly mixed. Place the bag on the nose as shown in 
the cut on next page. 

Turn two gallons of hot water in the slit, and every twenty minutes 
repeat, allowing the bag to renuiin on an hour each time, use this six 
times a day until the discharge begins. AVhen water runs freely from 
the nose, three times dailv will be enough. Let the food be good scalded 
oats or other like food, with mashes if the bowels ax"e constipated. 

An animal with this kind of a cold should not be put to steady work 
until entirely recovered. The result of protracted cold is great weakness, 
and work before recovery often leads to disease of the air passages and 
luniis. If there is much fever give the following: 




THK IIOKSK, ITS DISKASES. 



2")9 



No. 61. 2 Praehms spirits of nmmonia, 

2 Draihnis ether. 

Mix ;in(l i;iv(> in a liltic i:rucl, (say 1-i pint, ) twice a day. If the throat 
i.s involved poultice it witli linseed meal in which a little mustard has been 
mixed. When the symptoms give way and improvement begins, or if 
the appetite is not good prepare the following: 

No. 62. 2 Ounces powdered gentian, 

2 Uimcus carbonate of ammonia. 

Form this into a mass, with linseed oil and raolasse.s, divided into eight 
parts and give one twice each day. If the cold becomes chronic it ends 
in catarrh. Wheu thei'e are catarrhal symptoms and sore throat give the 
following : 

No. 6.3. 1 Draclim extract of belladonna, 

2 Drachms ipecac, 
2 Drachms powdered camphor, 
i Drachms nitre. 




Mix into a ball with linseed oil, and give one 
every Hiree or four hours. In inveterate or chron- 
ic cokl thi-re is discharge, and swelling of the lym- 
phatic gland, ^^'c have already shown how glan- 
ders ni;i\' lie known. 

AVc give a cut show- 
ing I he enhirgement 
of llic lynipiialic 
ulaiul ill chronic 
'■old. In ca.se the 
iiorsc gets cold it is 
better that he be ex- 
amined by a competent nose bao mn ..teaming 

. . * IIUKSE \\ iril CULU, 

">"-' J-'»' vetei-mary s u r g e o n, 

(not by a (juack,) in order to be sure the disease is not glanders. 

VII. Enlarged Glands— Goitre. 

There are various glands in the throat that arc subject to enlargement 
from diseti.se, and which remain permanent after the disease is jjassed. 
This result is generally more unsightly as a lilemish than as a real disa- 
bility. Goitre, however, is a disease peculiar to some limestone regions, 
producing in animals as in man a swelling of the thyroid gland. In some 
portions of the Ea.st it is (juite prevalent, producing extensive enlarge- 



OK THE TUIIUAT SWOLLE.V. 

1— The enlarged lymphatic within 




2l)0 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

nicnts in lambs. It also attai-ks cattle and swine. In solid-hoofed ani- 
mals, as in the horse, there may be a swelling on either side ; in others it 
is in the center just below the roots of the jaws. For all enlargements 
of the glands, tincture of iodine will disperse the swelling if it may be 
j3ossible. In bronchocele or goitre, rainwater only should be given to 
drink ; iodine in doses of ten grains daily may be given on an empty 
stomach, and the swelling may be painted with the tincture. This to be 
persisted in for months. Another remedy that has been successful, is 
the following : 

No. 64. >i Drachm iodide of potassium, 

1 Drachm liquor potasss, 
>i Pint rainwater. 

Mix, and give as a dose night and morning, using the tincture of iodine 
on the goitre. 

Vin. Swelled Throat, or Laryngitis. 

Causes. — Foul stables or any cause producing colds, catarrhs, etc. It 
is sometimes divided professionally into laryngitis and phar^aigitis, but 
practically they are one — inflammation of the air and food passages of 
the neck, generally accompanied with cough, difiiculty in swallomng 
and fever. 

How to Know it. — The animal is dull. The head is carried in a peculiar 
manner, as though the neck were stiff. Thei'e is a short, frequent 
cough, the breath is hurried, the pulse full and throbbing, and the mem- 
branes of the nasal passages are high colored, almost scarlet. There 
will be a hoarse sound, approaching to a grunt, at each breath taken, if 
the ears are held against the animal's wind-pipe. Externally there is 
more or less enlargement over the region of the lar^nix, the enlargement 
of the windpipe next the throat. Handling the throat seems to produce 
extreme pain. 

What to do. — Reduce the pulse at once by doses of tincture of 
aconite in a wine glass full of water, repeated every half hour. Place 
the steaminii-bag on the nose, as recommended for colds. Keep it em- 
ployed almost constantly, for there may be danger of strangulation. If 
the steaming seems to distress the animal, omit it, or use it only occa- 
sionallv, and soak soft hay in boiling water and apply to the throat as 
hot as can be borne. Bandage and fasten with the eight-tailed bandage 
previously described. Or, ferment the throat with cloths wrung out of 
hot mustard water. If there is difficulty hi swallowing, put a tea- 
spoonful of the following well back on the tongue several times a day : 



THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 2(51 

No. 65. 1 Ounce powdered guaiacum, 

4 Ounces i)0\vdered chlorate of potash, 
)i Pint of molasses. 

Do not in administering an}i;liing, force the jaws wide apart. Act as 
gently as possible. If the animal is feverish and the throat hot and dry, 
give three times a day, in a pint of cold linseed tea, the following: 

No. 6(j. 1 Draclim powdered ipecac, 

^ 1 Ounce solution ol acetate of ammonia 

In case the disease becomes chronic, the following excitant to the 
throat will be indicated : 

No. 67. 1 I'art oil of turpentine, 

1 I";irt solution of ammonia, 
1 I'art olive oil. 

^lix, shake the bottle l)efore using, and rul) well in on the throat every 
day. If this does not relieve, apply the following blister: 

No. 68. 1 Draclim crotnn oil, 

1 Drachm sulphuric ether, 
10 Drachms alcohol. 

Mix, and apph' by rubbing with considerable friction. 





A UORSB WITU TllK TUROAT BLISTERED. 



A BETON IN THE THROAT OF A HORSE. 



When the s^'mptoms become more favorable, by the membranes of the 
nose becoming pale or more natural in color : by the cough becoming 
more free, or louder, easier and with less violent breathing, and by the 
appeai-ance of a white and thick discharge from the nostrils, put a seton 
in the throat, (see cut,) and allow nothing but moist and succulent food. 
Move the seton daily until healthy pus (matter) is formed. Then cut 
one of the knots and withdraw it, and as the horse recovers allow drier 
food — hay and grain — 1)ut that entirely fi-ee from dust. See that no 
stones or grit are in the oats, and soak for five or six hours before feed- 
ing. In this, as in diseases where the throat is more or less sore, the 
horse may quid his food. This is not a symptom of laryngitis as is some- 



202 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 




times supposed, but knowu to all diseases where there is obstruction in 
swallowing. 

IX. Chronic Cough. 

There ai-e many cases of long standing or 
chronic cough. Cough is an attendant upon 
so many disorders of the air passages, from 
Ihc most trivial difficult}' in teething to glan- 
ders, that a cough should not be overlooked 
in the diagnose of diseases. And so many 
diseases leave the patient with chronic cough, 
that its symptomatic stages should be care- 
fully observed. 

Coughing tends generally to a thickening of the membranes. When 
the membrane covering the larynx becomes thickened, and consequently 
morbidly sensitive, the cough becomes fixed or what is termed chronic. 
The sense of smell in the nose is peculiarly acute, and the membranes 
of the nose and throat, as a matter of course, are fully as sensitive. We 
have said, "the limbs and feet are half the horse : the lungs the test of 
his endurance." Yet nine in ten of the stables in which horses are kept 
are offensive to man and irritate the air passages when first entered. Yet 
the sense of smell in man is not very acute, except in a few directions. 
A stable therefore, offensive to man is not a fit place for horses to be 
kept, where the lungs constitute one of the principal excellencies of the 
animal. 



..ii;fihiii"'Miiiii|| <- ijOfi 




The cough which accompanies the several diseases of which this vol- 
ume treats, will be described in the treatment of the diseases themselves. 
In this article chronic cough will be treated, the cough that is alwaj's 
present in eating, drinking and inhaling a cold draught of air, or from 



THE IIOR8E, ITS DISEASES. 2(33 

any cause of excitement, reijuirinjr long and careful nursing for tlieir 
cure. The dironic cougii, resulting from colds, is hard and motallic. 
For this, tiip following will he good, to he ruhhcd on the throat and 
around the windijipe, once in ten days : 

No. 69. ir> Drops crntfin oil, 

1 Ounce ylyceriue, 

Give twice a day, for a week, the following : 

No. TO. 40 Drops tliluteil prussic acid, 

1 Ounce niter, 

1 Ounce bicarbonate of soda, 
1 (Juart -water. 

If this does not give relief, the following, valuahlc for irritable chronic 
cough, the result of influenza or sore throat, may he used : 

No. 71. 1 Ounce Fowler's solution of arsenic, 

1 Ounce chlorate of potash, 
1 Druchiu bellaUona. 

Ciivc once a day in water or gruel and note results, ceasing after a 
week fU" ten days, if no improvement ensues. For cough and sore throat, 
when tirst <lisc(>\ered, take: 

No. 7J. 1 Drachm powdered camphor, 

1 Drachm extract belladona, 

2 Ounces sweet spirits niter. 

Give in a pint of cold gruel three times a day. Tar-water is well known 
to he valuable in obstinate coughs. Give every morning as a drink, the 
following : 

No. 73. 1 Drachm powdered squills, 

>i Pint tar-water, 
yi Pint lime-water. 

If the cough is violent, use as a sedative, the following: 

No. 74. 1 Drachm dilute prussic acid, 

2 Drachms powdered opium, 
4 Drachms niter. 

Mix in a pint of linseed tea ai.d give from five to six table-spoonfuls 
three times a day. 

E.xpectorants, calculated to loosen the cough and restore the secretions 
to their natural conditions, do not act so kindly as could be wished on 
farm animals. For a long standing cough, try the following : 



2(34 ILLISTKATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

No. 75. 1 Orai'lim ntoes, 

1 Dniolim squills, 

2 Uriiclims gum ammonii\i-um. 

Mix into ;i ball with meal and give once a day in the morning. If the 
cough is irritahle and easily excited, and the bowels natural, omit the 
aloes and substitute for it one drachm of opium. 

For a cold settled in the chest, with cough, give every morning the 
following : 

No. 76. 1 Drachm ipecac, 

1 Drachm liquorice powder, 
'; Ounce nitrate of ammonia. 

Add tar, the size of a hazel-nut and mix with molasses to form a ball. 
All coughs resulting from indigestion or worms, and some of those 
resulting from irritation of the passages of the throat, are often cured 
by turning the horse out in Summer where he may have free range on the 
prairie, where resin weed grows plentifully. A long standing cough, 
iiowever, requires time, and the operator must use judgment in adminis- 
tering medicine. If he be a veterinary surgeon he will make up his mind 
from various symptoms. The farmer should endeavor carefully to do 
the same. 

X. Malignant Epidemic. 

Under this head the older veterinarians were accustomed to term 
several diseases that sweeping over a country became unusually prevalent 
or fatal. Thus Dr. Layard and Ohmer long ago wrote of malignant 
epidemic, probably a severe form of catarrhal fever, or epidemic catarrh, 
and also known as influenza distemper, malignant eioidemic, nmrrain, 
pest, etc. 

Youatt describes a malignant disease occurring in 1714 in England, 
imported from the continent and destroying iu the course of a few months 
70,000 horses and cattle. Professor Bruipion, of Tm-iu, says of this 
disease, that it commenced with loss of appetite, staring coat, a wild and 
wandering look, and a staggering from the very commencement. The 
horse would continually lie down and get up again, as if tormented by 
colic ; and he gazed alternately at both Hanks. In moments of compar.. 
ative ease there were universal twitchings of the skin and spasms of the 
limbs. The temperature of the ears and feet was variable. If there 
happened to be about the animal any old wound or scar from setoning or 
firing, it opened afresh and discharged a quantity of thick and black 
blood. Very shortly afterward the flanks, which were quiet bcfoi-e, began 
to heave, the nostrils were dilated, the head extended for breath. The 



THE HORSE, ITS DISFASES. 265 

horse had, by this time become so weak that, if he lay, or foil down, he 
could rise no more ; or, if he was up, he would stand trembling, stagger- 
ing, and threatening to fall every moment. The mouth was dry, the 
tongue white and the breath fetid ; a discharge of yellow or fetid matter 
proceeded from the nose and fetid matter from the anus. The duration 
of the disease did not exceed twelve or twenty-four hours ; or if the 
animal lingered on swellings of the head and throat and sheath and 
scrotum followed, and he died exhausted, or in convulsions. 

Black spots — extravasation — were found in cellular membi-aiic, in the 
tissue of all the membranes, and on the coats of the stomach. The 
mesenteric and lymphatic glands were engorged, black and gangrenous. 
The meml)rane of the nose and phar>'nx were highly injected, the lungs 
were tilled with black and frothy blood, or with black and livid spots. 
Ihc brain and its meninges were unaltered. 

XI. DiffijDulty of Breathing. 

From M'hatever source this may arise, whether from some disorgan- 
ization, or change in the lungs, or obstruction in the air passages ; what- 
ever the obstruction be, it must first be traced to its cause before good 
can be done. This is sometimes not easy to do ; the owner must act 
with judgment. Thick wind often follows pneumonia, and is caused by 
closing or obliteration (hepatization) of a poi'tion of the lungs. If it does 
not pass away after the disease which preceded it is entirely cured, it may 
be mitigated by feeding the animal on sound oats, entirely freed from 
dust, giving but little hay, that moistened, and avoiding any food that is 
dusty, flashes and carrots in Winter sufficient to keep the bowels prop- 
erly open, and turning on prairie pasture in Summer will be indicated. 

Roaring has rendered nearly useless many valuable horses in England ; 
in tiii^ I'nited States horses are not subject to it. It is said to bo pro- 
duced by obstruction in some part of the respirator)' canal, most often in 
the larynx and ne.xt in the trachea. Thus chronic cough sometimes ter- 
minates in roaring. In this country heaves is the most usual termination. 

XII. Broken "Wind ; Bellows ; Heaves. 

Causes. — Broken wind is the result both of disease of the lungs and 
violent exertions. Feeding on dusty hay and grain arc prolific sources of 
tlu' disease. Where no clover hay is used, the disease is i"are. It is 
mainly confined to horses that have arrived at maturity. A horse fed for 
days and weeks on dusty hay, and then driven hard, will exhibit heaves, 
unless his lungs and digestion are extraordinary. This disease is usually 
known in the South under the name of bellows, and in the North as 
heaves, either of them expressive of the disease. 



•JM 



ILLUiSTRATKD STOCK DOCTOR. 



How to know it. — Hi-okon wind i.s nearly allied to asthma in man, but 
i.s more continuous in its action and le.ss liable to occur in paroxysms. 
At cacli l)rcath there will be a two-fold motion of the liank, caused by a 
falling in of the abdominal walls, causing the flank to lift, then after a 
])crc('i)tiblc interval a rising of the hack part of the belly assists in freeing 
the lungs of air. There is a short, dry cough, sometimes almost inaudi- 
ble, followed by wiiirring. AVhen the horse is moved suddcsnly, or drivtMi 
iiard, when a draught of cold water is given, or the animal is suddenly 
brouglit into the cold air, the spells will occur. Indigestion is almost 
always present, and as a consequence of flatulency of the l)0wels. The 
ap])etite is ravenous and unnatural ; eating the litter given for bedding, is 
one of the many exiiibitions of it. 

What to do. — There is no permanent cure for this disability. The 
s^■nll)l<lnls and distress nuxy be alleviated by giving only sound grain and 
briglit, hard stalked hay, free from dust. Prairie hay with ijlenty of 
resin leaf in it is the best ; next, clean cured corn-stalks. But little water 
should be allowed at a tim(>, and not more than G to 8 pounds of hay, 
daily, and this given at night, the provender being confined as much as 
possible to grain ami grass in Sinnnier, and grain, bran-mashes and car- 
rots or potatoes in AVinter. 

This will enalile many broken-winded horses to do a fair amount of 
work with coniiJarative comfort. In any event, a horse inclined to be 
lliick-winded in any degree, sliould never bo tightly t'hccked up, nor 
above all, lie driven by jjulling in tlie head, causing undue bearing either 
of I lie ciiili or snalHe on the jaw. 

The animal should be allowed to hold its head 
ill the easiest jjosition, since its work must bo nec- 
essarily slow. One of the most usual palliative 
means of the animal a])pearing for a time sound, 
is to give 10 to 15 grains of arsenic a day for a 
M'eck or ten days. A better prepai-ation to give 
relief — afterwards, the animal to be turned out 
on clean, short ixrass, is the following: 




BIT llKAIllNt; L 



1 ( )unee Fowler's solution of arsenic, 
1 Drachm extract of belladouua, 
a Drachm tincture of ginger. 



Give once a day, in the morning, in one pint of water, and continue for 
four to eight M'oeks, as eireumstances may dictate. 



THE IIOKM.;. ITS DISEASES. 



26'; 



XIII. Influenza. 

This epizootic, which first and hist has lioeii provaleut in nosirly all 
countries wiiciv the iiorse is used, is, as to its orifjin, hut little under- 
stood. Its .symptoms, however, are well known, hut these may he 
complicated hy intlainmatory synijjtoms of jiU the air jrassages ; also b}^ 
rheumatic swellings, paralysis, dolii-inni and inllannuadon of liic eyes. 

How to know it. — The attack may he sudden. There will he stupor 
and weakness, tlic head will he held low, the eyes dull and half closed, 
the i^ait will he weak, with cracking of the joints sometimes. There will 
l)e no appetite, and fever ; the mouth hot and clammy, the howels costive, 
v.itli scanty urine ; the pulse quick and weak, hut sometimes hard ; the 
memhrano of the nose may ho pink, or a deep leaden hue ; the cough will 
he deep and harsh; tli(^ coat rough and staring ; the skin tender and 
sometimes trcmhlin;^', and the ears and limhs alternately hot and cold. 
Upon applying the car to the lungs crepitation will be heard, or some- 
times a harsh blowing sound. As the disease progresses, and the nose 
discharges a white, yellowish or greenish water, the animal may get bet- 
t.'r; but M-hen the lungs are seriously involved, the .symptoms will in- 
crease. .Vs a rule there is constijjation, .altliough purging is sometimes 
jiresent . 




CONFUtMb; 



What to do. — Place flic animal in a well littei-cd stall, free from drafts 
of air. Do not depend upon strong physic. The cure must be effected 
by watching the symptoms and combating them. If there is costiveness 
keej) the bowels open by injections of two wine glasses full of linseed 
oil. Relief must be had by means of stimulants and tonics. Good 
nursing nuast be constant, with clothing enough to keep the animal wsirni. 
.\ good tonic and stimulant is : 
is 



2t)S ILLL'STUATED .STOCK DOCTOR. 



2 Oz of gentian, 

2 Oz. ourboiiate ammonia. 



Form in eight doses; luid give one night and morning. If the cough is 
distressing prepare the following: 

No. 73. a Oz. extraot belladonna, 

2 Drachms powdered opium, 

3 Drachms camphor, 
2 Oz. liquorice, 

>^ Pint molasses. 

Mix thoroughly and spread a table-s|)oonful on the tongue twice a day. 
If, with the eough, there is sore throat and catarrh, j)repare the following : 

>'o. 80. 20 Graii>8 iodine, 

1 Drachm iodide of potassium, 

2 Ounces sweet spirits of niter, 
, 1 Pint water gruel. 

Give this as a dose twice a day. If the animal should begin to improve 
it will be about the fifth day. 

Sometimes recovery is complicated by various disabilities. If there is 
dropsy or swelling of the legs or sheath, prepare the following : 

No. 81. 1 Oz. iodide of potassium, 

1 Oz. carbonate of ammonia, 
1 Oz. powdered gentian. 
Form into eight balls and give one morning and evening. 

If a spasmodic cough follows the attack the following will 1)6 indicated : 

No. 82. 1 Drachm extract of belladonna, 

1 Draclim chloroform, 
10 Drachms alcohol. 

Mix in a pint of gruel and let it trickle slowly down the throat, in 
order to produce a full local effect. 

As recovery ensues, the food should be nourishing and easily digested. 
The animal should be induced to take food during the disease, especially 
in the form of nourishing gruel. When the pulse changes, and especially 
when it loses its wiry chai-acter ; when the discharge from the nose 
becomes steady and copious, a ])int of ale occasionally is a good stimu- 
lant. In any event, good, easily digested food should be given, and the 
animal must be nursed until entirely recovered. 

XIV. Spasmodic AcHon of the Glottis and Epiglottis. 

This may b(^ occasioned rarely by food sticking in the iT?soj)hagus. It 
is sometimes attendant upon cuttint;' tiic teeth. Tn tlie latter case the 



TIIK ll()i;si;. ITS DISKASKS. liCi) 

gums (should he cut. Si)asiii of tlic glottis passes away hy a peculiar 
crowing inspiration. It is so rare in iiorses that it will only he necessary 
to say that its cause nnist he looked to in the general health of the 
animal. 

This disease is generally confined to yoinig aninnds, and is more rare 
in colts than in calves or landjs. 

Causes. — Being confined to damp, low lying ground, or in cold, damp, 
or much e.vposed localities. 

How to know it. — The first i^ymptom.s are like those of .sore throat. 
Tliere will he a dry M'hirring hreathing and a hard metallic cough. 
Sometimes it will be heard only when spasm of the larj'ux comes on. 
As the disease progresses the fever increases, the temperature of the 
hody running to 107 degrees, and the pulse from ninety to over one 
hundred. White films or pellicles (albuminous false nunnbranes) form 
in the throat, which come away frcnn time to time, or if not, the animal 
dies of suffocation. 

What to do. — Place the animal where it nniy have free air but no drafts, 
and where the temperature nuiy be kept comfoitaiile. Allow sutficient 
clothin|i;. Give as a laxative twelve ounces (ilaul)er salts dissolved in a 
(juart of warm water. 

As an antispasmodic give two or three drachm doses of laudanum 
every hour in a decoction of nnirsh nndlow. In the early stage of the 
disease warm fomentations persistently applied may scatter the disease. 
If later, use the following : 

No. 82. 1 Part oil of turpentine, 

1 Part lard oil, 
1 Part solution of nnimonia. 

Rub well on the affected jiarts of the throat. If the membrane in the 
throat do not give way, and there is increased difBculty in breathing use 
the following : 

No. 83. 10 Grains nitrate of silver. 

1 Ounce rainwater. 

Mix and swab the throat well over the forming membranes, by means 
of a small piece of soft sponge tied over the end of a s7nooth, flexible 
piece of whalebone and saturated with the nitrate of silver. In the case 
of foals and calves, only half the doses named must be used, and for 
lambs not more than one quarter. 



27(t Il.l.CSTKAlKI) STOCK DOCTOR. 

XV. Bleeding from the Nose. 

This often occurs from various injuries to the mucus menihrimo of the 
nostrils, from liiird pulling up hill, too tight ;i collar, and from other 
causes, cspci'ially if the animal he full of bloo'd. In these eases, the 
hleeding is from one nostril and in drops, su'eompanied by sneezing. If 
t lie bleeding comes from the lungs, it Mill be bright red and frothy, and 
there will be a cough. If from the stomach, it will l)e black, clotted, 
sour and accompanieil l>y retching. 

What to do. — In simple cases tii' the heail n\) as liigh as |)ossible, blow 
strong alum water from a tube into the nostril at each inspiration, and if 
obstinate, plug the nostril with pledgets of tow. (ii\-e internally one 
scruple of acetate of lead, to be followed in half an hour with another 
if necessary. In the ease of an ox, two scruples may be given at a dose. 

If both nostrils are involved, and the How is continuous, only one nos- 
tril must be stopped at a time, unless trat'lieotomy is performed, since 
the horse cannot breathe through the mouth. The ox, however, can do 
so. Therefore both nostrils may be iiluggi>d if necessary. 

In performing this operation (tracheotomy), on the horse, sometimes 
necessary in various ol)struetions of tlu^ throat and windpipe, a ring of 
the windpipe should not be severed, but only i)arts of two. That is, a 
circular flap should be excised. It should alway.s be performed by a 
veterinary surgeon, except in a case where death from strangulation is 
imminent. In this case do not hesitate, take the lancet or sharp knife 
and, holding the horse's head high, cut in a foot above the l)reast-bone 
and in the center of the neck, doirn to and into the windpipe. The open- 
ing through the skin should be about two and a half inches long or even 
three inches, and tiirough the windpipe from one-half to thrcc-([uarters 
of an inch. If a surgeon performs the operation he will bi- provided 
with a tracheotomy tube ; if not. any smooth metal lube which may be 
inserted will do, as the spout of a tea-kettle; this nmst be held to its 
place by proper fastenings, and until the wound is healed the horse must 
not be allowed to put his head to the ground. 

XVI. Strangles. 

This is a disease but little known in America. Our distemper takes 
its place. It is thus described in English works : It usually occurs in 
young horses, highly-bred horses being more subje<'t to it than cold 
blooded ones. When the animal is "breeding strangles," there is a gen- 
eral though slight indisposition. After a few days the neck becomes 
stiff, the throat swells, the tumor being hard, hot and tender. A dis- 



THE HOUSE, ITS DISEASES. 



271 



charter from the nose takes nlaco, the throat hcconu'S sore, the hreathiii<r 
oi)])ressed, the hair is stariii<r, the ai>i)ethi' is jioiic, and the animal stands 
with half-elosed eyes. At lenjith the tumor ijeeomes ripe enougii and is 
opened, as is usual in distemper. It is more than i)robal)le that the dis- 
ease is really the same, and that stran<rles and distemper arc one and the 
same thing', ()ni\- moditied by eonditions anil climate. 




OPENINO TUI AliSCKSS OF STBANGLES. 



The general treatment is the same as we give for distemper. As an 
applieation to the swelling t" produce suppuration, the following is 
reeonnnended : 



No. 84. 



I Pare laudanum, 

1 Part spirits ot camphor, 

2 Parts spirits of turptMitinc. 



Mix, and apply with a paint brush to the swelling. In treating either 
strangles or disteiuijer, no physic should be given. Good nursing, sooth- 
ing drinks, as much nourishment in the food or gruel as the animal can 
take should be allowed, and the strength must be kept uj) by every 
possible means, and to induce the ripening into pus of the tumor is im- 
portant. Until the animal l)e again entirely recovered and in g(jod iiealth, 
it should have uo work. 



CHAPTER VI. 



DISEASES OF THE STOMACH AND BOWELS. 



I. SOUR STOMACH. II. COLIC. III. THE BOT. IV. INFLAMMATION AND 

RUPTURE OF THE COLON. V. INFLAMMATION AND BLEEDING OF THE REC- 
TUM. VI. SPONTANEOUS SALIVATION. VII. INFLAMMATION OF THE STOM- 
ACH. VIII. Soreness and itching of the anus. ix. chronic gastritis. 

— X. spasms of the diaphragm. XI. rupture of the stomach. 

XII. inflammation of the peritoneum. XIII. strangulation of the 

intestines. XIV. functional diseases of the liver. XV. parasites 

which affect the liver. XVI. DIAKKUEA. 



I. Soui- Stomach. 



Animiils living upon vegetable food, whei'e the mastication or the 
grinding down of the substances taken into the mouth is imperfectly 
accomplished, or where a greedy animal is allowed to overload the 
stomach with food, since it thus is imperfectly moistened with saliva, 
are subject to acidity of the stomach, fermentation of the food, and 
the diseases attendant thereupon. Carbonic acid gas is evolved, and if 
not checked in time will sometimes cause violeut and extreme distension 
and inflammation of the stomach, the result of decomposition, or spas- 
modic cdlic, with paroxysms of extreme agony, and sometimes the most 
violent riii)ture of the stomach ending in death. 

We often see violent distension of the stomach in cattle when turned 
into a field of flush clover when hungry ; the remedy in this case is 
thrusting a trochar or knife into the stomach to allow the escape of the 
gases. When in the horse inflammatory action has been set up it may 
lead to many diseases, each of which must be treated according to the 
svniptoMis exhibited. 



TIIK llolfSK, ITS DISKA.SKS. 273 

In the tirst stage or that of simple acidity of the stomach, if taken in 
time, treatment is comparatively easy. It is called sour stomach, acute 
gastritis, indigestion, tympany, etc. 

Causes- — Suspended digestion and consequent fermentation from over- 
loading the stomach witii improjjerly chewed food. This will never occur 
in slow feeders that fully grind and saturate the food with saliva, siiK'e in 
tills case the ajJiJCtite is fully satisfied before overloading ensues. Colic 
may occur by giving large draughts of water immediately after feeding, 
thus washing forward the food beyond the stomach. Sour stomach may 
also ensue from indigestible and easily fermented food, and inflammation 
from eating jilants that irritate the stomach. 

How to know it. — The first symptoms are sour stomach, simjile colic, 
or fermentation. There is fullness, causing undue distension : then 
(|uickened, deep, but oppressed breatiiing; the animal is dull and stupid ; 
there is increasing [jaiii, and at length, if relief is not obtained, more 
violent symptoms set in. 

What to do. — Oive immediately one or two ounces of magnesia. 

Evacuate the bowels by means of injections of warm water. Kul) the 

belly ^with considerable friction one way, from the forelegs back. If 
there is griping give the following : 

No 85. 1') to 20 Drops oil of ppppermint, 

1 Ounce ol luiulaniitn. 

If the weather is cold, blanket and walk the horse to assist in giving 
relief. 

In the case of the ox, give doui)le the dose mentioned ; sheep one- 
quarter to one-third the dose for the horse, except of laudanum, of 
which give the sheep, 2 to 3 drachms. 

II. Colic. 

This may be of two kinds, spasmodic, or flatulent colic. The first is 
the result of cramps or sjjasmodic contractions, causing severe pain with 
tendency to inflammation. The other of distension of tlie l)()wels with 
tendency to inflammation and rupture of the coats. 

How to know Spasmodic Colic. — There will be s[)asms of pain, witli paw- 
ing, striking of the belly with the hind foot, looking round at the flanks, 
lying down and suddenly getting up, rolling, or lying stretched out for 
an instant ; then suddenly rising, the horse will shake himself as the 
pain intermits. Again the pain returns and the same performances are 
gone through. There may be frequent small discharges from the bowels 



274 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



and bladder, and during the attacks the pulse and breathing are 
accelerated. 




THE FIRST STACK OF SPASMODIC COLIC. 



What to do. — Relieve the pain by. means of an opiate, and cause move- 
ment of the bowels. To do this in mild cases the following will be good 
in connection with injections of warm water : 



>j to 1 Ouiu'c of lamlanum, 
4 to 6 Dnicliins tiloes, 
I Pint hot WMlci-. 




SECOND STAGE OF SPASMODIC COLIC. 



Pulverize the aloes and dissolve in the hot water. Cool as quickly as 
possible and add the laudanum, and give as a dose. If there is abund- 
ant formation of gas, give the ft)llowing promptly : 



hi Ounce pnwilcrpd aloes. 
1 Ounce aromatic ammonia, 
1 Ounce siilpliuric ether, 
1 >i Ounce warm water. 



THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 



275 



Mix and give at once. Anotlior colii- diTncli in good repute is the 
following : 

No. 88. 4 Dracliras aloes, 

1 Ounce sulpliuric ether, 
1 Ounce lauUiinuni. 




OF SPASMUDIC COLIC. 



Mix, pulverize the aloes in a pint and a half of hot water; cool, add 
the otlier ingredients and give immediately. If relief is not obtained, 
give as a second dose the following: 



No. 89. H Ounce sulphuric ether, 

>iOunce l;iiiil;inun], 
}i Ounce spirits r.Muphor, 
}a Ouuci: L.-M 111.- ol peppermint. 

Mix in a pint of gruel and turn down. The symptoms in cattle are 
uneasiness, shuffling of tlie hind legs when standing. When lying down 
they will kick with the outer limhs. There will be moaning and twisting 
of the tail. The same treatment is advised as for the horse, except that 
one pint of linseed oil should replace tiie aloes. Give the doses by 
allowing the liquid to trickle down the throat vei"y slowly. The doses 
should be double that of the horse. Swine should have castor oil one 
ounce in place of the linseed oil ; and sheep three-quarters of an ounce. 
Otherwise the doses should be about one-quarter to one-tifth those 
ordered for the horse. 

Flatulent Colic. — This discasp is dangerous, and is generally the result 
of a chronic distension of the liowels, with tendency to inflammation and 
rupture of the coats. 

It may be the result of some other disease, or appear as a consequence 
of the spasmodic form ; or, may be produced by the same causes as 
those assigned to the acute form. 



27t) 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



How to know it. — riio expression of pain is constant hut not so acute. 
The pulse is rapid and feeble, with difficult l)reathing ; the feet and ears 
are cold : the abdomen is tense and swollen, and it sounds drum-like 
when struck. The animal is weak and sometimes delirious. The intes- 
tines are painful (sore) as is shown bj- the cautious manner of lying 
down : if, indeed, the liorse lies down at all. 




What to do. — Be careful a])out giving purgatives. Act bj injections 
of soapsuds and oil of turpentine ; removing the contents of the impacted 
rectum with the well oiled hand, (live the fol]o^ving injection: 

No. 90. H Pint oil of tiii-|icnliiic. 

1 Quart ol soajiMuls. 




noIISE DYING OF FLATULENT COLIC. 



Repeat in lialf an hour if ncccssarv. If there is great distension 
puncture llie large intestine, or, where the sound when tapping with the 



TlIK IKJUSK, ITS DISKASES. 277 

knuckles is most drum-like, plunge in ii trot-har and allow the gas to 
escape through the canula. Give the following according to circumstances : 

No. 91. 'a lo 1 (imice l.nulanuiu, 

2 lo 4 Ouiu'cs tincture nssnfoctii';!. 

yUx m a pint of gruel. 

If the colic is tlic result of disease and exhaustion, with much swelling 
of the belly, try the following: 

No. 92. }, Ounce dilnrate of potash, 

ii Ounce sulpburic other, 
>i I'int water. 

To t)e given in a half pint of gruel. 

Later in this disease when it is required to act moderately on the 
bowels the following will be found useful : 

No. 9:i. « Ounce chlorinatcil soihi, 

i to :) Ounces aloo. 

Powder the aloes and tlissolve the whole in a pint of warm water, and 
give ^when cool. During recover}', the health of the animal must be 
attended to. Give easily digested food ; avoid large draughts of water, 
and over feeding. Give good grooming ; blanket if necessaiy, and keep 
the circulation active by hand rubbing of the l)ody and limbs. 

III. The Bot. 

The female bot ^y, ^L'sfrus-erjui, is too well known to need description. 
They lay their eggs on the legs, flanks, and other portions of the horse's 
body easily reached. The animal in licking its body takes the egg into 
its mouth and being swallowed they hatch, and the young fasten them- 
selves by means of their hooks to the mucous membrane of the stomach. 
Here they live and grow and the next season become mature and are 
passed from the animal, and undergo their transformation to the perfect 
fly in the earth. So long as the animal is in perfect health they do little 
if any harm. But in case of disease or insufficient food thev become 
troublesome. Or if they exi.st in great numbers when nearly or full 
grown and they are passing from the animal, thev sometimes cause severe 
injury by attaching thcMiiselves to the sensitive lining of the bowels. 
This irritation is not easily distinguished from other forms of indigestion 
or colic. 

In the Spring when tlie animal is hungry, and there is indication of in- 
testinal difficulty, they may i)e suspected. If the horse turns up his 
upper lip, and if the edges of the tongue are red and fiery looking, it 



278 ILLlTSTHATEl) f^TOCK DOCTOH. 

will be evidence of their existence. At this time physic will hasten them 
away. A usual remedy is to give once a da\' for three days, 1 drachm 
sulphate of copper, to be followed at the end of the time with 4 drachms 
of Barbadoes aloes, and repeat at the end of a week if necessary. Or 
the following will be found safe and effective : 

No. 94. 1 hi Drachms calomel, 

1 }i Dratlnus powdered eaviii, 
2 Draelims powdered assafalida, 
30 Drops oil of male shield lern. 

Make into a ball with molasses and linseed meal, to be given at night 
and followed next morning with 4 drachms of aloes. 

In th(> South, Azedarach (pride of China) is grown around stal)les for 
its supposed efficacy in destroying bots by being eaten by horses. K so, 
it can only be while the bots are quite young. Since, after acquiring 
some age and becoming fastened to the stomach, they resist alike, strong 
acids, alkalies, irrespirable gases, narcotics and mineral poisons. 

Colics, etc., arising from bots, may be treated by anti-spasmodics as 
given under that head. As a preventive against bots, keep the long hairs 
of the jaws, breast and fore-limbs trimmed close, and apply a little oil 
daily; and brush off any eggs that may be found. Animals kept in sta- 
bles and well groomed are seldom troubled wdth bots. 





ffiSTRDS HKMORRHOiDALis. 2.-Eggs magniflca 3.-TheBot. 4.-The 

Crysalis 5.— The male 11) . 

Another bot fly ( GiJftfrus Hemorrhoidalis) resembles the oestris equi 
quite closely, and deposits its eggs upon the lips and upon the hairs 
under the jaw. Dropping into the food, they are swallowed and fasten 
to the stomach in dense clusters. The larvse are somewhat longer in pro- 
portion to their bulk than the species equi. 

When ready to pass away they sometimes cause irritation of the 
bowels and anus by sticking there. The same means must be used for 
this species as for the other. 

Intestinal worms. — There are various intestinal worms that inhabit the 



THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 279 

horse, at least three species of tape worms and seven of round worms. The 
o.\ lias two tape worms and seven round worms. The sheep one tape 
worm and seven round worms. A good vermifuge for tape worm is the 
following : 

No. 95. '4 OuiKo powdered aloes, 

'.I Ounce jjowdered assafoetida, 
1 Ounce oil of turpentine, 

1 Ounce sulphuric ether. 

Mix the two first in hot water and when cold add the turpentine and 
ether, and give in gruel as a drench. If the animal is weak and out of 
condition, give an ounce of areca nut, and follow with nourishing food. 
For round worms, if suspected, give 4 drachms of aloes, and if worms 
are found in the dung, give immediately on an empty stomach the 
following : 

No. 96. 1 Drachm oil of male fern, 

2 Ounces oil of turpentine, 
>a Pint liu^ccd oil. 

Follow this for three days with a dose of 1-2 drachm sulphate of copper. 
For fhread-worins in the rectum give an injection every two days for a 
week, of the following : 

No. 97. 2 Drachms oil of turpentine. 

1 Pint linseed oil. 

Inject every day for a week, a purgative dose to precede the first injec- 
tion. A strong decoction of wormwood is also a good vermifuge used as 
an injection. 

IV. Inflammation and Rupture of the Colon. 

This disability is usually the result of colic. If through constriction of 
one part and expansion of another rupture actually occurs, the animal 
will' die. The colon is the largest division of the intestinal canal. Be- 
ginning at the ca'cran, (the commencment of the large intestine) it ascends 
by the right kidney, passes under the hollow part of the liver to the 
spleen, thence descends by the left kidney and passes in the form of an 
S to the upper part of the as sacrum. It thence runs straight to the anus 
and this part of it is called the rectum. 

How to know Rupture. — The sides of the flanks will be distended, there 
will be fever and licat, and the animal will give evidence of its severe suf- 
fering. The pulse will be hard, wiry and quick, the belly tender, the 



280 



II.H'STHATKI) STOCK l)()( TOU. 



fill's cold; tlu' jmiii will lio constant, ;uui modicinc will increase it. There 
will be great and rapitll}' increased weakness. The syniptoiri.s are directly 
opposed to those in colic. 

What to do. — III the first stages of tiie disease give the following, in 
lime water, every hour or two until llircr oi' four doses are given : 

No. 1)8. 21) Drop.-i liiutun' of aconite, 

^ Ouiiee huulaiiiuu. 



Ill very severe cases a hypoderniic injection of 40 grains of chloral 
hydrate, to be at once follow-ed by one of 8 grains of morphia, to be 
repeated in an hour; this, however, must be ])crforiiied by a com[)etcnt 
surgeon. The following may be given by the mouth: 

No. 99. 10 (trains morphia, 

1 Ounce chloral liydr.ite. 

Give in sweetened water, and repeat every two hours until three or 
four doses arc given, or until the symptoms abate. 

Extensive fomentations to the bowels will be beneficial. This may be 
done by folding a blanket inside a rubber cloth which is fastened over the 
back Keel) t'>o blanket soaked with water as warm as can be borne. 

If the disease be indamination of the bowels, or enteritis, whether it 
does or does not follow an attack of colic, among the .symptoms will be 
stretching of tlie lips upward. This may however be done when there 
is abdominal irritation of any kind. If the 
inflaniniation be severe, so shown by increas- 
ed hvAt and fever, an ammoniacal blister may 
lie applied. Dilute strong licjuor of ammonia 
witii si.x times its bulk of cold water, .saturate 
a clotli with it and lay it on several folds of 
blani<ct, to i)c held to the belly liv four men 
who will not mind the fumes. The manner 
of holding it is shown in the cut on next jiage. 

Watch the action of the ammonia. It may blister within ten minutes, 
or it may take twice that time. Do not allow it to eat the skin, else a 
bad sore will be the result. When the proper effect is produced remove 
it at once. It should really be api)lied only under the direction of a 
veterinary surgeon. They are, unfortunately, not always near. In this 
case, to save life, something must be risked. The worst inflammatory 
.symptoms l)eing stayed, give every two hours until three or four doses 
are jriven. or a favorable result is obtained, the followinjr: 




NOSB STRAINED UI'WAHD. 



;iO (i rains calomel, 
1 Ounce laudanum. 



TllK IIUKSK, ITS DISKASKS. 



2«1 



M\x ill lialf ;i pint of t;riu'l. As llic animal l)e<riiis to take food it 
slioukl liuvi' inaii and oatmeal maslics, mixed with tea of slippery olin hark. 
Cooked food should he <i-iven, aiul if carrots are al hand, <five a ines.s of 
them boiled every day. Skimmed milk is exeelleiit if the animal will 
drink it. 




lACAL ULISTKB. 



„ V. Inflimmation and Bleeding of the Rectum. 

This is a diliicnity thai often aceoinpaiiies or follows iidlaniniatioii of 
till' iioweis. 

How to know it.— 'iliere will he heal and swelling:-, with or without 
protrusion and hleediiii;- of the recluiii. 

What to do. — Wash the |)arts with a weak solution of salt and water, 
and also use injections of the same as often as nijiy seem neccssarv. If 
this do not (jive relief add a slioht infusion of ehlorate of potash and 
golden seal. 

VI. Spontaneous Salivation. 



Causes. — This intirmity is generally the result of or symptom of some 
other atllietion. It is often i)rodueed by somethinii' the animal has eaten. 
White clover will produce it. Caries and other diseases of the teeth: 
(h'litition, pai-alysis of the lips, ulcers of the mouth, irritating food, 
ii'ritation hy the hit, and especially from medicaments attached to tlie hits 
of horses by ignorant stable men. It occurs as a free discharge of saliva 
in frothy masses or in stringy filaments, with frequent swallowing, thirst, 
and generally indigestion. 

What to do — Remove the cause. If the cause is from alkalies, wash 
the mouth with weak viucsar. If from acids, use lime water. If from 



2«2 



ILLUSTRATKl) .STOCK DOCTOR. 



caustic .salts, uso white of e^<i, or tea of slippery elm hark. If there is 
inflanimatioii with eostivencss, open the bowels with injections of warm 
water, or s()ai)SU(Is, and wash the mouth fre(]uently with vinegar and 
honey. If this do not effect a cure wash the mouth with alum water. 
If there arc ulcers touch them with a feather wet with the following: 

No. 101. 10 Grains lunar caustic, 

1 Ounce ilistilled water. 

If there are tumors with i)iis, lance them. If there is sloughing wash 
with the following : 

No. lO'i. 1 Dradiin Nolulion olpermiinganate o( pDtassa, 

1 Pint rainwater. 

(live plenty of cool water, so the iinimtil m:iy take it :it will, and feed 
with soft (U- boiled food, and if there is much swelling, keep the head 
tied up. 

VII. Inflammation of tho Stomach. 

Causes. — 'i'his disease is not common in horses, and occurs nirely from 
eating vegetable jjoisons, and more generally from poisoning by arsenic 
given in the food by ignorant stablemen, to make the horse carry a 
shining coat and foam at liic bit. It is tiiso produced by the licking of 
external corrosive applictitions, tiius [n'oducing acute gastritis. 




HORSE SUFFJtRINO FKOM iCUTE UASTIIITls 



The symptoms are various in unison with the cau.ses producing them. 
These :ire, refusing food, extretne thirst, redness of the ntisal and con- 
junctival meinbrtines, discharge of ropy stdiva, frequent eructations with 
fetid smell, colic, rolling on the ground, ptiwing, striking at the abdomen, 
etc. ) tucked up flanks, hetiviiig, panting, small, quick pulse, violent 



THE HOUSE, ITS DISEASES. 283 

straining, passing of mucus in huuc (|u:intitics, protrusion and inflamma- 
tion of the opening, glant'es at tlie ahdouu'ii, prostration of strength, con- 
vulsions, madness and death. 

What to do. — Tlie first thing, if possible, is to find out what caused the 
trouble. If this camiot l)e found, give at once: 

No. 103. '■> Ounces sulpluirk- etlier, 

li Ounces luudanum, 
4 Ounces ciiiboniitc of magnesia, 
1 Quart cold <.'rucl. 

Mix and give as a dose. If the pulsi^ be low, add to tiic above one 
drachm carbonate of ammonia. If the animal is weak, but able to swal- 
low, take j)lenty of time, do not use violent mean>s. If there is parah'sis 
of the throat, or the horse is in delirium, the dose must be injected 
through the no.stril, by means of a-'pump and pipe, or horse cutlic'ter. 
See article tetanus. As soon as there is evidence of recovery, and in 
fact whenever the animal will take it, thin starch or gruel of flour should 
be freely given to sheath tiic mucus surfaces. 

VIII. Soreness and Itching of the Anus. 

This is a disease following inflammatimi and disease of the rectum, 
and also produced by other causes. Tiie anus or orifice of the rectum 
becomes sore. There is a peculiar dryness with scurf, and to relieve the 
itching the horse sonictimcs rubs the roots of his tail until the hair is en- 
tirely worn away. 

What to do. — Attend to the general health of the horse, to keep the 
bowels in a natural condition. Mi.x a little fine salt with lard oil, and 
keep the parts well oiled, with friction. If the trouble l)c inside, a little 
goldenseal well rubbed down with salt butter and passed carefully within 
the anus, wnll give relief. If the difliculty is occasioned by worms, see 
that article. 

IX. Chronic Gastritis. 

Causes. — Anything which impairs the digestive functions may produce 
this disease. It is, however, in its chronic form, extremely rare. The 
ordinary food will be refused, and the animal will persi.st in eating foi'- 
eign substances — old lime mortar, the wood work of the stal)le, earth, 
litter and bedding. 

How to know it. — There is a dry cough ; the meml)raiie of the mouth 
and nostrils arc dry and pale ; the breath is tainted ; the evacuations 
1!) 



2«-l ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK. 

.snit'll i);u]ly ; the eyes arc sunk, tho I'oaL dry and nigged; the horse loses 
condilicin and becomes pol bellied ; the anus is lax and prominent. 

What to do. — Tiie (jure will take time. Prevent the animal from in- 
dulging i(s uinialural appetite. The following made into a ball will be 
indicated. 

No. 104. >i Griiiu stryrlinia, 

1 Drachm bicliromate of ammonia, 
>S Drachm extract olbolladoiiua, 
1 Drachm powdered geiiliaii, 
K Drachm sulphate ol zinc. 

Give this as a ball once a day. If after continuing several days there 
is no improvement, give the following : 

No. lOf). M Ounce licpior arsenicalis, 

)i Ounce tiiic^uro ipecac, 
1 Ounce muriated tincture of iron, 
M Ounce laudanum, 
1 Pint o( water. 

As the animal gets stronger give an f)unce of sulphuric ether daily in a 
pint of water. 

If the animal has simply chronic indigestion, that is, the disease does 
not sliow in tho severe form we have depicted, to improve the general 
health the following will he indicated: 

No. lot). 1 Ounce powdered assafictida, 

1 Ounce powdered golden seal, 

2 Oiuues powdered ginger, 

2 Ounces powdered poplar bark, 
5 Drachms powdered sulphate of iron, 
1 Draclira powdered red pepper, 
1 Pound ol oatmeal, 

Mix, divide into sixteen messes, and give one every night in the food. 
In addition to this the following will make a good appetizer : 

No. 107. 1 Quart brandy, 

1 Ounce -salt. 

Mix and give a wine glass full night and morning in gruel, just before 
the food. The food given must be of the very best, and that which is 
easily digested. Boiled oats, shorts and carrots, with sufficient good hay 
to distend the stomach. Keep tlu^ animal muzzled (hiring the intervals 
of feeding, to prevent foul f(!eding. Tiiat is, eating litter or other inju- 
rious substances. If acidity of the stomach be shown, moisten the hay 
given, and sprinkle it freely with magnesia. 



TIIK IIOKSK, n\S DISEASES. 285 

X. Spasm of the Diaphragm. 

Causes — Ilanl rilling or driving of a iiorsc constitiilioiially weak. 

How to know it. — If the liorsc is l)eing riildoii, there will he a sensa- 
tion to the lider as though a sudden blow was given inside the horse. 
This is from spasmodic action of the diaphragm (the midriff or muscle 
separating the chest from the ahdomen ) in drawing the hreath. If the 
animal is still driven forward it sometimes suddenly falls and dies of 
suffocation. 

What to do. — There is no cure. Ixclicf may l)e given by clofliing the 
liuimai. Lead him to the nearest stable or shetl anti i;ive the followini;': 



No. lOS. 3 I )riioliins aromatic spirits of iinimoiiia. 

3 Drachms tincture of giiijjcr 
3 Ounces laudanum, 
l)i Onnci'S ether. 

Mi.x in a pint of oil or gruel and give as a dri'nch, or give the following: 

' No. lO'J. )a Drachm canii)hor, 

1 Draclini powdered ginger, 

1 Drachm carbonate of ammonia. 

Mix with sufficient linseed meal ami hot watin' to form a iiall. Repeat 
at an interval of three hours if iclicf is not afforded by the first d(,se. 

\ horse subject to this affection should have oidy slow work. The 
diai)hragm may be strengthened by giving for some time a daily dost of 
one drachm of powdered sulphate of iron in the food. 

XI. Rupture of the Stomach, 

Rupture, when it ensues, ends jirctty surely in death. Rupture of the 
stomach is produced by working or driving a horse until he is very hungry 
and thiMi feeding and watering unduly. The only symptoms which show, 
are violent colic, and the tenseness of the tissues. There are nuiny rup- 
tures wliere animals die, and the owner does not know what is the diffi- 
culty. If the mischief h.as |)roceedcd to i-u])ture, the animal ma\' a.-i well 
be killed. 

One of the positions assume(l by a horse sufferini.^ frrun abdominal 
injuries, is this: lie will persistently sit on his haunches. ,\nimals 
will assume this position and yet occasionally recover. .Vnothir position 
assumed is, for the animal to kneel and sup|)ort himself upon his hind 



2.s(; 



ILLUSTHATED STOCK DIICTOU. 



lo<r,s. Such iinniitiiral [jositious show the intense pain \vhieh leads to such 
attitudes to li'i't relief. 




\T1VE OF ABDOMINAL INJUKY. 



XII. Gorged Stomach. 

When this occurs from over fecdinp;', the l)o\vels should he immediately 
relieved by removing the contents b}^ repeated injections of warm water. 
Let the animal be gently wtdked about, and warml}' clothed in cold 
weather. The operator nmst act according to circumstances. If discov- 




POSITIOtf Assr 



LTFFKKING FROM ABDOMINAL INJOTIY. 



ered early, or before colic sets in, give the following to evacuate the 
bowels after having relieved them \ty injections : 



No. 110. 



(i Dnicluns powdereil aloes, 
1 Ounce sirup of buckthorn, 
1 Ounce tincture of ginger. 



TIIK IlOKf^E, ITS DISEASES. 2X7 

Dissolve the aloes in a pint of warm water, add tiie huektliorn and gin- 
ger, and give as a dreiicii. 

XIII. Inflammation of the Peritoneum. 

Inflammation of the lining membrane of the abdomen is likely to occur 
in all domestic animals. In ruminants the right side is most affected, and 
the animal will stand witli its feet well together. 

Causes. — Injuries eitlior from rupture of tlie stomach or intestines, or 
from injuries to the al)d()minal walls, exposure to chill or cold, or giving 
an exhausted horse a wet bed to lie on. 

How to know it. — There maybe colic, or steady pain. This will be 
acute when the affected parts are pressed. There may be chill and fever 
alternately, and loss of appetite. The pulse will be rapid and hard, and 
the breath quick and catching, but when effusion takes place the breath- 
ing will be deej) and easier ; the pulse will soften, the belly will be i)end- 
ent, and there will be fluctuations when handled, from the water contained. 

What to do. — lu the early stages, give full doses of laudanum ; 1 to 2 
ounces, as may be needed, to allay pain and keep the bowels inactive. 
Apply mustard poultices to the alidomen, or in extreme cases the ammo- 
niacal blister as previously described. Frequent injections of thoroughl}"^ 
cooked gruel may be thrown into the rectum, but until the worst symp- 
toms are past the animal should take nothing into the stomach. As the 
disease progresses favorably, great care should be exercised in feeding. 
Oat or rye meal gruel may first be given. If these agree well, give warm 
soft bran-raashes, with a little oat meal addcii, and at Icngtii hay and 
sound oats. 

In case al)sori)tion of the effusion of Mater in the cavity does not take 
place, which may be known l)y regular and ample staling, give (> drachms 
potassa nitrate, daily, until the kidneys act. If t(>nics seem to lie de- 
manded, give daily doses of 1-2 drachm oxide of iron. 

XIV. Strangulation of the Intestines. 

This is produced by various causes, the result of colic and rupture 
being the most frecpient. Strangulation may l)e produced by the forma- 
tion of false membranes, by the involvent of the intestines, by the 
rupture of the mescntary, or by the rolling on itself of the intestine until 
it is entirely strangulated. In this as in other abdominal difficulties, the 
animal will often assume unnatural positions, as shown in the article 
Rupture of the Stomach. If it be a ruminant, and in good flesh, it is 
better to kill the animal at once. Some forms of stranirulatiou in cattle 



288 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



of sufficioiit value, may Ix- renu-died by a veterinary surgeon. In this 
case, give laudanum in 2-ounce doses to keep the animal quiet until the 
doctor arrives, lielief is obtained by cutting into the side and releasing 
the intestine. For the horse give opium in one or two drachm doses as 
the nature of the case may seem to require to relieve the pain, and trust 
to nature to effect a cure by releasing the parts naturally. 

XV. Functional Diseases of the Liver. 



The liver of the horse is not jjarticularly subject to disease. It was 
formerly supposed to be almost entirely exempt, but later researches 
show it to be an agent, through obstruction, and the principal local seat 
of various disorders, as diabetes, blood poisoning from imperfect oxygen- 
ation of the albuminoids, etc. 

How to know it. — In active congestions of the liver, which is the dis- 
ease nios( usually prevalent and this principally in the South, there 
may be sluggisimess, irregular bowels, abundant liquid discharges of 

deep 3'ellow or orange colored dung. 
There will be extreme and painful 
prostration, the eyes will be sunken, 
tiio pulse excited, and the limbs will 
trcml)le. There ma}' be colicky pains. 
If the last ribs are struck with some 
force, extreme pain will be shown. 
If the horse faints and there are pal- 
lid mucus membrane, with quick and 
weak pulse, it may be conjectured 
tlint iiipture of the liver has taken 
l)laec. In this case, the end is death. 
The illustration we give will show 
the test alik(> for ruptured liver and spleen. 

What to do. — In the beginning, that is when the pulse is strong, free 
bleeding will often check the disease. AVIkmi the pulse is weak, blood 
nmst not be tlrawn ; or, if the blood does not tlow freely, close the orifice 
at once. 

Apply mustard iioultices to the limbs, (iive one pound of sulphate of 
soda dissolved in a (juart of water, to deplete the portal system and liver. 
Apply ice to the last rilis to check effusion. A])ply a blister over the 
region of the liver. Continue the sulphate of soda in doses of one to 
four ounces daily. 

During the attack and recovery the animal must have pui"e air, and 




THE HOUSE, ITS DISEASES. 



2H[) 



soft, easily digested food, and as recovery ensues, daily moderate exer- 
cise must !)e friven. 

Inflammation of (he llvcv is rare. If conircstion has proceeded to 
inflammation the rejiion of the last rib will he very tender. There will 
be (juickening of the pulse. The mouth will be hot and clammy; the 
bowels may be at first loos(?, yellow and liilious, but soon become costive. 
The heat of the body is raised : iiatchcs may ajjpear on the mucous 
membranes ; and the limi)s, especially the hind ones, will swell. 

What to do — In this case all bleeding should be avoided, (iive as a 
purge a pound of sul|)hate of soda (glaubcr salts) aided by injciclioijs of 
warm water. After the bowels are opened, keep them so with small 
doses of glauber salts, six ounces, or, cream of tartar four ounces daily. 
If the horse eat anything it must be very light mashes, puli)ed roots or 
fresh grass. As the horse impi'oves, give t^vice a day two ounces of 
Peruvian bark or two draclims twice a day of gentian. 

XVI. Parasites which Infest the Intestines. 



^^f'H' 



The general symptoms for intestinal worms, in large quantity,, are 
general' ill health. Tiie animal will lose condition : the skin will be scurfy, 
dry and often itching ; tlic animal 
will become hide bound and pot 
l)ellied ; the appetite will be irregular 
but voracious ; there will be fetid 
breath, diarrhea, passing of mucus 
with the dung, colicky pains, swelling, 
itching and puffy anus, and especially 
the passage of the worms or their 
eggs will be certain proof. The horse 
will raise the upper lip and rub it 
against anything near. Colts will pick 
and bite the hair from tiic body and 
limbs. The annexed cut will give a 
good general idea of an animal suffer- 
ing from worms. 

Besides the bot, already treated of, which inhabits the stomach, there 
are those of the intestines proper. These are the tape worm, round 
headed and fl:it headed, and five species of round worms. 

What to do. — Vermifuges are without number, some general in tlieir 
nature, and others s])eeitic for particular classes. When worms are sus- 
pected, and the owner of the animal is not sure of the reality, it is safe 




■2dO ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

to give a purue and watch the droppings. The following is a good 
vermifuge drench : 

No. 111. 4 Drachms aloes, 

1 Ounce powtlcred male fern, 
20 Drops oil of worm seed. 
Give this in a pint of warm gruel an hour liefore feeding in the morning. 

If it be found that there are tape worms, if the horse is weak, give an 
ounce of areca nut fasting and follow with 4 drachms of aloes. If the 
animal is strong, give an ounce of oil of turpentine in an ounce of water. 
In four hours give another dose and follow in au hour with 4 drachms 
aloes. In the case of common pin worms, (^Sclerostomum Equinum') and 
all worms inhabiting the bowels except the tape worm, the following 
vermifuge will act kiudlj : 

No. 112. 1 Drachm tartar emcric, 

)a Drachm powdercil ginger. 

Mix with enough linseed meal to form a ball, then moisten with hot 
water and give a dose daily for a week, before feeding. Follow with a 
dose of one pint of linseed oil, wait another week, and repeat as before. 
Then give good generous diet, with tonics daily, say 2 drachms sulphate 
of iron, or 4 drachms gentian in the food. 

For worms lodging in the gut near the rectum, give an injection of a 
strong decoction of wormwood or tansey. The prevention of worms is to 
pay attention to the water the animal drinks, to be careful of dog's drop- 
pings in the pasture, and to give sound grain and hay as food, since lib- 
eral feeding and good general care will often extirpate the parasites. 
For other vermifuges see article 3 of this chapter. 

XVII. Diarrhea. 

Diarrhea is a condition of frequent watery discharges from the bowels, 
and may be produced by so many causes, as irritating and indigestible 
food, worms, severe purgation by medicines, disorders of the liver, cr 
constitutional tendency, that no general rule can be given. The owner of 
the animal nmst find the cause before proceeding intelligently to give 
relief. Tiic most we can do is to give some general indications. 

Sometimes diarrh(ra is an effort of nature to rid the body of injurious 
matter; then the effort should be aided. Early in the effort give the 
horse a pint of linseed oil, or if an active purge be required, a pint of 
castor oil. If the diarrlnra does not cease check it with ounce doses of 
laudanum and follow with tea of slip()ery elm bark, or linseed. If the 



THE nORSE, ITS DISEASES. 291 

difficulty refuse to give way, doses of 2 scruples of tannin may be given, 
or, doses of 3 drachms of catechu every hour until checked. The ox 
re(|uires double the dose. Follow with tonics, say 4 drachms of gentian 
daily, or one ounce of peruvian bark, with sound, easily digested food. If 
caused by bad water, throw a handful of charcoal in the water before 
giving it to drink. The following will be found beneficial in the several 
cases mentioned. 

For sour and fetid discharges mix the following ingredients in the food 
twice or thrice daily. 

No. 113. 1 Ounce powdered chalk, 

1 Ounce bisulpbate of soda. 

For sour discharges with griping, take : 

No. 114. 1 Drachm powdered opium, 

1 Drachm powdered chalk, 
20 Drops carbolic acid. 

Form into a ball with linseed meal and molasses. 

If the bowels are simply in an irritable, relaxed condition, use the 
following : 

No. 115. 1 Ounce powdered chalk, 

1 Ounce catechu, 
1 Ounce ginger, 
1 Drachm ojiium. 

Make into a ball with linseed meal and molasses. 

When the diarrhoea is the result of violent medical purging, try the 
following : 

No. 116. 2 Ounces laudanum. 

2 Ounces powdered chalk. 

Mx, and give in a quart of thin starch, or flour gruel. For excessive 
and continued purging, give at one dose the following : 

No. 117. 1 Ounce laudanum, 

1 Ounce sulphuric ether, 
20 Grains tannic acid. 

Mix iu a pint of Ilax-seed tea. 

Astringent injections may be given as follows : 

No. 118. 2 Ounces laudanum, 

2 Drachms acetate of lead, 
1 Quart starch water. 



IM,V.xTI!.\rKl) STdCK UOCTOK 



Iiijoff half of this ;iiul foUow willi the rciiiiiiiKlcr in tiiree hours, if nec- 
cssarv, or givo at oiio inji'rtion tho following: 



4 Orachms tannic acid, 
1 Pint starch water. 



In case of rattle the same quantities may be* used, but when given by 
the mouth it must be made to trickle slowly down the throat. 



(CHAPTER VII. 



DISEASES OF THE LIVER, URINARY ORGANS, ETC. 



JAUNDICE. II. ENLAKOKMKNT OF TUB SI'LKKN. III. INFLAMMATION OF THE kId- 

NEYS. IV. I'KOFII.SK HTAI.I.VG, OR DIAIIBTKS. V. BLOODY UHINK, OH H.KMATURIA. 

VI. THICK AND ALBUMINOUS UIIINE. VII. WHITE, Oil LIMB URINE. VIII. 

(iUAVKL, OR STONE IN THE BLADDER. IX. SUPPRESSION OF URINE. X. INFLAMMA- 
TION OF TIIK BLADDER. XI. FOUL SHKATII. XII. RUPTURE OF THE BLADDER. 

XU;. SPASM OF I IIK URETHRA. XIV. INFLAMMATION OF TUB GROANS OF OENKRATION. 



I. Jaundice. 



The horse is snbjoft to l)ut few di.seases of the liver. Jaundice or the 
yellows, is a coiiditioii in wliicii tiie visil)le mucous membranes, the skin 
(if it !)(' naturally white) tlie urine and the tissues are stained yellow, 
not In non-.secrelioii of Ihe hiie from the ])lood, hut by the re-absorption 
of bile already secreted. 

Causes. — Obstruction of the bile duct from any cause. Obstruction of 
the I)owels hinderiii<r the ])roi)ei- discharge of the l)ile. Diminished 
fullness of the (iiiiilliirv vessels of the liver from obstruction of the 
hepatic art cry oi' aorta. And fiom uiidue .secretion of the bile in cases 
of congestion of the livei-. 

In solid hoofed animals the blood is <'asily dissolved. In flesh-eating 
animals it is not so. Hence, although there is often a jaundiced a])pear- 
ancc of the membranes in horses, it is comparatively harmless. 

How to know it. — There will be a general coloration of the tissues. 
The mucous membrane will be yellow. "^Fhe urine will be yellow. In 
obstruction of the bile duet the dung will be fetid, and of a clay color 
from being devoid of bile. 



294 ILLUSTKATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

What to do. — No <reneral rule can be laid down. The followin<x is a 
good remedy for torpidity of the liver, when there is general dullness 
and biliousness. 

120. 1 Pound Epsom salts, 

1 Pound Glauber salts, 
1 Pound common salt, 
1 Ounce essence of ginger, 
1 Gallon warm water. 

Mix and give a pint from one to three times a day until a gentle but 
full purgation is produced. Follow this up with daily doses of one 
scruple of podophyllin. 

This remedy will also be indicated for cattle, except that they should 
have the following formula as a purge instead of No. 120 : 

No. 121. ij' Pound sulphate of magnesia, 

K Pound common salt, 
2 Ounces powdered ginger. 

Give this dose in two quarts of water once a day until a free evac- 
uation of the liowels is produced, giving also daily one scruple of 
podophyllin. 

Saline purges do not always act kindly on horses. If so the following 
will be indicated if there is considerable cougestion : 

No. 122. 30 Grains calomel, 

1 Drachm aloes, 

2 Drachms soap, 

4 Drachms powdered rhubarb. 

Mix with molasses into a ball and give twice a day until a moderate 
operation of the bowels is had. 

If the disease occurs in the Spring, turning upon succulent gi-ass, 
especially where dandelion is plenty, will generally effect a cure. 

II. Enlargement of the Spleen. 

The pancreas and the spleen are subject to a variety of diseases, very 
difficult to determine. The pancreas is a gland which secretes the pan- 
creatic juice, by which emulsion takes place with the fatty aliments by 
means of a duct leading into the intestines. The presence of fatty 
matter in the dung will imply a suppression of these juices. If there 
are sharp, colicky pains without fever, obstruction of the duct by calculi 
may be suspected. If there is general fever, with pain and tenderness 
behind the last rib on the right side, inflammation may be suspected. 

For calculi use fomentations of hot water over the parts affected, and 



THE HOUSE, ITS DISEASES. 



295 



give iinti-spasinodics, fliloral liydrate in lialf ounce doses daily, or hyos- 
cyamus extract two drarlun doses, or belladonna two drachm doses, as 
the ease may he. 

If there is inflanunation give laxative medicines, one and a half ounces 
dandelion ; blister the right side, and confine the animal to light diet. 

For suppressed secretion give one ounce doses of sulphuric ether. 

So far as affections of the spleen are concerned, it is an involvent in 
diseases of the liver and other glands. In highly fed animals enlarge- 
ment ensues ; in badly fed ones degeneration or wasting. Obstructed 
circulation through the liver will engoi'ge the spleen almost to rupture 
sometimes. In tuberculosis, cancer, glanders and blood poisoning it is 
affected. Antln-ax and other fevers tend to enlargement of the spleen, 
sometimes to rui)ture. So little is really known of the spleen and its 
true functions, that Ijut little can be done except by giving general atten- 
tion to the health and by means of tonics and good nursing to V)uild up 
the health. . 

III. Inflammation of the Kidneys. 




8YMPT0M3 ATTE.VDIXG DISEASES OP THE UlUNAKY Ol;GAXS. 

Causes. — Inflammation of the kidneys. Nephritis, is produced by a 
variety of causes. Blows on, or sprains in the region of the loins, cal- 
culi, the excessive use of diuretics to which some stablemen are prone, 
musty fodder, or that which contains irritaut plants, etc. 

How to know it. — There -will be more or less fever, sometimes a high 
fever : colicky pains ; looking at the abdomen : the horse will lie down 
with extreme caution ; frecjuent passages of urine in small quantity, but 



296 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK. 

very high cohered, sometimes containing blood and even pus ; the legs 
swell uniformly from the hoofs up ; the pulse is rapid, the bowels costive 
and the breathing excited ; the horse straddles in his gait ; this, however, 
is a general characteristic of all diseases of the urinary organs, but in 
severe inflammation it amounts almost to helplessness. 

There is, however, one test that is constant : there is extreme tender- 
ness of the bony processes about six inches from the spine in the loins, 
pressure over the kidneys will show the terrible pain from the crouching 
attitude the horse assumes. 




TEST FOR INFLAMMATION OP THE KIDNEYS. 



If the urine is examined under a microscope, the fibrinous casts of the 
kidney tubes will be found. In chronic cases, stocking of the legs, casts 
in the urine, more or less tenderness upon pressure of the loins, and 
general ill health, may be all that will be observed. 

What to do. — 111 acute cases, if thei-e is a strong pulse and the animal 
is full of blood, bleeding may assist a cure. It is irot always safe, except 
under the advice of a veterinarian of modern practice. Bleeding should 
never be practiced except in the earliest symptoms. Give an active 
cathartic. 

No. 123. ] Drachm calome), 

4 Drachms powdered aloes, 

Make into a ball with linseed menl and molasses. 

Wrap the loins in woolen blankets and foment thoroughly with an in- 
fusion of a handful of digitalis leaves in a pail of boiling water, putting 
it on as warm as the hand will bear it ; or wring a sheep skin out of hot 
water and appl}^ the flesh side, changing as often as may be necessary. 



THE HOKSE, ITS DISEASES. 297 

To assist the evacuation and case tlie pain give injections of linseed tea, 
one quart, to wliicli an ounce of laudanum is added. Get up a good sweat 
if possible. This will relieve the kidneys. Keep the bowels gently open 
with laxatives and relieve the pains with anodynes, and as the animal im- 
proves, give bitter tonics, ;} ounces of Peruvian bark daily in three doses ; 
or an ounce of gentian in two drachm doses three times a day. 

IV. Profuse Staling, or Diabetes. 

This disease, called by various names, as diuresis, diabetes insipidus, 
poluria, etc., is simply an excessive secretion of urine, causing loss of 
flesh, weakness, and at length terminating in exhaustion and a general 
breaking down of the sj'stem. 

Causes. — Tlie most common cause is dosing with quack medicines, a 
favorite pastime of ignorant stablemen, especially for "the water." It is 
also produced by musty hay and grain, new oats, distillery slojas, acid 
diuretic plants, or any cause irritating the stomach and at the same time 
stimulating the kidneys. 

How to know it. — Thei-e is excessive thirst, profuse and frecjuent 
staling, of pale colored urine, thin, and with little odor ; loss of condition 
and spirits ; the appetite fails ; the skin is hard and dry ; the hair harsh ; 
the pulse will be weak, whether fast or slow ; depraved appetite for lick- 
ing noxious substances. 

What to do. — Change the food at once, well seasoned hay and grain, 
with linseed tea given freely in the drink. The horse must not suffer 
from thirst, but inordinate drinking should not be allowed. Iodine is 
one of the chief specifics in this disease. The following will be a good 
formula, to be given three times a day in water : 

No. 124. '20 Grains imiine, 

1 Drachm iodide of potassium, 
4 Draclims carbonate of soda. 
Mix, and give in water. 

Or, give daily the following : 

No 126. 2 Drachms phosphate of iron, 

2 Drachms iodide of potassium, 
4 Drachms Peruvian bark. 
Mix, and give once a day in water. 

If this does not soon show a disposition to check the disease, add 15 to 
20 grains of creosote daily. 

Another good formula, to be given once a day, or in bad cases twice 
daily, is the following : 



29b lia.lISTKAI'KI) STOCK DOCTOR. 

No. l'2(i. .'») liraiii.s ioiliiH', 

2 Dr.'icliMis Mil|>linl(i <it' iniii, 
>u OlIllCO l)l)Wllcl'Ull guiiliuii. 

Give us ii l)!ill, niiidn willi inoliisscs iiiid linseed meal. If four or five 
doses do not show decided effect discontinue. Si.\ or seven days should 
effect a cuire. 

V. Bloody Urine, or Heematuria. 

Causes. — Sprains or bruisinjj of the loins, stone in the kidneys, urinary 
passajics or bladder ; hiood poisoninji. 




IIORSL blUlKUINO riiOM BLOODY UKINL. 

How to Determine the Condition. — H" Ctoi" local iniiation, ihe Mood 

being in a healliiy state, tliere will be clots of l)l()od passed, and libricious 
casts of (he ui'iiiary tubes entangling blood globules. These may be 
seen witli a good lens, if there is gravel more or less gritty matter will 
!)(' passed. If tVoni blood ])oisoning, the tests must l)i> made by a vete- 
rinarN' surgeon, from tiu^ urin(>, who can tlien prescribe the proper 
treatment . 

What to do. — Tiie general |)ractice is to give sound food, good shelter, 
mucilagiiu)us drinks, as linseed or slippery elm tea, or marsii mallow tea. 
Also acid astringents, vinegar, buttermilk, a weak decoction of white oak 
bark. If the passages are profuse apply cold water to the loins. If 
there is intlammation foment with warm water (cloths saturated with hot 
water) and follow with a mustard plaster. If (he bowels are inactive, 
give the following : 

No. 127. -1 Dni.'lims aloes, 

1 Ounce oriiiiu tartar. 

Mix in one and a half pints of warm water and give when cool, aiding 
the operation by an injection of one tjuart of soap suds and four ounces 
oil of (urpciitiue. 



TIIK HOKSE, ITS DISEASES. 

VI. Thick and Albuminous Urine. 



299 



This disability in iiorsos, clmractcrizcMl l)y a tliick, ropy, alhumiiious 
discharge of urine, is (juitc common in its milder forms, lieing an attend- 
ant on extensive inflammation of im})ortant organs, on rlieumatism, 
fevers, and some conditions of blood poisoning. It is especially attend- 
ant on inflammation of the kidneys, both acute and chronic, attended 
with degeneration and shedding of the epithelium (tiie layers of cells) 
lining the kidney tubes. 




POSITION ASSlMfcl) K\ II Itsl IIA\ ING \I lit MINOUS UKINE. 



How to know it. — There are two special positions assumed by horses 
suffering from severe secretion of albuminous urine. One is the stretched 
out position. In the other the back will be roached, as seen in the cut. 
In its mild stages the urine is thick, ropy, mucilaginous ; when it flrst 
begins to flow, of a rcddish-l)rown color, but changing to a moie natural 
condition, ending with a whitish, milky fluid; sometimes th(^ reverse ; 
connueneing white. When the disease is farther advanced the urine is 
thicker, more deeply tinged, and sometimes offensive to the sense of 
smell. It may degenerate into a number of forms, and finally terminate 
in l>iii;lit's disease of the kidneys. 

What to do. — Place tlie animal where it may be comfortal)le ; clothe 
warmly. If there is inflammation of the kidneys, foment with a sheep 
skin wrung out of hot water ; or bettor, with an infusion of a handful of 
digitalis (Foxglove) in a pail of scalding water, and use other measures 
recommended in this article. If it be thought necessary to liquify the 
urine, not always beneficial, prepare the following: 
20 



300 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

No. 128. 1 Ounce powdered assuf<i'titlii, 

2 Ouuues powdered juuipur berries, 
8 Ounces powdered poplar burk. 

Mix, divide into eight parts, and give one night and morning in the 
food . 

The real animus should be to remove the cause, which, as we have 
stated, is various. Attend to the general health of the animal, keep the 
howels open by a free use of bran mashes and other food of an opening 
nature. Give a laxative if necessary — say, 5 ounces salts, and Peru- 
vian bark 1 to 2 ounces daily at two or tin-ee doses. 

VII. White, or Lime Urine.- 

The urine is one of the agents used by nature to pass away the excess 
of calcareous or other stony matter from the body. So long as the con- 
ditions ar? normal, even when limy secretions are excessive, it may be 
nature's means of removing this excess. AVhcn the urine becomes albu- 
minous, the calcifcrous matter unites with the albumen, and the result 
is calculi. 

How to know it. — A white matter will be passed at the end of each 

urination, or the urine may become decidedly limey. 

What to do. — Attend to the general health of the horse, give none but 
sound oats and Indian corn, and sweet clean hay from upland meadows. 

Sand-like Deposit in the Bladder. — Sometimes a sand-like deposit, 
or soft magma is made in the bladder, and to such an extent that the 
urine flows involuntarily and constantly by drops. The remedy is by 
means of a stomach pump and catheter, to fill the bladder with water. 
Shake up the contents with the hand introduced through the rectum, and 
allow the water to flow through the catheter. So proceed to again pump 
full and empty until all the deposit is cleaned. 

AVhen an animal is inclined to this disability, 1 drachm of caustic soda 
given daily iu the water will correct the secretion. 

VIII. Gravel, or Stone in the Bladder. 

The existence of urinary calculi, whenever found, is due to the de- 
posit of mineral matter around some body as a nucleus. This may consist 
of mucus, fibrine, blood-clot, or even of a crystal deposited from over- 
saturated urine. 

Causes. — They are so various that it would bo useless to enumerate 
them. Impaired breathing, whether from weak or diseased lungs, imper- 
fect action of the liver, or impaired functions generally, are among the 



THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 301 

proinincnt causes. Any cause favoring concentration of urine niiftiit 
bring about tlie formation of calculi. 

How to know it. — Cistus calculus, or stone in the bladder, occurs in all 
domestic animals, producing straining in the effort to pass the urine. It 
will escape in driblets, often drop by drop, or not at all. Blood will often 
be passed in clots, and crystals of microscopic calculi will be passed. 
By introducing the oiled hand into the rectum up to the bladder the stone 
may be felt. Sometimes there are a immljer of them. 

What to do. — 111 the case of a female the stone may Ix- l)rokcn with a 
lithatrite. In the case of a male the operation is called lithotomy. Tiie 
male is operated on standing, or else thrown on the right side. The 
0[)eration must in any event be performed by a competent surgeon, since 
it involves cutting and the use of instruments that may not be attempted 
b}' the novice. 

Preventive Measures- — The seed of Jamestown weed, or thorn apple 
{lJ(ihii-ti slnniKnuHiii) has been given with good effect in preventing the 
formation of large calculi. Give an ounce of the powdered seed in the 
feed every other day until six doses are given. In connection with this 
give the following : 

No. 129. 1 Ounce oil of juniper, 

1 Ounce oil of sas.safras, 
4 Ounces sweet siiirits of niter. 

Form into four doses and give one morning and night for two days. 
Animals ])redisposed to gravel should be fed on sound hay from old 
meadows, sound grain, and watered only with soft water. 

IX. Suppression of Urine. 

Causes. — Retention or suppression of urine is due to so many causes, 
especially in old horses, as paralysis of the bladder, meningitis, lockjaw, 
severe colic or other acute disease, or from irritating drugs given by 
ignorant stablemen, that the operator must be informed as to the nature 
of the case. 

What to do — If it l)e caused by paralysis the in-ine must be drawn off 
several times a day with a catheter. Tiie following will be indicated to 
be given internally : 

No. 130. ,'i Drachm extract nux vomica, 

1 Pint water. 

Give as a drench twice a day. 



302 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

Another roniedy, if one has ;i hypodermic S3ringe, would be : 

No. 131. 4 Drops siilpluiric acid, 

2 Grains strychnine, 
hi Ounce alcohol. 

Throw one-half of one grain twice daily under the skin. 
If the difliculty is due to general weakness of the bladder, give the 
following stimulant : 

No. 132. 20 Gr.ains powdered cantharides, 

1 Drachm powdered digitalis. 

Make into a ball with soap. ' * 

If there is an accuniuhition of hard fseces in the rectum it must be 
removed by full injections of strong soap suds, and if necessary removal 
of the partially softened dung with the oiled hand. 

If there is intlamniation of the neck of the bladder, as shown by heat, 
swelling, tenderness, give injections of one drachm extract of belladonna 
in a quart of warm water, thrown repeatedly into the rectum of Jiorses 
and into the vagina of mares. To relieve pain give from one-half to two 
drachms of opium as may be needed. 

X. Inflammation of the Bladder. 

Causes. — A disease veiy rare in animals, and when occurring the effect 
of violent external injury, or the result of irritating medicines, as crotoii 
oil, cantharides, administered by the ignorant. It is quite rare, and may 
be known by the frequent passing of urine, with great pain and diificulty. 
As a sure test grasp the horse ^ by the mane half way between the head 
and shoulder with the left hand ; place the right hand under the flank 
when all nervousness is passed, press more or less strongly on the abdo- 
men. If inflammation be present the animal evinces intense pain. If 
the muscles be tense and hard there is no inflammation. 

What to do. — Give full doses of opium, two drachms, to relieve pain. 
Give linseed tea, milk, and white of eggs beaten up M'ith water as drinks. 
As a laxative to relieve the bowels give one to two pints of olive oil as 
may be needed. Inject into the bladder the following if you have an 
instrument : 

« No, 133. 1 Drachm opium, 

1 Drachm gum arabic, 
1 Pint blood warm water. 

In severe cases the ammoniacal blister may be applied, as given on 
the next page, if there is paralysis of the parts, with or without 



THE HORSE, IT8 DISEASES. 



303 



fomentations. The acute symptoms having subsided, give small doses of 
copaiva, one to two draelinis, or l)uchu, two to three drachms, as may 
seem to ])e needed. Give soft or sloppy diet, with linseed tea, slippery 
elm, gum arable, or other mucila<jinous tlrinks. 




APPLICATION OF 



'ilACAL BLISTER. 



XI. Foul Sheath. 

A horse with a foul sheath is unfortunate in his master, unless the 
difficulty occurred before purchase. 

What to do. — Clean the sheath of all foul matter with warm soap suds, 
removing all lumjis. To wash the sheath, take hold of the yard when 
protruded, and without undue violence hold it with gentle pulling until 
there be no resistance when it may be pulled out its entire length. "When 
washed, oil thoroughly ^dth lard and salt, three i)arts of lard to one of 
salt. Every other day or every three days Mash again and oil until a 
cure is effected. 



XII. Rupture of the Bladder. 

This difficulty occurs only in the female, the result of difficult parturi- 
tion. The animal strains violently, and on es^aniination a red, tumid, 
rounded mass is shown between the lips of the vulva. 

What to do. — AVash the parts carefully with tepid water, in which an 
ounce of laudanum has been mixed with each quart. Then return care- 
fully, by pressing the center of the mass iuM'ards to correct the eversion. 
The difficulty will be in returning it through the neck of the bladder. 
There will be more or less intlammation and softening, therefore care, 
judgment and time must be used, not to tear the tissu(>s. If thci-e is 
renewed straining, place a truss or compress over the vagina. 



304 ILIAISTKATIOI) STOCK UOCTOR. 

XIII. Stricture of the Urethra. 

Sirictiirc of (li(> urollini is tlie result of IocmI iri'itnlion, the results of 
<>i-iivel, or of strong astriugoiit iujeelious. The syiuptoins ai'c diffieult 
urination, with great pain and fre(|uent erections. The ruvc nuist bo 
effected hy the use of eatlietcrs, gratlually iiuu-easing them in size until 
the normal condition is regained. 

XIV. Inflammation of the Organs of Generation. 

(I. — In stallions, there is occasionally inllammation of the testicles, 
caused by oxtcrnal injury and other causes. It may be known by the 
swi'lling of the parts, a straddling gait, with drawing up and again let> 
ting down of the testicles. 

What to do.— (live a purgative, 4 drachms aloes in 1 1-2 jiints water. 
Fonienl the |)arts twice a day with warm water. Then dry and apply ex- 
tract of belladonna or laudanum. If pus (matter) should form, known by 
fluctuation of the parts, open at the soft jiart. If the gland is involved, 
and there is threatened destruction of the pai't, t'astration had better be 
perfoi'inctl. 

/i. — I iijlitiiiiiiatioii of the ]Vi)iiif). 

Causes. — Bruises or other injuries at the time of giving birth, or in 
getting I'id of the afterbirth; retained afterbirth, or exposure to wet or 
cold after parturition. 

How to know it. — Two, tliree (n' four days after parturition, tliere will 
bean attack of shivering: pains, with looking at the flanks, similai' to 
those in colic ; shifting of the hind feet ; the loins and abdomen tender, 
with aching of the loins; the vulva red and swollen ; there is frequent 
straining with fetid dis'harge. The oiled hand being introduced into the 
womb, the neck and l)ody will be found tilli^d witli fluid ; the belly will 
be tense and swollen ; thc^ respij-iition and jjuIsc will be increased, and the 
temperature of the body hot. 'I'here will be grinding of the teeth, great 
thirst and loss of power in the limbs. 

What to do. — After having drawn out the contents of the woml> with a 
catheter, till it again with tepid water, introduced through the tube, and 
wash out tiioroughlv. Then inject one drachm permanganate of potassa 
in a pint of lukewarm walci-, adding four ounces of glycerine and half an 
ounce of laudanum. (Jive a )iui'gative dose to move the bowels freely, 
4 drachms Bai'badoes aloes for a marc; (for a cow, 1 pound of glauber 
salts). Follow this with 'JO drops tincture of aconite four times a dav for 
the mare; (for a cow, .'iO drops). Give also once a day 5 drachms 



TIIK i:OIiSE, ITS UISKASES. 305 

nitrate of polassa, aiul also oiicc a day 1 to 2 draclims chlorate of potassa. 
Ai)i)ly a blister of iiuistard to the right flank of the mare, or for a eow, 
nnistard and oil of turpentine. If there is a weak pulse, prostration and 
stupor, use stimulants; quinine in 15 to 20 orain doses, camphor and 
whisky; also antiseptics, chlorate of potassii, 1-drachm doses, or carbolic 
acid 1-2 drachm doses in a ])int of water. 

c. — Lettcorr/icea, Catorrli of flic Womb or Vngina. 

The same general treatment is to be observed as in the foregoing, it 
may be known bj^ a whitish discharge from the vulva if caused by i-e- 
tained afterbirth. Ke|)cat the injection recommended for inflannjiation 
of the womb, daily, and keej) up the system with tonics and good food. 
The following will form a good tonic : 

No. Ki-i •! Drailims sulphate of iron, 

1 Dnifhiu black pepper, 
% Ounce ginger, 
a Ovince gentian. 
Divide into three doses for each day. 



(UIAl'TlOU VIII. 



DISEASES OF THE TEETH AND MOUTH. 



1. TKICTIIINO, Olt niONIiTION. II. HIIKUDINCS TKKTII. III. IlLIND TKKTIl. IV. DECAY 

<)!' TllK TKKTII. V. SCIMIVV. VI. 8TIIM1' HlICKINli, OR OHIl) IlITINQ. VII. I.AM- 

I'A.S. VIII. INI'LAMMATION IN AND AUllUND TllK MOUTH. IX. SLAVKKINl!. X. 

INFLAMMATION Ol' TllK TONOIIK. XI. MIIAI!!' AM) IMUMKCTINU TKKTIl. XII. SCALD 

MOl'I'll. MM. Al'l'IIA. XIV. INI'LAMMAITON OK TllK I'AKOTID OLAND. XV. FI8- 

Tl'I.A OK rillC rAUOlTI) DIICT. 



I. Toothing, or Dentition. 

l>i'ii(i(iiiii ill (lie horse Iims .•ilrciuly Ix'cn wiillcn of ;nui illiisd-atoil ill 
llic iii:i|) oivcn in lliis woi-k. In Icclliiiii;-, all animals suffer iiiori' or less 
from irritation and fever of (he |),ir(s, prolialilv ,is iniieh so as Iht' hiiinan 
family. In |iii|)|iies and in Uidcns il often causes com ulsioiis between 
(he third and si\lh month. Cattle are prineipally t rouliled iietween the 
se<'ond and third year, and horses from the third to tile fourth year, since 
in the third year they cut four front teeth and eij;h1 hack oiie.'^, and ill Iho 
fourth yi'ar four front liaek teeth, eioht hack (eetii and the four tushes. 
lienee the reason why it is advised that at thi.s period of their lives they 
he not hard worked. 

In hotli cattle and horses tlie risiuij teetli are soiiietiines eiitanoled willi 
tlie ieetli that are heiuo- slied. Tliere will he redness, sweliiujr, teiideVness 
(d" tiie jrunis, and the iiillaiiiination sometimes extends to the throat, 
eansinn: eoiiuhiiiji- and li-eiieral fever. 

What to do. — If (here is slaverinu:- ; if the animal seems to chew hard 
food with pain, or holts soft food with has((>, exauiiiu^ the mouth. Ex- 
tract the loose teeth : lance the ifimis to allow easy dentition ; wash the 
•iuiiis with tincture uf myrrh : relieve the howcls if necessary with ii-eiitlc 



■IIIK llclliSi;, IIS DISKASKS. .'JO? 

l;ix:iti\i's, Miul i^ivc ;is iiiinli rol mimI scifl fdod as [lossihlc. Swine from 
tlic sixth to till' twclt'tli inoiilli iHiiallv ciil thirty-six trcth, and somct inics 
retjuire aUeiitioii. 

II. Shedding Tooth. 

Ill the siicddiiiLr i>f the tci'tii tlif iiKiuth slionhl lie cxamiiiiMl rrci|U(nl i\ 
for loosoned tcoth, to (iiul if the new toctli aro p-owiiiu; properly. It' 
they !ire likely to heeoiiu' crowded. I'aiisiiiii- twistinii;, thev should lie 
straiji'htened, and il' nei-essar\ mir nf Iheni extracted to allow thcin to 
frrow properly. Sonietiines there will he disease of the ineniinanes snr- 
rouilding the roots id" the teeth, catlsini;- looseiiinii', dexialion from the 
|)roper course, suppuration, and even sheddiiii;- of the teeth with much 
[lain, e\ en to inllainniat ion and other diseases of the iiuiii. Relief is to 
be •liven by careful exaiiiination, Ueepinu; the bowels open with soft f<iod, 
siieh manipulation a.s may i)e necessary, spon^iiiiii the jiuiiis with tincture 
of myrrh, lanciiii;' tiie j;unis, and extracti<in of the loose teeth when 
uccessiiry. 

III. Blind Tooth. 

Supernumerary teelh may occur anion::- the nippers and Liriinlers. 
When so tiiey should be extnieted. iJliiid, or wolf teelh, are ii<it super- 
iininerary, but natural as Ihey are insij^iiiticanl , and wduld not lie ne<c,-sarv 
to notice here were it not from the fact ihal ignorant prelenders ha\ e 
given the impression that tiny are the cause u( lilin<ln<'s.-,, bij;- iiead, ;nid 
oven a])()plo.\y or slagfi:ors. These teeth are certainly uselos.s, and (tccur 
ill horses (not in mai-es ) immediately in front of the grinders and may 
be extracted without dillicully or injury, care being taken tiiat they be 
not broken ami thus irritate the gums. 

IV, Docay of the Tooth. 

The teeth of horses under an artiti<ial system of management , are ipiite 
subject to decay, l^sualh' this is found in the grinders, although it 
sometimes, but randy, occurs in the nippi'r>. 

Causes. — .Vnything (h:it will destroy i\\>' enamel or corr<ide the teeth, 
strong mineral medicines, fermentiition in tiie stomach, breaking of the 
teeth by biting hard substances, or natural causes from increasing age. 

How to know it. — I'he horse will suddenly drop the fnocl fidm the 
mouth; slavering and exliibition of pain. This means loollia<hein its 
acute form. The general symptoms arc imperfect clu'wingof the food, 




308 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

and consequent finding of whole grain in the dung ; indigestion, un- 
thrifty state of the hair and skin, irritability, loss of condition, generally 
with swelling of the legs ; swelling of the 
jaw-bone about the carious tooth, quiddiug of 
the partiall}' chewed hay, accumulation of food 
around the tooth, and between it and the cheek. 
What to do. — Put a balling iron in the 
horse's mouth, and examine the jaws for bro- 
ken or decayed teeth. If suspected, tap it 
gently. If there is inflammation, lance the 
HORSE WITH TOOTHACHE. affcctcd purts, aud sponge with tincture of 
myrrh. If the tooth is ulcerated, it is better 
to extract it at once ; if not, it may be cleaned and the cavity filled with 
gutta-percha. If tender from exposure of the nerve, it must be relieved 
or deadened with crystalized carbolic acid and powdered opium, before 
filling. As a rule, in extensive caries, the tooth may be extracted. If 
so, the opposing tooth must be occasionally rasped down. The extract- 
ing of teeth, however, should only be undertaken by a veterinary surgeon, 
except in the case of loose teeth, which may be extracted with a large 
pair of forceps. 

V. Scurvy of the Teeth. 

Old horses are subject to deposit of calcareous matter, by which the 
teeth become ridged with a white scurf, extending down upon the gums, 
inflaming them and keeping them sore. This is generally confined to the 
front teeth. Young horses also sometimes suffer from this disability. 

Causes. — Imperfect digestion and sour stomach, evolving gases, or any 
cause injuring the enamel of the teeth. 

What to do. — First, find if liis system is in good condition, or put 
it so. Put a twitch on the animal's nose and with proper instruments 
remove the incrustations. Files, scrapers and fine emery paper are the 
means to be used, the teeth afterwards to be oiled. In ordinary cases, a 
stiff brush and a mixture of tartaric acid and salt will do it ; rubbing 
afterwards with clean, hard wood ashes. Keep hard wood ashes and salt 
where the horse may take it at M'ill. 

VI. Stump Sucking, or Crib Biting. 

Stump sucking is when a horse rests its teeth against any projection, 
arches its neck with spasmodic action of the throat, chest and flanks. 
Crib-bitius: is when the horse seizes the crib or other hard substance be- 



THE HOUSE, ITS DISEASES. 



309 



tween the teeth and pulls, with or without spasmodic action. Wind 
sucking is when the horse suddenly seizes any hard, tirm substance with 
its teeth, pulls back, sucking in the air, sometimes with so loud a spas- 
modic action, noise and groans that it may be heard for » long distance, 
with swallowing and eructation. 

What to do It is probably more generally connected with disease 

of the teeth than is generally suspected, and these should be immediately 
examined for cause. At length it becomes a coniirmed vice. Relieve 
any disaljilities from the teeth. The remedy is to allow no surface uncov- 
ered with sheet-iron where the horse may reach it. Smearing the front 
of the manger with aloes has been recommended. A muzzle with two 
iron bars projecting from the lower jaw over the mouth and extending 
over and between the nostrils, will prevent the vice. If the disease be 
pure wind-sucking, a strap fastened tightly about the upper part of the 
neck will prevent the effort, but there is danger of the horse becoming 
a roarer. 

VII. Lampas. 



Lampas is congestion of the palate ; a redness and swollen condition 
of the bars of the mouth behind the upper front teeth, caused by denti- 
tion in young animals, and in old ones from indigestion, causing pain in 
chewing from the protrusion of the tender parts. 

What to do. — If in young horses, the means advised in dentition, with 
slight cutting (scarifying) of the roof of the mouth, with a sharp knife 
or lancet will suffice. In old horses, scarification, with a general atten- 
tion to the health of the animal will be indicated. In scarifying, cut 
only about an inch back of the teeth, and never deep. Just behind the 
third bar an artery lies near the surface, difficult to manage if cut through. 
Hence the care reqm'red in bleeding in 
the roof of the mouth. Should, by ac- 
cident the artery be severed, put a strong 
cord around the upper front teeth close 
to the gums, and strain it as tightly as 
possible. This will generally close the 
orifice and stop the bleeding. As a wash 
for the gums, the following will l)e good : 




FOK Lampas. 



1 Oz. chlorate of potasb, 

2 Ozs. soft water. 



Never hum the bars of the mouth for lampas. It is as senseless as it 



310 ILIAuSTKATEU STOCK IJOCTOK. 

is hnital and cnu-l. iS'eviT use caitstict^. The bars of the uioiitli are 
useful to the liorse, as the pahite is to man, and uiav not he tanii)ercd 
with with iinpunitj. 

VIII. Inflammation in and Around the Mouth. 

Causes. — Irritation from wounds, bruises, acrid or jjoisonous plants, 
savage bits, injuries from the bit, twiteh or rope around tiie under jaw 
ami tongue, mcdieal irritants, bites or stings of reptiles or insects, the 
use of calomel and other salivating drugs, fungus growths, specitic 
fevers, etc. 

How to know it. — There will be ditticultv in feeding and drinking, sla- 
vering with or without fetid saliva, swelling and rigidity of the lips, 
cheeks or between the bones of the lower jaw, blisters or sores within 
the mouth, swelling of the glands, etc. 

What to do — Find the cause, whether from mechanical injury, irritating 
food or irritant drugs. If injured by alkalies wash with vinegar and 
water, e(]ual parts ; if by acids use lime water or :i weak solution of 
bii^arbonate of soda ; if caused by caustic salts use mucilage of slippery 
elm, or white of egg; if from venomous bites apply ammonia and give 
one-halt' ounce of li(|nid ammonia internally to the horse, and one-half 
to one ounce to the o.\. For bite of venomous snakes, tarantula, etc., 
cauterize the wound in addition and give Avhisky in full doses. If there 
is simple intlanimation, open the bowels with a gentle la.Kative, two ounce 
doses of magnesia, and wash with vinegar and honey. Give plenty of 
cool water and soft food. If there arc ulcers, touch them with a feather 
dipped in 

No. 13G. 10 f; rains lunar caustic, 

1 Ounce rain water. 

If there is much swt'lling keep the head tied up. If tumors resolving 
into matter (pus) appear, open with a lancet or knife. If there is slough- 
ing of the parts (separation of dead Hesh) wash with the following: 

No. 187. 1 liraolun iiermanjianato of potassa, 

1 I'inl of water. 

IX. Slavering. 

Causes. — Tlie result of mercurial salivation, sym})toms of various 
affections, as apthous fevers, epilejjsy, cutting teeth, ulcers of the mouth, 
irritating food, alkalies, ticids, bad fodder, etc. White clover will often 
cause undue secretion of stiliva bv the irlands. 




THE HOUSE, ITS UlSKASES. 311 

It may tu" known l»y tlic free dist'liargc of saliva, great thirst and often 
indigestion. 

What to do. — Find tlio cansi- and remove it. Ciive cold water to drinlv, 
and sonntl grain, grass and hay. I'se as wasiies 
for tiie month, \inegar and water or vinegar <a^S£k- f"\a 
and iioney. If the saliva is offensive, use water 
siighti\- tinctured witli earhoiic acid as a wash, 
and attend to the general healtii of the animal. 

KFFECT OF CRUEL USK OF THE BIT. 

X. Inflammation of the Tongue. 

How to know it. — Tiiere will l)e ilitlicnlty in eating and drinking. The 
tongue will lie swollen and intlamed, scnnetimes hanging from tlu' moutli. 

What to do. — U.sc the same means reeommended for inflammation of 
the mouth, first having thoroughly searched for wound.s from any sharp 
suhstanec having pinietured and remained in the tongue. If the tongue 
hangs from the mouth put the end in a hag, and supjiort it with tapes 
extending from the corners of the mouth and tied liehind the ears. 

XI. Sharp and Projecting Teeth. 

The remedy for this disability will he obvious. Secure the animal, put 
ii twitch on its iio.se, if a horse, and a balling iron in the moutli and file 
the teeth until smooth and even, using a rasp made for this purjiose, flat 
and with a slightly crooked handle. 

XII. Scald Mouth. 

Causes. — The ignorant use of acid drenches or corrosive drugs by 
careless or ignorant stable men. iMedicines of unusual strength are 
sometimes sent with dinx'tions for diluting. If labels were carefully 
read, and directions implicitly followed, there would be less of tiiis 
distressing malady, oft(Mi ending in chronic disease of the stomach. 

How to know it. — The mouth is red, often raw ; the lips are in constant 
motion, moving up and down ; the saliva flows continually, showing the 
pain the animal (Midures. 

What to do. — (live well-made cold gruel, either of corn or oatmeal, 
and soft food if the horse can take it. Boiled carrots are excellent if 
the animal will eat them. Prepare the following lotion : 



312 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

No. 138. 5 Ounces of powdered borax, 

2 Pounds of honey, 
1 Gallon of boiling water. 

Mi,\, let it become quite cold ; hold up the horse's head moderately and 
pour half a pint into the mouth. At the expiration of half a miimte 
allow the head to gradually drop so the fluid may flow over the inflamed 
surfaces. This should be repeated several times a day. Beyond this 
nothing can be done except to attend to the general health of the animal, 
Avhich should do no work until entirely recovered. 

XIII. Aptha, or Thrush. 

A disease incident to sucking animals and young horses, generally 
occurring in the Spring and Fall. 

How to know it. — Red patches will appear on tongue, cheeks and lips, 
which assume a whitish color, caused by a fungus growth 
(icdrum albicans). The lips swell; the tongue hangs 
out of the mouth ; vesicles form containing a clear, 
gelatinous fluid. At length these burst ; crusts form 
and recovery ensues. 

What to do. — Give the animal soft food as recom- 
mended for other mouth diseases. Wash the mouth 
with the lotion prescribed for scald mouth, or prepare 
equal parts of honej' and powdered baj'berry bark into 
a paste, with which anoint the affected parts every night. 
To purify the blood and promote the general health give the following : 

No. 139. 1 Ounce flowers of sulphur, 

1 Ounce powdered sassafras bark, 

2 Ounces powdered golden seal. 

Mix, divide into four portions and give one every night in scalded 
shorts allowing it to get cold. Or give it in cold gruel as u drink. This 
prescription will be found valuable in any case and for all farm stock 
when the blood is thick and inclined to humors. Give fully grown swine 
half the dose prescribed, and full grown sheep one-third the dose ; that 
is, divide into eight doses for swine and twelve for sheep. 

XIV. Inflammation of the Parotid Gland. 

Causes. — This gland, which lies in the hollow that extends from 
the root of the ear to the angle of the lower jaw, sympathizes with in- 
flammation of the upper part of the throat, and becomes hot, tender and 
swollen in almost ever case of cold. It is liable to inflammation also 




THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 313 

from inechiinical injury, iiiul from ohstruction of its duct. In bad cases 
of strangles or distemper, it will sometimes swell to great size and will 
break, a tistulous sore being the termination. 

How to know it When the gland has become swollen, it is easily 

discernible In' sight or feeling. There is a hai'd and painful lump be- 
neath the ear, with a softer feeling about its edges. The horse carries 
his head stiffly, chews slowly and with difficulty, and has some general 
fever. 

What to do. — As this state of the gland is almost always preceded by 
cold, and is accompanied by it, the treatment must be tirst directed to 
the removal of the exciting cause. Place the animal in comfortable sur- 
roundings, attend to the state of his bowels, giving 3 ounces glaubers or 
epsom salts, in case of constipation, and a fe\v warm mashes. Mean- 
while, cover the affected gland with a good poultice until the inflammation 
is subdued. 

If inflammation results from mechanical obstruction, that obstruction 
must of course be removed before any permanent relief can be obtained ; 
and this may require the removal of a calculus or stone from the parotid 
duct, which can be safely done only by an experienced surgeon. 

If attention is not directed to the swelling until matter is forming, 
allow it to approach the surface and come to a head before attempting to 
open, to avoid cutting any of the ducts, which might result in a fistula. 
If the tumor becomes hard, use iodine, almost to the extent of blistering. 

Any wound inflicted mechanically, as a cut into the gland, or a prick 
with a stable-fork, must be treated externally according to its nature — 
the main \Hnnt being to close it so effectually that the salivary fluid which 
it is the office of this gland to secrete cannot escape through the wound. 

XV. Fistula of the Parotid Duct. 

Causes. — The parotid duct, which is formed by a union of the smaller 
ducts of the parotid gland, enters the mouth after it leaves the gland, in 
front of the large masseter muscle of the cheeks — having passed for 
some distance upon the inner side of the jaw, and then turned under the 
lower border of the bone. The saliva secreted by the parotid gland, 
which lies at the spot whei'e the neck joins the jaw, is poured into the 
mouth by this parotid duct, to be mingled with the food during the pro- 
cess of mastication. If the mouth of this little tube is closed in any 
way, so as to prevent the free egress of the saliva, distension of the duct 
takes place, and the confined secretion causes suffering, inflammation, 
and finally rupture. This stoppage is sometimes caused by hayseeds or 
other particles of food that enter the mouth of the channel while the 



314 ILLUSTRATEU STOCK DOCTOR. 

animal is feoding". Tiie presence of footl in tlie mouth and the motion 
of tiie jaw stiniuUite the action of the ghmd, and since the saHva tims 
seciHited cannot escape by its natural opening', there is constantly more 
and more j)ressure until some outlet is found. This, as we have said, 
may l)e by bursting, or it may be by external accident. A wound inflicted 
on the jaw with any pointed instrument, as a hay-fork, has l)eon known 
to penetrate this channel. The saliva thereupon pours through the open- 
ing, and by its constant flow it prevents the healing of the wound, so 
that its edges speedily become hard and without that liveliness essential 
to the closing of punctured or gashed flesh. 

The stopping of this passage into the mouth is said to have been some- 
times caused by calculus or stone in tiic cheeks of the animal. These, of 
a size exceedingly largo in proportion to the size of the duct in which 
they lodge, have been taken from the jaw. 

Every wound which penetrates this or any other duct of the salivary 
sjlands soon becomes a fistulous and offensive sore ; the fluid secreted by 
the gland finds its way out through the false opening, while none of it 
enters the mouth to perform its natural function in preparing the food 
for the stomach, so that the horse soon begins to lose flesh, and finally 
assumes a wretched and loathsome appearance. 

The opening of the parotid duct occasionally occurs, pcrha|)s, from the 
opening of abscesses attending strangles or distemper. 

How to know it. — The digestion necessarily becomes deranged when 
the process of mastication is carried on for any considerable length of 
time without the foods being moistened by that secretion which the paro- 
tid duct in a healthy condition furnishes ; but the orifice iu the skin under 
the jaw or on the cheek at the large muscle, discharging a liquid some- 
what resembling the white of an egg, is the unnustakal)le indication of 
the disorder under consideration. During the act of feeding this fluid is 
freely discharged, even sometimes squirting from the wound, and especi- 
ally so if the food is dry and hard to chew. It will be noticed that in 
chewing the horse uses the opposite side of the mouth from that on 
which the opening occurs, and that the process is slow and difficult. The 
edges of the wound soon become callous, the running of the stream down 
the check destroys the hair, and the whole j)art has a fistulous and filthy 
appearance. 

What to do — In the first place, especial care must be taken to keep 
the animal, during the period I'equired for effecting a cure, upon food 
that requires no chewing. It should be sufficiently plentiful and nutri- 
tious to prevent the uneasiness of hunger. Soft mashes and gruels alone 
should constitute the diet. Another precaution is necessary when he is 



THE HOUSE. ITS DISEASES. 315 

left to himself — tliat is, to tic him up in such a way us to prevent liim 
from rubbing the wound. This can be done by having a rein at each side 
of the halter, and t^'ing it up, one to each side of the stall, and suffi- 
ciently back and high up to keep him from putting his jaw against either 
the trough or the wall against which it stands. 

If the wound has recently broken, shave the edges so as to remove all 
roughness and bring them closely and evenly together. Then cover with 
collodion, putting on coat after coat until it is strong enough to keep the 
wound from bursting. 

Jf the sore is of long standing, and the case evidently obstinate, the 
first care must l)e to determine whether the channel has ])ecome dosed 
between the wound and the mouth, as sometimes happens. If so, make 
a new one and keep it open by passing a thread through it. This tinead 
must have a Hat button affixed to each end, one inside the mouth the 
other outside the wound, to retain it in place. It should not be so closely 
shortened by the buttons as to prevent its being slipped a little, first one 
way then the other, until the walls of its passage have become callous or 
firm, and not likely to adhere. It must then t)e withdrawn, and the way 
being open for the secretion to escape into the mouth the outside wound 
must, be closed. To do this, make an adhesive fluid by saturating gum 
mastic with the strongest spirit of wine, or by dissolving India rubber in 
sulphuric ether. Pare off the edges of the wound till the healthy skin 
and flesh are laid bare, which ma}' be known by bleeding. Now wash the 
surrounding parts thoioughh' with warm soap suds, so as to remove the 
oily secretion from the skin and hair, and render the latter dry, so that 
an adhesive preparation may the more readily stick. A\'hen the bleedinu: 
has stopped and tiic hair is dry, lay oxer the orifice a piece of India 
rubber, and over that a cotton cloth. Fix the cotton firmh- l)y means of 
the adhesive fluid above mentioned, first attaching one side, then, when 
that is dry and firmly fixed, .-itretching and fastening down the other 
edge. Continue to fasten on these strips one after another in this way — 
some of them eross-ways — until there is a good body of them : then 
thoroughly saturate the whole with the adhesive fluid and tie up the 
animal as already directed. When his reins are loosened in order that he 
may eat, he must be watched to see that he does not rub and re-open the 
wound. 

This one covering, as descril)cd, is generally sufficient to effect a <ui-c ; 
but if it falls off before the orifice is entirely closed, Mait a day or two, 
still feeding on soft food, and then ]iut on another coat of tiie India 
rubber, cotton, and mastic solution : and so continue until a cure is 
effected. 

21 



CHAPTER IX. 



DISEASES or THE HEART, BLOOD. ETC. 



I. THUMPS. H. SCROFULA. III. FEVER, OR GENERAL INFLAMMATION. IV. KNLARGB- 

MKNT OF THE HEART. V. FATTY DEGKNERATION OF THE HEART. VI. ENLARGE- 
MENT OF THE ARTERIES. VII. INFLAMMATION OF THE JUGULAR VEIN. VIH. INFLAM- 
MATION OF THE ABSORBENTS. IX. SCARLATINA. 



I. Thumps. 



Palpitation of the heart, or thumps, as it is usually called, may occur 
from fright, in highly fed, irregularly worked animals, hut is not as a 
rule coiuiected with structural disease of the heart . 

Causes. — Indigestion, some olood diseases, sudden exeitement or fright 
in aninial.s i)redisp()sed to nervousness. 

How to know it. — The action of the heart will be violent and convul- 
sive ; the l)eatings can he seen, felt and heard. The disorder comes on 
al)rui)tly, generally from excitement, has perfect intermissions with ab- 
rupt jarring thumps, and a jerking motion of the abdomen, and unaccom- 
panied by redness of the mucus membranes ; excited eyes, rapid breathing 
and a more or less sudden diminution of the palpitation. If signs of 
temporary excitement are not present ; if the attack comes on slowly, is 
constant with aggravated intervals ; if there is a heavy, prolonged, une- 
qual beating, with red nmcus membranes and swelling of the limbs, it 
may be inferred that the ditKculty is connected with structural heart 
disease. 

What to do. — Avoid sudden excitement antl over-exertion, but give 
regular but gentle exercise, .stimulants and tonics. The following would 
be indicated as a stimulant, either whisky, or 1-2 ounce li([uid ammonia. 
Give 15 to 20 grains digitalis twice a day in the feed, for some weeks. 



THK HOUSE, ITS DISEASES. 317 

If tliere is u full, stron*;- pulse, aiul iucroiised sizo of tlio heart, add to 
the digitalis 20 drops tincture of aconite, twice a day, or droj) it into tlie 
water uiven twice a day. If there is general debility, the following will 
he indii'ated, to l)e given twice a day for several weeks: 

No. 140 K Drachm powdered nux vomica, 

1 Draclim extract of belladouua. 

Form into a ball with licjuorice powder and molasses, and give. 

II. Scrofula. 

The horse is not subject to scrofula, as is man, and the lower farm 
animals. Swine are essentially scrofulous ; sheep are often so ; cattle 
more rarel}', and horses least of all. Yet that this noble animal has the 
germs of this dread disease in his system, would seem to be indicated by 
ulcers on the liver, tumors in the glands, and tubercles of the lungs. 
Thus it may be found in connection with other diseases, or show itself in 
eruptive skin, or of the organs. 

What to do. — Stramonium, known to farmers as Jamestown or Jimson 
wej,'d, is a specific. Give every other day half an ounce of the dried 
seed, bruised, or 20 to 30 grains of the .stramonium of the druggists, 
daily. The ox may have from 1-2 to 1 drachm ; sheep 5 to 10 grains, 
and swine 4 to 6 grains daily, the slate of the bowels being carefully 
attended to by giving laxative food if costive, or if necessity occur, med- 
icine, Glauber salts in light doses. 

III. Fever, or General Irflammation. 

When from any cause injury is done to any part of the frame, or in- 
flammatory action is set up either in the tissues, membranes, (n* any of 
the organs of the body, heat is produced, and this is fever. This often 
becomes general from sympathy, thus in a measure relieving the pressure 
on the more closely affected parts. Fever is not the disease itself, but 
the result of disorganization, a symptom of disease, or internal disorder. 
In fact, a sj'inptom of disease arising from sympathy of the system with 
disease of the animal economy. Remove the cause and the fever will 
cease. We may do something to alleviate it in connection with tlie treat- 
ment of the disease itself, but we must not lose sight of the latter. 

In intermittent fevers there is a cold stage, a hot stage and a sweating 
stage. These may vary in succession and degree, but the real difficulty 
is in a morbid state of the viscera, but particularly of the liver and 
organs employed in the formation of bile, and of the mesentery. In 
fevers the tongue is coated. Yet no quack is so ignorant as to suppose 



i?18 ii.i.i sri.'AiKD srocK doctoi;. 

(lie fever cMii l)e ciireil l>v ser;i|iiii^' llie (oniiiie, and \('t lliis is fully as 
seilsiMe as lo suppose fe\'er l(i l)e llie disease itself when it is an effect of 
disease. 

In tlie liofse fevers often iniuiifest theiuselves llirou<;li iiillainniatioii of 
tlie MUieous or serous iiieiiibraiR's, prodiieimx eatai'fli or inlhieiiza. When 
i( affeets tlie mucous suffaee of llie sloinaeli and bowels il produces 
extreme languor and debility. In i)]eiirisy there is inllammatioii of the 
serous memiu'anes within the thorax. I'lie fexcr is the manifestation of 
the disease. In ty})hoid fever there is inllammatioii of the l)raiii and 
viseeia and es|)ecially of the stomaeh, intestines and pejors fihiiul. The 
fever is the atli'iidanl simply upon the cause of the inflammation. 

l''e\('r in horses has been described b\- the author of IIippopatholo<ry 
to bi' 1st. Common fever — aii'ciieral diffuse iiillanimat ion. 2d.Idioi)athic — 
iirising' without any apparent local injury, •id. Symptomatic — arisino; 
from some local cause or irritation. 'Piie late Dr. Dadd, ^'.S.,^■el•y truly 
says : 

"A rational system of veterinary medicine contemplates, in the treat- 
ment of febrile sym])tonis, nothin<j' more than a kind of ex])ectancy. If 
the patient be in the cold stauc administer warm diffusible stimulants 
ami diaphoretics, aided by warmth and moisture extei'iially ; friction on 
the extremities, and, if necessary, stimulatinji' applieatioii-s to the chest and 
the extremities. In the hot slaiic and when the superficial heat of the 
l)ody is iireat, coolinu' drinks are indicated : water acidulated with cream 
of tartar, makes a i^ood febrifui:c. The patient may be oecasioiudly 
spongi'(l with weak saK'ratus water, 'i'he alkali has a beiielicial effect on 
the ent.Miicous vessels, while the water lessens the temperature of the 
bod\'. No Irealment, however, can be (d" any ralional use. nnU'ss it 
c()ntemi)lates a restoration of the healthy ecpnlibrium of the whole system. 
Let the doctor treat the disease, and a good, attentive srroom can manage 
the fever. ■■ 

In treating general fe\-er or inllammatioii, Ihend'iU'e, we must lirst tind 
the cause, anil treat, giving such agents as have been indicated thi'oughout 
this woi'k, for the febrile symptoms as they occur. As a rule we do not 
advocate l)l(>eding, but in the horse in the early stages of acute intiamnni- 
tioii, espi>cially of the brain, and all that class of diseases which involve 
the general system, and when the blood is thick and dark, sometimes 
almost brown, bleeding ma\- b(> |)racticed with success. It is ncviM' well 
however lo bltH'd lilindl\-. in ajioplew and that class of diseases, bleed. 
It is a ease of life or diMlli. For fevers in genend there can be no 
specilic. Ill diseases of the blood, accompanied by fever, all<M'alives will 
be iiidicateii both as a prc\ ciitive and corrective of the diseased functions. 
Sometimes the condition of the absorl)eiits are so inactive that alteratives 



TlIK IIOKSE, ITS DISKASKS. 319 

cuiinot net. Here l)li'('(liiii:- would sccii) lo he iiulicatcd. Yet it is better 
unless ill llic case of lift' or ilcatli, that it lie not resorted to, ex(;cpt 
under the ad\iee of a eonipeieiit veterinariMii or phvsician. 

IV. Enlargement of the Heart. 

Hypcrtropin' or enlariienienl of theheai'l is an increase of its nnis( iilar 
substance and may be eonlined to one side, or one ventricle. Soinetinies 
disease of the valves leads to enlargement much beyond it^ usual size. 
Enlargement of the heart also accompanies iiroken wind and other im- 
j)cdiments to the free action of the lunps and breathing tubes. 

Causes. — Long continued hai'd worU ; chronic indigestion, or some 
obstruction to the circulation. 

How to know it. — There is palpitation, the beats foi'ciblc and piolonged, 
the intervals of .silence shorteniHl. The lirsl sound is low, mutiled and 
prolonged, the second loud, and if only one \-entricle is affected sonuv 
times repeated. The pulse is as a rule regular, excei)t under excitement 
of the animal, and, the excitcMuent n^noved, soon returns to its usual 
state. The breathing is often hurried, and exertion increases th(> general 
symjjtoms in a marked manner. 

What to do. — Simple hypertrophy is seldom the cause of innninent 
danger. It is not unusual for horses with an enlargement id' the heart 
to do steady, slow, moderate woi'k, and li\c to be old. If there is 
dilatation, weakness, blowing murmurs with the first heart sound, sj)ells 
of oppressed and ditlicult l)reathing, if the nasal and other visible mucous 
membranes are livid, there is danger of sudden death at any time. 

Keep the animal (piiet, and at only slow, moderate labor; iu'\cr over- 
load or put him to speed. Let the diet be of good, easily digested food ; 
never allow the .stomach to become overloaded. Give twice a day frf)m 
20 to 'M droi)s tincture of aconite root as the case may need. If there is 
broken wind or other serious impediment to breathing, ;5 to I grains of 
arsenic in the food has been fomid useful. If tli<' case, however, be of 
long standing, or due to permanent obstruction, treidment must be sim[)ly 
allevi.ation. The case will eventually end in death. 

V. Fatty Degeneration of the Heart. 

This disease is occasioned i)y a change of the muscular subslan<e of 
till* heart to a fatty state, by which the organ is weakened, at length lead- 
ing to ruptui-c of its tissues. It is not uncommon in high-bred stock, 
includinji' cattle ami swine. 



820 ii,i,iiHiiiAii;i> siocii iKxroii. 

C8UI6I,- lli,"li I'l'iliii;', iiKiit i\ il \ , w.itil of cxcrriHc, mikI (lir icsiill of 
HIK'li (liHcilHcs IIS |iur|Hiiii Nriirlcl I'lN rr, :i 11(1 (liNcjiscs I lie rcsiill (p(' [iru- 
roiind iillrnilioM <>r IIm' I>I i. 

How to know it. I><'l>ilils in IIk' <'ii'<-iil:ilii>n, irri'^'iilarll \ .iimI \\r:ik- 
ncMM in I 111' |mi1m(', Ics.srniii;.' nf Ihr licarl sdiiiuls, swcllin;^ of I he Ic^s and 
HinnrlinirM II iji'iicriil ilrii|)siciil rnndilidii, ililiilal imi, a wani cd' corri'^Jiinnd- 

I'liri' lii'lwi'in (lie lirail lical- I 111"' sliiikc ( d' llic |)iilsc, :i|i|ii'l il c irrcj;'- 

iilar and lainiciun ., and lln' inriiiliraiii's nf llir niniilli and iii>'<i' a riisly 
ivd .ulnr. 

Wlint to (1(1. Iliiiiior (lie apix'lilr with sniind, easily di^vsliMc I'immI. 
'riicrr i. iici I'i'iiii'ih . AHi'IiIIoii 111 till' ^cni'ial licallli, and an iiiiiicc of 
cliloriilc 111' piilasli twill' a ilay in lln' I'liud iiiiiy niiliiiidi' Nyiii|il(inis wlirn 
iiini'i' viiili'iil lliaii iisiial. in all licai'l or arlrrial discuses i;'iv(M'('s( , and 
in ridli'iiiiiu sdirk, do mp as i|iiirkly as possil.!,.. 

vr. I'lntiirncniotil. of tlio ArtorioH. 

I )ilaliirnin of I lie ai'd'iii's ( Aiu'iiiisin ), is rarely foil ml. 1 1 is a I lii lining 
iltld Wi'llUen'mjJ of llie eonls of llie vessels, soiiielimes to luil'stin^', eiiilsiiij;; 
It piilsiiliii^i' limior eonlainin^ Mood. 

CailSOS. Severe strains in tile \ieinity of an iirlery, lilinvs, kicks, 
Hliilis, ()!• \V(<Mkcninfi from o\ erst fctejiiiif;', iis in fiitly defi'eiieriilion. In 
(lie m(>s(>n(ei'ie iirleiies of horses, tliey iii'e eoininon from imniatiire 
worms ( Sr/irtis/niiniiii n/iiiintiii ) in the rireiilat ion. 

How to know it. lliere is a soft, tliirl iial iiiL;, \ i ilile liimoi' if iieiii- 
liie siil'filee, wliicli ina\ lie rediieed li\ ]iressnre, liiil which iiislaii(l\- 
i'eii|i|iciirs. 

Wlint to do. Treat meiil is not siu'eessfnl c\ccpl wlicii near the siil'- 
filee. 'i'lieii sleiidy pressure liy ii piiil if (iikeii eiirly will sometimes cause 
its disiippeiirance. ,\ii aniiniii with t<iilari;'emeiil of the arteries is iiii- 
soiliid ami should iic\cr lie lioii^ht. The same rule applies to all diseases 
of the heart. 

Vll. Iiitliuiiod .liifuilio' Vein. 

CailSOS. This is due, for the most part, to lilccdini;. and the t real meiit 
to wiiich the horse is suhji'elcd. or rather lack of trealiiUMit immediately 
after Mood-leltine'. 1| is nol to lie attriluitcd to iiiiy particuiiir iiiiimier 
of lileedin;;', or to any aw kwanhiess in its execution and in tlie elosini;' of 
tile wound, .'^oiiie lioi'ses iia\e a coiistit iitioniii predisposition to inllam- 
matioii upon any occasion of piiiicliircd \ciiis, and the most skillful 
piiitdiotouiist cannot avoid tiirow iiiii' liieiu into liiis stale unless care is taken 



rill', ii(ii;m;, ris iuskasks. 



.(21 



lifter till' (ipi'nilioii to sit IIi^iI IIktc i-, ms lil||<' cxcil iiiM' (•.•iiisc il.s |)((.s,sjl,lr. 
ItilliiiiiiiiMliiiii iiKiv, iiidccd, roiili IVotii liniisjii;; llic vein in llic miI of 
lilccdiiij;-, hill lliis iiMrs( he (if .so rare neeiirreiice us to lie seairel\ worlln 
(if iKitiee. The saiiie iiiav he said of a lar;^e mid ra^iijed winiiid made \i\ 
II hiiiij^hn^ ij|ieral()r. 

'I'he liiiitioii ni' Ihi' animal al'lir hleediii;^, illid rilhhiiii^- .so ns to disjilaee 
(lie pill mid low h\ whieli iIm' Wdiind is llsinillv eloNcd, iiillV he set down 
IIH llie {fi'eut ,soni'<('s ol' diiiiji<T. If (lie horse is turned loose and allowed 
to e;ni/.e iihoiil, ]|iin;;ili>r down his lienil and keeiiine- it down al will, willi 
Ills jinvs in ahiiost eonsiani iiiolion, intliiinmat ion ol' lh<' vein is a|i| lo 
result. . So, if he is allowiil aeeess lo food in a Iroll^jh or slahle. \\ hen 
MJIowed iiis I'reedoni he is a|>l lo iiih Ihe wound wlienc\cr iteliiii;^- sensa- 
tions su|ier\i'ne, as thev are apt lo, and l he lidiihle is Ihiis easii\- iiidiieed. 
If pill loth.' saddle immedial.'lv al'ler hlood-lel I iiiij from the neek,lhe 
bridle reins mav rnh the wound, and espeeialU irrilale il h\' disi iirhini; its 

fiiHleninjrs ; and if put lo harness I he collar ma\ press the hi I too 

vidleiilly mid eonslantlv ajjain^l lh<' oriliee, and so hrine on inllaminal ion. 

How to know it. 'I'he earliest iiidi.alion is a sli;;lil opening. ,d' I lie lips 
(if the wound, whence exudes ill small (|uaiititv a tliin, watery (liseliar;j(\ 
A slight swelliiie appears ; liiis is l'oilow<'d hy a hard, cord-like eiilarec- 
iiient ol' Ihe vein, which feels liot ; and tliert^ is some visij.h' swclline nl 
(lie aiiijle of Ihe jaw. The sweililij-- dikes phiee .ihovc Ihe oriliee, and 
tile inllamination lends almost, wholly in that direction. 

If IK'ijieeted. tliesi'eond sta;.re of the disorder soon sets in. Aliscesses 
f<H-ni aloii;: ihe vein, and lln'sc lln.ally Imrsl and diseliaree a Ihin hiil 
lillliy pus. These tumors ;ir<' iiniled al their hases \>\ sinuses in llie 

interior of ihe vessel, 

Il mav he reckoned as .a third sla^re of the disease when Ihe vein feels 
liaid niiiler Ihe skin, .Mnd Ihe ahscesses diseliarj;e a dark, impure .and 
stinkiiiL! pn-^, rcseinhrnij,^ rotten hlood. ,\l this slaei> ihc Ikmsc ^'rows 
dull and sliipid ; theiial last t he inllaminal ion extends lo the hr.aiii, and 
11 madness simil.ar in violcnci' and fatal effects lot he rallies nia\ siiper\ ciic, 

What to do.— In Ihe lirsl placi-, "an ounce (d' prevcnlion is worth a 
pound of cure," and whenever il is neeessarv lo hh'e<| ;iii aiiim.al, let it 
111' done in as Ileal , skillful .and e\pe<lilious mainier as possible ; Ihcii 
elosi' the wound with care, leaving' no part of the fastening' pin to |iidjccl 
over Ihc siiliiri' or vviiidiii;j <d' low or cord Kv which the lip.s are drawn 
elose ; and al once lie up the liiu'se ill il'stall. If the stall is etuitraeled 
in width, il is all the heller, as he will he less likely to st ir niiiiceessarily . 

Tic the halter ahove and somel liiii;.'- hack from the iiimi;rer, so that he 
eaiinol rill) his neck a;jainsl the troiich nor .anvlhinij- pertainin;:' to that 
|)lirl of his stall. (live him no food that will necesHidile chew in"- — 



322 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

nothing but a sufEciency of thin, cool gruel, having in it no inflammatory 
ingredients, to prevent tlie absolute gnawings of hunger. Water may be 
given in as great quantities as he will take. 

Allow him to remain in this position twenty-four hours. Even then, 
do not turn him into a tiekl. as the traveling to and fro, with the head 
often pendent and the jaws in motion as he grazes may yet cause inflam- 
mation. He may now, however, be allowed a more roomy stable ; but 
the food sliould be for another day only sucii as will necessitate no con- 
siderable chewing. This precaution will in all probability wholly prevent 
inflammation, even in those cases where the animal has a strong consti- 
tutional tendency to it. 

These directions, however, are not to be understood as applicable to 
every case. When a horse is l)led to relieve some sudden or acute local 
trouble, there is really but little danger of inflammation of the jugular, 
especially if the acute trouble is attended with nuirked local fever. 

Wlicn inflammation has actually set in, from whatever cause, the cure 
is easy and speedy, if steps be promptly taken to. this end. If begun 
while in its simplest stage, place the horse at once in a stall, as previously 
indicated, and tie his head up during the day — giving him food and drink 
by raising a bucket within easy reach for the time. Tiien sponge tiie in- 
flamed part verv frc(|ucntly with the following lotion, as cool as it can 
easily be made : 

No. 14L .S Ounces tiiu'turp of arnica, 

2 Ounces muriate ol ammonia, 

4 Ounces metliylated spirits of wine, 

3 Pints water. 

T\ will bo more effectual if some soft padding is confined along tlie 
wliole extent of the inflannnatimi, and this kejjt constantly saturated 
with the cold lotion. 

After the inflammation has subsided, mix biniodide of mercury and 
lard in the proportion of 4 drachms l)iniodide to -t ounces lard, and rub 
the vein well wiih this, if it remains enlarged, every night until the new 
deposit has been absorbed, which will l)e known by its having produced 
a free watery discharge. 

The treatment thus laid down is intended to apply strictly to the first 
stage of the disease. When the second stage has set in before treatment 
is begun — that is, discharging abscesses along the vein — begin by remov- 
ing the pin and sutui-e, if not already done, and then i)lister along the 
wliole extent of tlie inflaniod and tumorous surface by rubbing in effect- 
ually the oil of cantharides, or liquid blister. One blister must succeed 
another till every sign of the disorder has disa]i])eared. If the case seems 
to be violeut and to yield slowly, one blister must not wholly cease to 



THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 328 

act until another coating of the oil has been applied — though this is not 
necessary except in veiy obstinate cases. If the liquid is to be applied 
over an old one, still raw, use a tine brush w itli which to lay it on, and 
then cover over with an application of some unctuous oil to soothe the 
severe sniait that presently sets in. Be careful always to have the blis- 
ter cover every spot where there is indication of intlainniation. 

If the disease has progressed to that stage in wliich there is a foul and 
black discharge, the abscesses must all be joined l)y slitting up the inter- 
vening sinuses. Cut the whole extent of the hardened vessel except a 
little at each end. which nmst be left to prevent copious bleeding. Em- 
[iloy a small, suitable probe, carefully and patiently, and cut along the 
track indicated, from abscess to abscess. Then apply the liquid blister 
as directed, regardless of sores or cuts, and continue to do so until the 
l)art is l)ut one blister sore and not a lot of dischai-ging tumors. 

The vein will of course be destroyed. Whenever the corded and 
suppurating state sets in this is inevitable, as no human agency can 
restore its functions ; but this will not seriously interfere M'ith the circu- 
lation, since the smaller vessels that ramify everj^ part of the neck (as, 
indeed, of the whole system) soon accommodate themselves to the new 
order of things, and the life-current flows regularly on. It requires 
much time, however, to bring him to that condition in which he will not 
need more than ordinary attention. Throughout the day his head must 
be tied u)) to the rack, while at night he may be loosened so as to permit 
him to lie down. The floor should be covered with tan, as he would 
chew straw, and thus render cure more diiBcult by that motion of the 
jaws which is to be guarded against. He should be kept this way for 
from four to seven weeks, according to progress of recover}'. Meanwhile 
his food should be hay tea, sloppy mashes, and cooling gruel moderately 
thick. No solid food should be allowed — no corn nor oats. Potatoes, 
carrots, turnips, boiled, reduced to pulp, moistened and mixed with bran. 

At the close of the time designated Ijegin regular daily exercise — very 
little at first, but gradually increasing it, which niiiy be continued for two 
or thi'ee months, during which time he should not wear a collar, or be in 
any way subjected to pressure about the neck. After three months he may 
be restored by degrees to the use of solid food ; but much care should 
be observed during a whole year, after which he may be considered 
measurably sound. 

Inflammation may follow bleeding from leg veins, and those elsewhei'e, 
but it is most common in the jugular and most troublesome. The treat- 
ment prescribed is of course aj)plicable to other veins. 



324 II-Ll'srUATKI) STtX K DOCTOR. 

VIII. Inflammation of the Absorbents. 

lutlainniiition of tlic al)s<)rl)ciils ( Li/uiphrnKjitiK), has a variety of 
names, aiuoiiji wliidi aro A\'c'('d, and Shot of (ircase, and may be a con- 
stitutional case, or a mere local affection. In its constitutional form, it 
is found in heavy lymphatic, fleshy-legged horses that, hard worked on 
heavy feed, are left in the stable for days together. 

In its local form it is the result of wounds, bruises, injuries of various 
kinds, pulrofying matter in and arountl the stal)le. it may occur from 
the si)ocitic poison of glanders, farcy, etc., and in the constitutional form 
may go on to abscess, sloughing and unhealthy sores, and death ; or t!ic 
horse may be left with the limb permanently thickened. In the local 
form there may be abst'ess, diffuse suppuration, induration of the glands, 
and even the vessels and surrounding paiMs. 

How to know Constitutional Lymphangitis — ^rhcrc will be more or less 
shivering ; in bad cases severe, ((uickened breathing : rapid, hard pulse ; 
a general feverish state, and fever in one or both hind limbs. Enlarge- 
ments may be detected high up in the groin, by tlic side of the sheath in 
the horse or uildcr in the mare, and great tenderness of the inguinal 
glands. Tlic shivering tits will be succeeded by fever with burning 
sweats, swelled limbs, exudation and tilling, sometimes to the body. 

What to do. — In mild cases, give moderate and daily exercise, pay at- 
tention to diet, ventilation, and cleanliness. If the case is more severe, 
give from 4 to (i drachms of aloes, apply warm fomentations continually 
to the limb, with walking exercise The bowels having been tliorongidy 
moved, give diuretics, an ounce of saltpeter in a gallon of water two or 
three times daily ; or 10 grains of iodine. In very bad I'ases, when the 
subject is plethoric^, bleed from the jugular vein until the pulse softens, 
and iiroceed as before directed. For "thick leg," a chronic thickening 
of the limb, bandage from the foot up when the animal is in the stable, 
and apply tincture of iodine for four days, giving daily exercise ; or rub 
tiie liiul) with iodine ointment, and give the following once a day: 

No. 142. >i Ounce powdered resin, 

>4 Oiiiu'c iiitiT, 
10 Drops oil ofjunipcr. 

jNIix into a ball with licpunMce ]>ow(ier and molasses. 
If abscesses form, open them with a shar]) knife, and dress with the 
following : 

No. 143. 1 Oiiiu'o carbolic acid, 

1 I'int distilled water. . 



THE IIOKSK, ITS DISEASES. 325 

In the local form there will be slight swelling of the cords, and redness 
in white skins. The lymphatic glands will he enlarged along their course, 
and become nodular or knotty. There will be pasty swellings of the 
parts, and even erysipelas. 

What to do. — Give rest, and a i)urge of aloes as recommended for the 
chronic state. AVasli the diseased liml) wilii tiic following: 

No. 144. }j Drailim opium, 

1 Dniclim acetate of lead, 
1 Drachm carbolic acid, 
1 (^iiart raiuwater. 

In case of excessive inHamniation, poultice with flax seed or bread and 
milk to hasten suppuration. Open the suppurating parts to let out the 
niattci', and dress with the cai-lxiiic solution ;is in the other form of the 
disease. 

IX. Scarlatina. 

Causes. — This disease, called also scarlet fever, is not considered 
contagious in its milder forms, l)ut in a malignant stage it would doubt- 
less be as much so as the same disease in the human family. It is 
sometiines regarded as 1)ul a mild form of acute anasarca, and not 
entitled to be treated as a distinct affection ; but we cannot dwell upon 
tiie niceties of classification, and where the necessities of the case (the 
knowledge requisite for treating certain manifestations of disease success- 
fully ) are met, it is not impoi'tant that we should. 

It generally follows influenza and other affections of the respiratory 
organs ; and may be justly said to have its origin in colds, and in some 
cases, perhaps, in the breathing of vitiated air in close, dark, ill-ventilated 
stabb's. 

How to know it. — The patient exhibits great thirst, with a failing 
ajjpctitc, and evident weakness. He is more or less unsteady in his gait ; 
his breath is hot and stinking, and all the limbs are swollen. But the 
most unmistakable signs are elevated blotches on the skin about the neck 
and fore limbs, and scarlet spots, of variable size, on the membranes 
within the nostrils. 

What to do. — First, remove the animal from its fellows, for fear the 
disease may develop into that putrid form which is found so contagious 
among children, and prove infectious. Give an occasional watery bran 
mash to keep the bowels open and allay fever. If this is not found 
sufliciently laxative, give a dose of Epsom salts, or linseed oil. Guard 
against too active and violent purgatives. Mix three ounces liquor acetate 



32t) ILLliSTKATEl) HlOClv DOCTOR. 

i)f iiiiniioiiia with tliroo ouiu'os of cold wiitor, and drench with this once 
or twice a day, according to the violence of the fever, for three days. 
Mcauwhile, sponge the elevated s^jots on the skin with a tincture of 
niuiiatc of iron mixed with M-ann water ; or, if found more convenient, 
|)ut two ounces of hartshorn (aijua annnonia) into a (juart of soft water, 
and use (hat. 

There is a tendency in this tlisease to dropsical effusions, and the limhs 
hccoMio very nuich swollen, even during the treatment prescribed ; and 
l>v the third or fourth day a whitish mucus will begin to run slighth' 
from both nostrils ; the scarlet spots will have spread and become redder. 
(Jive now, night and morning, one-half iluid ounce sweet spirits of niter, 
fitr four or iive days. Discontinue to sponge tlie elevated spots, but rub the 
linilis I'losely and often ; and blanket the animal if necessary to keep him 
comfortable. The niter acts as a diuretic, and the dose and length of time 
it is given must be regulated by the effei-t upon the kidneys. If urine is 
voided too often and too freely, lessen the dose, or discontinue it alto- 
gether. Follow this up with a daily doso of twenty grains of sulphate 
of quinine for from three to six days, and continue to rub the limbs. 
When there are signs of returinng appetite, give him, in addition to the 
bran mashes, a few oats and a daily snndl allowance of hay ; and i)lace 
him in a snjall inclosure, where lie may have such moderate exercise as 
he may be iirompted to take. Do not fail to supply him from the first 
with all the pure water that he will drink. 



CHAPTER X. 



DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 



1. HYDROPHOniA, OR RABIES. II. MAD STAOGER.S, OR I'HRENITIS. IH. BLIND STAG- 
GERS, ME<iKIM.S, OK VERTIGO. IV. APOPLEXY, OR SLEEPY STAGGERS. V. ABCE8S 

WITHIN THE IIKAIN. 



I. Hydrophobia, or Rabies. 

Causes. — Tlii.s is tlu- name given to a madness which generally arises 
from tlic l)it(; of a dog, tiiough wolves, foxes and cats arc also subject to 
it 1)}' a spontaneous generation, and this bite is as fatal to another animal 
and to man as tliat of the dog. It is believed by some authorities that 
in rare cases hydropliobia arises spontaneously in the horse ; l)ut of this 
there is no proof ; and since it may have been connnunicatcd b}' some- 
tiiing of the dog or cat kind, even in those cases where all the outward 
signs are lacking, it is safe to sa}' that the horse takes it only l)y inocula- 
tion, lie need not be absolutely l)itten. The licking of bridle-bil sores 
at the corner of his mouth by a mad dog is sufficient to introduce the 
])oison by aI)sorption ; and if the horse by any means chances to take into 
his mouth and stomach, with his food, the .saliva or spittle of a mad ani- 
mal, he will very probal)ly be .attacked, and especially if the animal so 
dropping the spittle is suffering with the disease in its violent stage. 
The poison is known to reside in both the spittle and the l)lood of its 
victim. 

When once tlic \irus has been genci'atcd in or communicated to any 
animal, hot weather, abuse, want of water, M-ant of good food, will jjro- 
duce that feverish state which is so favorable to its development ; and the 
greater or less time in which it manifests itself decidedly in hoi-scs after 
inoculation, is probably due to these conditit)ns or the absence of .such. 
The poison remains in the system, witiiout jjroducing the positive symj)- 



;?2« 



II.I.rSTUATKD STOCK HOCTOK. 



^AfC 




COUNTKNASCK OK A IIOU^K WITH UAIllHS 



t(»ms, from tlircc to i-iti'lit wcoUs. Sonu- (K'claro tli:i( a loiijifor |n'i-i()il lluiii 
ovi'ii oiylit weeks soinotiincs iutervoiios hotwocii inonilatiou and positive 
inadiu'ss ; hill siicii cases, if there are such, must l)e extremely rare. 
Tiiey I'orm llie exception, and contradict llic ^rcat mass of testimony on 
tliis subject. 

The remote cause — tiiat wiiicli jjroiluces it in animals of the dog and 
cat kinds — we need not attempt to discuss, as it can have little if any 
liractical i)earinii- on the snhject in hand. It may he well to observe, 

however, that most of the lower animals 
contract the disease when bitten by dogs 
tii.'it ai'c violently mad, whereas among 
men it is widely ditTereut. Statistics 
siH'ui to show that less than fifty per 
i-ent. of the latter take the disease. It 
has been ofl'ereil in explanation, that the 
bite is generally through clothing, that 
ser\es in many instances to cleanse the 
teeth of tiie virus before the skin is 
reached. In the case of horses, the bite 
is generally on tiic lip — a sensitive and 
vascular part, where the absorbents are readily reached. 

How to know it. — Blood on the lips, or elsewhere, with marks of 
violence, are of course to be regarded as symptoms of dog bite, if any 
know n occasion for such a thing has existeil ; and for a few days these 
will be the only indications. If the horse is high fed and full of blood, 
and tile weather is hot. the poison may begin to jjroduce outward effects 
in from live to ten days b\' a swelling of the bitten ])arts, and by a difti- 
cnll\ manifested in swallowing. In from twelve to tifteen days there is 
perceptibly increased pulsation ; inflamed thi'oat , witli thickening of the 
membrane that lines it ; from the tiftt>enth to tiie twentieth day the 
stomach inflanios, and perhaps rejects food, — but nothing certainly can 
be stated as to this point, since here the symptoms vary greatly with 
different animals: in some cases the appetite is voracious, and so morbid 
that the suffeier will devour his own excrement and urine. Sometimes 
he will exhibit burning thirst and drink freely, while ag.ain water will 
cause spasmodic nmvements and be avoided with liorrcn'. Hut in general, 
the appetite is destroyed, and that drcatl of watir which charactei-izes 
the disease in nuvn is present in the lunse. 

In a very short time the indii-ations increase, and usually (as we 
havi- said, with full blooded, feverishly disposed horses, at a time of high 
tcmperatuit') liefore tiie twentieth day, absolute madness sets in. Fie 



TIIK IIOKSK, ITS DISKASKS. 



329 



now nil)s llic liiltcii pai't ;ii;;iiiist .inylliiiiL;' convenient uitli inerciised 
violoiu:c ; sometimes instend of rnliliinii' lie will l)itc and tear liie wound : 
llic eyes assume a wilder and more inmaliirai a|>[)('araiu'e ; some patients 
nL'i<i;lis(]ueakin<iiy, sliove out tiie tongue, or gnasli tlic teetli. 'I'lie progress 
of tlic disease is now \('iv I'apid ; generally there is |)rofuse sweating; 
there is suppression of the urine, and intlanunalion of the parts of 
gen(;ration ; his eountenanee ehanges from a look of an,\iet\- to one of 
cunning and a sort of grinning ferocity, and there is an irrepressible 
desire to l»ite man or animal — whatever living t hing may Ix^ within reach ; 
he gazes soinetiincs at an imaginary ohject and springs and snaps madly 
at vacancy ; iiis propensity to destroy gi'ows u ith his pain, and at last he 
wreaks his fury upon inanimate olijeets — the manger, or troniih, tln' 
rack, \\hate\er is seizeal)le in his stall is lorn to jiieces with his teeth or 
smashed with his feet ; if not eoniined he darts feroei()usi\- at wiiate\cr 
ol)jc<'t of attack may present itself; ])lunges about like a demon of 
tlestruction, >noi-ts, foams, sometimes uttering ii kind of crying neigh, 
and perhaps heats himself to death liefore the last and compaiatively 
helpless stage comes on. 




DKSTitUCTIVK IMPrmK OF lIYDUOIMIOItIA . 



If not destroyed Ix'forc the disease has lam its course, paral^'sis, 
usually eoniined to the loins and the h-inder extremities, sets in, and 
involves with it all those organs which depend for theii' nervous influence 
upon the posterior portion of the spinal cord. I'nal.le to stand upon the 
hind legs, the animal will sit on his liaunciies, and strike; and paw with 
his fore feet. The suffering is sometimes rendered more terrible hv 
tenesmus or retching of the bowels, which seem dreadfully oppressed but 
have lost the power tf) act, while the kidneys are fevered and torpid and 
the urine cannot be \'oided. 



;58() Il.I.l'STRATKI) STOCK DOCTOR. 

It soiiicliiiu's liiippciis tli;it tlic disease is developed by exertion and 
heal, wlu-n no j)revioiis indications have been manifest, and shows itself 
ill a peculiar manner. 'J'he horse stops all at once in his work, heaves, 
paws nervously, trembles, staggers and falls. In a moment he will be 
up, and may, if put to it, proceed for a few moments, when he will stop, 
stare about, and lie down again. 'I'liis stage is sometimes mistaken for 
bliiul staggers, but it may be tlistinguished by observing that in blind 
staggers the horse loses his senses, while in hydrophobia he is always 
conscious, often acutely intelligent and observing. 

What to do — This is a disorder of so dreadful ami dangerous a charac- 
ter tli;it some of the ablest veterinarians do not hesitate to advise the 
instant killing of the sufferer; and they refuse to give any directions for 
attempting a cure. When the furious stage has come on there seems to 
be a sort of demoniac maliciousness and treachery, with a watchful cun- 
ning, that makes it hazardous for friend or stranger to trust himself any- 
where within reach. It is extremely doubtful, too, whether recovery 
evi'r takes place after the madness is developed. 

"\'et, it is not improbable that much may be done in the way of i)reven- 
tioii lifter the bile has been inflicted. The first step is to check the How 
of l)lood from the part, if possible, to i)revent the rapid spread of the 
jjoison over the system. If a limb has been bitten, this may be done by 
tying a hanilkerchief around it, above the wound, and twisting with a 
stick until a sutHcient degree of compression is had. Then cauterize the 
wound thoroughly, making sure that the very deepest recesses of ever}' 
tooth i)rint or lacerated place is reached. Lunar caustic is best, because 
most easily and surely handled ; but if impossible to get a stick of this, 
any convenient taustic may be ajjplied, as oil of vitriol, nitric acid, caus- 
tic })()tasli, buttci- (if antimony, etc. : or, a small iron, not too sharj), 
heated to a white heal and cleaned of scales, will answer if the animal 
can be kept still enough to apply without danger of injuring him other- 
wise. The haiulkerchief should be left on tight until the cauterization 
is effected. 

Cauterizing thoroughly, even two or three days after the injury, may 
result ill saving the animal, as the absorption does not always speedily 
take place. 

if the wound is upon a part that forbids the use of the handkerchief, 
it may be cut open to its dci)th, and a freer How encouraged, both by the 
larger opening and by squeezing and wringing — soaking, meanwhile, with 
warm water. Then use the lunar caustic wherever a sign of tooth mark 
can be seen. 

Rut when unobserNH'd till the virulent stage has come on, it is not even 
known to s.-iencc that anvthing can be done to save ; and the best, the 



TIIK IlOliSK, ITS DISKASES. 381 

most merciful thing to do is t;' slioot al oiuf. When tiiore are strong 
symptoms of madness, l)ut still some douht, [jut him l)y himself in a sta- 
ble, bare of everything destruetible except food and water, which must 
be placed where he can got it, and barricade the door. Leave a window 
open for observation, and keep him here until the symptoms disapi)ear 
or hyilrophohia is unmiscakablc — then act accordingly. 

II. Mad Staggers. 

Causes. — This disease is sometimes known by the more learned term of 
phrenitis (the tlclirium of fever ; frenzy, raving) ; but it will i»e b}^ prac- 
tical men most readily recognized when treated of under its oltl and fa- 
miliar name. 

It is an inflamed condition of the brain and its covering, with effusion 
of the small cavities and the spaces between the membrane and the l)rain 
itself. Sometimes l)oth the brain and its membranous covering are in- 
volved in this intlanmiation, sometimes but one, and that most frequently 
the membrane. 

It may be caused by concussion of the brain l)y reason of blows upon 
the head. The brutality of a driver, which finds its gratification in using 
the butt of his whip upon the head o<f the horse, may result in a frac- 
tured skull, to be followed by slight pressure upon the brain, a speedy 
fever and the consequent determination of too much lilood to the head, 
which, comi)ined with the burning inflammation, brings on this madness, 
perhaps death. 

Among the causes other than violence' we may name the following: 
The slugging of the vessels of the brain with clots formed elsewhere in 
the system by some abnormal action ; the growth of tumors upon the 
brain or upon its covering, from some remote and probiibly hidden cause ; 
sudden and great changes of temperature in the body brongiit al)out by 
instantaneous exi)osure to extreme heat or cold ; over-exertion in pletho- 
ric or full-blooded animals, especially in hot weather ; congestion from 
close collar, short-drawn check, or tight throat-jafcii : congestion from 
internal compression, as by over-loading stomach and bowels ; feeding on 
parasitic grasses or smut, of which rye grass may be noted as the most 
hurtful ; infection of the blood by poisonous animal matter or fluids ; 
imprudent over-feeding and insufficient exercise. 

How to know it. — The symj)toms often differ l)ut little from apoplexy, 
comparing {\w firsf stage of each, but they may generally be distinguished 
by this : that in mad staggers the horse is not so comatose, or sleepy and 
insensil)le, as in apoplexy. Light affects his eye a little, and he is sensi- 
tive to the whip, whereas the horse laboring under a genuine attack of 
22 



;s;{2 



l,I.I>iTl{Ari:i) STDCK DOCTOU. 



;i|)()|il('xv seems hliiul, (le:if, iiiul \vi(li(Hi( Ixxlily feelinj^. In some 
iiistiiiices ill Iliad slai:i;crs, il is (rii<\ llic aniiiiai may sleep till he drops, 
lint on re((i\ etiiiii liimsell' he will maiiirest the seiisit iveiu'ss above 
described. 

Occasionally, the brain alone is iuvohcd, in which case he is stiii)id, 
(Udl, and awUward of motion, the nerves of sensation and of motion 
i>einii' both affected ; and duriiiir tliis stago ho will sometimes bore his 
head ajiaiiist some object ; at others he will rest his liaMnches upon his 
ti'oiijih or anythiiiii' else convenient. 

\\'lieii the incinbranes coveriiiiT the brain are intlainetl, which is most 
Lli'iieralh the case, t hci'c is restlessness rather than stupor; the horse 
Ircnililcs; his i^i ncral temperature is ele\alcd, while there is great heat 
about the upper p:irt of the head; his pulse is excited, his breathing 
ipiick ; his e\'es i^Lmic : his moxcmcnts are irregulai- ; he paws, stamps, 
champs his teeth: an inter\al o( stupor may occur, but even when just 
aroused t'roiii thi.-> he is cxtrcmcU excitable and li-cnibles \iolentlv. 




HOUSK IH'UIMi IllV: M \I> SIA(iK Olf STACC Kli.«l. 



When tlio worst symjitoins are rai)idly developing themselves ho begins 
suddenly to heave at the flanks ; his eyes brighten and his nostrils ex]iand ; 
the pupil of the eye dilates to the utmost, and stares \\ildly and vacantly ; 
his breathing liecomes shorter and i|nicUer ; sometimes he will neigh 
uneasily : his ears are eri'ct and bent forward : the ineml)rane of the eye 
reddens and contrasts strangely with the clearness of the cornea or ball; 
he beeomos more iuul more excitable, anil trembles at everv sound, and 



TIIK IIOKSK, ITS DISKASKS. 333 

(Icliriiiiii scls ill. lie now (liislics liiiiisclf alioiil witli I'm y : liis motions 
art! sudilon nnd violent, liiit witlioul any disposition'to niiscliiof, as lie is 
evidently iinconscions. lie soMictirncs lieconies ferocious, and danjri'i-ous 
to ail who may conic wiliiin reach ; he then hiles and strikes at those who 
come near liim ; he plun^res, rears u[n>\i his hind lefjs, whirls round and 
round and falls witii tlrcadful force. He will now lie awiiile exiiauslcci, 
and his pulst; and i)reathin;i- are slower. 

At leniith th(! inighty anguish n^turns, and \w heconies again a terrify- 
ing and dangei'ous animal. The second paroxysm is worsts than the first; 
he darts furiously at everything within rt^ach ; sometimes I)ites and tears 
himself; and this continues until his former sfujior retui-ns, or until he 
lias worn himself out and death puts an end to his sufferings. Ea(;h 
succeeding attack increases in intensity, and brings on increased weakness, 
so that his periods of stupor become iongc^r and longci till at last he dies. 

In those eases where at lirsl only the biiiin is in\i)l\c(l the premonitory 
sj'mptoms may continue a day or two, when tiie nieinbranons coverings 
may become suddenly inflamed and delirium s|)eedily set it. Wlu^never 
the membranes are attacked the disease reaches its ci'isis in a few hours — 
there must be speedy relief or death will (juickly follow . 

This disease may sometimes be mistaken for coii<' or for hydrophobia; 
but to distinguish from the former, notice that in the (U)lic the horse rises 
and falls with less violence, and that though he sometimes jjlinigiis, Im 
more freciuently rolls al)out. He looks fre(|uently at his Hanks with an 
expi'cssion of pain, and he is all the time conscious. To distinguish it 
from hydrophobia, observ<' that while there is violence in the latttM-, and 
gcnei'ally an inclination to do mischief, there is always consciousness. 

What to do — If the earlier symptoms — stu|)idity, sUicpiness, awkward, 
stagger}' motions — are observed, apply ice cold water to I he head, bolii 
by pouring and by UHsans of a s])()nge or rags secured bctuccn the ears 
and along the forehead; and bleed severely — not enough, however, to 
rendei- the horse faint. Then give an active purge, as the bowels will 
almost invai'iably l)e found to be torpid and consti|iatcd. I'se at lirst: 

No. 145. 7 Driirlmisalocs, 

4 DricliiiH cMMlile soiip, 
(i I)iii|)i (III ol caraways. 

Mix with mucilage or syriqi to form a ball. .'UKi gi\e this i|uantil\- for 
one dose. If this is found, after four hours, not lo lia\c produci'd the 
desired effect, give one scruple of cniluii /ufi/ \]\ water, if he will drink 
it; if not, he must be drenched, 'i'liis is a ))owcrful medicine; bul i1 is 
of the utmost conse(|uenee that his bowels be free, and no effort mu,-.1 be 
spari^d to effe(!t that object. If the ci-oton caimot b<! had, resort to the 
clyster (of warm soap suds), or to back-i'aking. 



334 ILLl'STKATKI) STOCK DOCTDU. 

The l)o\vels h;ivin<;- l)i'oii opened, give two or throe times a day, the fol- 
h)\viiig I'oinpomul, tin- (."ffoi't of which is to docroase tlic action of the 
heart and prevent the tendency of the liU)od to tlie heati, a.s also to pro- 
mote tlie activitN of the urinary organs: 

No. lit). 1 Draclim digitalis, 

1 ',' Onii-lim tiirtar emetic, 
3 Oraclims niter. 

Keep him in a cool, airy st;dl, and feed with the greatest moderation, 
giving such green and moist food as has a laxative tendency, anil such 
quantity only, for a few days, as will prevent gnawing hunger. 

But if the paroxysm has already come on when remedial means are to 
be adopted, seize the tirst oi)portunity, during an interval of stupor, or 
of comparative stillness, to bleed him till he falls, or, if down, till he 
grows faint and weak. Open the vein on both sides of the neck, if pos- 
sible, as the quickness with which the blood is drawn away from the 
brail) is of almost as much consequence as the quantity. The operator 
must observe great caution, as the fury may return sudck'nly and with 
much danger to himself. 

If successful in bleeding, the next step to take is to purge in the least 
possible time. To affect this, use half a drachm of croton meal. Some- 
times the horse will drink readily and freely, in which case the meal can 
be well stirred in water and given in that way ; but if necessary, pour it 
down him according to directions for drenching. If the meal of croton 
cannot be had instantly, give an ounce of aloes dissolved in hot water. If 
this does not act within four hours, give a quarter of an ounce more, and 
so continue till purging is produced. The next step is to give as a seda- 
tive the digitalis or i)owdered foxglove, etc., as previously directed. It 
mav be necessary to back-rake and then give a clyster of warm soaji-suds. 

All this will of course leave the creature in a dreadfully depleted and 
weak condition ; but the only hope of sa\ing him lies in the use of power- 
ful means, especially when delirium has already set in. It may not be 
possible in every case to bring him back to fullness of life and usefulness, 
even with the best of care. At all events, he must be treated gently 
thereafter, and guarded from excitement, as the attack is otherwise likely 
to recur. 

III. Blind Staggers. 

Causes. — This disorder, by some called megrims, by others vertigo, 
and still by others dizziness, is not well understood ; and there is a diffi- 
culty in determining whether some of the forms it assumes ought not to 
be set down as senarate diseases. The causes, however, that will produce 



THK IJOK.SK, ITS DISEASES. 335 

certain manifestations in oiii' liorsc will produce different ones in iiiiotiK r, 
so that it may I)e readily inferred tliat tli(^ varvinir sym|)toms do not mark 
different types of disease hut mere differenci' of (l<L;rccs ; niid that the 
same general causes act throughout. 

The im7iied kite cuuHC is clearly pressure on the hiain, resulting from 
unusual flow of blood to tlie head. This is douhtless in some instances 
tlie result of a constitutional tendency — a predisposition to epilepsy — 
that is bi'ought to manifest itself on oc(^asion of excitcnuMit, over-exertion, 
or general ill condition of the digestive apparatus. In others it is most 
probably a watery suffusion of the i)rain — tin- blood being su])jected to 
some sort of decomposition in its passage through the head and leaving 
the s(!ruin or watery portion to collect there. 

The brain re(juires a proportionsitely far greater amount of blood than 
any other organ ; but while ample means are provided for supplying it, 
nature guards against df)ing this with that velocity \\iiicli woulil endanger 
it by overloading and rupturing. 'I'hc arteries make tlicii- way through 
the head in a peculiarly circuitous maniu-r, and they enter through minute 
bony holes that will not admit of much distension. When the horse is 
overheated, however, or when the return of the blood is impeded, this 
fullgess takes ])lacc. In great heat the arterial passages are enlarged to 
their utmost cajjacity, and the rapidity with which the now uncommonly 
heated and the thinner fluid makes its way into the brain is not counter- 
balanced by a similarly rapid return, and the effect is produced to which 
the various names referred to have been given. Ini])edcd rctnin of th(,' 
blood from the extremities, through the veins, is caused In- a light collar, 
pressing, during the act of pulling, upon the lai-ge or jugular vein, on 
one or both sides of the neck ; iiy a tight throat lati-li, pioducing a similar 
compression of the jugular ; oi- by a check-rein drawn so short as to 
bring down the head, and bend the neck to the extent of crowding its 
parts together and interfering with the circulation. By this coin])i-('ssion, 
though the blood may not ln' forced to any undue arterial act ivity, th(! 
large veins will be too long distended by reason of tiie sluggisimess of 
return, and the small veins running through the substance of the brain 
will be so increased as to j)ress upon the nerves at their ])oin1s of origin 
and produce loss of power and of consciousness. 

The immediate cause, or pressure upon the brain, is doubtless some- 
times to be found in tumors, arising from blows on the head, as well as 
in congestion, or too great fullness. 

Other remote causes besides those already named may be found in a 
diseased stomach and intestines. Intlaniniatioii of all tli<' organs of 
digestion and secretion may Ix' biought on by the retention of great 
masses of indigestible food, and this clogged state suiterindnces conires- 



38(5 ILI-USTKATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

tioii hy a sort of intonial coniprcssion, and tliis tendency is of course 
increased hy rapid exercise and tlie consequent iieat. That this is one of 
the priinai'V causes is evinced by the fact that constipation atiends nearly 
every case. Indigestion and foul stomach are the natural results of cou- 
tinenient in hot and badly aired stables, unwholesome food, or food in 
excess of the quantity required by the ainount of daily exercise, of 
extreme cold, of extreme heat, and of great fatigue. Hot weather, 
when the horse is of full habit, will sometimes derange the digestive 
functions, and undue exercise will then quickly develop a case of blind 
staggers. 

Draft horses, and particularly those that are young and of a plethoric 
or full l)l()oded tendency, are most subject to it, though it is not contined 
to any age. It is rarely the case that a horse under the saddle is attacked 
with it. 

The dread of the whip, combined with the consequent fretting and in- 
terference with both the digestive and circulatory functions, is thought 
to produce it in sensitive horses. 

It is ordinarily regarded as an incurable disease. If there is an organic 
predisi)osition to epilepsy, entire recovery is of course out of the ques- 
tion ; and when a horse has been once attacked, though previously free 
from any such tendency, he is subject to a return of the complaint be- 
cause the vessels have been weakened by violence, and offer less resist- 
ance to the rapid flow of blood in the arteries, or the abnormal gathering 
of it in the smsill veins of the brain. 

How to know it. — In its tinal manifestations it is unmistakable ; but the 
careful and intelligent owner ought to be able to detect some symptoms 
of an appoaching attack in time to guard against its most hurtful effects. 
That condition of body which superinduces congestion by internal com- 
pression and derangement is not difficult to detect, and attention to this 
may be the means of warding off a violent attack. This is indicated by 
an offensive breath ; somewhat impeded respiration, or expelling of the 
air from the lungs ; chewing food slowly, jjerhaps letting some of it fall 
from his mouth only partly masticated ; a foul tongue ; a diy and clammy 
mouth ; disposition to plunge his head into the water above the nostrils 
when drinking; foBces (or dung) hard and diflicult to pass; and urine 
ejected in small (juantities. 

As previously observed, the attack very seldom comes on while the 
horse is ridden, but while he is being rapidly driven, or after he has been 
subjected to a long, hot pull under a tight collar, a closely-drawn check 
rein, or a throat-latch liuckled almost chokingly. 

Occasionally the attack will be sudden and without the slightest warn- 
ing ; he will fall almost as thou<rh shot, or make an effort to run around 



THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 



337 



and then fall ; usually he will lirst exhibit some signs of uneasiness, as 
shaking the head and twitching the ears, and the eyes, if observed, will 
be found to have a wild, staring and bloodshot appearance. Sometimes 
he will stop and stare about — look wild and irresolute — and then go on 
as though nothing were the matter. Again, he will rear up or stagger 
like a drunken man, and then fall. He often becomes stubborn, and will 
go only his own way — evidently unconscious — and then come convulsions, 
followed by insensibility. 

When down, it occasionally happens that he 
lies in this insensible state at iirst, but he usu- 
ally struggles violently, then becomes quiet ; 
gradually recovers himself, and gets up, ready 
to proceed on his way — being yet dull, how- 
ever, and evidently affected l)y what has hap- 
pened. 

What to do. — When it is discovered in time 
that he is suffering with disordered digestion 
and is constipated, relieve him from work, if 
possible, and lessen the (juantity of dry food. 

Turn him out at night, at any rate, even 
if found imperatively necessary to have his services during the day. If he 
can have some continued rest, and the run of a good pasture, or else be 
well fed with food suitable to his condition, and well watered, while occu- 
pying a roomy, dry and well-ventilated stable, his chances for restoration 
to health and escaping violent attacks altogether, will l)e greatly in- 
creased. Of course he should have sufficient exercise, but in moderation. 
If the animal is young, and of full habit, yet fallen into this disordered 
state, restrict his diet, increase his exercise by degrees, or turn him out 
to pasture until his normal condition of stomach and bowels has returned. 

In the beginning of this treatment as to diet — what nvdy be called the 
preventive treatment — give him the following purgative: 




7 Drachms aloes, 

4 Drachms castile soap, 

6 Drops oil ot caraway. 



Mix with mucilage or syrup sufficient to form a ball. This amount 
constitutes a dose. It ma}' be repeated after twelve or fifteen hours if 
the first does not produce proper action. 

But if these premonitory symptoms pass unobserved, or if it is a case 
of sudden attack owing to violent exercise, great heat, or development of 
epileptic tendencies, stop him, if driving, upon his .showing any of the 
indications described, and go to him ; examine collar, check-rein, throat- 



S38 ii.i.rsri;A'ri;i) siock nocioi!. 

Iiitrli. :ui(l si'(> tliiit all is \-\ix\\{ ; put aiitl soollic liim, and allow him lo 
slaiiil fill' a few niouKMits in (iwii't. ^\'lu'^l' it is round llial (lir collar has 
hccii prt'ssinu the lU'ck xciiis sot' that it is allrrcd without more ado — - 
oitliiT hy cutliiiii or l>y prossmg in ajjaiiist the breast on tlu- lower part of 
the eollnr a elotli of sutlieient size to i)revent its tiiilileninj;- upon the sides 
of the neck. If he recovers sutlieiently to he driven, allow him to move 
at a very moderate pace; if not, remove him from the vehiele and lead 
him home. \\ hen theie he must ha\e lest and quiet, and eare mu.st 1)0 
taken, as pre\ iously directed, to liriui;' him, l>y fooil ami laxatives, into a 
•i'ood state as to stomach and howids. 

When the attack is so \iolent that he rears, pluii<;es, and f.ills. Meed 
as soon as he liccomes conqiosed enoUi;h to allow it — takinii' fi'oni the 
uoek vein from three to six (piarts. aei'ordiui;' to the violence of the lit, 
iind the weight, fullness, and lleshiness of the patient, HuriuL;- the tirsi 
paroxy>ms of his attack dash cold water over his head, if it can he had ; 
and a wet sponge made fast hctvveen his ears will he found useful. 

From these \iolci\t attacks, entire recovery is doubtful, even thou»:;li 
he may not ilie outriiiht ; Imt excry chance of even a pai'tial ivturn to 
health and usefulness is increased by rest. A horse oneo affected in this 
way should really not be driven apun, thouii'h apparently recovered, for 
the lit is likely to recur, and the driver may himself be tlu-rebv seriously 
ondanji'ered. 

The uoeessary steps as to feedinji' and euro, and the administration of 
liixiitivo modieine have already been pointed out. 

IV. Apoplexy, or Sleepy Staggers. 

Causes. — I'Ih' differtMit stages of this disease are sometimes treated as 
tlious;h lliov were two different typos; and we find even professcnl veter- 
inarians, who oujiht to bo more diseriminatinii", so rojiardiuii" thoni. 
Apoplexy is the term by which alone it should be known — the state of 
sleepiness and stagjiorini!; beinji' but premonitory symptoms, or rather the 
earliest sta<;e. 

The iiiniif(liii/c eauso of this disordtM', as in blind staijj:;ers, metrrinis, 
vortijjo, ji'iddinoss, di/ziness. or by what othei- name the discasi> previously 
treated may be known, is undue pi'cssure upon the brain, and their re- 
mote eauses are li'enerally identical also — the difference in the diseases 
bein<i: simply a difference in the modes of their manifestation. 

/'os/ mortem examinations of horses that have died of apoi)lexy, have 
sutfieiently indicated the cause. The vessels of the brain are founil to hr 
jieculirly bloated or distended with blaek blood. Sometimes there may 
be no inflammation of the membranes of the brain, but the stomach is 
found loiuled with undiire^tod food or the intestines with foul matter. It 



'IIII') IIOIISK, ITS DIHKAHKH. Xiii 

is cloar llial cfni^'^rslioii of tlic luiiin, pcrlmps of llii' venous .syslcin <rcii- 
erally, in tin- comlitioii tliat j)r('v;iils wliwi llic (Ji.sciisc iiiiinifcsts ilHcIf in 
its active and violent slafrc And tills loo {^rcat fullness of lilood is in 
most casoH owin^ to disordered di<restion, wliieli may Ix; t)rou;;lit about in 
two ways : tli<! horse may 1)0 overfed and subjected to insufficient exei-- 
cise, so that the stomach becomes w(?ak, and lacics tin- power to (|i;x<'>*t or 
ex|)el the food ; or h(! may suddr-nly jrorge liimself when cimncin;.' to 
cf)nie upon abundance of food of wliich h(^ can partake without restraint. 
'J'he fulness of the stomach and bowels productss that internal conipreH- 
sion which precludes tlu; re<rular flow of blood throujrh the veins, and 
weakens tlu! venous system, and the brain soon l)econies overcharged, 
and that, too, wilh ,i fluid in a degree jioisonous foi- want of jn'rfect 0x3'- 
jjenation, or purilicatioii by being regularly ])assed thi-ougli the lungs and 
exposed to the air. Hot weatli(!r is pe(;uliarly favorable to the attack, 
both because of the mi>re debilitated state of the system from heat, and 
because the heat predisposes a more rapid arterial flow of blood, that is 
not (rount(!rbalanced In' an equally i-apid return of flic l)]oo(l through the 
veins to the heart and lungs. 

Luxuriant pasture, warm weather, and the depend(!nt posture of the 
animal's head in his continual cropping, especially if he is in over-(;ondi- 
tion and full of l)lood, may readily produce apophs-xy — the immediate and 
the remot(! cause in this case seeming to act simultaneously. Iloises in 
poor condition may be attacked after having been overworked and re- 
duced to a di'bilitated state through ^^■ant of care and of nourishing food. 
Put upon rich pastui'e, with a ravenous appetite, they are apt to gorge 
and bring on indig('stion and its attendant constij)ation. 

There is sometimes a softening of the brain, rather than effusion or 
too great fullness, and thi.s may arise frmn tumors, caused by blows, or 
by the plugging of ihe vessels with clots of fibious matter. 

How to know it. — This differs from blind staggers or megrims in this, 
at least, that the prevailing symptoms force themselves upon the atten- 
tion of the ordinary observer while the horse is at rest. II(! exhibits at 
first a want of appetite, and is more than usually dull. When hr; walks 
his movements are slow and unsteady. Examination will discover his 
pulse to be slow, heavy and dull, yet full. AV'hen he is exercised a little 
these symptoms go off, but they soon return when he is left to himself, 
and more unmistakably. In the open air he balances himself as though 
about to fall, and stands with his head depressed. In the stall he bears 
upon the trough or the wall, and a good deal of his weight seems to be 
su])ported in this way. Sornetimcis he gets his head against some rest, 
stands for a length of time, and then drops as though shot, l)ut i)resently 
gets upon his feet again, to relapse into the .same sleepy listlessness. 



340 ILLUSTRATED STOCK UOC'TOU. 

Wlioii in tliis ooiiditioii it is diingeroiis lo hv, near liiin, or to iittempt to 
move him. AVhen aroused from tiiis apparent siee[) he h)oks vacantly 
around, glares unmeaningly) mid sometimes the eyes will not close when 
an object is moved before them — and the indications are that he neither 
sees nor hears. If food is within reach he will sometimes take a mouth- 
ful, but lose consciousness while it is yet but half chewed; and if he 
attempts to drink, the power of swallowing seems to be partially lost, 
and the water will return through his nostrils. As he grows worse he will 
twist his legs over each other when trying to go straight forward. In the 
last stage he begins to foam at the mouth ; his breathing becomes loud and 
laborious ; the pulse is depressed ; the jugular veins are distended almost 
to bursting : the muzzle is cold, and sometimes he discharges fteces almost 
involuntarily ; he grinds his teeth ; twitchings steal over his face and 
limbs ; and at last he falls into convulsions and beats himself about in a 
terrible manner. There is no disposition to do mischief — he is evidently 
well nigii unconscious. All the powers of life are wrought upon, and 
death speedily results unless some powerful means can be brought to 
bear to bring instant partial relief. 

It is well to caution the reader against mistaking for an apoplectic sign 
a certain sleepy, listless, stupid expression of countenance that is brought 
on by repeated attacks of megrims. A little examination will generally 
disclose that all the other S3-nii)toins of apoplexy are wanting. 

What to do. — That treatment whicli will most speedily relieve the 
overloaded vessels of the brain is clearly best. If anything is done 
before the violent stage of the disease comes on, bleed freely from the 
neck vein — so freely, indeed, that the horse falters or begins to blow. 
If the case has been neglected until the violent stage is upon him, bleed, 
if possible, until he falls. It may sometimes happen that a lull in the 
paroxj'sms ensues, and even at this late hour it is well to make the 
attempt to save by drawing blood. 

Next, determine, if possible, whether the cause is a present-existing 
gorged stomach, and constipated, torpid bowels. If so, use the stomach 
pump promptly. Force warm water into his stomach till the food is so 
thinned that it may escape by the pylorus and by the mouth and nostrils. 
When this extreme fullness of the stomach is overcome, give a purgative 
bolus as follows : 

No. 148. 7 Dnidims aloes, 

4 Draelims castile soap, 
6 Drops oil ol caraway. 

Mix with mucilage or syrup to form a ball, which give as a dose. 

If the constipation is obstinate, and does not yield to this purgative, 



THE HOEiSE, IIS DISEASES. 341 

stir a haiidfuU of tine salt in one i:alioii of warm water, and inject it into 
his bowels. This failing he must he hack-raked. 

When the system is once relieved the disrestive functions may he stim- 
ulated by giving, every four hours, for two days, a wiiic-glass-full of 

No. 149. i Ounces fluid extract of bhuk pepper, 

6 Ounces fluid extract of giii;r(T, 
2 Ounces liyposulphate of sodii, 
4 Ounces water. 

Dissolve the soda in the water ; then add the ginger and pepper. 

Attention must now he paid to diet, at first reducing it to a small 
(luantity, and to such in (juality as will have a laxative tendency. Hi; 
may he turned upon a pasture, if it is not too rich, l)ut he should ha\c 
food administered morning and evening in moderation. lie should have; 
free access to water. 

In the beginning of the paroxysm it is sometimes found a<lvantageous 
in quieting him somewhat to apply ice to his head, or to pour a stream of 
ice cold water steadily between his ears. 

Until he is so far recovered as to render it safe for him to go to 
pasture, keep him comfortable. If the weather is hot — and it usually 
comes on during hot weather — keep him in a cof)l, wcll-aircd place, or 
in an open place well shaded. 

Complete recovery is seldom to be hoped for. Generall}', tlie horse 
once severely affected, is useless for Summer work, though M-ell al)le to 
go through that of Winter, if properl}' cared for. 

As in the l)lind staggers, the unnatural distension of the blood vessels 
renders a recurrence of an attack very probable ; and it may b(! bi-ouglit 
about by external compression, so that tight collars, tight tiiroat latches, 
and short-draw check-reins, should he avoided. A breast-strap should be 
substituted for a collar, and overwork should be specially guarded 
against. 

Apoplexy is not contagious, though it has been so regarded. If more 
than one horse on the same farm or in the same stable is affected with it, 
be assured that the same causes are present for both, and that when they 
are removed the danger of new cases ceases. 

V. Abscesa Within the Brain. 

This not unusual and terrible affection is produced almost invariably 
by external injury. From being struck or striking against some hard 
substance, as in running away, striking the head in the stable, or other 
similar cause. It is possible the owner may know nothing about it. A 



342 



ILI.USTUATKU STOCK DOCTOR. 



woiiiiil. pcrliaps ;i lri\ial lookinii' >">i', is foiiiul on the lioad, from wliicli 
perhaps only a lilllo watery Huiil issues. Soon tlic liorso bceonies dull, 
and from day lo day jjjets worse, refuses his food, and at last falls and 
ooninienees knockinii' l»i'^ head ajraiiist the tloor or on the ground ; thus 
he eontinucs until at len«ith death eonies to his relief. 




A noltSK l>YlN(i KliOM AUSCKtiS WlllIlN IIIK IIHAIN. 

What to do. — There is nothing to bo done onee an abseoss forms within 
the brain. 'I'lie only means of eui'o is to allow the matter to eseape. The 
thiek nniseles eovering the eranium of the horse would prevent the use of 




A IIOKSK, MAn KKOM INFLAMMATION OK TUK IIHAIN. 



the trephine, and if, indeed, a hole was made through the skull to the 
brain, and perehanec the abseoss oured, who would want the horse? 



THK IIOK.SK, ITK DISP'.ASKK. 343 

There is but one sensil)lc \v:iy : kill Uw. suffcriii;^ anitiiul and nnd its mis- 
ery at once. 

Anotiier tt-rrihle afHiction of the brain, fortunately not eoinnion, is in- 
flammation of the brain, or phrenitis. It is indeed madness, with the 
exhibition of terrible strength, whieh no human jiower can cope with to 
successfully relieve, in its frenzied state. 

If discerned in its earliest stage, before violent frenzy attacks it, resort 
may be had to bleeding. Open both neck veins and allow the blood to 
flow until the dull, lieav}', li-stlcss expression brightens or the animal 
sinks. Blo(!d again if necessary. Give H drachms of aloes, and repeat 
at the end of three hours, if the bowels are not thoroughly relieved, or 
the pulse changes for the better. Afterwards give 20 to 30 drof)s of 
tincture of a(;onite, or half a drachm of the powd(!red root infused in a 
pint of hot water, or a drachm of digitalis, infused in the same way, to 
be given cold (;very half hour until relief is obtained. In ninety-nine 
cases out of a hundred, however, relief will come in death. 



CHAPTER XI. 



DISEASES OF THE MUSCLES ANB TENDONS. 



BLOOD SPAVIN. II. BOG SPAVIN. HI. CURB. IV. THOROUGH PIN. V. TETANUS, 

OR LOCKJAW. VI. CRAMPS. VII. RHEUMATISM. VIII. STRING HALT. 



I. Blood Spavin. 



This may be defined as a distension, or enlargement (dilatation) of the 
veins of the hock joint, and overlying the seat of bone and bog spavin ; 
a local venous congestion, caused generally by swelling, impeding the 
flow of the blood, and often connected with bog or bone spavin. It is 
harmless ; in fact it may be considered as accompanying, or the result of 
other disease of the joint. 

What to do. — In the early stage cold water perseveringly applied, fol- 
lowed by cooling lotions, equal parts of alcohol and rain water, or one 
pint of Imindy to one-half pint of water, applied as a lotion. If this 
does not relieve the difliculty, use a strong infusion of barberry bark, 
using considerable friction by hand rubbing with either of the remedies 
named. 

II. Bog Spavin. 

Common bog spavin is technically (as is windgall) an enlargement of 
the Bursa Mucosa, just as a distension of the sub-cutaneous (l)eneath the 
skin) veins in the region of the hock is called blood spavin. These cause 
an undue secretion of joint oil and a dropsical effusion into the joint, 
producing swelling having all the character of inflammation of the ti'ue 
hock joint. This inflammation of the upper or principal hock joint is 
true bog spavin. 



THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 345 

Causes. — Overwork, sprains, injuries either from punctured wounds, 
fnictuies or bruises : :ilso from the effects of riieumiitism. All produce 
inflammation of the structures of the joint. 

How to know it. — In its acute early form there is a tense, puffy, iluctu- 
atinji' swelling of the front and inside portion of the hock at the upper 
or jn-incipal point just where usually there is a depression. There is also 
a swelling behind, where thorough-pin occurs, but it can be pressed 
forward, the anterior (front) swelling filling up ; but there is no swelling 
below and behind the hock as in thorough-i)in. 

What to do. — Absolute rest and the use of a high-heeled shoe. Con- 
tinued pressure on the swollen parts, by means of a truss or compress, 
with cold water applications, or brandy and salt. 

In case there is much inflammation reduce it by means of fomentations 
of water, and if there is pain let the fomentations be an infusion of hops. 
In the later stages use tincture of arnica diluted with water. If the case 
is a bad one, when the extreme heat and tenderness has subsided a blister 
may be ai)plied, since it sometimes goes on to ulceration of the joint, and 
even to bony deposit destroying all movement of the joint. See No. 160 
and 1()1 for l)listers. 

III. Curb. 

This is a swelling in the middle of and just behind the lowest part of 
the hock joint. At first it is soft and doughey, or retaining for a time the 
shai)e of the pressure, producing an enlargement about two inches below 
the hock. Curby hocks are also sometimes congenital and hereditary. 

Causes. — A blow, but more frequently a sprain of the tendon, or of 
the sheath through which the flexor tendon passes. The ligament of the 
hock when injured increases the gravity of the disease. 

How to know it. — There is heat, inflammation, tenderness, lameness, 
and a tendency to knuckle forward at the fetlock. 

What to do. — Absolute rest, a high-heeled shoe, and cold water I)andages 
will generally remove the diificulty if ajiplied in the earl}' stages of the 
di.sease. If, from neglect, the lameness becomes decided, apply the 
following : 

No. 150. 1 Ounce powdered bloodroot, 

1 Ounce turpentine, 
4 Ounces acetic acid. 

Apply niglit and morning for a week or ten days and afterward bathe 
daily with vinegar 



346 11,1,1'si'KA'rioi) STOCK doctor. 

If <!()iijiiil!ilili' lyiiipli forms, tlircatcninj:; callosity, (a hard swelling) 
daily and long-continiu'd friction — hand rubbing downward — and the 
apjjlication of a more docidod stimulant will be indicated. If so, prepare 
I lie following: 

No. IBl. 1 Oiinco oil o( cedar, 

1 Ounce oil of mnjoram, 
1 Ounce oil of Hussufras, 
1 Pint sott 8oap. 

L'sc this daily, rubl)ing always downwards. 

IV. Thorough Pin. 

Causes. — This is a s])rain of the flexor tendon behind the hock, and 
\vlii( li lias a large sheath which extends i)oth above and below the joint — 
a dropsical enlargement of the sheath of the tendon, so the iluid con- 
tained may be pressed from one side to the other. Hence its name. 

How to know it. — I'rcssme on one side will cause bulging on the other, 
and j.ressurc on both sides will cause fluctuation along the tendon below 
and beliind llie hock. 

What to do. — Use the same treatment as for curb ; cold water band- 
ages, or hot fomentations in the early stages of the disease ; also absolute 
rest and a high-heeled shoe. When tenderness ceases and lameness is 
gone, apply a s[)ring truss| so the pads will clasp and cover the puff on 
both sides, and exert a i)retty firm and steady |)ressure. Success in re- 
moving the puff has occasionally been had by puncturing the lower part 
of tlie swelling, into the sack, and injecting a solution of the following 
strength : 

No. ir)2. 10 (i rains sulphate of zinc, 

1 Ounce rainwater. 

Inject one or two tea-spoonfuls, as the case may require. Then bring 
the walls of the sack closely together and hold them so for a week by 
means of a firm flannel bandage. 

Another plan is to apply with gentle rubbing, the following ointment 
every day until the skin is inllanicd : 

No. Ui',\. 1 I'art binioiliile of mercury, 

7 Parts ucat.s fool oil. 

Rub together, either in a mortar or with a spatula on glass, until inti- 
mately incorporated, and use as directed. 



THE IIOKSK, ITS DISKASE.S. 



347 



V. Tetanus, or Lockjaw. 

This tcri'ihlc idllirtioii, wliidi consists of jXM-sistciit and often acutely 
painful (.liawiiiii: l()<ictlier (cranii)s) of the voluntary muscles, causinjr ex- 
treme riii'idity, drawnifi- together the whole muscular system, and closin<r 
or loekiny the jaws. 

Causes. — Often a wound in the leg or foot, seemingly of the most 
triviid character, as the jirick of a nail. It is also produced by castra- 
tion nit'king and docking ; by hard riding or driving, and leaviu"- the 
animal shivering in the night air. A\'lien it proceeds from a w.iund, it is 
called trumatic: when from no apparent cause, it is called idiopathic. It 
rarely occurs from wounds until they are well advanced toward l)ciii<r 
healed; (hough it may disjjlay its symptoms immediately upon or a 
month aftei- the hurt, l)ut generally from the sixth to the tourlt'CMlli clay. 

How to know it. — In the earliest .stages there will be stiffness and rig- 
idity of the muscles near the injury, and tlie limb will be moved with 
difBeulty. There will l)e excitement, the ears will be pointed forward, 
the head elevated, the legs stiff and stretched out ; the horse will seem 
excited and yet obstinate to move ; the tail will (piiver and the skin and 
flesh will feel hard like a board. The lower jaw being taken in the 
hand and the head raised, if the haw projeets over the eye, vou have a 
case of lockjaw. Sec cut . 




TUB TIChT KOIt TKTANU8. 



What to do. — (iive the animal a loose or l)ox stall, and in ti:c most 
(|uiet place possible, and where it will see no one exeep( tiic attendant. 
Place slings beneath him so he can stand eleai- of tiiein or rest in them at 
will. Kemove all straw, litter or other sources of excitenumt, and avoid 
all noise or unusual movenuMit. Keep the stable darkened and without 
other animals present. If the diseasi^ is ])i'oducc(l In' a \vound examine 
it, and if contracted or containing pus (matter) widen it, and cover with 

2a 



348 II.LUSTUATKl) .STOCK DOCTOR. 

ii l)iT!ul and milk iiDiiHicc coiilaiiiiii^ l:iii(l;uuiiii or extract of belladonna. 
(ii\o a powcifiil |)iir^ati\'(', as llic following: 

No. i:>4. G to 8 l)ro|)!( crotoii oil, 

4 to (i Dniclims jjowilered aloes. 

Di.s.solvc in a ])int and a lialf of water and ijive as a drench. If it 
cannol he iiiven l>y ilic nioutli administer it through the no.stril,s \>y means 
of a .stom.icli j)uni[) and tiie horse catheter, to be hereafter sliown, in 
feeding; or prepare tlu^ following, if the iiorse can swallow a ball : 

No. l.'>r). I Dnichins powdered aloes, 

I Diacliins cxtrnet ol genlian, 
1 Scruple croldii r.iriim. 
Mix Willi liii.seed iiie;il uiul molasses into a bull. 

Follow this up with thri-e doses daily of anti-spasmodies, a.s, one to 
two drachms belladonna, or one-half ounces chloral hydrate, or one-half 
to one ounce dose of tincture of lobelia in a piul of water, (iive by the 
mouth if the animal can swallow; if not, as an injection. Keep the 
bowels open with one drat^hni podoi)hyllin and two drachms extract of 
belladonna, smeared on the back of the tongue. 




SUNOS FOB TBTANUS, OU KOK I'KACTIIIIED LIMU. 



If the aiiiinal ean bear it, a thorough sweat with a blanket wrung out 
of hot water, anti I'overed with dry blankets will do good. Feed with 
nourishing gruels if the animal can swallow; if not, give nourishment as 
shown in the eni;ravin<r. 



THK HORSE, ITS DISEASKS. 



349 



Attach a liorso futheter to a stomach puiiip, pass the end carefully up 
the nostril and into the ji'ullet.as shown. If couching is jiroduced, with- 
draw the catiieter and commence anew. If two feet are inserted without 




1N(1 irollSE HAVING CHnONIC TETANUS. 



ahirming symptoms, pump in only a quart of linseed gruel, if the horse 
has fasted for some time, and as the stomach can bear it, give more. 
This, however, must not be attempted while the disease is in its acute 
form (its earlier stage), but after the disease assumes a chronic form it 
may be resorted to. 




SHOWING now 



PAPLE Ol' WOTIO.V. 



The disease is a])t to leave the animal in a most deplorable condition, 
and it will be a long time before it l>ecomes serviceal)le, if indceil it ever 



3r>U ll.l.rsl'KATKI) STOCK DOCTOU. 

docs. Six wccUs or cNcii 1 wo luontlis iiiiiy lie i(M|iiirc(l licl'oi'c tlu^ aiiiiiial 
rC'liiiiiis tlic use of its powers, 'riic (111 aiiiicxcd will illustrate the eoiuli- 
tioii of a liorsi- with tetanus. 

It will liius he seen that in a (lecicied ease it will he policy as wc^il as 
humanity to seriously eiuisider whether it may not he hctter to relieve 
the sulTcriuiis of the poor animal at once by shooting' through the hralu. 

VI. Cramps. 

Some iiorses arc (piito subject to cramps of the muscles and tondon.s. 
It ma\' he an iri'itahility or spasm of a jiarticular muscle or set of inus- 
ch's, v\hich rcl'use to act, hecomiuL;- stiff and illfloxihie. 'I'hey cramp and 
sonietinies twitch excessi\-ely . 'i'his is apiin su('ce(>(h'd liy another sta<je 
in which the muscles u:\:[\ and are restored to their normal condition. 

Causes. — Stndns, bruises, or over-taxation of tlie jjowers. In many 
cases it is undoubtedly allied to rheumatism, a disorder attacking horses 
much ol'lencr than is supposed; rheuniatism very often being attributed 
to huts, foiindci- and various othei- causes by the ignorant. Both diseases 
.are (piile painful, and le;ive the animal \'ery Voi'e, and rheuni.atisni often 
fo)' nionl lis. 

What to do. — Clotlic the liody warmly, iiiid the seal of the dilliculty 
by feeling of till" ])ar(s until the sore place is touched. AVasli the parts 
with salt and water, and rub dry. Then ajjply the following liniment: 

No. 150. 1 I'lii-t sdliilicin ol' iiininoiiia, 

I I'Mit spirits <ir i:iiiii)lior, 
1 rartolivu oil. 

liub it in well, and hold a hot iron or brick to the parts to heat it 
tlioroughly. 

VII. Kheumatism. 

This is a peculiar form of inllammation attacking the lilirous structures 
of the body, such as the joints, tendons, ligaments and muscles, and is 
acuompanied by stiffness, exceeding tenderness and pain, shifting from 
place to place, often implicating the valves or other structui-es of the 
heart, and when so usually results in death. 

Causes. — I''\posurc to cold, wet or drafts, es]iecially when the system 
i> overworked. There is usually a const it ntional predisposition in the 
subjects, and in such it is easily brought on by diseases of the respiratory 
or digestive organs, especially in horses of a full, gross habit. 

How to know it. — Tn its acute form there is dullness, followed by ex- 



TIIK HOUSE, lis DISEASES. 'Mil 

trc'iue hinu'iu'ss in one or iiioic of tlic I'hiiIjs. TIktc is tciuU'riuss aiul 
tlu'ii swi'lliiig of till' joint, ti'iKloii or iiiusolus, sit first soft, tlii'ii hard. 
Tliero may lie fluctuations from excess of s^-novia (joint fluid), ^^'itll the 
inflammation there is fever. The pulse is full and haid ; I lie mouth is 
dry and clammy ; there is hurried breathing, scanty urine and cusl ivcncss. 
In the chronic form the symptoms are the same as in the acute, hut 
not so pronounced, and in this form it is unattended with f<ver. It mav 
ajipear only njion undue exposure, oi- in damp, lowerv weathei-, and dis- 
appear aij;ain u[ion t lie recurrence of fine weatiiei-. Chronic rhenniatism 
is also less inclined to shift from place to place 

What to do. — J''"!" rheumatism in its early acute stai^-e rclicxe the liowels 
In' laxative medicines, say four ounces of aloes. I'ul the animal in 
slings, as for tetanus, and clothe him from the Imofs to the ears in flan- 
nel. If ])ractical)le the tii'st thing is to fill the liox in \\lii<li llu^ horse is 
kept with steam, keeping it up for an ho\ir. If flic |iain is extreme 
lessen if with ounce doses of laudanum. 

(live flic following three or four times a day as a (hciich in a pint 
of gruel : 

No. l.')7. J Oiiiicci liioMrlionato of soiIm, 

1 < )iiiico Salicjiic ucicl. 

Tf this cannot he olifaincd, give the following, af a dose, night and 
morning : 

No. 108. >i Ounce jiDwdorcd saltpeter, 

1 Draclun powilenil e<ililiieum, 
1 Oiineo <iil of liirpi'iitiiu', 
Mi.'c in liulf a pint i>r liiiMeil oil. 

For rheumatism in its chronic foi-m the following will l)e found to lie 
valuable, used infernally : 

No. IT)!). 1 Ounce powdered carl)onate of potash, 

1 Ounce powdered 8alti)etei", 

2 Dracliuid iodide of potash. 

rjive in one and a half pints of wafer. 

As a liniment for the joints and other affected ])arfs, to be afleiwards 
wrapped in tlamiel, the following is excellent : 

No. 100. 1 I'diiiid loinpiiiiiid simp liniment, 

2 Ounce.'* liipior unimonia, 
2 Ounces tincture cunlliuridc!', 
2 Ounces laudanum. 

Hub in with as much friction as the horse can boar, and a|)pl\' until 



arrj 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK. 



s'miis of l)list('Hn<!; are ai)i)arcut. If this iloes not i)roduco the desired ef- 
fect, use the foUowiiiii- : 



h Ounce laudanum, 
>i Ounce camphorateil oil, 
1 Ounce tincture cantharides. 



Ai)i)i\- to the joints with a soft hrusli, l)ut without frii'tion. 
A soothinii; and stiniuhiting einhrooation, when so severe tneasui'es as 
the foregoing are not considered necessary, may be made as follows : 



No. 162. 1 Part spirits of camphor, 

1 I'.irt solution of ammonia. 
1 Part olive oil. 

^lix. and ai)i)ly 1)V nil)hing it in. 

VIII. String Halt. 

String-halt is the .sudden jerking up of a hind limb, sonietime.s both in 
succession. Sometimes several efforts will I)e made before the animal 
can progress at all. In other cases the spasmodic action of the hind leg 
is shown in starting off, and the animal l>econiing Marm, it will nearly or 
<|iiitc <'easc. An e.xi'eptionaiiy l)ad case is shown in the illustration 
i;iven below. 




A HORSE iiAVisr, sritiNii iiAi.r 



Sometimes the action is so sliglit as to be almost unnoticed, and again 
it niav l)e so .stronsr that tlic hind U-iX will strike the belly. 



THE IIOKSE, ITS DISEASES. 353 

Causes. — ^Thc causes arc iiiikuowii. It is su])])osf(] to he ])r()diicc(l \>y 
a variety of injuries, })ul ])riii(i|)ally us ;i rellex nervous aetiou. It in- 
creases with age and liai-d lahor, and nervous exeitcuient, and is a jjositive 
unsoundness. 

What to do. — Tiiere is no cure I\est, keepint;' the l)o\vels ()])en with 2 
draehni doses of l)elladona daily, will lessen the spasms for a time; hut 
fatigue or nervous excitement is sure to hring on a recurrence of the 
attack. A careful driver will often prevent the disahijity iteing mucii 
shown by beiug careful not to excite or overwork the horse. 



CHAPTER XII. 



DISEASES OF THE EYE. 



NATURALLY WEAK EYES. II. SORK EYE-LIDS. III. MOON EYES. IV. CATARACT. 

V. INFLAMMATION OP THE HAW, OH HOOKS, VI. I>IMNESS OF VISION. VII. 

WOR.MS IN THE EYE. VIII. PURULENT OPHTHALMY. IX. FUNGOID TUMORS I.V THE 

SUBSTANCE OK THE EYE. -X. IMl'KDIMENT I.S THB LACHRYMAL DUCT. XI. GUTTA 

SERENA. 



I. Naturally Weak Eyes. 

Very inauy persons, otherwise well informed, when from any cause the 
eyes of horses become weak, inflamed, watery, or drop tears, suppose the 
cause to be from a natural weakness of the sight. So "blind teeth" are 
supposed to cause serious trouble, and even blindness in horses. Nothing 
could l»e further from the truth. It is exceedingly rare that horses have 
naturally weak eyes ; it can almost always be trai'cd to some local cause. 
Thus, watering of the eyes is caused by a stoppage of the lachrymal 
ducts leading from the eyes into the nostrils, the natural channels for 
carrying off tlic superabundant moisture of the eye. Inflanunatiou of 
tlie eyes is not uncommon from a turning in of tlic eye-lashes. The 
remedy is to snip them off with the scissors. 

"Blind teeth." or "wolf teeth," as the immature supernumerary 
tushes are called, do no injury M-hatever. If it is feared they may, it is 
easy to take them out with a pair of forceps, or to knock them out with 
a pinicli and liaiunicr. 

Occasionally a supernuinerary tooth may be found growing in the 
upper jaw, between the tirst and sei'ond teeth, and la[>ping over both of 
them. This is considered by many persons as producing inflammation of 
the eves. It is true that if pain results, the eyes may be affected by 
sy inpatliv. This tooth should always be removed, and may be done with 
a strouiT ])air of foi'ceps. It may cause distress from pain in the jaw; 
nothinir more. 



THK HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 355 

Colts are often subject to intliiiDiiiiition of the eyes in a sli<rht decree, 
during teething. E.vaniine tiie teeth, lance the gums, and the eyes will 
recovei". It is a ease of .sympathy. 

II. Sore Eye-lids. 

In the outset of more serious disease, soreness of the litis of tlie eyes 
is common. It is also produced by irritation of various kinds. In in- 
flammation of the eyes, soreness of the lids is always present. If from 
otlier disease, it is sympathetic, and will pass away with the disease itself. 

There is one form, howev(>r, that is characterized l)y a redness, swell- 
iuL^ and itching, the edges lieeoming raw and exuding matter. This must 
iiave specific treatment. 

What to dO- — The horse should liave a laxative dose if the bowels are 
not in a natural state. The following will be indicated: 

No. 163. 1 Drachm flowers of sulphur, 

2 Uraehiiis jiowdereil iiiundrake, 

3 Drachms powdered aloes. 

Form into a ball with honey, and give as a dose. 

To re'duce the inflammation, make a curd, l>y beating three eggs thor- 
oughly and then stirring them ■with a quart of filtered rainwater until 
mixed ; let it come to a l)oil, .stirring oc'.'asionally. Add half an ounce of 
sulplnite of zinc, and continue the l)oiling for a few minutes. Bind the 
curd over the eyes, by jtlacing a portion between layers of thin muslin. 
The clear water strained through several thicknesses of fine linen is excel- 
lent for sore or inflamed eyes of any kind. Wet the lids three or four 
times a day. 

In aggravated cases that Mill not yield to treatment, and that remain 
raw and exude matter, the edges should he carefully touched with mer- 
curial ointment, the utmost care being taken that it does not come in con- 
tact with the eye. 

During the whole treatment the horse must. Ix' tied up li\' two lines to 
the rear posts of the stall, so he cannot rul) tiie eyes, and must l)e fed 
from a nose-bag. 

III. Moon Eyes. 

This is o])hthalmy, recurring at ixtIoiUc times, or at intei-vals of three 
M'eeks, a month or more, and not, as is often sui)i)osed, at the full moon. 

Causes. — Hereditary predisposition ; from malarial cau.ses ; herding in 
low, damp situations; rheumatic affections: irritation consequent on 



356 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

teething, and, in fact, where predisposition occurs, from any cause tend- 
ing to lower the general state of the health. 

How to know it. — There will be a sunken look to the eye ; the haw of 
the eye will protrude ; the white of the eye may be of a pinkish cast ; 
the eye will be watery ; the pupil of the eye will be cloudy, at the edges, 
and dull and discolored at the center ; there will be haziness, milkiness, 
or a whitish spot may appear, which will continue to overcast the eye. 
In the intervals between the attacks the transparent coat of the eye will 
have a hazy, bluish cast about its border, and the iris will lack its natural 
brightness ; the upper lid or eyebrow will be wrinkled or furrowed. 

What to do. — Look first of all for carious or defective teeth, and if 
found extract them. There is a strong S3'nipathy between any difficulty 
with the teeth and the eyes, though unsound or "wolf teeth" do not, as 
was once supposed, cause blindness. 

Place the animal in a darkened stable ; give four drachms aloes, and 
apply the following lotion twice a day : 

No. 164. 20 Grains acetate of lead, 

20 Drops belladonna, 
1 Quart tillered rain water. 

Alternate this twice a day with the following : 

No. 165 20 Grains sulphate of zinc, 

20 Drops tincture of Malabar bean, 
1 Quart filtered rain water. 

The physic having acted, give two or three times a day the following . 

No. 166. 1 Drachm sulphate ot iron, 

K Ounce powdered Peruvian bark. 

Mix in one quart of warm water, or give in the feed if the horse will 
eat it. When another attack is expected double this dose. 

Sometimes an ounce daily, for several weeks, of Fowler's solution of 
arsenic will bo serviceable, intermitting a few days occasionally. If, how- 
ever, the attacks recur, and at lessened periods, the trouble may be 
expected to end in cataract and lilindness. 

IV. Cataract. 

As a rule, cataract is the result of inflammation of the deep structures 
of the eyeball (internal ophthalmy or the periodic form). It also occurs 
occasionally from diabetes and other constitutional disabilities. 

How to know it. — Put the horse in a dark j)lace. Take a lighted can- 
dle. Three images will be reflected, one from the surface of the eye, 



THE IIOKSE, ITS DISEASES. 357 

one from the front surface of the lens, iiiid one from the rear surface of 
the lens. If in moving the light either of tlic ])<)?iterior images are 
changed into a white haze, there is exudation into that part of tlie lens; 
in other words, a cataract is forming. 

What to do — Unless the cataract is only just forming the horse will 
be eventually blind. Give aloes as recommended for moon-l)lindness, 
and also the prescription for lotions in that case. Follow this up with 
digitalis in doses of fifteen to twenty grains daily, alternated daily with 
six to eight drachms of niter in the M'ater taken. Keep the animal in a 
dark room ; apply blisters to the cheeks and behind the ears, using the 
following, well rubbed in : 

No. IGT. 2 Drachms powdered cantharides, 

K Ounce lard. 

Mix thoroughly and rub well in, treating the blister* when formed with 
linen cloths covered with mutton tallow to kcej) thcin running. 
Appl}' also to the eye daily for several months the following : 

No. 168. 2 Grains pliosplionis, 

1 Ounce almond oil. 

Mix and keep in a dark, cool place, in a bottle with a ground glass 
stopper. 

"V. Inflammation of the Haw, or Hooks. 

The haw is a triangular shaped cartilage situated just within the inner 
corner of the eye. In health but little of it can be seen. Its use is to 
pass over the ball of the eye to remove dust or other offensive substances 
from the eye. This is done so quickl}' that it is difEcult to distinguish 
the action. Its play may be seen by opening the lid of the eye, or by 
attempting to touch the eyeball with the fingers. 

Causes. — This is often produced by inflammation or swelling of other 
parts of the eye. It may end in producing a hard, l)ony state, protrud- 
ing from its place as a whitish lump. "When it presents this ajipearance 
some persons are fond of cutting out the "hooks" to keep the horse 
from " going blind." Our advice is, '' T)on'/ do i/." 

What to do. — If there is inflammation and swelling, tr^eat the eye as 
for ophthabnv (inflammation). In all cases of inflammation of the eyes 
use the bandage as .shown in the cut on next page. 

If the inflammation is slight, but active, keep a linen cloth over the 
eye, or eyes, saturated with the following : 



liM 



iiJ.iisriJA'rM) STOCK ixxrou. 




No. HID, I OlIIU'UH HHHsitrniH pith, 

1 (jiiiiii. mill wittci'. 

lii'l il stiiiiil tl«i't'(> or I'diii' lioiiis, :iii<l M|i|ilv colli, si rainiiifj: it iis used, 
ir till' iiillMmiiiiilion is iiioic |in>iioiiiu((l, use llic following lis :i lotion: 

No. 1711. I Driii'liiiis liiiiilitiiiiiii, 

U Di'iieliiiiN it.xtnit'l lii'lliKloiiiia, 
1 (jiiirt rulii wiitcr. 

Also niisc the I'volids and swiditlif inllaui- 
ed liiiws oci'iisioiiidly w itli tlic cjig and sul- 
phato of zinc lotion i-cconiincndod for sore 
eyes. If tile lacliiN nial duil is closcil, that 
is, if watci- inns from tiic eyes, swab out 
the ducts well up the inside of tlic nostrils 
with weaU tobacco water, finishinfj; witli 
clean water, oi' use the sulphate of zinc in 
tile form of a lotion. 

If the blood vessels are overloaded. Icech- 
inu the lids id' the ey.'s will be benelicial, 
ami in extreme cases half a liallon to one gallon of blood may be ta- 
ken from the ncciv \eiii, to be repeated at the expiration of ten days, if 
necessary. 

The inthimniaticui haviiii;' subsided, the haws will resnine tlu'ir natural 
place and apitearaneo, anil aj;iiiu boeoiuo almost invisible. 

VI. Dimness of Vision. 

\'er\ man\' horses ha\i' defei'livo vision. Some do not see well at 
uij;;ht ; some are near-sinhted ; some are far-si<>hted, as in man, fi-om too 
jjreal convexity of the ovo, or the reveisi>. Old horses gnulually aeciuire 
dimness of vision. 

There is no specitic foi' defect i\t' eyesight. SpectacK's would relieve 
llu< dillieulty, but, spi'ctacU's that might be worn by a horse have not \et 
l)een inventeil, and for the reason that they are not pruetieal. 

VII. Worms in tho Eye. 

This is occasioned by a woi-m ( Fihiria Ociili), and may be extracted 
by a skillful puncture. It shoidd only be undeitaken by a eoinpetenl 
veterinary or other surgeon, the horse being lirst securely hampered so 
he cannot struiiirle. 



■I'llK IlOliSK, ns DISKASKS. 359 

VIII. Purulent Ophthalmy. 

I'lli'iilciit ( )|ililli:iliii\' is coiilincd lo llic ((injiindiv;! ( iiniciis iiiciiihl'iinc 
(jf till' I'M' j, ami it is ill this inciiihraiit' liial liic ri'diicss and ordiiiarv 
swclliiif^ of (lio cyu.s liavc tinir seal, 'i'lic cvclids arc imicli swollen, and 
the iiu>inl>i'!iiu> risi's iip, |iiilT\ and icd ali<i\(' the level of tiu^ eoniea (the 
tniiis|mreiit, disc), soinel inies in fiiiiLi(ii<l exereseences. 'I'his species of 
inilaiinnation is e|)ideini<', and when neeiiirini: ciflen, "oes lliroiiji'li the 
Mal.le. 

What to d0.^1'la<'e till' animal in ii moderately dark stal)le, keep the 
eyes Wit eimstantly — l)y means of the eloth shown in the cut wilhinflain- 
niatiun uf the 1 Us- -with the folhiw iiij^ : 

Nu. 171. '2 Di'iic'liiiis siilphatti of /.'iiu', 

•M> (ii'iiiiiH iiiDrpliia, 
1 I'iiil i:iiinviiliT. 

Use the water tepid if possilile, hut if usrd enld at lirst, it must 1)0 so 
('(inlinned, and rii-r ri-rsa . 

The liowels slidiild he kept ini>(ieratel\- open with physie if necessary, 
or with soft feed, and I hi' same e,.|i(.|a| irciinicnt nscd as fur the other 
forms (d' ophthalmy. 

If the disca>c dues not yield to this t reatment , and liecomes ehroiiie, 
jirepare a wash as follows : 

N(j. 17'i. (J (ii-iiins iiiliulii ofHilvcr, 

1 Oim™ ilislillcil \v;ilci-, 111- niiiiwalci- lillcrol llirou-li b1iiii'|i 

\V:i»lll-.l NMIlcl. 

.Mi.\, and drop a liltle into the e\e, d;uly, from a (|nill. 

IX. Tungoid Tumors in tho Substance of tlio Eyo. 

'I'liis is a rare .'ilTeetion, and fori nnalel \' so. The eaiises which pro- 
duce it arc oliscnre, i)iil proliahly the same as in an\ oilier cancerous 
affection. Till' end will prohahly he dc;ilh, I'or Ihc taiiil id' the cancerous 
affection is proliahly in the >y,s|em. I'piin close examination, the e\i' 
liall may lie clear, Imt a Inillianl \ello\v siiltslance ma\' he seen .d the 
liase of t he interior. 

If it lie not deemed liest to destroy Ihe animal, the c\c must lie extir- 
pated. 'I'wo kiii\es nre rcipiired, of a peculiar shape, one of small size 
and sliehtly hcnt to one, side: the other larger and ciir\cdto one side 
until it ncarl\ reaches the shape of ;i senii-<'ii'i'lc. \ sharp scilpcl ( I lie 
knife ordlnariU used in siiiL;ic;il operalions) will :ds(i ln' rc(piired. Two 
i»traij.;iit , lriaiij;iilar pointed needles threaded willi slroii;^- waxed twine, a 



3G0 ii.i.i.si'UAi'Ki) STOCK uocrou. 

curved ueedlc, similarly tluTiuU'd, wator, a sponge, lint, injecting tube 
anil a bellows. 

Cast tlie horse, and fasten him so lie cannot move. Pierce each eyelid 
with one of the straight needles and tie u secure loop for raising iind 
holding the lids as shown in tiu' cut. 




SXTIIU'ATION OK TIIK EYK. 



Let an assistant then Imld the lids wide open. The surgeon with the 
straight knife tiuicUiy ilescribes a circle around the globe of the eye, 
severing conii)letely the conjunctiva mucous mcmbraiu' of the eye. He 
then takes the small, curved blade, and passing it through the divided 
conjunctiva it is carried around the eyeball close to the bone, severing the 
levator and depressor nniselcs. The I'ornea is then pierced with the 
curved needle, in and out, the thread drawn and a loop Hxed. Then the 
eye IxMug drawn out as far as possil)le the curved knife is passed around 
the rear of the eye with a sawing motion, the integuments are severed, 
and the eye is drawn forth. 

It is (piickly tlone when all things are ready, but siiould not l)e at- 
tempted except by a competont surgeon. iSonie bleeding will follow. 
Inject cold water; if this do not check the hemorrhage, force cold air 
into the cavity with the bellows. If this do not avail, plug the cavity 
softly with lint, bandage the wound to secure the dressing, and leave the 
result to the natural process of healing. 

X. Impediment in the Lachrymal Gland. 

The lachrymal ducts of the eyes arc small canals leading from the eyes 
into the nose. Theii- use is to convey away the snpertluou« moisture 
(tears of the eyes). ^Vllen it is I'losed by iiillammation ov other tempo- 



THK IlOItSK, ITS DISEASES. 



361 



rary cause, tlio water of tlie eyes flow over the face as sliowii in tlie 
subjoined cut. 

Occasionally, however, the duct heconies per- 
nianentlv closed. 'I'lie usual remedy is to swah 
the nostrils where the duct enters with weak to- 
liacco water anil afterwards with clear water. 

If this do not effect a cure after two or three 
trials, the duct must be opened with a probe. 

The duct connnences by minute openings near 
the terminations of the upper and lower lids at the 
inner corner of the eye. It comes out upon the 
dark skin which lines the commencement of the 
nostrils, lying on the inner membrane. 

A deliealely thin elastic i)robe must be used, and about twelve inches 
long, the horse being cast and securely fastened. It may be necessary 
to introduce the i)robe both from the corner of the eye and from the 
nostril. Next charge a fine jiointed syringe with tepid water and placing 
the point into (lie nasal termination of I he (hut, force the water through. 
The operation should only be performed l)y a surgeon. 




XI. Gutta Serena. 



This is sometimes called glass eye, incorrectly, however, as the term is 
understood in the West and South. In glass eye, as understood there, 
the pupil is sound and perfect, the ii'is distinct and natural, but has a 
v.hite ring around the (oi-nea. It may injure the sale of a horse, ))ut 
simply from the singular expression it gives the eye of the animal. 

Ti-ue gutta serena, or Aiiuturonis, is palsy of the nerve of sight, or of 
the nervous expansion called the I'ctina, and due to functional and organic 
disease of the ojitic nerve. In the early stages of the disease it may 
sometimes be relieved, bnl is likely to ot'cur again. In tin' later stages 
it is incnrai)le. 

Causes. — Congestion, tumors, dropsy or other diseases of the brain. 
Also by injury to the nerve of sight, by pressure or other causi', from 
inllanimation, excess of light, and may be symptomatic, from indigestion 
or during gestation. 

How to know it. — In the early stages the insensibility of sight nniy be 
oidy partial ; the pupil will be unnaturally large : upon closing the lids 
of the eyes, and opening them in a strong light, there will be little or no 
variation in the pupil ; the eyes will be unnaturally clear from extreme 
dilatatitm : the animal will be ])artially or totally I)lind, as shown by high 
stepping and failure to flinch when the fingers are suddenly pointed close 



M-2 



1I,LI'STKATK1> STOC^K l)t)CTOU. 



to tli<' (■\i' ; llu' ours will Ix" in constant motion as a c-onipunsation for the 
want of" siii'lit. 

What to do. — If from ovci'loadinjj; the stomach, indigestion, gestation, 
etc., turn the animal upon grass, if in the season; or clothe warmly and 
focil upon easily digested food, as mashes and 
roots. If the attack is recent and from such 
cause as inflammation of the brain, hlccd to 
the extent of a gallon, and put a seton ch)sc to 
^f"^! the eye. In fact the cause must be found 
and removed, if it be due to one that can be 
ri'moved. Success is sometimes had by blis- 
tering iis for uphthalmy. Use in connection 
with this nerve stimulants. Of these strych- 
nia, in one to two grain doses, according to 
KM Aiiai iKi) iiv M£KKNA. circumstaiiccs, or tivc gralu (loscs of nitrate of 

silver may he given. 

Sympathetic amaurosis may admit of cure. As we have said, the 
deranged function must be restored. 

If medicine is re(]uired to de])lete the system the following will be 
ffood : 




No. 173. 



2 nrac'Iims jiowiliMod prontian, 
4 Draoliiiis iiowdcrcil aloes, 
1 Ouiieo coinmnn suit, 
1 Pint warm walor. 



(live as a drench, and k(>c]) the animal on light mashes with an occa- 
sional injection of salt and water if necessary. 

If there is debility alteratives and tonics will he indicated: 

No. 174. 1 Oiiiico powiUtimI ■.'oUlcu seal, 

1 Ounce powdcrcil j,'<'ntiaii, 
1 Oiiiiro iiDWilrivil sulphur, 
1 Ounte iiiiwilertHl ginger, 
1 Ounce salt, 
1 Pound oatmeal. 

IS[i.\, divide into twelve )iarts and give one in the feed — of good, gen- 
erous diet — night and morning. 

As a lotion (or hatliing the eye the following is recomniciuled as a good 
astringent : 

No. 175. 1 (liMii'c powdored bayl)erry bark, 

1 I'iiit lioiling water. 



Let it stand until cool. Strain through a close linen cloth, add a 
table-spoonful of tincture of bloodroot and l)athe twice a day. 



CHAPTER XIII. 



DISEASES OF THE BONES. 



I. BIG READ AND BIO JAW. II. SWEBNY OF THB SHOULDER. III. SWEENY OP THE 

HIP. IV. BONK SPAVIN. V. ENLAROBD HOCK. VI. RING-BO.NE. VII. STIKLK. 

VIII. SPLINT. IX. SORE SHINS (INFLAMMATION OF THE METACARPAL BONe). 

X. ItOTTEN BONE. XI. INFLAMMATION OF THE KNEE-JOINT. XII. CARIES OF THE 

L()\VKl;-.IAW. 



I. Big Head and Big Jaw. 

Causes. — Tliis disease, failed also exostotiis of f/ie bones, is manifested in 
an enlargement or bony tumor on the faee, on a line between the nostril 
and the eye. It finally breaks out in small holes, which discharge a thick 
pu.s, and at last ends, if not treated oi)[)ortunely, in a complete decay of 
the bone. The bone continually enlarges, and cells or channels are 
formed as the minute bon}' plates become thinner and thinner, till tiie 
structure can be easily cut with a knife or crushed with the fingers. The 
interstices are filled with a red, bloody mass. In some eases the ligaments 
and tendons are separated by decomposition of the bone, and ciuml)lings, 
dislocations and fractures take place for want of firm attachment for 
these supporting ligaments. 

The primary cause of the disorder is not know ii ; l)ut the tendency is 
believed to be transmitted. A horse manifesting signs of the big head 
is generally diseased not alone in the bones of the face, but the whole 
osseous system seems to be to some extent involved, so that there is not 
infrequently a soreness of the limbs and a lameness accompanying it. 
The immediate exciting cause is most probably defective nutrition — a 
want of that ])ower of assimilation which is necessary to the suj)plving of 
the bones with their phosphate constituent. 

It may be developed by both over-feeding and by deficiency of food, as 
24 



364 II.LU.STUATKI) STOCK DOCTOU. 

tlio tli<;-esli\i' liiiictinns .iri! (l(M'iiiif^o(l liy <'illici- excessive burdens imposed 
upon tiieni or wiuiL oj" suflieicnt nutriliou in tliiit. food wiiicii /.v dijjjcstcd. 

It is diflic^ult to asHif^n any reason why llic j^i'iici'ul predisposition should 
be determined jiriniiirii}' to the f:ic(\ 

It has ht^cin ol)serve<l to picvuil moslly in lhos(^ regions wiiere Indian 
corn is eonstanlly fed, and in tliose, what(!V(!r he tlie predominant food, 
wiiere tile animal uses only, or (•lii(^lly, free stone water — a lluid laeking 
in that phos|)hate (^lenient so essential to Itoiiy structures. 

Hard lalior and abuse!, poor food and bad stable nianagement, doubtless 
do niurh lo precipitate the disease!. 

How to know It. — Before the visible swelling of the face there will 
gcneiidly be i^vident weakness, loss of appetite, laziness ; a slight suffu- 
sion of the eyes with tears — one or both aeeording as one or both sides 
of the faciiil bone? is affected ; then a swelling, about half way between 
the eye and the nostril, small and hard, but gradually increasing in size. 
If tlio swelling is ))ress<Ml upon with some! forc(! the horse will wince with 
pain, l)ut gentle rubbing seems to give ease. The lower jaw, under the 
chin, will next, apiii^ar thickened ; a degriH) of general stiffness sets in; 
at last the joints arc* swollen, and seem jiuffed up with wind ; the horse 
rapidly fails in (lesh ; and the head becomes enormously swollen, and 
(iniiily breaks into little opcMiings which disehargcf an offensive pus. 

What to do. — If is well, perhaps, to warn {\w rc^ader in the outset not 
to do :niy of tiiose foolish things which characterized the old ]iraetice, 
such as boring into the disi^ased part anil injecting corrosive poison ; lay- 
ing open the jaw and sawing out a jiortion of the bone ; blistering, liurn- 
ing, etc. The disease is not local, but constitutioiwd, and tliongh perhajis 
having no otlier visil)le manifesliition tliiin on the face, it has extensive 
eonueetion with \';uions poi'lions of tiic frame, so that iiurcly local treat- 
ment is of litti(! consei|nencc. 

The first step will lie to sec lli;it the jiiiticnt is well stabled or otlier- 
wis(! carc(l for Mccording to the season of the year, and put upon a sy.s- 
tcmatic course (if fdod, drink, and moderate exercise in the snn. (iivo 
him from tivc lo sc^ven (|uarls of oats per day, and if these ai'c boiled and 
mixed witliM little wheat bran, all the better. Wh(>n gr<'(>n vegetables 
can be had, lh(>y should be fed liberally, lo counteract a sort of scorbutie 
or scurvy tendency which marks this disorder. Apples, beets, carrots, 
turnips — whatever fruit or vegetabli! you can get him lo tak<! is good. 
When seasonabli!, put him upon a bountiful i>!istnre. 

(live the following dose night and morning in such food as he will 
most readily eat : 



THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 365 

No. 171). 2 Ounces chlorate o( potash, 

4 Ounces powdered ginger. 

3 Ounces gentiiin, 

2 Ounces podophyllin, 
(i Ounces poplar bark. 

Give also with the food, once daily, 2 ounces i)hos[)hat(' of lime. 
Kub upon the .swelled face with niodei-ate viiror, twice daily, the ff)l- 
lowiug preparation : 

No. 177. 6 Ounics spirits of camphor, 

4 Ounces cod liver oil, 
2 Ounces oil of cedar, 

1 Pint diluted acetic acid. 

If the case has been neglected until there are alread}' breaks in the 
skin, and exudation of matter, adopt the previously descril)ed course, 
with this exception, that the part nmst be thoroughly cleansed with warm 
soap and water, and then, instead of No. 177, iipi)ly the camphorated 
corrosive sublimate every other day for six or eight times, then omit 
three daj's, and begin again, and so on until the skin shows signs of heal- 
ing. Apply the sublimate with a little mop of soft rags, and dry it in 
with a hot iron held near the part, or pressed smoothly over a layer of 
intervening cloths, thick enough to prevent tictual burning. 

II. Sweeny of the Shoulder. 

The common effect of all lameness and disease of a limb is a wasting 
of the muscles connected therewith. Therefore in all sprains entailing 
inflammtition and continued disease of a limb, and in all injuries entailing 
chronic, long-continued manifestations, there will be wasting or atrophy 
of the muscles, and in extreme cases sometimes permanent contraction, 
even of the cords of the limb. This is popularly called swinny or sweeny. 
It is the result of disease and not the disease itself. The cause of this 
wasting must therefore be looked after in order to obviate the difficulty. 

There is, however, from sprain of the muscle outside the shoulder 
})lade, a tendency to waste of the muscles, to such a degree sometimes, 
that they arc so shrunken as to cause the skin to be drawn tight to the 
shoulder blade. 

Causes. — Sweeny is usually acquired by young horses, when first put 
to work, from over-strain ; or, it may occur in horses of any age, from 
hard pulling on uneven ground, by step]iing into holes, etc., thus causing 
injury to the muscles of the shoulder, and particularly those supporting 
the joints. 



3(i() IMA.STHATKI) STOCK IXXnOR. 

How to know it. — S(>iiic(iiiic,-> tlic horse iii;iy he alilr to \v;ilk or even 
(rol. williout serious ditiicully. If one stiind direclly in front of him 
(here will he seen liiat tiie iiffected siiouider is held in an unnatural posi- 
tion, .s(!(!niing' l() he rolled outward farther than is natural. There will bo 
a pi^culiar motion in the gait, and heat, tenderness and swelling on the 
outside of the joint. 

What to do. — My pressure on the i)arts discover the .scat of the inlhun- 
niation hy tin; flinehing.of the animal. This found, reduce it by continued 
ajiplication of cold water to the ])art, if in the carlicir stages. This may 
be done) by folding n long blanket and hanging over the shoulder so as to 
cover the affected |)art. Over Ihis keep a cloth continually w(^t with cold 
water, until the acuti^ symptoms have subsided. 

Aft(M' these have subsided, exercise must be given every day, either by 
driving on a snu)()th I'oad or using at any light work on smooth ground. 
Kvisry effort should be nuide to in(!reasc the circulation over the fallen 
muscles by act-iv(! rubbing. If the ease do not yield to trcatiiKMit, and 
tluM'c is ileeided wasting, the nuiscle being hai'd, use tiu^ following: 

No. ITS. 1 Pint iiinnionia, 

1 gimil oil. 

This should be rul)be(I in with considerable fi'ielion, until nearly the 
ex(^iti'nu!nt of a blister is |)roduccd. This with subse(|uent friction and 
an oc(!asional use of the blister, will effect a cure ; but it may take 
months of perseverance^ to bring the shoulder back to its perfect shape. 
Light exercise should be given every day. 

III. Swoony of the Hip. 

The wasting of tlu^ nniscles of the hip are due to analagous causes with 
those of llu^ shoidder. It, is, however, far nn)re rare, sinc(^ the jxjwer of 
the horse being in the hind-(|uarlcrs, tlu^ enormous muscles of those parts 
act as cushions to i)roteet the parts from injury. As a rule, the cause of 
the wasting of the muscles of ihv hip must be looked for lower down, 
unl(^ss th(! injury is known to procei-d from a fall on the side. 

A carc^fui examination of all the nuisel(!S will eiiiible the owikm- |)rotty 
gener.illy to fix the seat of the disciise, from the heat and tenderness of 
the jjarts. This discovered, use the means jjrescribed for shoulder sweeny. 
In old and dillicult cases, either of the shoulder or hip, it may bo neces- 
sary to resort to active blistering !ind subsecjuent stimulation by means of 
the galvanii^ battery. In old and confirmed sweeny that has come with a 
horse bought, or from neglect at the projier time, a cure will probably 
not be effected ; but a [)artial restoration of the [)arts may be made. 



'lino IIOHSM, IIS DIS^'.ASKS. '{(IT 

Sweeny has boon |)1mcc(I anioii^f tlio diseases of the hones l)ooiiu.so it 
sonietiiiios proceeds from injury to 1 ho hones and joints. Tlie dillieully 
itself, liowovor, is eonlinod lo I lie muscles. 

IV. Bone Spavin. 

The delinition of hone spavi ay he jrivon as an inflammation, iileor- 

ation and hony deposit of the small flat hones in the lower and inner ])art 
of the hook joint ; or of hotli the outer iind inner ones, or from inflam- 
mation of the cuniform and metatarsal hones, tormiiiatinj,' in .iii<hvlosis 
(a hony union of the parts) ronderiii<:- tiio joint stiff. 





Foot, incftpiil)lei)r hciriK nilHiMl from Natiirnl poBltlon of tho lioullhy Inoi Hlirn riiiHcd 

Kroiinil by iuuhoii uI spiivin from the ground diMiiii; uu t'u«y tiol 

Causes. — Injuiy to the joint hy concussion, sprains of tiie li^ranients, 
the use of shoes with high hotds or oaiks. IlercMJitary [)ro(lisposition to 
spavin is common from woiikiiess* of the joints, hones and li>j;aments. 
C'onse(pientl>' W(\ak liml)od horses or mares, or those with spavins, or 
otiior diseases of tho l)ones should nexcr he hred from. 

Hone spavin is I'oally one of the most formidahh! diseases with which 
tho horsoniiin litis to detd, tiiid the attack is souK^times so slow and hlind 
Ihiil jocktys are often onahlcd to put (d'f a sptivinod horse on IIk' unwary, 
the horse ttftt-rwiirds <loin<f dead lame. Nevertheless it will show itself 
if the horse is allowed to cool, or is ridden inlu the water .ind allowed to 
.sttiiid iiwhilo, for ii horse with spavin comiiiL; on as he licc(une> warmecl 
the lifranients licoome fretM' in I heii' action, .and .an anim.al lame .at lir>l, 
will LTO well "lloULrh .afterwards; \el , in the end the horse hccomes per- 
iiiiincntly l.amc, until the deposit a'loni the hone, called aiH'liylosis, 
hccomes soliditio(l, when the joint is stiff .and the lanicness oeasos. 

Causes. — Tho causes prodiicinir spa\in may lie \.irions. Iloreditarv 
weakness of tho limhs is undouhtedly one ol' the principal causes. Thus 
a hlow, a sprain, or any iiijui'v produciiii; iiill.innnal ion will ("^iisc spa\'in 
in such an animal, when in a strong muscled .ami line honed anim.il it 



368 ll.LUiSTKA'l'I'.l) SIOCK DOCTUIt. 

xvoiilil \irlil rcMililv li> t ri'^liiu'iil . 'Hie rciisoii i-<, a feverish and unhealthy 
niiulil iiiii nf the iiiciiiliiaiic' secret iiiji' llie .synovial Ihiid is proihiei'd, and 
llie iirni inenil)i-ane affording:; no outlet, it settles into llie sponi^y hone, 
and a diseasi'd condition ensues, which the weiii'ht and motion of the 
aniniai intcnsilies until conliiined s]ia\in is tiie icsult. W'iien only the 
siiliiit Ixine is affected there is chance for recovery, l>ut when the cube 
lioMc is affected there is hut little chance for relief until the disease has 
run its course, and ended iu a joint more or less stiff. 

How to know it. — Spi'ains do not invariably cause lameness. ThcPO 
may lie lit lie or no local swclliuii' as in occidt spavin, as ulceration is 
called, in the center of the joint liclwccntiic tl.il liones. The swelling, 
when it docs exist, is in froid and on the inside and on tiie lower ))art of 
liic joint, and ina\' best be seen by standiuL;' alioiit midway of the body 
so as to ;;-et a side \ iew of the front of tiic hock. When the swelling is 
in fi'ont of the hock it is most to be feared. it is iiard and is to be dis- 
tinguished from tiic tense liiil elastic swelling caused by S|)riHU of tho 
llexor tendon, or from the tlexibh' and tluctuating swelling of bog spavin. 

'The swelling of i)one spavin may be more to the front or farther back 
on the insiile of (lu^ hock, or even shown principally on th() outside, and 
iu case it extends to the tnu^ hock joint, it may end in bony fornudioii to 
such a degree as to close the articulation (play of the parts) and produce 
a stiff joint. The animal if turned from side to side in the stall will 
mo\c stiff and on the toe. This same stiffness is also seen when tho 
aninial first starts off. but which ina\' nearly or ([uite iiisap[)ear when (ho 
animal becomes warm. The horse will sometimes jerk up the limb as 
thougii he had sti'ing-halt . Hy turning him (piickly in a small circle he 
will carry the limb more or less stiff, or rest on the toe only. 

What to do. — Iu any case rest and a high heeled shoo nhould bo allowed. 
In the acute stage or early in the development of tho disease, place tho 
horse in slings if possibli'. Foment thoroughly with hot watA>r in which 
an ounce of laudanum is mixi'd to eacii two (piarts of water. Give four 
drachms of aloes if the l)owels avi.' I'ostive, and give half an ounce to an 
ounce of saltpeter in th.e water, morning and night, until a free flow of 
urine is had. When the inllammatiou has subsided blister. The follow- 
ing will be effectual : 

No. IT'.l. 1 I'liit iMirrosivo BiiMimntP. 

12 I'mts oil of turpeuUnc, 

Mix th<u-oughly and rub in. Firing with a white hot iron is still inoro 
effectual, yet the 'won and tho corrosive liuiment arc apt to leave a blemish. 
A mihh'r preiiaration is : 



TIIK IIDK.SK, ITS DISIOASKS. 369 

No. 180. -i Dra.lims oil (if rosemary, 

't oiiiiro j)r)W(iiivi| laiilliuridcs, 
4 OuiK'i'H iiii'i'i'iiriul (ilntiiK'iit. 

(iriiul tlioiou^lilv l()j;ctliur and i-ul) ou iK'aliiij; it in witii a waiin iron. 

If tboro is simply swoiliiijf, in old cases, thorough and fr('((U(!nt riii)l»ing 
with oleatc of nicrcnrv will dissijjalr what swollinir has not aclually Itc- 
conic hone. Scions arc also most valiialilc in sjiavin. The needle slionid 
be passed for a consideraiilo space under the sUin, over the seat of spavin. 
Anoint the tape with the following: 

No. 181. 1 I'liit powdfi-ed wliltc lielleborc, 

8 Tiirts lani, 
Mix Willi {;i'iillc heut. 

Before tlie application of either blister or seton we would advise 
thrusting a narrow-poiiitcd bistoury under the sprain and scarifying the 
parts. In no event, however, should resort be had to cutting away the 
bony parts which have formed, with mallet and chisel, as we have seen 
tluMn. It is barbarous, inhuman, and can do no good whatev'^^. Some 
cases will absolutely resist, all and any means for cure ; others again will 
yield kindly in from one to three mouths. In young horses if treatment 
])e gnt'ii in time, a cure Uiay generally bo effected. With old horses the 
cure is dilliciilt. 

V. Enlargement of the Hock. 

Nature has protected the hocks in a most ample manner, to prevent 
injury under ordinary circumstances, and in fact, under exceptional cir- 
cumstances, except those of an accidental or violent nature. From vari- 
ous bruises or strains, intlamniation and lameness may ensue. Rest and 
fomentations will generally set this right if taken early. Sometimes, 
liowever, the enlargement will continue to grow in s])it<^ of all cri'orls to 
the <'ontrary, and until the entire joint is involved. 

How to know it. — Tlicre are two forms of IJiis disease. In one, (lie 
tendons and cartilages only are affected. This will generally yield to 
fomentations and a few applications of oleatc of mercury. If not , blister, 
using the ])rescription No. 180. Another form is more serious, h'rom 
a severe blow or other cause, there is a bruise of the bone, by which the 
investing membrane, called the ))eriostcum, is either severely strained or 
torn loose, giving rise to inflammation and formation and deposit of bony 
matter on the surface^ of the bone, sometimes to such a degree that the 
parts are of excessive size, .ind the leg so lame that it is only with great 
ditllculty the animal can w;iik. The animal may, iii(lee(|, as in tiic case 



370 IM.rS'l'ltA'l'KI) STOCK DOC'l'OK. 

of bud Hpiivin, Itii ciipiil)!!! of (ioinjf fiinii work fvcii willi ;i slilT l<^^, l)ut in 
totally iiiilil. for ilriviii^' on (ho roiul. 

What to do. — Precisely the H;iiiie (rciitineiit uiiist 1)0 purHUcd u.s in tlio 
e.'isc iif lioiK^ Hpiivin. l''onieii(alions, while in Ihc stage of fever or iii- 
ll;iiuni.ilion, nnd liiislcrinu, liriiiii' Mild hcIdiis to assist al)sor[)ti()n. Jt 
iiiiisl Im^ i-eiiieiid)er(^d, however, llial ell her in spavin, or any other disoase 
of (he hones, joints, (Uirtilafics, or iiiiisciil.ir (issues, (ha( s(raininj!; of the 
parts is likely (o ensue a<^ain, and eonse(pienlly ear(^ uius(, ho taken id)out 
ovcrworkiiiff or injuring by fust, driving, espeeially on rough ground. 

VI. RiriK-bono. 

This is a (leposi(()f lioiiv llia((er al)u\ c and lielowtlu^ coronet, of th(^ 
foot, just wheri> the hair begins above (he hoof, or of the lioiit^ of i\w 
Iioof, as (he colIin bone is called, or bony gi'owdi on (h<' pas(eriis. 

Causes. — '( is caused li\' lica\y wurk, li.ird pulling i)y dial'( hoi'ses, 
bruises of (he boiu^ by pounding o( (lie feel on hard roads and pavonien(s, 
gouorallv beginning as iii(hininia(ioii of (he membranes covering the 
boiuvs, and a( (hese poinis giving a((aclimen(s lo the ligaments a( (he side 
of the lower or small pastern bone, or of (he lower end (d" the upper or 
larnc pastern. Sometimes tlu^ bony formatiitn procetnls to such an ex- 
tent, involving and covering the wdnde surfiico, as to produce ii kind of 

club foot. 

How to know it. — Thei-c^ may be lameness or iio(, excejit on hard 
ground, nv upon binding the liini), in old-seat<'d ring-bones. |)uriiig the 
beginning <d' the evil, or while ther(( is inllanimal ion, and a (cnder, (das- 
(ic swelling, an<l a more or less doughy stat(> (engorgoment ) o{' (he soft 
parts. In the <-oiirse n( (ho disease this nuittcr beconies hard, from being 
(iirned into a s(d'l or spongy bony formation, 'i'he swelling may ho 
scarcely seen and contineil to the sides of the ])ast(>rn bone, or (here nniv 
bo groai enlargement of thevvhol(^ suid'ae(>. If tlu^ trouble occiii's in a 
fore-h'g, tin* h(^(d is pu( down (irs( ; if the ring-biMH' is in (he hind-foot, 
imd in the sides or back \r,iv{ of the piistorn, the toe will be put down 
lirst . 

What to do. — h'or (he fore-foo(, pu( on a (hin-he(ded bar shoe. If in 
(he liind-foot, a high-heeled shoe. That is, if (he animal walks on (he 
(oe, use a high-hoidod shoe ; if on (he heel, a (hin-hctded shoo. If (licrt^ 
is inllammadon, known by lica( and tenderness, use fomenddiims of hot 
vva(er, persi'veriugly applied until it is reduced. Then blister severolv 
w it h the followiiii"' : 



•lino IIKKSK, IIS DIHKANKH. 371 

No. 1H2. 1(1 I)J'<>|>.H iniLI'lllllr iK'lil, 

'Jll (iniliiH ('(iiriijiiM' Niililliiiiitv, 

-id (ll'lllllH I'lllllllhc.l', 

1 (liiiii'ii oil 111 liii'ix^Mtlnr. 

Mix, Mini Mpply iiiilil II sudlcidiiL l)lislcr is fornicd : tlicn wiisli olT lo 
piunciil Mi'iiii>li Mini Uccp \\io hlisli-r niiiiiini:; iis lon^^- iis iiossihlc, l)\ con- 
critij;; willi a viv^ well siuciircd witii iiiultoii liillow. lilistrr m^^mIii if ihmts- 
Hiirw Or, iis(' tin' iiiciiiis pursued in spavin, oIcmIc nf iiiricui\ , iC IJm 
case is not diilii'iill . 

If (lie rili;;-l)()lli' has lici f loii^- sdiiidjn^-, )|l,. ,,iil\ iclirf will lir (lie 

f^rowlii (if lioiiv iiiallcr (i\cr (he joint 'I'licrc will lie iiKirc or less stil'l'- 
ncss ill lli<> joiii(, lull (lie horse may do slow work. < )!(! horses are more 
diiliciill lo eiiic than youiij;- ones, and in any ease lo axiiid Memi^li, Hie 
(•as(r miisl he (akeii al (In^lirsl iiidieal ion. 'I'lien ( horoutiii Comeiil Mlions, 
Hlif^iit Iilistcriii^', a proper shoe and rest will aeeoniplisli .a eui'e. if there 
is simply ii liiirdnniii;; of t he inleiiiiments, oleiite (d' mercury, in deNcjoped 
rinJJ;-l)(>lll^ or spavin, will rednee so iniieii of it as is not idfeiidy bony 
}^row I h. 

VII. Sliflo. 

Any didicullyof tlie slille joint , hy wiiieli the aniniiil is mor(^ or less 
disabled from the use of the linili, is hy iIk^ >;(^lieriili1y of liorsenieii 
tunned si ill in;;, it. Iiein;; supposed to lie a disloeulion of tliestille lioiu^ 
correspond in j;' to the knei^-pan in man. Dislocation, ho\vevei\ is ex- 
Ireincly rare. TIk; displaceinent of the whirllione of tin^ stille joini when 
it oeiairs, will causes tile animal to throw the liiiili strai;;'lil oiil hi'hind. 
'I'liis form oftcai lieeonnvs clironie ; that is, occurs, and the lialiit is lixed 
from apparently sliiilit cMiises, or any cause tliMt shall compel the .'ininiMl 
to throw tli<' lei;' ii.M'k f.'irlhi'i' than is iisiud in ^join;; at a slow jjiiil. It is 
often produced in the iiist placi; by catciiin^' the hind Ic;; or hoof in soiiu!- 
thiii;;- which forcibly holds it. 

How to know it.- 'I'hc horse will hold the Ic^- extended out Ix'liilld ; 

the hc;i(l will lie raised Aiitl the aiiiniid will ^'n on three lejrs ; there is 

«!Very (n'idiuiee of extre p:iiii, but. Iio heal nor swcllinij-. I'pon ex.'ini- 

iliillL!; the stille bone, the p:ilella, eorrespondiiiL:' to the kiiei' pan in man, 
will be found outside those a;;aiiist w hiih it .slionhl lit. When the 
dislocation is inward, the limb will be drawn upward. 

What to do.--'i(l the .•ininiiil into 11 .lose pl.ice ; ha\e him held lirnily 
liy the he;id ; pass a rope ab<int the fetlock ,'iiid (i\cr .•in\ pidji'i't ion, ,so 
the limb hi;cy bcdr,'i\\n forw;ird. I'.rinL! the limb forward :iiid upward, 
and standini:' behind and .'ej'.'iinst the hip, press the bone tow.anl ;ind into 



372 ILLrsTRATKI) STOCK DOCTOR. 

its pliice. Hold it there lirmly until tlio iiuisolos regain their original 
coutraftibiiity in some nio;isure, and use an infusion of bayberr^' or oak 
l)ark, cold, freely, for some days. 

In addition to this it is better that the horse be made to stand on the 
injured limb. To do this it is usual to tie a cord tightly about the other 
hind leg. This is apt to make a l)leinish. Tie the other foot so it caiuiot 
be thrown back. 

In nine cases out of ten when the owner supposes his horse to be stifled 
the difficulty will be found to be from injury to some other jiart of the 
linil), as sprain of any of the ligaments of tlie leg, of the fetlock, a 
prick of the hoof, etc., causing the animal to hold the limb in such a 
way as to cause the stifle bone to seem displaced. 

Horses often injure the parts around the stifle joint by running, leaping, 
or from l)ruiscs or other hurts. In this case the treatment is to be the 
same as in any other sprain or bruise. In mild cases the following will 
be found good to bathe the sprain or bruise with : 

Mo. 183. 1 OiiiH'' liiuiiiic of arnica, 

1 I'ilit rain wilier. 

Bathe the affected part freely with this from time to time. If the 
difficulty is severe, fomentations of hot water must be perseveringly used 
until the inflammation subsides, and then resort may be had to l)listering 
if necessary, or a scton may be placed under the affected part to get up 
counter irritation. In severe cases the cure is slow and the animal must 
have absolute rest. 

In any difficulty in or about the stifle joint, it is well to e.xamine care- 
fully for wounds or bruises. 

A wound of the parts will often cause intense pain, and to the unin- 
itiated, apparently all the symptoms of dislocation. The veterinarian is 
never deceived, and no one need be if he brings common sense and a 
careful examination to bear upon any M'ound, bruise, .strain or other 
injury. There will be blood, matter, swelling or heat in the part af- 
fected. This found, use the remedies prescribed in such cases. 

VIII. Splint. 

Causes. — 'I'he name is given to a pcu'uliar enlargement generally found 
on the outside of the small bones of the fore leg, and inside the leg. 
The causes are not well defined. Splint may be caused by violent blows 
or other injuries, but it seems to be more a consecjucnee of weight and 
strain. The iiuier s])lint bone, or small f)one of the leg, is placed nearer 
the center of the body than the other, and there is at almost all times 
greater weight upon it, while on certain occasions it may also be subjected 



THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 373 

to more violent strain, whence inflamnmtion may set in, and a bony 
deposit result, liaising the outer heel of the shoe more than ordinarily, 
conti'ibutes in some dea'ree to produce an unnatural strain upon this bone. 
The term splint is ai)plied also to tiiose bony tumors that sometimes ap- 
pear on the outer shank bone. These are more readily accounted for, 
as this part of the leg is peculiarly liable to blows and other injuries. 

How to know it. — In the first stage of the disease, while the splint is 
forming, there is inflammation of the periosteum or bone-covering mem- 
brane ; there is lameness ; and tiiough no swelling may yet be visible, 
you can discover it by passing the open hand down the side of the leg, 
with the thumb on tiie small bone, or rather in the groove formed by the 
two small bones. A small, hard swelling will be found, which, being 
pressed upon, will cause the animal to flinch. 

When the tumor is well-developed and plain to the sight, it is not gen- 
erally attended with lameness, from the fact that the periosteum has ac- 
commodated itself to the new formation, and the inflammation, with 
consequent soreness, has subsided. Then it happens that a very little 
splint will often cause more lameness than one which is so large as to be 
easily' seen at a distance. 

In eases of nmch iiiflaniniation and e.xti'cmc soreness, the horse stands 
resting the toe upon the ground, with the leg slightly bent ; and this 
great heat may extend itself by sympathy to the soft parts of the leg 
nearest the splint, but this is seldom the case. 

Sometimes the animal is apparently free from all trouble when merely 
put to a walk, but will discover extreme lameness in trotting — the extra 
concussion producing niucii pain, and examination, as previously directed, 
will disclose the scat of flic trouble. 

What to do. — If the protuberance is small, and there is no lameness, 
do nothing, unless the horse is valuable and the tumor is unsightly. It 
will disajjpcar l)y natural absorption as the animal increases in years, 
provided there is no directly exciting cause constantly at work. An 
unskillful attempt to cure will sometimes lead to lameness and an increase 
of the sjjlint. 

If it is a recent formation, and treatment is thought necessary, observe 
whether the irritation is such as to have produced extreme tenderness of 
the part, and swelling of the soft parts of the leg. If so, lessen the 
inflammation, and thus also the soreness, by cool, softening poultices, or 
frequent application of cold salt and water. Then shave the hair off 
from over and around the protuberance, and rub in, at evening, the fol- 
lowing mercurial ointment : 

No. 184. 1 Drachtn biniodide of mercury, 

1 Ounce Uird. 



874 iLi.iJHTKATEi) «t(k;k doctor. 

Continue I Ills until ii frcii wjitcMT discliarj^c is pioducod from tlio sur- 
f;ici'. As II L;('n>'i:il rul(^ this is sutlii^iiuit, for cvon tlioui^li it iniiy not 
(iircillv (iisMiipcar, it will f:;riuluiiily do so from this time, unless tiio 
tuniiir intcrfi'i'es iniil(U'iiiliy with the lif^auuuits or tendons. 

If il is l!irfi;(', or neiir the joint, or extends so sis to destroy the motion 
that naturally exists between tiie two snuill bones, cast the horse, and 
secure him from violent struj^glinj; — tiien scarify the periosteum or 
uicMihrMiK' cuvcrini; I he bone, over the splint. Kor this purpose, have a 
small, probc-likc knife, sliaped like a scimitcr, with the cutting edge oil 
till' c(in\e\ sidi'. Maki' a small openiiiii' al)out an inch below the splint, 
turn llie Mule probe knife liat and inseit it into this opening and ui'ge it 
forward until the |P(>inl lias passed over the prot iiberiiiiec. Now turn the 
cutting edg(^ down, and scarify tlu! periosteum well, making several cuts 
lUirosH tiie splint, and with such force as to reach the naked bone every 
(ini(>. Withdraw the kiiif*^ and insert a setmi iieeille, with tape lixed as 
usual ; pass th(> point up past tlu^ splint, send it through tlie skin, and 
draw [\h\ U\\w tiirough. Slightly enlarge the upper end of the tape, so 
that il cannot come oul below, and the work is done. Suppuration will 
ensue in from seven to fourlecMi days; absoi-ption \vill follow, and the 
splint will almost, invariably disappear. 

During treatment the horse should be kept from work, as any eonsidi'r- 
iiblci ((X(M'cis(>, pai'ticularly any straining in harness, or concussion by rapid 
inolion, will increas(> lameness and render cure more ttnlions and dillieidt. 

IX. Soro Shins— Inflammation of tho Metacarpal Bones. 

This is an inllammalion of llie membrane covering the shank bones, 
and is not conliiu'd to any particular class(>s of horses, though racing or 
other fast work(>d horses ai'e more subj(>cl to the affection th.aii are draft 
hors(>s, tiie ditlienlty generally oeriirring before the animal becomes 
mature. 

Causes. — The cause is undoubtedly ovci--woiking and abuse before the 
i>ones and integuments bee()in(> fnll\' dcNcloped. 

How to know it. — 'l'h«> lamene.-s resenii)les that of splint. There is 
swelling o\er llie shin bone, which is tense as though stretched, elastic, 
and doughy lo the touch. Thei-e is heat and tenderness, and sometimes 
the swelling beeonn's excessive, and breaks, but always preserves its elas- 
tii' feeling. Or the swelling may not l)e extensive, but gradually hardens 
Ihnnigii the formation of bony matter, until at length the pain disappears. 

In thes(> slight cases, the mattei' thrown out betw<'en the bone and 
niemlirane, is generally converted into a bony formation and the skin re- 
mains permanently thickened. In severe cases the throwin-j out of 



THK HOUSE, ITS DISEASES. 375 

MiiitttT (Iviiipli) m:iv si'j);ir;itc I lie nu'iiiliriiiic and llic Imhic, ;uu1 eventuate 
ill necrosis, or lioatli of tlii' bono. 

What to do. — If tlie dillioulty is not severe, cold water faitlifullv aj)- 
plied during tlie inllaniinalory stage, and later, biistors, will ho all tiiat 
will 1)0 iH'cos.siiry. In fact, treat it prcoisoly as is roconmieiidod for 
splint. 

In very severe cases, where there is groat tondorn<-ss, anil decided 
dougliy swelling, make a series of incisions willi a liislonry or nariow- 
bladod knife, carrying the blade a short way l)encalli the skin, and then 
cutting down to the hone. This is done to let I lie contents escape. Use 
as a fomentation hot water containing half an ounce In an ounce of laud- 
anum to a pint, and afterwards with cold water. If the healing is not 
prompt, a[)ply a blister. In a majority of cases it should yield l)y applv- 
ing the following astringent lotion ; 

No. 185. 00 DropH enrbollc acid, 

>a Oiiiico HiiKiir oflcad, 
2 (^uartH raiiiwiitcT. 

It may he necessary, in fact it will be hotter, to give a purgative, 4 or 
5 drayhms of aloes, to be followed by 20 drops tinctui'o of aeonito, throe 
or four times a day. The animal should have perfect rest and he kept 
on sound hay and bran mashes. 

X. Rotten Bono. 

This is ealled necrosis when it att.'icks th(> shaft or bodv of the horse, 
and carii^s when it is confined to the ends at its joints. 

Causes. — Death and doeay of the bone, from inllaniniatinn. It is lia- 
ble to occur in poU-ovil, founder, from cracked or liroken liones, and 
inflammation of the niemhranos. 

How to know it. — 'i'hcro will he severe niflainmation, followed by one 
or more abscesses, which break and discharge. They do not heal, hut 
form fistulas (pipes). The discharge at first may be thin and without 
smell, hut after a time there is a peculiar and fetid odoi', charaoleristic 
of docayo(l bone. 

What to do. — T''*' proper tiling to do is to cut down at once to tlnr 
di'cayed hone, scrape it clean, remove all loose portions, wash the wound 
with clilorido of zinc lotion, made as follows: 

No. 18(1. 10 (Snilns cliloriih! o( zinc, 

1 Ounce illHtlllod wutur. 

The wound made in cutting is to be treated as is any wound. If the 



376 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

cutting be extensive enough to warrant it close with stitches, cover with 
lint steeped in oil to which a little carbolic acid is added. If healing do 
not progress satisfactorily, that is if the granulations at the edges do not 
contract fast enough, stimulate by washing with tincture of aloes and 
myrrh. So far as this cutting and scarifying is concerned it should be 
done by a surgeon. If this cannot be done, open the fistulas clear to the 
bottom and wash out once a day with the following : 

No. 187. K Ounce sulphate of zinc, 

^ Ounce sulphate of copper, 

1 Ounce solution of sub-acetate of lead, 

6 Ounces pyroligeous aciti, (or better, white wine vinegar). 

To one part of this use ten parts of water, and inject with force from 
a syringe once a day for two weeks if necessary. 

XI. Inflammation of the Knee-joint. 

Inflammation of the knee or other joints may occur in all stages, from 
the most simple form to those most violent, with ulceration, and the 
formation of destructive abscesses. 

Causes. — Jarring on hard roads ; various injuries, such as bruises, 
strains, etc. 

How to know it. — In light cases the horse in starting forward ^vill do 
so from the knee and with pain. There will be excessive flinching if the 
knee is extended by force. The animal stands square on his feet, and 
without inclination to raise the heel. In walking he takes a fair step, but 
carries the knee joint as much M'ithout bending as possible, and in putting 
down his foot exerts the greatest pressure on the heel. 

What to do. — Take off the shoes. Treat the inflammation as directed 
in other cases ; first by hot water embrocations perseveringly applied, 
using laudanum as directed if necessary to relieve pain. There must be 
perfect rest, and if the animal will use the limb put him in slings, and 
apply splints and bandages to the knee. The inflammation having been 
cured, blister the parts, to promote absorption of the fluids. When the 
animal is better let him have the run of a c^uiet pasture until entirely 
sound, or kccj) hinj in the stable with gentle walking exercise every day. 

XII. Caries of the Lower-jaw. 

Causes. — Caries, or ulceration of the lower jaw bone, between the 
tushes and grinders, is caused almost wholly by the barbarous use of bits 
and curb-chains. Injury is also sometimes inflicted upon the bony plate 
of the roof of the mouth by pressure of the curb, when a tight nose 



THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 377 

band keeps the nioutli .shut down. Tlie gums of the lower jaw are very 
often hurt, and not infrecjuentl}' the bone itself is so Itruised as to result 
in this ulceration. Wlieu this is the case, the gum, unless forciljly opened, 
must slough, so that the injured portion of the bone can be cast off. Thus 
a stinking sore is made, and one of long continuance, as the scaling of the 
bone and the escape of the loosened particles is a tedious jirocess. 

How to know it. — Examination of the gums is necessary to disclose the 
troul)Ie when it exists simply as a bruise. The spot will appear of a 
color different from the adjacent parts, and pressure upon it will cause 
the animal to wince with pain. Even if neglected till there is a discharg- 
ing sore, it is not alwa^'s detected at once, as the discharge is, in the 
begiiming, of a watery character, and is lost in the saliva, though con- 
stantly going on. On contact with the bit, however, there is a mixture 
of blood and watery matter, and some of this escapes constantly while 
the horse is in use. This ought to attract the attention of the master, if 
nothing else has, and lead to thorough examination. There will be found, 
in that case, a depression in the gum, and, fixed to the bottom of the 
cavity, a mass of proud flesh. The discharge will be characterized by a 
very offensive stench. 

What to do. — If the bruised place on the gum, accompanied with sens- 
itiveness to pressure, is discovered before there is any break or exudation 
of matter, have a strong, keen knife, and cut to the bone. The incision 
made ought to correspond with the extent of the l)ruised bone. The 
grating of the knife upon this sore portion will cause the horse to strug- 
gle with more or less violence, owing to the exceeding soreness and ten- 
derness of the injured part ; and this may in some sort furnish a guide 
as to the amount of incision necessar3\ If the opening is too small for 
the scaled bone to be easily cast out, it will l)e necessary to employ the 
bone force])s with which to grasp and withdraw it. 

Upon cutting it, a thin, watery fluid will flow out. Care must now be 
taken to see that the incision is not allowed to close over and retain the 
injured bone, as this would ultimately result in a foul and troublesome 
ulcer. 

"When the discharge has somewhat thickened, and is peculiarly of- 
fensive to the smell, showing that the bone is decaying and that nature is 
making an effort to cast off the injured j)ortion. wash it out with the 
syringe, several times a day, with the following solution : 

No. 188. 1 .Scruple chloride of zinc, 

i Drachms essence of anise seed, 
1 Pint water. 



378 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

If treatment is deferred, however, till there is an open, ulcerous gum, 
with the existence of proud flesh, push a stick of lunar caustic deep into 
the unhealthy' granulation in the cavity, so as to destroy it. Then keep 
down the fungous growth by the use of the caustic, day after day, until 
the stinking discharge has ceased. This will not be until the bone has 
ceased to scale away ; and the wound may now be safely left to heal. 

A cure affected, the next thing to do is to select a bit that shall press 
upon another ]mvt of the mouth, or there may be a repetition of the evil. 
The snaffle may be used with comparative safety where the curb has in- 
flicted serious hurt. 



CHAPTER XIV. 



DISEASES OF THE FEET. 



ULCBKATION OP THE FOOT (NAVICULAR DISEASE). II. CRACKED HOOFS. III. HOOP 

RUT. IV. CORNS. V. CO.NTRACTION OV THE HOOF (NARROW HEEL). VI. INJU- 
RIES TO TUB FROG. VII. FOUNDER. VIII. NAIL PRICKING. IX. CANKER .\. 

SAND CRACK. XI. FALSE QUARTER. XII. liUITTOR. XIII. TOK CRACK. XIV. 

PUMICE FOOT. XV. SBEDV TOE. XVI. OSSIFIED CARTILAGES. XVII. SI^E BONES. 

XVIII. INCISED AND PUNCTURED WOUNDS OF THE SOLE. 



I. Ulceration of the Foot— (Navicular Disease). 

Between the coffin hone and lower pastern there is a small hone which 
forms the projection of the heel and rests upon the froo; of the foot. 
This hone is called the shuttle or navicular hone. The inflammation of 
the surface of this hone is called the navicular disease. It may implicate 
the synovial sac, the ligaments and the flexor tendon which plays over it. 
One of the uses of the navicular hone is to give increased strength to the 
connection hetween the coffin hone and the joint ahove. Another use is 
to enable the flexor tendon, which passes over it and is joined to the 
coffin hone, to give increased pliahility, strength and motion to the foot. 
In high l)red horses, and all those used for fast work, this bone is 
peculiarly liable to injur}' and consequently to disease. This disease is 
inflammation and subsequent ulceration of this highly organized bone. 
The difficulty may extend to the interior of the bone, to the tendon which 
passes over its surface and even involve the adjacent parts. 

Causes- — It is thought that a rheumatic constitution predis])oses an 
animal to this disease. Certain it is that highly organized and weak 
limbed animals niost usually suffer from it, probably from the fact that 
they are not able to withstand an injury that a stronger limbed animal 
would do, especially when carrying a bad fitting shoe, or subject to 
violent exertion or over strain of any kind. Other causes than bad shoes 
25 



380 ILLISTIJATKI) STOCK DOCTOR. 

and c'oncu.ssiou of the bone iiuiy exist, injury from nails picked up on tiie 
road, impaired nutrition, hy which tiie l)ones are not sutticiently nourished 
actiiiii' to assist injury to the hone. 

How to know it. — 'lie foot will feel hot, yet particular heat is not 
al\\a\s prcst'ut. 'I'lie toe will i)e pointed, in the stable, eight or ten inches 
before the other, and with the heel slijihtly raised. This peculiarity may 
indeed be noticed often for a long time before any particular lameness is 
noticed. Hy-aiid-l)y the animal will be observed to step short, and on 
the toe, with liability to stumble when Hr.st taken out of the stable. This 
will disappear as the animal gets warm, but will show again when cool. 
The toe of the shoe will i)ecome more woiii than other parts. As the 
disease progresses the iioof will decrease in size, particularly in the 
quarters and heels. Trying the edges of the hoofs will not make the 
animal flinch unless there be corns, but by tapping the sole on each side 
of the body of the frog with a hammer, or upon the walls of the hoof 
about the ipiarters, will give pain. By bending the foot back and pres.s- 
ing with the thumb in the hollow of the heel on either side of the flexor 
tendon, with considerable force, it will cause intense ])ain. These are all 
characteristic tests. There may be sweeny of the shoulder from disease 
of the muscles. This is an effect of the disease and not a disease in 
itself. 

What to do. — If the injury is new, the first thing to be done is to re- 
duce the inflammation. Do this with cold water applications or any of 
the remedies advised for ring-bone, spavin, or other inflammation. Give in 
laxative ilose, 4 drachms of aloes; have the shoes taken off and let the 
horse stand during the day time in pure wet clay up to the top of the 
hoof, and at night poultice the foot. If tliei-e is mucii inflammation, 
bleed in the arteiies above the coronet. The coronet is the lowest part 
of the pastern, where the hair grows around the hoof. Keep the horse 
perfectly iiuiet, and if he has a fast pulse, give an (mnce of salt petre in 
the drinking water night and morning. At the end of two weeks, or 
sooner if the inflammation is gone, blister the coronet all around. Or, 
use the following : 

No. ISS). 1 Oimrc camplior gum, 

1 Ounoe corrosive sublimate, 
1 Pint oil turpentine 

(Jrind the sublimate thoroughly in a mortar, and put into a strong bot- 
tle ; poui' on the tui'pentlnc and shake occasionally. It should be tit for 
use in from '20 to 30 hours. This is to be applied every other day to the 
heel and bottom of the foot, first paring away all scaly, ragged parts. 



THK IIOKSK, ITS DISEASES. 



3«1 



Ileal it ill with a hot iron. This preparation is of jfreat strenjjjth and 
l)()\ver and must be used earefuii\ . 

If preferred, a seton may be put in tiie bottom of tiie foot at tiie froir. 
To do tliis, first [)aro the seale as thin as possiijlc without reachiim- the 
quick ; |)rovid(^ a sliarp, sliort, well-curved needle threaded with tape; 
pierce the sole aliout an inch from the toe, and Ipriiiii' out mi(l\\;n- be- 
tween the two |iarts of the fro^- and the hollow of the Ik'cI : or enter at 
the hollow of the heel and briiii;- out the needle at the body of the frofr. 
The utmost care must be had not lo pierce deep enoujih to injure the 
tendon or bursa which lies close there. 'I'ie the tape, and wet daily with 
No. ISSt. or the followin,i;- : 

No. 1!K). 1 l*;irt po\vilei-f(l pantlinridcs, 

1 I'lirt oil of tui|)(ntiiie, 
8 I'aris (.'aiKulii li:ilsaiii. 

Shake the two first well toiictlier and add the balsam, shakintr occa- 
sionally for 24 hours, and api)ly to the seton tape every day, turninir it 
at the same time. The object in this disease is to i)roduce suppurative 
ruiiniiiir of the parts. This done, the cure is only a <|uestion of time. 

If,_in sjjite of all that has been done for relief, the disease proceeds to 
deofeneration of the bone, resort must be had to t'uttiii": the nerves lead- 
ing to the foot, (Neurotomy) which will l)t' described in tlu^ proper 
chapter. 

II. Cracked Hoofs. 



Causes. — This is not an unusual occurrence in 
horses, and arises, as a rule, from weak and 
brittle hoofs, produced by a ilry state of the 
hoof, whatex'cr inay be the cause, whether fe\er 
or other causes of degeneration. The piolific 
causes are drying of the wall of the hoof, 
uneven bearing of the shoe, calking or other 
wounds or injuries of the coronet. This crack 
may extend down from the coronet according to 
the time it is allowed to run. 

What to do. — If taken early, a bar shoe, closino cuack in hoof. 
having an even bearing all round will generally 

relieve the ilitficuity. In connection with this, appl\- a plaster of ])itch 
over the injury. 

If the crack becoiiies determined, as in the cut gi\eii, it must be kept 




3*^2 ILLUSTKATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

closed togi'thcr by oliiicbiiig a tliiii nail on each side of the gap near the 
bottom and top, or elso with thin wire as shown in the eut. 

Also burn a groove just below the crack about an inch long nearly 
down to the quick. It is also well to slightly blister the coronet at the 
top of crack. An efficient and stimulating liniment will be the oil of 
cantharides, made as follows : 

No. 191. 1 Ounce powdered cantharides, 

8 Ounces olive oil. 

Mi.x in a strong bottle and set it in water kept near the boiling heat for 
three or four hours, and filter through close linen. Apply once a day 
with friction until the part is tender. Let the horse have rest, or turn 
into a pasture until cured. 

III. Hoof Rot. 

This difficulty, sometimes called tender feet, arises from diseases of 
various kinds, spavin, ring bone, chronic founder, navicular disease. 
There is a dry, feverish state of all the parts, and the hoof, and especially 
the sole, becomes decayed and sometimes perishes entirely. 

How to know it. — The bottom of the hoof is dry and chalk-like, so 
that it may easil}' be dug away with the point of a knife, or even easily 
scraped away. The frog of the foot diminishes in size, and the ankle 
joints are apt to swell. The horse steps short and goes lame, if in one 
foot, or if in l)oth. ciipjiles in his gait. The affected foot M'ill be pointed 
forward to enalile the animal to rest on the sound foot, or if both are 
affected, first one and then the other will be placed forward. Sweeny or 
wasting of the muscles of the leg and shoulder result simply from disease 
of the limb. 

What to do. — Remove the shoe, pare away all unsound portions of the 
hoof until all the pumiced parts are got rid of: also the frog and the 
sides of the hoof. Stimulate the bottom of the hoof by washing with No. 
1S9 once a day for three days, heating it in with a lint iron. Then omit 
for two or three days and commence again. During the treatment the 
animal must l)e kept in the stable and the feet should be kept dry. 
When hoof rot is due to other diseases, as ulcei'ation of the navicular 
joints, it will do no good to follow the rule laid down until the cause of 
the difficulty is removed. 

IV. Corns. 

Corns are in very many cases the result of other diseases, tending to 
weakening of the sole rather than the result of a bruise to a sound hoof. 



THE 1K)I!8E, ITS DISEASES. 383 

Thus a horse with corns shniihl ho thtJi-ouLrlily I'xaiiniu'd for iiijurv to the 
bones of the hoof, rotten lioof, etc. 

Causes. — A bruise on the sole below the bars and the wall at llie heel, 
producing a horny tumor or hardening, which presses on the <iuick. 
Sometimes there is indammation, owing to the formation of matter 
which works out either at the top of the hoof or at the toe, from the 
formation of a tistula. Then it is (Juittor. They may be found on 
either side of the heel, but usually on the inner or weaker side. 

How to know it. — There will be flinching when the walls of the hoof 
and sole are seized and strained with the pincers ; thus revealing on 
which side and the locality of the corn, 'i'lie toe will be pointed, when 
at rest, and Avith the heel slightly raised. In motion tiie gait will be 
short and stumbling. If it has proceeded to suppuration, the pain will 
be so extreme that the horse will fear to put the foot to the ground. If 
there is a horny tumor forming, it may be known upon paring the hoof 
by the appearance of a white, spongy, horn}' formation, as in sand crack. 

What to do- — If the corns proceed from other disease, causing con- 
traction and other disabilities of the hoof, remove these causes and the 
corns- will disappear. If the corns proceed from a simple and recent 
bruise, remove the shoe and rasp down the bearing surface of the heels, 
so there may be no pressure. That is, the heels should be rasped lower 
than the other bearing surfaces. If there is inflammation, let the hoofs 
rest in cold water, or keep them moist with a wet cloth and the sole with 
a soft sponge, or the whole hoof n)a\' be enveloped in a large sjionge cut 
to tit. The animal should wear a bar shoe, arranged to avoid pressure 
on the parts affected. When the foot ceases to be tender, keep the hoof 
and sole smeared with the following ointment, to render it soft and pro- 
mote health}' growth : 

No. 192. >i Oiinue tullovv, 

1 Ounce oil of turpentine, 
4 Ounces beeswax. 

Use the horse at light work until entirely recovered. 

If the difficulty be found to be a suppurating corn (one containing 
matter), the hoof must be cut down to let all the matter escape : cut 
away all the horn that has become sei)arated from the (juick, and pare 
away all the horn around the parts tf) a thin eilge. Poultice the part 
with a linseed poultice, renewed until there is no longer tenderness, and 
the surface is smooth and healthy. Then put on a bar shoe with a 
leather sole, and till the sj)ace from behind with tar held in (ilacc; with a 



384 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

stuffing of tow. Give entire rest ;ind no pressure on the iieel until the 
solo of the foot has grown out naturally. 

If the corn has become a tumor it should l)e cut out, and the .same 
treatment pursued as advised for a corn that has formed matter. 

Old corns sometimes result in disorganization of the parts, or death of 
a portion of the heel, disease of the bone of the foot, or ulceration of 
the cartilage. • In this case they must be treated as advised for Quitter or 
for navicular disease. 

v. Contraction of the Hoof, Narrow Heel. 

In a healthy condition the hoof of a horse should be nearly round. 
Whatever shape the hoof may assume, it is not a disease in itself but the 
result of disease or of some disability. It is generally the result of 
fever in the feet from injury to bones, ligaments or frog, or the effect of 
founder, etc. Contraction of the hoof exists in nearly all diseases of 
the feet, and may occur from standing idle in the stable. So it may 
result from undue pai'ing of the heels, the bars on the frog, from a shoe 
remaining on so long that the foot is prevented from taking its natural 
growth . 

What to do. — The only thing is to remove the shoes and round the 
edges of the hoofs to prevent their being bi'oken or split, and keep the 
affected hoofs standing every day from early in the morning until late at 
night in puddled clay reaching well up tlie hoofs. Continue this for two, 
three, or four weeks as the case may be. Then use prescription No. 
192 as a hoof ointment until the hoof is brought back to its natural 
shape as near as may be. In shoeing let the shoe be without bevel on its 
upper side, and let the bearing l)e equal on all parts of the wall of the 
hoof. 

VI. Injuries of the Frog. 

The frog of the horse's foot is especially liable to injury from being 
bruised ujjon projecting stones, pierced by nails and splinters. It is also 
liable to iuflannnation of the secreting membrane, resulting in the forma- 
tion of matter, and to canker. 

What to do. — In all bruises with soreness pare away the frog carefully 
until the difficulty is found. If bruised, treat it by using the liniment 
No. 189. If pierced with some sharp substance extract it and inject 
tincture of aloes and myrrh. If the difficulty be thrush, caused by expo- 
sui'e to wet and filth, bruise of the frog, hard substance lodged in the 
cleft, or other cause, there will be soreness of the skin behind the cleft 



THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 



385 



of the frog, and a bad snu'lling discharge from the cleft witli more or 
less lameuess. 

Wash the affected parts thoroughly. Cut away all ragged surfaces 
and press into the cleft or wound dry calomel, or finely i)owdered sul- 
phate of copi)er. 

VII. Founder. 

Founder, or inflammation of the feet, called by veterinarians laininitis, 
consists in fever, inflammation of the sensitive parts of the foot, including 
the laminae, and of the foot bone, but is most severe in the forward por- 
tion, where greatest strain occurs when standing. Acute inflammation of 
the foot, or founder, differs but little in its physical manifestations from 
other inflammatory symptoms, except that it seems more complete and 
permanent. Acute founder is generally produced by overwork or over- 
heating and exhaustion and sudden cooling, while the sub-acute form 
may be the result of diseases of the respiratory organs, suddenly leaving 
those i)arts and manifesting itself in the extremities. 

Causes. — The disease may be brought about directly from hard work 
on dry, solid roads, and consequent strain on the laminse (scale of the 
bones), from over-feeding or drinking cold water when warm, esi)ecially 
when the predisposing cause already exists. >So it may be brought about 
by other diseases, as inflammation of the lungs. Heavy, fat horses are 
esi)ecially predisposed to founder, and so are those with small and de- 
formed or lar<re, flat feet. 




IV THE KKET. 



How to know it. — There will ])e general fever and stiffness, and sore- 
ness : there may or may not be shivering. Soon extreme tenderness of 
the feet follows, generally most severe in tiie fdi-ward ])art, but soon in 
the heel; the pulse is strong, full and ra))id : tiic breathing ([uiekened. 



381) ILLUSriJATED STOCK UOC'TOK. 

with dilated nostrils ; the intensity of the pain will often cause the animal 
to groan and to break out into a sweat. If pushed backward the horse 
will elevate the toes and throw his weight on tlu' heels by a peculiar 
motion. The hoof and fx'og will be hot and very sensitive to pressure, 
and the arteries of the pasterns will beat with violence. 

When the intlannnation is in the hind feet, the fore feet are carried as 
far under the body as possible to support the weight, while the hind feet 
are thrown forward to bring the weight ui)on the heels. In either case, 
the animal will often lie stretched out for hours to relieve the intense 
pain of the feet. 

Founder has sometimes been mistaken for a disease called myositis, an 
inflammation of the imcscfes of the limbs, especially of the hind quarters 
and louis. They should never be so mistaken, as an observation of the 
several symptoms Avill show. 

Foi'NDEK. — First one foot and then the other is lifted from the ground. 

Lving down lessens the pain and the fever of the feet. 

The difficulty usually occurs in the fore feet. 

Myositis. — Both feet are kept on the gri>und with refusal to move 
either. 

The animal will not lie down, and if thrown down the pain is increased. 

Generally in the hind quarters. 

In many cases the symptoms are not so aggravattnl as we have sliown, 
but the symptoms, whether one or more of the feet arc affected, are the 
same, and often, especially when repeated attacks have been suffered, 
leave the animal with seedy toe, pumiced feet, corrugated and other- 
wise distorted hoofs, and always more or less liable to recurrence of stiff 
spells during life. 

What to do. — lu light cases, when discovered early, clothe the animal 
warndy, give twenty drops of tincture of aconite every two hours, pre- 
cedeil by a gentle laxative, say 

No. 193. 2 to o Dracliins powdered aloes, 

1 Ounce bicarbonate of soda. 

Mix in a pint of water and give as a drench. If there is severe pain 
give ounce doses of laudanum every hour until an effect is produced. 

As im apiilication to the feet keep them in large warm poultices of 
linseed meal and water, or let the feet he placed in water kept as hot as 
the animal can bear. Put him in slings by all means, if they can be pro- 
cured. Have the shoes carefully taken off as soon as the sedatives given 
will allow him to bear the pain. As early as possible the animal should 
be bled in the veins above the coronets of the affected feet. The bleed-' 
ing will be assisted by the feet being placed in hot water, and for this 
reason, if for no other, the slings should be used as quickly as possible. 



THK HOUSE, ITS DISEASKS. 387 

If there is much thirst make the drink slightly sour with cre:iiii of 
tartar. If at the end of two days the fever and t'enderness does not get 
Ix'ttcr piiic down the soles and open them at the toe to let out any watery 
mallear that may exist, for fear the horn may separate from the (juick, 
keeping on the poultices afterwards as before. When the intlanimation 
suliside.< blister the pasterns and apply the corrcjsive liniment No. bsD to 
the soles of the feet, and k<'ep the horse staMdiiig on soft clay, or if in 
Summer time turn him into a moist, soft pasture. 

As a rule, neither bleeding from the neck or active purging should 
be allowed in founder. There are, however, cases occasionally in simi)le 
founder, from overfeeding when tired, or giving cold water when warm, 
when a gallon of blood taken from the neck and an active purge of a 
(|uart of linseed oil lias acted like a charm, the patient recovering almost 
immediately. In this the operator must be guided by circumstances. If 
the horse is fat and full of blood it will tend to reduce the inflammation 
by drawing the blood to another part of the system. If so the blood 
should be allowed to tlow in a full stream. 

VIII. Nail Pricking. 

The'prick of a nail in shoeing, or from having a nail enter the foot in 
traveling often leads to the most serious consequences if allowed to jiro- 
cced, such as ulceration, ending in quittor and other disal)ilities. An 
animal being lame without swelling, inflammation or other indication of 
strain or bruise, the feet should be carefully e.\amiiied, and the nail or 
other substance be cut out, at whatever pains it may take. Then dress 
the parts with hot pitch, cover with tow and give the animal rest for a 
few days. 

IX Canker. 

This is one of the diseases that may arise from the prick of a nail or 
bruise. Again it ma}'^ occur without apparent cause. 

How to know it. — It is a disease most prevalent in heavy, coarse-boned 
horses. The frog will become large, spongy, and covered with a fun- 
gous gro\\ih of a cheesy texture, and throwing out an abundant colorless, 
bad smelling fluid. If cut away it will again quickly spring into growth. 
The disc'harge is more offensive than in thrush, and the disease more ob- 
stinate, often resisting treatment for a long time. 

What to do. — The horse must be kept in a clean, dry, well-ventilated 
stable. All diseased ])ortions of the hoof must be carefully pared off so 
far as the knife may be at)le. The cure consists iu destroying the fun- 



388 ILLl STKATEl) STOCK DOCTOR. 

gold granulations. Thus in cutting do not be alarmed at the sight of 
blood from the canker. Over the well portion of the hoof spread the 
following : 

No. 194. 4 G rains chloride of zinc, 

1 Ounce flour. 
Mix, aiul apply dry. 

Cover the diseased parts with the following : • 

No. 195. K Ounce chloride of zinc, 

4 Ounces flour. 

Tack on the shoe lightly, pad the parts within the shoe well, and secure 
good pressure by cross pieces driven tirmly within the shoe. The second 
day after remove the shoe and padding, cut away everything that appears 
to be in a sloughing condition ; repeat the dressing every two days until 
the parts are sound. As soundness begins to appear in portions of the 
surface, dress these with the following ; that is, when fungoid granula- 
tions have ceased to sprout : 

No. 196. 2 Grains chloride ol zinc, 

1 Ounce flour. 

As the canker improves, the dressings may be extended to the third or 
fourth day, and during the whole time of treatment the horse should be 
liberally fed, and be exercised gently for four hours every day. 

X. Sand Crack. 

These are of two kinds, quarter crack, occurring in the inner quarter 
of the fore foot, and toe crack, occurring in the toe of the hind foot, 
both being cracks and fissures in the walls of the hoofs, beginning at the 
coronet and extending downwards. 

Causes. — Defective quality of the hoof, causing brittleness ; bad shoe- 
ing, or splitting of the hoofs from hard driving on solid roads. 

How to know it. — When the horse leans his weight on the hoof, the 
crack will open ; when the foot is lifted the crack will close. Sand and 
dirt work into the parts, causing excessive pain and lameness, often fever 
and the formation of matter. 

What to do. — 111 recent cases, before there is much inflammation, all 
thai will l)e necessary to do will be to remove the shoe, cleanse the crack 
thoroughly, cutting into it if there is dirt or sand lodged inside, diTiwing 
the hoof together closely again, by the means of two thin clinch hor«e 
shoe nails, one at top and one at the bottom, and filling, with the follow- 
ing composition • 



THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 389 

No. 197. >i Ounce tallow, 

1 (Jiinte oil of turpentine, 

2 Ounces resin, 

4 Ounces beeswax. 

Melt together, and fill the ciack with it quite warm, and let it eool. 
The foot .siiould he protected .so no dirt can enter, and the hoi'se turned 
to i)asture until a new hoof is grown, placing a har shoe on the in- 
jured hoof. 

If the crack is an older one, and there is inflammation, the edges must 
he pared and the fissure sufficiently laid bare so it may be thoroughly 
cleansed of all grit and dirt. The crack must then be thoroughly 
fomented to reduce the inflammation, and poulticed until it assumes a 
iiealthy appearance. The parts must then be brought firnd}' together by 
means of clinch nails ; covered with ointment, No. 197 ; a bar shoe i)ut 
on, and a new hoof allowed to grow. 

XI. False Quarter. 

This difficulty differs material)}' from sand crack, inasmuch as it is a 
deficiency in the gi-owth of the horn t>f the hoof extending from the cor- 
onet to- the sole. It is a gap in the wall of the hoof rather than a crack. 

Causes. — It is produced from a deficient secretion of the horn making 
power, owing to i)revious quittor, frostbite or other injury to the coronet. 

What to do. — The principal means to be used is careful shoeing with 
a bar shoe. If the injury has been recent, stimulate the coronet with a 
mild lilister, or if there is a wound, cut the edges M'ith a knife and dress 
with weak carbolic acid water, to induce a healthy growth of horn. In 
old cases, all that can be done is to fill the fissure with gutta percha, and 
protect the weak hoof with a bar shoe;. 

XII. Quittor. 

Causes. — This fistulous condition of the fibrous cartilage of the foot — 
inflamed, suppurating, penetrated by canals in various directions, with 
openings upon the quarters and heels of the coronet — is caused by pricks 
in shoeing, by threads, by suppurating corns or bruises, by neglected 
bad tread or over-reach, by neglected thrush, by irritation from sand- 
crack and false-quarters, by bruised sole that sometimes takes place when 
flat-footed horses are ridden over stony ground ; in short, bv any injury 
which leads to inflammation of the cartilage of the hoof and the forma- 
tion of pus inside. "When the sensitive portion of the foot is pierced b^' 
a nail, or when inflammation has followed a bruise, suppuration speedily 



:','.)() ILMISTUATM) .STOCK DOCTOI;. 

('(illows, ;iii(l (lie acciiinuliitiiij; iiuittor ])rnH80s in (^vcM-y direction, and, 
limliii;;- III) ic'kIv DiilicI, tiio lillli? Ilcsliy pialcs of Uk! coHiii 1)0110 are 
forrcd Tnnii llm lioriiy oiuis of (lie ciiisl, or il- may Imrrow hctwccu the 
lioniv and ll(^sliy sole, and far lowaidM the \c\y ccaiUal iioitioii of the 
fool. l'i|ii's and .sinuses arc I hen made in every direction ; hut the outlet 
is jicncrally l)y abscess of tlie coronet, or 1 hat porlion of the liairy skin 
I'unninj;- immediately down uiioii the hoof. 

How to know it. — A recent wound or ordinary ahsce.ss of the coronet 

may he niisl.ikeii hy (he incxperit^ncc^d for <|tiittor, esiieitially if any hune- 
iiess ••illcnds it ; hut a lidh^ examination will readilydisclo.se the true 
nature of the case. l<'rom a simph^ wound, tiiere is not apt to i)e a fetid 
di.schar<i;(M)r so unw holesome a eiiaracter as tii.it which oozes from tiie 
sinusi^s of (lie (|uillor, and lin^ pails must he more or l(^ss Hwolleii, and 
vieldinji to pressure, wiiereas, in (|uill(u-, tiie siirroniidinj^ tis.suo is hard, 
tiioui;ii it has taken on a |)eeuliarly unhealthy action, and ])rohiii<^ with 
(he ilivxihle prohe, or /xnn/it', will discover liie presence of a sinus or of 
Hiiiusi\s, of more or less depth. There is almost alwaj's lanieneHs, which 
is .someliiiies excessive, and of a haltinjj; character: the (loronet \h some- 
what swelled into a ridp' around the top of the hoof, and about the 
center of wlii<h oik^ or more small oritices are found, tiiat dischar<i(! in 
small (piantities an offcaisivo mattcu- — sometimes rallua- thin and watery, 
a-^ain, thick and havinjj; a (airdied appearance. The pi'obe, a.s wc liave 
said, will disclose sinuses, and these <i-eiierally tend downward into the 
foot. Th(i ipiantitv of matter dischar<i(Hl is often very small at (irst, so 
much so as to be ou( of all proportion to tli(^ very serious natures of the 
troui)le, and Ihedillieiilly M(lcndin<;' a cure. i<jvcn wdieii (lieopeiiiii<f or 
openings will scarcely adnii( (he small />o/((//V', (jiere may l)e much m.-itter, 
,'iiii| (his mav have pcne(ra(ed under (he car(ilai;('s .mikI lipimenls, :iiid to 
(he eollin-joiiit hself. AVhcre\cr i( has lione, i( has formed (isdilous 
pipes, or ulceradoiis (hat are didieull (o heal. There is usnalh' increased 
heat, us well as niiich (endcu'iiess of (lie foo( . 

What to do. — 'I'he lirst, stx^j) is to discover, if ])ossible, (he cause ; and if 
(his is still op(M'a(int>', (o make every effor( in your power (o remove it. 
Sometimes (here is such swellini;: around (he hoof, and such excessive 
(endcrncss, (lia( (he animal camiol bear (o have (he foo( handled except 
ill (he iicndesl manner. in (his case, .apph' ;i ydod sof(eniiii;' and eoolillf; 
p(nil(ice, ;iiid keep him as s(ill as possiiiie — rcnewiiii;- (he poultice as 
often .'is il beiiins (o i;ro\v dry and lio( — nn(il (he indamin.'it ion is somo- 
diin^' reduced, and (he exlrtaiie tenderness o\'ercoine. 'I'hen, remove the 
shoe aii<l wididraw every nail if it can he done, if (lie (rouble li;is been 
caused b\' a nail, and the nail can be removed, (here is alreadv soniethiiii' 



THE IIOIiSK,, rrs DISKASES. 391 

of 11 dcpondont oponin<^ iiiado l)y "lii<li llir :urcurnuliitod pus may escape, 
and this opcninji' niiiv 1"' cnlarircd liy lardici' paring away the hoof, so as 
to rcacii Ihc softer part, tlial can he more readily cut with a keen knife. 

A sniaii probe, oi- linuiilc, siioiild he inserte(l from ahovc, and worked 
to tlic lowest (leplli ()(■ tlie sinus. If tills extends I'.ir towards the l)ase of 
(he foot, tiie prime ol)jeel siiould 1)C to get an opening from below to 
meet it, no matter what may have boon the oauso — whether a priek, a 
l)ruise, or irritation caused by other foot diseases. This d(^|)cndent op<ui- 
ing e.stablisiuHl and kept open, the pus will in tinl(^ be evacuated, and the 
fool will return to its healthy state, unless the joints have been attacked, 
in which case a cure is scarcely to bi- hoped for. 

If tlu! disease is of long standing, tluj internal surface of the sinus or 
sinuses has become more or less callous, and a stimulating lotion must be 
injected witii a syringe every day, composed of one drachm dijoride of 
y.inc to one pint of water — increasing th(^ chloride gnidually tu two 
draeiims. 

'liiis treatment will suflice. The main (rouble, however, is to make the 
dependent outlet. In case this cannot be done, owing to the sllallowu(^ss 
of the siimscs from above, reduce the inllammation b^' jjoulticing, as pre- 
viously directed, Mn<l tiicn inject this somewhat caustic solution into each 
channel or [lipe : 

No. 1!)8. fi (iriihiH liiililoridi,' of mercury, 

1 Oiiricd HpiritH ol wine, 
2(1 Drops iiiuriulic; urid. 

Do this three times (he iii'st (la}', twice th(! second dav, and once a day 
subse(|nen(ly. A\'iien (he dis<'hargc has ceased, stop the injection, and 
simply kec)) clean by llie use of warm soap suds, used as often as 
ncccss.ai'y. 

If it is found impracticable to inject this solution into liie openini^s, 
adopt tills instead: Inseit, by m<'aiis of a wet jniibe, a mixtui-e of 
corrosive sublimate and Hour ( liiree parts of tlonr to one of cori'osive 
sut)lin;atc ). I'erse\cre until you know that (!very Jiart of the sinuses has 
felt the (••■Mistic. In two oi- three days thereafter they will begin to dis- 
charge awhile, curd-like mailer. ll nia\- be necessar\'lo repeat this, 
but if thoroughly done, and there is no allVction of the joints, a cure mav 
be oxi)octed. 

Sometimes the Iroubh' I'ises from a grind having insimiatcd itself 
between llie shoe and the sole, and creating .-i bruise oi- I'orn. This nia\- 
lie asecrlaine(l by removing the shoe and seeking foi' ;i s|)ot unnatural in 
appcai-ancc, hot, and tender on the sole. If found, it ought to lie parc<l 
down so as to reach the more s((nsitive part of the foot, and, if ])ossii)le, 
to discover and liberate mutter. 



■ illL' II,l,llSI'l!A'l'l';i) STOCK IXX'IOlt. 

In iiimI^'hi^ I'NMiiiiiiiilioiis iiicliiiiiii:irv In I r<':i( iiu'iit , tlic ^rcnlest ciiro 
slmiild ;il\\:i\s In' I'vi-iciscd, us llic I ri'iidni'iil , lo In- sinccsst'iil, must l>o 
.s|ii'ci.ill\ :i(la|i(c(l In llic I'xijicncics ol' (lie cMsf. It soinclinu's liappons 
Ihiil llu' liixililc is ciilicMl, ami lliai (Mil v an cxitcrii'iu'od pi'ilctilioiicr oiiglit 
Id lie iiilriislcd willi il. \\ Inn llic |ir.ili(" iiidicatos Ihal tlio diroclion of 
llu> sinuses is liacUw aiil, I lie chanrrs arc in I'avoi' ul' rccnvcrv ; l>ul if it. 
shows till' direction in he I'mwai-d, llic iniiioilani and e(>m|ilicalcd parts 
id' Ihc fool arc in danm'i', and the lesnil of c\cn the Itcsl li-calnient is 
doidill'id. 

In anv <'\enl, a conipleic cure reipiircs nuieli lime, and a more llian 
ordinar\ i'\<'rcisc ol' patience and care. 

If the palieni, in mo\ ini;; aliout, sli'ikcs llu> swollen parts alio\c tlio 
t'ore-l'ool with the toe of the hind-foot, or if he hnrls il in l\iMii' (h)\vn, 
some steps oui;hl lo he laUen lo oh\iale these additional causes of irrita- 
tion and pain. 

If llic n'cnt'l'al health of Ihc iinimal is serupnoush' attended to, it will 
malcrialU assist in Ihc manancnicnl of the local discu'der. 

XIII. Too Cniek. 

A hoof with ci'Mck in (lie toe should he treated |)recis(>lv as tlu>ii<;li tho 
dillicnltv occurri'd in another portion of the wall of the hoof. 'I'hi' ililK- 
cnll\ in all cracks of the hotd", is Ihc dillicnltv in healinii', for tho reason 
that when the animal steps, cspeciallv on inicvcn ground, tlu> walls nro 
strained apart. In sand-i'iacUs, the primipal can' nnrsi he to extirpate 
the grit and ilirt, whalcMi' tlu' amount of jiaiinii- and enltiiiii' il "'in' lake. 
If n'ranulations appeal', thev must he cut out. Then wash witha solution 
of chloridi" id" /.inc, made as follows; 

N.>. Iim. I (iiiiiii chliirldc .if /.inc. 

1 OiMu'i' ol walov. 

Whatever the (pianlity made, let it lu- ii\ this proportion. Cloanso tho 
whole interior id" the crack fnllv. In euttinu: away tlu> hoof, it sliouUl 
present an oval shape when tinished, the points at (op and hottoni. 

Ilaviuii' cleansed the inner portions, if the crack does not extend eoni- 
ple(ely from tlu> coronet to the toe. with a liiinj;- iron, just hot onoujrii (o 
cause the horn to smoke, the iron not ,il a red, hut at a hlaek lioat, soften 
the crust and contiinie the en(tinj>- until tho diseased portion is all ox- 
pi>sed. If iiranulations (proud llesh ) show, cut it out anti h>| tho parts 
hieed. Then continue the application of llu> chlorid<> id" /inc lotion (hroo 
times a day until a healthy reaction is produced. The «iack may then 
he stopped with pilch or tar and tow, or iiutta perch.i ; a har shoe put 



'IIIIO lloltSK, lis DISKAHES. .'J'.t.'J 

Oil with two clips ill front to hold tlif parts to^ctlicr, iiiid the aiiinial kept 
ill II clean, so ft pasture until a new lioof is ;4'i'owii. An examination of t ill^ 
parts beiiiji iiiade Iroiii time to time to sec liial no ;;ril or |'()rci;.rii siih- 
slance lias cnlcri'd to increase tiie diHicnl(\. 

Saii(l-<Taci\>, c|iiai'lcr-crMc!v.s, ainl raUc-i|iiMitci-s, will rci|iiii-c lime Id 
I'li.'^iire lull iiH'overv, and the lime so consumed shonlil mil be ^riul^^cd. 

XIV. Pumico Foot. 

I'limice foot, the cITcct of clironic iaminilis, is an excessiv(^ growth 
(>{ soft, spoiijiy liorn in place id' the iieallliy inxd', foriniii<;' rin;is runiiin;^ 
to;;etlier at the toe, cansin;;; a l)iil;:inj; at liial point and a de])ressioii 
alicivc. 'I'his liidw I h in front of lin' lamina' of (he toe separates tlio 
cnllin lionc IVom llie wall nf Ihc hoof, and allows the lumc to press upon 
I he sole and e\ en lo pierce lhroii;;h il . 'I'lnis I he sole hccomcs convex 
in.slcad (d' concave, Ihc animal lici'omin;^- j;ro;^|;v, anil in lime ipiile ci'ip- 
pled. This slalc is almost entirely eonlined to animals with Hal feel and 
weak lindis, weak and liriltle crusts lo llie feet, with lar^^c and promincnl 

What to do. — In had eases t hero eiin 1)0 no eiire. Much may he tlone 
to allc\ialc dislress, and eiiahle the hors«! to do slow work, esjieeially on 
Ihc farm. I'nl on a thick, liroad wclilied luir shoo, ii disiied sho(^ liaviiij,'' 
the well hollowed oiil , or licvclcd lowaril the inner side on the upper sur- 
face and I liinncd down from I he toe lo the heel. II is heller Ihal Ihc 
shoe lie also assisted willi a liearin;^' of leather nc\l the sole. 

The hoof should he sincaicil i|ail\ wilh eipial parts of glycerine and 
lar. If healed in sli^^hlly so miK'li the heller. 'i'hc sole should also 
liaxc Ihc s.amc application. .\pplya mild Mister lo Ihc coronet from 
lime lolinic III si imiilMlc action, and t urn the horsi^ into a sofl.damp 
paslnre. Thus in lime a fairly snioolli hoof may be i;;rown, l)ul il can 
never lie cxpeclcd to he enlirely sound. 

XV. Scody Too. 

The wall of Ihc fool is composed of two layers, (he oilier one darker, 
harder and thinner Ih.-in Ihc inside one; the inner layer thicker, softer 
and liijhtcr in color than the oulci\ The outside layer is si'creted \>y the 
■•oronct , t he inner one from Ihc sensitive Lamina'. In licallh these .'iie 
intiinalcly united, formiii^i- Ihc thick, tou;:h, elastic hoof, ca|>alile <d' 
hearing;- Ihc shocks of the liod\ in traveling. 

Causes. — If fiom anv cause, inherent weakness, undue shocks, disin- 
i«'^ral;ni|- the 1,'imina', or other cause, the separation hcfj-ins at the toe, 
just as in the human nail the separation lii';iins at the margin — it prodii- 
I'cs seedy toe. 



3!t4 ILI.I'.STRATEI) f^TOC'K DOCTOU. 

How to know it. — If :i seedy toe be struck with a hammer it will give 
:i lioUiiw .-omul, sliowiiii;- tiiat it is disunited. Remove tiie shoe and a 
s<'|);ii:ili()ii will l)e found hetween the two coats of the hoof. 

What to do. — Find the e.xteut of the separation with a thin probe. Cut 
awMV such portions of the crust as nuiy lie disunited, and to wiiere there 
is firm adhesion of the parts. If there is a powdery substance clean it 
out. Keep tiie cavity tilled with warm tar, properly held in place, aivi, 
shoe so. as to </\\v a uniform bearing, and support the weak i)art with a 
clip if necessary. This dressing must be repeated from time to time as 
required, until the cavity is entirel}^ tilled Avith a new and healthy growth. 

XVI. Ossified Cartilages. 

Ossification of the cartilages is sometimes called false ring-bone. It is 
a disease to which many horses are sometimes subject, and often exists 
in connection with ring-bone and side-bones. 

Causes. — Jarring, by hard driving over rough roads, or pounding on 
hard pavements, or any of the causes producing ring-bone or intlammation 
of the parts. 

How to know it. — When the difficulty is new, there may be fever in the 

parts. Later there will be more or less enlargement of the back of the 
coronet and the heel, the parts feeling hard, irregular or lumpy. The 
horse is not always lame, but if driven over hard roads, the horse will 
sh(>\v soreness and travel short after cooling off. 

What to do. — In old standing cases, but little can be done ; rubbing 
the parts with olcate of nuTcury will reduce so much as is not already 
bony substance. In connection with this put in a .seton under the af- 
fected part. In more recent cases, if there is heat, bleeding from the 
foot will give relief. Then apply cloths dipped in cold water to every 
<|iiart of w hich has been added a half pint of tincture of arnica. The in- 
llanmialion being retluced, apply re])eated dressings of biniodide of 
nieicury. This will promot(' absorption, but a complete cure ma}' not 
be expected. 

XVn. Side Bones. 

Side-bones are ossifications from the heels of the coffin-bone into the 
lateral cartilages. In heavy horses, side-l)ones may occur in comiection 
with ring-bones. In fact, ring-bone has its seat in the o.s sufi'raffinis, and 
side-l)one in the jiarls al)out : the first being in the pastern; the latter 
lower, or about the cotfin-bone. 



TIIK IIOlt.SE, ITS DISEASES. 395 

How to know it. — Tin; ciihn-srciiiciit is just above the coronet and iin- 
nicdialclv below, w lion ring-bone exists. Side-bone may be found at the 
back and lateral parts of tiie coronet. There will be more or less sore- 
ness and lameness, i)ut after ossification bony formation of the parts has 
been completed, the joint is either stiff or nearly so. 

What to do. — The treatment siiould be precisely identical with that 
prescril)ed for ring-bone. 

XVni. Incised and Punctured Wounds of the Sole. 

Incised wounds are tiiose made with a sharp instrument ; punctured 
ones are those made with a blunt one, as a nail. If tiie cut be a clean 
one, all that will be necessary to do will be to pare away the sides to l)e 
sure that no foreign substance is lodged there ; wash out with tincture of 
aloes and myri-h, and keep the wound closed with tar and tow, and give 
rest until heajecl. 

If the difficulty be from a nail, (^aro nnist be taken that it is all ex- 
tracted. This must be done at whatever cost of cutting. Then dress as 
prescribed for the incised wound. In old cases, where suppuration has 
taken jjlace, the matter must be let out by enlarging the orifice. Then 
the same ineiuis for cure may be adopted as in quit tor or other matu- 
rated sores. 

26 



rHAl'TKH XV. 



WOUNDS AND INJURIES AND THEIR RESULTS. 



NTIIAINS AN1> Sl'ltAINS. 11. OVUK-HICACII. Ml. llUliSHINd, OH Sl'lCKPY OUT. IV. 

IIIIOKHN K.NUKS. V. i:A1'1'KI> ICI.IIOW. VI. KKdSr HITK. VII, IIIIIINS AND .SCALDS. 

VIH. Klil'I'lIUK. IX. ClIOKINli. X. WOV'NDS riONIfTUATINO 'lllIC AllDOMINAI. 

OAVITY. XI. CONTUSKI) WOUNDS. XII. l.ACRHATKI) WOUNDS. --XIII. I'lTNOTURKl) 

WOUNDS. XIV. llltOKKN HOCK. XV. DiaLOCATION.S. XVI. \ AUlol'S I'HACTUKES. 

XVII. VAUIOUS WSTOKTIONS. XVIII. DISBA8K8 <^l'' TlIK KAlt. 



I. Strains and Sprains. 



In tlir limiiMli siilijcrl, ;i sli'niii is >ini|>l\ :i wrriicli, li\' \\lii<'h ;l lilxM', a 
lijiMiiH'iil (ir Iciuloii i> strclclicd hcvond ils |)r()|>cr i-ap.-icil v, and follow cd 
l)\' pain, laiiu'ii("~s, aiid inllaniiiialioii of llic paiis. 

.V sprain is an ini'onipli'tf inxalion ( disiocalion ) in coinicclion witii 
slrctfliiiiL;', with nioi'c or less laccralion of tlic lipinuaits ol' a joini, and 
(•M'ii I'lipliirc (d' llic li'iidon. In vclcrinarA practice llic word slraiii is 
used. it is far more dillicnll lo handle than in niiMi, and for the reason 
llial it is often dilllcnlt to pre\cnt an animal from iisin<;' tlic parts. 

lu'placement o( the pai'ts as near .-is mav lie, and rest . are t he surest 
means (d' cnic. Therefcn'c in cvcrx (■■•isc the iiitellii;<'nt horsem.-in will 
nsc the ln'st means to cnsuri'this; <'onsei|iientlv it will he simpiv neces- 
sary to Lay down certain rules (d' i:'nidance to he followed. 

■S/niiii III' ii joint . — In a joint that is easily Hexed, ( mo\'cd fiack and 
forth) the parts shonid he held tirml\ 1>\ means cd' a starch liandaL;v, if 
there has hccii suHiciciil strctcliini;' to |iioilnce loss of c(mtimiity. 

I liiir hi iiiiihr II shirrli IxDithnfi'. — l'ro\ ide .a lonj:' strip (d' stroni:' nn- 
Mciched MUisliii, anil of a width proportioned to the part injured. Soak 
this in slrouii' starch, and hind (MI while wet, niakinu' a half turn id' the 
cloth in passiui;' ahout the liinli, so it will form a tiij'urc eii;lit. .Mlow 



■III!': ii()i;si.;, ns diskasks. ;{'.)7 

til is lo dry w it lioiit iii(>\ ciiicnt ;iiiil il will liolil I he parts liriii. If (lie si rain 
(.(■(■HIS ill llic rcllock, hdck, (.1- knee, tliis will l.c iiidicalcd. I>"(ira lii;li|ci- 
strain, a siiii|ilc cdld walcf l>aiidaj;f will siilllcc. 

In all strains, rest must lie uivcn, the did sli.mld lie liiilit Imt wliolc- 
sonic, and it' I he IkiwcIs hcconic cosliNc, t licv niiisl lie st i inn la led to action 
li\ allcralixc iiicdiciiics. Strains <>( the lii^anicnts or iiiiiscjcs iiiiisl, lie 
met witli cold water liandaii'cs. In all strains, however, di'iiciidciicc in 
llic early stai;c iiiiisl lie iiiioii ariiicii, ('(|iiiil parts of the tincture and rain 
water. Ilatlic the parts t horoiiylily and carefully I wo or three limes a 
(lay, and then apply the cold watci' liandai;!', keepin;:' il wet. 

If the strain is in Ihe shoulder uy loin, lay a wcl lilaiiket oxer the part 
affected, and eo\cr with a dry one, chaiiLjiiiL; as (d'teii as nia\ lie neces- 
sary. SpoiiLictlic affected parts with the diluted tinclnre of arnica, as 
liefoi'e rccoinniciidcd. 

This, with rest, a li^ht diet, kecpinv; the liowels rcjjjular, and an ounce 
of cream of l.irtar to the linckel nl' w .-iler, ou^'liL to suhdue an\' ciiralilc 
case of strain. 

II. Over-reach. 

Causes- — -^ tired horse, especially \\lieii lioinii' at a fast pace, somet iines 

f:iils lo lift ihe fol-c feet (plick e l-ll. The rcstlll is the inner part of 

liie hind fool strikes Ihe onler side of I he coronet of t he fore foot , or 
liiyhcr, often prodiicini;' a se\ci-el_\' lacerated or conlnsed wniind. 

What to do. — 11 iilv remedy is to clip the lorn portions .'iw.'iy, and 

keep the parts washed wit h chloride of zinc, (No. I'.l.'i), tirst cleansim;' t he 
parts with w.-ilcrif al all dirty. The hcalinij- must lake pl:ice t hroULih 
tim slouji'liini;- of the torn paits, and liy tirannlal ion. il' sli;;ht, linctiire 
of arnica will he sutlieient as a lotion. Treads from c-ilkiiiL;; ina\' i-cceivc 
the same ji'ciieral Ircatmeiil. 

III. Brushing, or Speciiy Cut. 

This is a hrnise, ahrasion of the skin, or contused wound, produced 1)\' 
the shoe of one foot striking' the opposite fetlock ankle, or even the knee. 
It is more owin^i' to weakness than otiier causes, thoiiah a horse striking;- 
once is more liaiile to the same iiijiir\' thereafter. It is re;illy the fool 
that is resting- on the ground that (•.■iiises the hurt, from its licint; put 
(low n onl n\' I he proper line. 

What to do. — l''<n' horse> of slow oi- moderate dri\iiiii, ihe diliicnlty is 
conlined lo strikiiii:' the ankle and hclow . The usual reined\' is to cause 
the horse to set his fool in proper line liy raisiiii;- that side of liie shoe, 
thus throwing' the inside of tin; anklo slightly up. Any conimoii seiiso 



3!>.S ii.i.r.siitAri'.i) si-ock dik tou. 

I)l:icksmi| li sIkhiIiI kimw Imw In do it. l'\)i- l'a>l liorsi's, (lie litnlis imist 
Itc fiirllicr |)r()l('i'l»'(l l>v iiirMiis nt' pails ami otlirr a|i|>liaii('fs In lie I'diiikI 
at all saililicry ostiihlishiiiciits. 

IV. Broken Knooa. 

'I'liis is !i ^'11111111(111 (lisal)ilitv ol" ^diiiiMiiiu' luirsi's, .and of saddh' liorscs 
kept- for ridiiii:. leaping, <ii- liimliin.;'. .V Ikmm' willi the scars of lirokcii 
Ull(»(>s siioldd lU'Vff lie used as a saddle liiir.--r, unless i| eaii lie eleui'ly 
shown llial llii^ liilfl was ilniie aeeideiil ally ill leapiiiLi' iipnii a I'diil laiidinir 
plaee. 

What to do. — 'I'lic lirst thiiiii- lo do is to liiid llii' extent (d' the injury. 
It may he that it is only a slight Inaiise with or without ahrasion of tlio 
skin. In this ease, nsiiiii- the linelure o{ ariiiea two or three times a day, 
and il eold water liandau'e, if there is heal, sluuild ensure recovery . 

Sonieliine--, however, there is an ui:ly, lacei-aled wound tilled with dirt 
luul <;ravil. In this case the parts must he well washed hy repeatedly 
(illini;' a larec spoiiuc vvilh clean, warm water, and sipieeziiij;" il dry auaiiist 
the liiiili aliove the hurt. Never,, under any ciri'iiiiistiinces, put it ajiiiinst 
the hurl. It only soils the sponue and pi'osscs (lie i):ii'(ielos of ilirt 
fru'tlicr into Ihe wnuiid. If tliero is u sac lielow the i lit containiiifi; tlirt 
it imist he carefully piohcd, and opeiu'd from (lie liotlom vvitli :i ki-cn, 
sharp pointed knife. 'I'lie ol)ji>ct is tiiat no u'lil may remain in the wound 
to prevent its healing'. .\ selon should he lied so the sac ina\ lie emptied 
of its conlents in t he pi'ocess of siippm-at ion. If t lu' eranulal ions lieeome 
soft and llalihy, showiiio- proud tlesh, they must l.c touched with nitl-al(> of 
silvi'r. In t liree days after the estalilishmeut of suppuration the sclou 
mav he withdrawn. The wounded parts must he kept wcl with eold 
arnica water, the proper proportions lieine- one ouiu'c liiicturc of arnica 
to each pint of water used. 

(^opious suppuration liaviui:' heen fairh' estahlished, disconrmue the uso 
of the arni<a, and uso instead the lotion made hv dissoivinii' in i-ach 
ounce of water used a i^raiu of chloride of zinc. Tso no l)!Uulai;H>s. 
(Meaidiness of the parts is necessary. These means should carry llio 
knee lo a favoralile issue. 

Sometimes, howevir, the injui-y is so s<'\cre that Ihe lij^ainonts and 
»>veu Ihe joint is injured. Il then lieeomes a most serious ease. In this 
event the animal must he pul into slinks, the joint lirouehl tonetluT, after 
heiiig thorouiily cleansed as hcfore stated, the parts must he li.-mdagod 
and astriniiviit washes used to promote the unitiueid' the parts, while tlio 
sailio fjeiUM'al ti-ealmeiil is pursued with the laceration as advised lieforo. 
Ill ease Ihe injui'v he so seven- as to involve the joint, if a velerinarv 



Till'; lliii;si;, IIS IHSKASKS. 'M\) 

stiriiciin raniiiit \n- liail willi |ii-i)]icr :i|j|ili:iiicr-. I'oi' cariii'^- for llic liorsc lie 
Iwd l)iaiiT lie killed al (.utc. 

Bt'sidoH injury to tlio kuoc Iiy fulliiif^, it is sonictiiiics injured Ity lia\iiij^ 
some sliarp subslaiiee driven foreilily into I he liuaiiK'Mls or e\cii helweeii 
the joints. 'I'hese should he eaielullv looked l'(ir and i'eluo\cd, since old 
runnin;;; sores, lisliilas and other disahililie> may result, eomplctcl y dcs- 
tro\iii;,' tlie iisefiihicss of the animal. Joints nther lli.in the knee may he 
similarh' injureil. If so, tlio jxeiieral treatment should he the same. 
First reduce the inll.immation, and then use means for cur<'. in ordinury 
cases, as a heaiinj;' a^eiit, in wounds, eitli(U- iaecraled or conlused, we 
ha\e iicM'r found anylhinj;' hetter for ])roinolii|if healthy •i'ranulation oi' 
liearmj; of the |i.irls lliaii a free use, of tincture of aloes and mvrrh. 

V. Capped Elbow. 

Causes. — 'i'iiis tumor at the hack )ioiiit <d" the ell)o\v is fTcnoriillv eauHfd 
by a hruise inllicled hy the calkinirs of the shoe while the liorso lias sh'pt 
with his lejis douhled up undi'r him. I nllamnjat ion of the Kul)-eiilluliir 
tissue is estahiishcd, and I hat cimdil inn sets in w hieh j^i\es rise to enlarge- 
ments hy increased deposit near the part. The tumor is eircninscrihed, 
lieintr ponlined to the elhow , hut it sometimes M|(ivvs to an enoriiKuis size, 
and haiiiis loosely from the h.nk point of the clhow, and interferes with 
its ai'tion. 

It may he pidduccd also hy lon^ heels, as well as calkins, h\- striking' 
with the shod hinil foot, hy a hlou , .and hy Iviu'^' on uni'\en surfaces. 

How to know it.- — A sliL;hl swcllinL; id' th<' point (d' the elhow is first 
perceived, and unless the cau>e is removed this will jiraduallv develop 
into a laref-si/.ed tumor. When of any coiisiderahle size, it will eonlain 
serum, or a watery matter, and has a lliict iiat iu"- feelin;: to the lin;.>-ers. 
This lluid is cont.ained in touuh. lihrous w.alls, and mav remain for a lonf.j 
time, (U' it m.iy al last he ahs<irh<(|, and leave ji h.ard tumoi'. A\ this 
slaii'c there will nf ccuirsc he no lluct uat ion . 

What to do. — If discdvered in its early sta;ie, .and serum is evidently 
])resent, h't it out hy npenini: the sac .at the lower fth^i' with a keen knife, 
or a tliumh Lancet. I'rcss upon it so as thoroiitrhly to remove the fluid. 
Then, with a small ruhher' syringe, inject a mixture of e(|ual parts of 
pyroli^ncous acid and water. .Next , moist en it extern.ally, UKUiiini.'' and 
iii;jlit, with the camphorated corrosive siihlimate, No. 2, which will have 
the heller effect if dried in at once with a hoi iron held near. Before 
lhehoi->eis .allowed to lie down ai.'ain. make a soft pad, covered with 
chamois skin, wilhoul a seam on the outer side, (d' such thickness as to 
keep the tdioc from striking the elhow when the leg j.s doubled under him, 



400 11.1,1 si'i;.\ri'.i> siociv ixici'oi!. 

Mini lie it s<'riin'l\ rouiul tln' |):is|cni. This should lie on cv ctn' iiiylil ; 
;nul ex I'll al'lcr I'liii' is cITrclcd il will be lU'ccssarv I'm- the animal lo wear 
this pail. Ill piTN fill ri'i'iirri'iici- of llic liriiisi'. nr else lu haxr llic shoe 
sliorli'iu'il. Tlu' pail iiiiisl lie al li'a.--l two aiul a hall' iiu-lif-- (liirU. 

If il is ill its iii'w slato i^;\ simpK' swciliiii:- wilhniil iiiallrr), i( can ho 
assuan'cil li\- usiiiL;- tVi't|iH'ii(l\ , al iimilrralr iiiti'r\als, soiiu' i-ooliiii;' lnlioii. 

ir laru'r. waliTv, soiiu'whal in'inlaiil, ami iiiisii;li| l\ , haxo an I'xpiT- 
ii'iii'i'ii siiii:ri>ii r»'iiii>\i' it I'liliirlv ; ami I lirii dress as an ordinary wouiul. 

if, al'liT il iias lircn opi'iu'd. and I ho lliiid pross<>(l out, it lioals witli 
hard suhslanco K'l'l ln'liiml, riil> l'i'<'i|ii('iil ly willi afrlalc of nuMTurv 
until (he nalural slaU' is rrslori'd. 

If Iri'atiiu'iit is iimli'rtaki'n oiil\ when tliciT is no walnx iiialirr, no 
tliliiualioii, rrmoxc il alisoluli'lv h\ makiiii;- a viTliral >lil, of sulliricnl 
l('iii:lli, ami dissn-l llu'liiiiip: a I'irr w liirli Irral I he w ouml w it h sini[)l(> 
riTalr, Of aii\ hralini:' ointmriil . 

Cari' niii>l al\va\'-^ lu' lakoii to i:'nartl aL;aiiisi haxini:' tlic rlUow iiijiiri'd 
auaiii wliilo Ircatiiu'iil is iioiiiii' on. and to pri'vciit rchniisim^- the pari 

aftiT iMllV is ..ffrrliMl. 

If lliiTo is foiistipation or ot luTwisi' fcvorish tt'iidrnry in tho animal, 
llu' riiri' of tumors or other loral troiililes will alw a\ s lie more dillieult 
unless this lendemy is reiiioxed liy suitalile piiruatiN es and earefully reii- 
ulated diet. 

VI. Frost Bito. 

lniiir\- from llie effects of frost is more eonimoii in the North and 
West ihaii is i;enerall\ su|)posed. and in many eases rheuniatism. founder 
and other "siiff eomplainls" may uiidonliledly Ke allrilnited to tiiis as the 
predisposiuo- cause. 

Causes. — l-mi!:' exposure to cold, eitliiM' stamliiii;- in the open air or 
eontiiu-d in cold stahles ; standing in half luelled snow and slush; keei)- 
inii' vouuii' animals in exposed yards, where they cannot take exereise and 
w ilh iii<utlicieiit food. 

How to know it. — The skin of the injured jiarts in lii^ht eases, turns 
iMirple. inllame.-, cracks and exudes a Moody serum ; or if se\ ere, the 
skill and tissues heueath lose color, and liecome dead and eventu.-dly 
-.lirixcl. The skin, iiarticularly of the heel, will craek, often from one 
side to the other, ri>fusinjf to heal. 

What to do— If th(< linil)s are simply chilled, fridion w ill lie all that 
is noeossar\ . If aciu.ilh frozen, the animal should lie warmly elotiied 
and the fro/en parts he riililied with snow until circulation is p.artly re- 
stored. Tlu'ii put the |iarts in cold water and continue ruliliiiiii- until 



rriK ii<)i;sK, iis dihkaskh. 401 

\v;iriMtli iiiid circiiliilioii mi' ciiliicly icMtdicd. 'I'licii ilrv Ilioroii^'liU- willi 
clotliM iiiid hard iiilibiii^. 

If (lie Irostiiii^ liMS liccii ii(';.dicl((| :ind raw sores iiiakr llicir a|)|Mal'- 
aiHc, iiicpari'. tlic fdllowiiij.'- : 

No. -200. 2 Dnirlinis iM-lliwIoiiriH, 

I Olirirr: |,clloli^lliii, 
1 <Juii('(! lunl. 

Ii'iili llir wliolc lliorouf^ldy lo;r<!tllci', :iiiil a|i)il\- t\\icc a i\:iy (o the rasv 
or liliciaird |)laic^. If lliisdocs not |iroiiiotc rccoNcrv, ,aiid dccidc'd ul- 
cers occur, add lo tlic :d)o\e ))|-escr-i|il ion 2 ounces ri'd oxide of niercur\-. 
J{uli ail well loL^-ellier .and apply once a da}' to lli<; ulcerous parts. 

VII. Burns and Scalds. 

Uurns anc| sc.ald^ seiiloin occur in iiorscs kept on tiie farm oi- einpiov(Mj 
on tlic road. 'I'licy are, however, of l'rei|uent occurrence when horso.-s 
are eniployeil :ili(iul niill.-^ or lacLories where ^UNlrn is Used ; (»!• in iron 
foundcries anil in cit ies. 

What to do. — 'hie of the hesi and most c^asily ohlaJMtsd ajiplieations, 
fo|- ij, fresh hum or scald, is to di-e<i;.re hicai'hoiiate of so<Iii, eoriiinori 
l^aUilljj; soil.a, thickly on the pait, or moisten with water into il thick past(' 
iind hind it, oi- Lay it o\er the injui-w l''or sliL;ht hums, wliidi sometimes 
coM'l-.a lariic surface, there is notliin;j- hetler than several coats of thick 
white lead paiid laid on with a hrush; cover the whole with cotton and 
hind (ui <los( . 

Stronir alum wiilei- is also an excelleni remedy for fresh huriis .and 
.sc.alds, the proportion.^ hcinfT 2 ounces of powdered alum to ciicli pint of 
rain-water. Kec|) the parts well soaked with it, and wet cloths satur.ated 
witli tlie sam<' e()nstiiutly o\er the surface. 

Sometimes ind<jleiit hoi-(!s follow hums and scalds. If so, the id<ers 
shoidd he well and carefully waHJiod witli tar water, and the followiufr 
Mii.\ture dusted over the parts : 

No. 201. 1 Ounce oxidfl ol zinc, 

2 (;unceM iiowdorcd utardi. 

Mix intimalch Mud clrcjoc on thi<kly to form a cru-t . \Vli<'rever t he 
inoi>lMre appear- ihrou-h. keep adilini^ the mixture until the crust he- 
comes pcnnanent .■ind lixcd. 

VIII. Rupture. 

Ilupliirc oi- hiir-l (Ilei-ni.a) i- the displacement of an internal orjran 



402 ILMISTHATKI> STOCK DOCIOK. 

through ill) opening, citlu-r luitunil or otluirwisc. TIk' riipimc mostconi- 
iiionlv s(>(^ii is of tiic l)owels iiiid oincnlmii. I'lic oincntiiiii is tiic 
iiicml>r:iii()iis (rovcring of the l)()Wols or the ("ml. Tiic liowds may j)iiss 
tliroiigli liie I'iiul by rupturo, or Iho l)()\vcls ami iii\(il\iMl caul may, it is 
possihk), i)iiss tiirough th(^ iiios(nit:iry, tli(^ inciiihiaiic rc(ainiiiL;- llic iulcs- 
tiiics in tlu'ir i)fopcr ])osition. 

If (lie niptiirc is into the chest, it is called diapliramatic, and may 
occur from a violent sho(dc, as in leaping, or in 'bucking, 'as jumping stiff- 
Icggod is eallod. In bad cases death is sudden from suffocation. In 
the slight forms there may only be dillicidly of breathing, with lifting of 
tlu! flanks, as obs(M'ved in heaves. 'I'lic only remedial means to be us(\d 
lire to give anodynes and rest, 'i'hus slight cases may at length take on 
the chronic; form, but will nevc^r bc^ cured. 

Hernia <>{ the nicsentary and omentum is diliicult to know, and no 
remedy can a\ail, except rest, with anodynes if there is p.iin. 

Naval rupture, and that thiough the scrotum, is most common. 'I'lui 
only means of cui'e in naval rupliM'c is whci'c; ))ressure (■■.\]\ be had b\' 
means of a bandage or truss and taken in the cailicr stages. The intestine 
must first b(^ cai'cfully pressed i).ack and pressure made o\cr the parts by 
means of a soft pad, sccnrelv faslencd, and to be woi'u until (he orilicc^ is 
elos(^d or at least permaiK^ntly contracted. Of course an animal with 
rui)tur(> of any i)art is not capable of violent exertion. 

Rupture of the scrotum is also coTumon in males. In cases of colic in 
entiri^ animals, an examination should lie m;ide for sciolal iiiptui-c, since 
tliere may be colickey symptoms. There may be a swelling of the bag 
containing the testicle, the contents being movable, and disappearing up- 
on pressure. In the smaller animals, castration may be employed, the 
gut returntnl and flu; w(nind sewed up'. 

Ventral herma is known b\' the contents being mo\;il)|e and gurgling, 
and (>asily pressed back to their pl;ice. If recent, the animal should be 
thrown on its back, using ether or chlor.al to keep (piiet, returning the 
proti-usion, ])adding the orifice, and coxcring with strong factory nnislin 
wound round the abdomen and l.aced along the back, the bandage being 
kept in i)liiee by l)ands fastened in front and c'lrried to !i collar woi ii on 
the neck. Except in the ease of valuable animals, treatment scarcely 
pays, unless a V(>terinarian can be eniploy<'d who understands anatomy. 

IX. Choking. 

Choking oceuns in two distinct forms. The high choke, wlieu the sub- 
stance is lodged in the throat or neck; and the low choke, wlicn the sub- 
stance is lodiied in that part of thei;idlet hinLr low down within the 



Tlir. HOUSE, ITS DISKASKS. 403 

chest. In liiu'h I'liokc, (lie .•iiiiin;il iiiav die in ;i few iiiiniilcs ; in low 
choke, tiicrc is not sncli special ni'ctl of h;isU'. 

How to know it. — 'riuTc is inlonsc distress; the iiead is raised; (here 
is slavering, \ iolonl toughing and eontinual efforts to swallow. 

What to do. — E.xamine carefully the furrow on the left side of the 
ncek for tlio suhstauee. If solid, endeavor to press it upwards with the 
tii>gers on each side. If not, endeavor to extract it by putting a l)alliiig iron 
into the month to iiold it open; pull out the tongue; pass the iiand into 
(he throat and cndeu\oi' to dislodge it with the finger, tiic head ix'ing held 
out in a sti'aight line witii the neck. If this do not succeed, and the 
obstruction is in (he gullet and is clear of the windpipe, ])rocnre a probang, 
oil it thoroughly, cast the horse, put tlie balling iron in (lie mouth, intro- 
duce (he probang iiiiil by steady pressure for a few seconds at a time, 
endeavor to move i(. If it moves continue the pressure imtil it is pushed 
into the stomach. 

If the substance is so lirmly licld tiiat the |)rol)ang \\ ill not move it, the 
mass nnist be cut ilnwn upon and taken out. Let an assistant press the ot'l' 
side of the neck to gel as nnich bulge as possible, 'i'lien with a bold cut 
of a sharp knife, cut through skin, tissues and gullet, to the mass, with 
an ample cut, and remove ; bring the edges of the gullet, together, stitch 
them with tine catgut, or strong silk, and then the Avound in the skin. The 
dilHculty here may cause subsequent stric(ure of the gullet, which may 
thereafter pre\-ent the animal swallowing solid food. In any i \cnt only 
semi-licjuid food should be given for ten days after choking, or until the 
animal seems well. 

In desperate cases, where there is instant danger of death from choking, 
tracheotomy must be employed. This is cutting into the windi)ipe and 
inserting ii breathing tube and will be treated in its appropriate place. 

TiiK Low CiioKK. — This is where the obstruction is low in the gullet, 
or in the thoraci(^ portion of the ivsophagus. 

In this form there is great distress but the head is not held so high ; 
saliva runs from the mouth, and the discharge is copious from the nose ; 
if the animal atteinj)ts to drink, the M-ater is cast forth from (he nose ; the 
breathing is laborious, the flanks tucked up, the back roachcd, and the 
animal shows synii)toms of general distress. 

What to do. — (iive a gill of linseed oil oi- lard oil once an hour, and 
bct>veen these doses every hour the following anti-spasmoilic : 

No. -202. '.! OuiicoH siilpluiric ptlicr, 

2 Ounces laiuluiimn, 
>i I'iiit water. 

I'se the piobang can'fully after each anti-si)asmodic. If the whole of 



404 



,Lrsi'i(Ai'i';i) STOCK Dori'oK. 



llic (lose is ;iiiii:ii'cnlly rcl iiriuHl, iidiniiiistcr clildidt'Driii (Voiii ;i spoiii^c, liy 
iiili;il;ili(Mi, iiiilil riilirc insdiisiliilil y is pi-odiircd. 'I'licii cxtriid llic head, 
iiiscil 111!' |iriil>;iiiL;, well oiled, iiiid use siciidy liiit coMstiint pressure, 
iiiilil llic >ulisl;iiii'i' iiii)\cs. It iiKiy lake ten to lil'lccn iiiiiiutcs, oi- iiioro. 
W'licii llic Milisliincc mines do iiol use iniicli \ioleiil |)ressiirc, Iml iiio\'e 
il eiirefidly iinlil il eiilcis llie sloiiiiU'li, (•■•ir-e Ikmiiji; t:d<(;n not to force tlu' 
iiislnmicnt loo I'ar and lliiis wound tlnd oi'^an, r(ini(Mnl)<irin<j always that 
sudden violence may Ininj;' on s])asnMKlie action, in wliicli case efforts 
nuist cease. N'ioiciic- may also rupture tlic ivsophajius. 




X Wounds Ponctraiiiig tho Abdomiual Cavity. 

\ penctralini! wonnd ol' llic walls of t he .alidomcn is generally followed 
1)\ protrusion (>( llie lioweN. Somelimes il is so I'Xiensivc as to .allow 
a lar<i'(^ ixn-tion of llie inlestines |o escape. If so, tliey slioiild he sup- 
pin'lcd li\' a sln'ct laslened o\ei- llie liaek lo prevent injnrv by llie feet 
and llu' admission of dirt until i'e'i(d' is ei\(.u. 

What to do— 'I'lie liorse slionld lie east, the bowels washed with tepid 
water, llie lun-se turned partlv on his hack, the intestines properly returned 
lo their place hv pr( ssnre, and llie wound sewed np with calaul , well soaked 
in warm oil, and at intervals of an inch apart, ln'int;iue- the ede'es nicely 
toiici lici-. Then encircle llic liclly with .a strong;' li.ai'daii'c properly fas- 
leiicd, li\ liciiiL;' laced aloiii; the hack. iOinply the rectum, if necessary, 
li\- means of iiiiceli(nis of warm v\aler or soap snds, and keep the howels 
open l>v fcedin-- scalded shorts piellv well salted. 



XI- Contused Wouiids 
A contused wound is one occ.isicmcd hy injury from some hlunt iiislru- 



IIIK IIOKSI:, IPS DISKASKS. 405 

nuMil.as ;i linok, wiii^dii .shall, nr ulliri- .siiuilar iiu'diiiiii. 'I'lic\' ol'icii 
loa\i' a j^apiiiii' wouiul wilii tdi'ii aiiii liriiiscd cijocs. 

What lO do. — <'li|> awav all lorn ami liriiiscd llcsli that prcscnl raLi'iicd 
cdii'cs. if the iiijurv is iiol cxtciisixc all thai will lie iit'<a'ssar\' will he to 
UiH'p the lidwrls (if ihr animal in health, and niodi'i'alcU' loose, with hran 
mashes, usini;' the follow iiii;- loli<in dail\ . This is known as the eom|)ound 
tincture of aloes and m\rfli and should !)<• kept in e\cr\ slahle as a 
dressing;' for wounds, i^alls and otlii'i' injuries of thai nature. It is made 
as follow s ; 

No. 'iO;!. -1 Ounces inyrili, 

■t ( Unices lieii/.diii, 
4 Ounces of ciileeliii, 
8 Onnces piilMTi/eil iiloes, 
1 CulloM .liiniNic.'i nini. 

Mix, kopp in a warm ])laee for two wocks, froqnonlly .sliakina' it, luid 
filler tlir(Uij;li linen. If the wound assuincs an unhealthy <'h:ii'aeter, wjisli 
with water in which a little carholic acid is inixc(l. A\'hen j.M'aMiilati()ns 
appear, ii' pus, matter, forms, w.asli daily with a s\iin!^<' and warm water, 
•and Use ihc carlioli<' acid w.ash for drcssinii, or, il' the wound is in such 
a plui'c Ih.at il m.ay he done, eo\fi- with tow saturated with the wiish. If 
the i:r,anulal ions are soft, llaliliy .and project in;L;', show inu' proud llesh, 
touch them with a stick of lunar (anstic, and expose to the air until dr\-. 
'I'hen dress as lud'ore directed. 

XII. Lacerated Wounds. 

A lacerated wound is a torn woun<l. The wound hy t r('a(linix,calkini:',is 
a lacerated wound. The tearing' up ol' the skin and suh-cellular tissue.s, 
leaviuii' a llap, is a lacel'ated wouiul. 

What to do.- — III any wound, if fcxcrisli .symptoms occur, fiive an ounce 
of pulverized saltpeter in the drink iiijiht and morniu":-, :ind adinini.ster a 
moderate purj^c, unlcs.s the howels arc^ oixmi, s.ay 4 ounces ol' aloes. 

In the case of any lacerated wound, if extensive, clip away all torn 
.slii-eds, lu'ini;' the cdiics nicely toiicther and sew them with line catijiit, or 
white waxed silk, and let the .suh.secjuent treatment Ik^ as directed for 
other w omuls. 

XIII. Puncturod Wound. 

A nail, the |)f)int of a fork, a splinter (d" wood, a tlioiai, or an\ similar 
suhstanee, makes a pnininrcd wound. They arc the most d.iiiLicroiis oi' 
wounijls, from ilanuer id' internal poisoniiiL:, or endiii<;' in tistula, lock- 
jaw, etc. 



406 



lI,l,lIHTI!Ari:i) STOCK I)()(T()I{. 



What to do. — l''irsl, cxMriiinc caicrullv \>y nicaiiH of :i |)1'()1k' for iiiiy 
f()r(!ii;ii .siihsl.mcc l<)il<^(^ii inside. If ,so, rciiioNC it,cv<'ii if a cli^an cut 
has to 1)1^ iiiii(l<!. A cloaii ciM is nol (laiijrcroiis unless an arlciy is scv- 
(snicl. If tlie instrument inllirtinji' \hc wound was dirty or rusty, syrinjro 
tlio wound llioiduiildy witli weak ciii-holic water. If the wound Ik^uIs 
kindly, use Ih.' tincture <if inyrrli (lr<is,sinj;-, ^'o. 20'.'). If inllaniinatioii 
Hots in, and matter forms in a dee|), narrow wound, it nia\' lie necessary 
l-o cnlar^i'e the openine; to let out the pus. Tiieu treat as directed for 
c()n(UH(nl or hiceratcd wounds. 

XIV. Broken Hock. 



This is a term applied (o a sev(>r(^ injury — 
bi-eakiug tiic caj) of tlii' iioek. The only ti'cat- 
nient is ;il)solule rest, the Mppli(^ulion of sedatives 
as lotions, laudanum ('(lual ])ar(s with M'iilor, to 
remove pain, and astrin;.;('n1s — M'liitc! oak bark. 
It is sometim(!S uc^cc^ssary to Mister near tlu^ 
])ar( to <n-i U|) eouuler irritation, or put in a se- 
toti hclow the hurt. The niixli' of nsinir a li.xed 
scton needle, to lirine- a wdund toiidhei', in 
sinviu!.;', where a projiei' crooked. Hat needle is 
nol at hand, is here shown. It will also servo 
to show the m.anner of usiuij; a needle for a sc- 
ion, (o lie threaded with white tape. 

XV. Dislocations. 




MANNICU <))'' IMINfl Nl< 



Dislocations in the hoi'se are lare. and when they occur ar(Mliflieul( to 
manajic, except with the .aid of a xcterinary surjicon. Dislocation of tlio 
lowor joints, and ol' llu^ hip, is most connnon, from catchini;- the foot, 
twistine' and pulling- thereon to get free. In f.act , disloe.al ion (d' the hip 
is s<'arcel\' ever seen except in coimection with frai'lurc, liut is sometimes 
met with in lean, under-fed, young cattle and horses. Dislocation of tiio 
shoulder is most si'ldom met with. 

What to do.- In aii\ case of dislocation the lirst tiling to do is to put 
(he joint in pl.ice, not alwa\s an easy matter. The means we have indi- 
c;ite(l for dislocation ol' the stille will serve to sIkiw the manner of 
operation. A \ ctcrinai'V' surgeon should he em]iloyed if possilil(> in any 
case of dislocation. If such cannot Ix^ had, :in\ hum.ane surgeon slionld 
bo willing to give advice as to how to operate. The means 1o be eniploy(>d 
lU'O so different, \arying with each |)articular <'asc, that it would be ini- 
possibli" to state them except in a general way. 



TIIK IIDKSK, ITS DISKASKS. 407 

If iiiflaiumiitioii iiiul (•(in,si(l('i';il)l(' swclliiij;- has scl in Ix'Cdii' llir Imit is 
(liscovcrcd tliis must he lii'st reduced \>\ cold water a|i|ilir:ii i(iii>, ^>\■ lieller, 
hot water foiiieiitalions, it' persistent iv applied. Then th<' jnint must ]h\ 
hrouuht to place iiv traction and roree. Jf tiiere is no inllammalion tiiis 
will not 1"' dilli<ailt. 

When a starch liaiida;.;-e may he employed, (his should always lie used 
to hold the pails toi;elher. if not, the disioi'at ion must Ix^ spliiilered or 
padded, or lioth, to keep the parts intiict. and in place. The slinjis should 
always he einploy<'d to icst the horse whcui they may he had. This with 
eoolinii' lotions to suhdue intlamniation, rest, pi'opei' care and f'eedinj^, 
will ensure ree<)\('ry in the end. A had dislocation, howexcr, usually 
leaves the horse out of condilion for anythini;' liut farm or slow work. 

XVI. Various Fractures. 

'i'o fractures a lind> completely, so the lei;' lian^^s loose, is of so serious 
a natui'c, in the horse, (hat unless in the case of a ver^' valuahle aiiinud 
for l)ree(lin<j; pur|)oses it had lictter he killed at once. In very many 
cases, liowe\cr, one of the hones of the h'i^ is fi'acturcd (U' split part way, 
thouii'h the horse may not exhihit extreme pain, rna\' e\<'n tra\'el upon it. 
Softenin^i', however, sets in, .and sometime .•iCter, in iiettiuii' up in the 
stahle, the hone iii\es way entirely. So the lihula, as (he smaller hone of 
(he leiT is called, may lie rra<iured. If there is lameness after fallin<i; ill 
hai'liess, or from a hlow , with tenderness, it is s.afe to tre.at for fracture. 

What to do.— I'lacc the horse in the slinns ;in<l splinter the limh, lirst 
ha\ini;- applie<l a slarch lian<lai:e, w hen it may he m.adc toacl. All that 
will he necessary fiiithci' will lie to fecnl and water rej^ularly, keep (iio 
howels naturally open, reduce inllammation and soi-eness hy the use of 
arnica, and trust to time for a cure. A month or six week.s oufi'lit to so 
streiifjft hen the hone th.it the animal can eat grass, or he fed ill a box 
stall until recovery is perfc<'ted. 

XVII. Various Distortions. 

A distortion arisin<r from tract me or from any chronic didlculty cannot 
he cured. In ca.se of severe recent sliain of the ligaments of (he lUH'k, 

hy which the head is thrown t le side, mid held so, the lufck should he 

hroiight straight, splinti'r.'il, and held so until the ligaments recover their 
miiaiial t( Poll evil often leaves the animal with a stiff neck, pro- 
ducing a distoi'ted manner of holding the head. Distortions ;ire often 
produced hy injuries of v.arious kinds, 'i'hese must lie altcndci] to during 
the (Mii-e of the superinducing (•.•iiise. I )istortioiis often ociair in young 
animals, as knuckling, turning (he fedocks from weakness, etc. The 



lOM ii.i,i;H'i'i(Ari';ii ntik k dck iok. 

I'i'llli'i|\' IS mIiiI'cIi ljMI|i|li;_'r,H ;iiiil :<|ililll -. I li 'I (ill i> IIIM (if llic hill li\' wlijrli 
il is iIII'VcmI ll\\r\, lllr irliic'ilic'il 1p\ ulin||\ or | i;i l( iil 1 U' sc\ (•riM;.r the Icil- 

(liiii uliiili ■.III- I'dii^l rill I'll nv (Iriiwii. 'I'lii^, liiiu i'\ IT, sliiiiilil ih'mt lie, 
lllli'ltl|ili'il l>\ olH' wliii iliirs mil lllnli'l'shlliij llic iiiimIoiii v nl' IIh' |)MI'Is, 
I'Isi' iniMchirr iii;i\ lie ilmii'. A^ .■> nilc, Iiumcmt, :iii\ ilislorl iijii, cxcriil il 

lie nid mill iliniiiir \ lir iiiii'il li\ liikiii'j |ii(i|iiT iiiciisiiri's, s|iliiil<'i'ili^, 

ImiidM;/)!);.', :iimI llir ii >i' nf riiiiiriihil inn , wlii'ir ii'laxiilioii is iidccHHiirj. 

'I'lirsr Illi')lli:i lllr illl rl I il'riirc iil' ihi' ( i| iiT;i 1 1 ir will lr;i(|il\ Sll;^|;csl . 
XVIII. DIhiiiihuh of Mio Kitr. 

CnilSOS. Injinii"^ In I ln' I'.'ir Mir vi'iii'i;ill\' i;iii iril li\ liniliil I iral iiiriil . 
'I'w ili'liin;:; liiriii, iii|i|iiii" :iiii| |iullin:j ii|inii lliciii willi Ilir lihirksiiiil lis 
|il\'t'rs, iiiiil Idiiw's ii{iiiii till' liriiil willi cinlurls, smiii'l iiiirs ri'siiit in 
Iriiiiliirsiiiiic liniiscs, iilrns iiiiii hiiiiDrs liial cIum' I lie iiinlilniv piissiip'. 

I (I'llflli'SS liiiiv lir nil oriiilliii' ilrlrrl, iir il iiiav lir lllf rlTrrl of sonic 
diHi'Msn wliirli liiis disiirdiTcd llir lirail, and, li\ , viii|iallM, Ilir andilorN' 
iioi'N'c ; iind III!' si'iisr id' liraiin;.' i> im duiilil diilli'd li\ uld aui', cM'n 
wlirll till' lli)r.-.i' liiav liavr lirrll VM'II llsril and rrasiilialih I'lri- riiiiii dis- 
ciisc ; linl il rrsnils in nmsl rases riiiiii |iiilliii^'; I lie rais, nil t iiiu nr cliii- 
piiif; I'it lii'i' llirni nr llii' siirniiiiidini^ skin In irini'il\ siipiiosrd did'i'cis, 
illld IViMii liral in;j ii{iiin I lit' lirad. 

Siinn'timcM Mcaldiv i>v iiiiini;v I'lniiliiiiis iiiakr llirir a|i|i('aranr(' n{iiiii tlir 
tijis id' llir curs iiiid s|p|'ciid diiwiiwaid, i'n\rrin;j llicni cnliirh ; l>nl Iliis 
is iiiiid pruliaKh llic ar(iiin|iaiiiniriil id' sonic iicncra! skin disease. 

How U) know it llic culs, Incaks in llic skin, or snliins, llial lesiiK 
IVolii |iiilliii", |iinrliiii", and I w ilrliiii^' are readih diseernilde, as arc also 
llie idicrs or sii|i|)iiriiliiie- sores in wliieii liiev soineliiins end. Wlieii llie 
Iciidons wliicli siisliiin the ciir in ils iipri^ilil pnsiliiin an' lirnkcn, lliere is 

no dillicnllv in |ieireiv inij' il, as llie ear drops down and Haps al I willi 

llic niolioiis of ihe liead and neck. 

K'niiniii!,' sores, similar In llie pull evil, siinieliincs rc-iill , Inil lliese 
nias lie diMliiiM'nislied rnnii llial disease li\ llieir lieine eniilincd mure 
eloselv 111 Ihe ear, eillier inside or mil . 

When deafness is siispeeled, an lAaniinalioii id' I lie iiilenial ear will 
l»o iit'ccHMirv ; and if llie svmiIIcii parls or iileers arc iiol pereepi ilde, suiiic 
lirliliee iiinsi lie resorted loin Iind wliellier lliclieaiinu is aeliiallv de- 
stroved. heal'liess iiia\ lie niil\ I eiiipnrarv , as is soincliines llic cilsc 
willi iiiaii, and llie mailer eaii lie derided niih' li\ niakini;' a scries id' 
c\:iiiiinat inns, 

Whnt to do. A simple llieeriil inn nf llie skin, anil e\eil nf I lie earl ililp>, 
it' small, will rci|iiirc no speeiiil allenlinn ; liiil if ii i-, so ureal llitil (lie 



riiK iioitsi;, ris diskasks. 



409 



t'dfri'S do lint rnliic in i()lllM<t, I llcy lllll>t lir Iddlllilll l()i;clll(r Ulld S(!\V(;d, 
ilflcr wllicll llir triilllilc will XMill lie ()\IT. 

IJiit il ()cc:i>iiiii:illv liM]i)ic'ii> llial iijrrraf ion of the ^kin Mini (■clliiliir lis- 
siic Mild M roltiiiL; MWMV oT llic cMidlaijc scl> in. This is |)msI all ri'iiicdv, 
iiiid iici'i'ssi(alr,s ilic cuKiiiM MWMV 111' the car. 

W'lii'ii (liiTc li.-is liccii 11(1 laci'iMlidii (if llic skill, .'111(1 M liiiiKii i-- rdriiiiii^, 
a|i|il\ caiiiiilKiratcd corrdsivc siililiiiialc, N(i. l', (iccasidiiall \ , till il cii- 
tiicly Mil)si<l('s ; liiii if iiiatliT .st'cins already ('(irmiii':", Mpply .May-aiiplc 
liiiiiiK'iil , made liy lakinij diic "ialloii of .Mav-aiiplc roots and l)oiliii;:' lliciii 
unlil a thick syiMi|) i> foriiicd : llicii, liaviii<i' rcino\('d the roofs, aiidiii;^' as 
liiiicli lard as there i> synip, and slirriiiLT well (o^icllier while the synip is 
still l)oilin<:'. This liniincnl will draw out llic fever and IniiiL: lln' matter 
speedily lo the surface. 

.'^(iinctiiiics an ali>ce-.s forms on the oiitsidc, which will need lancine- in 
order 1(1 afford the most spccih relief. In this case, cut at the lower 
cxtreniily of the risin;r, and let the lancci -lani upward into il . 

Deafiie-s, iinles>, simply a teMip(ii:ir\ re-iill of some pre\ .■lilinij- disordei' 
of the head or neck, is lievdiid llie all of the \eteriiiary pracliliuiier. 



CIIAl'I'KK XVI. 



POISONING. 



I. INTERNAL POISON. 



I'OISONINQ FROM STINOS. III. roiSOXEll SKIN. 



I. Internal Poisoning. 

The ciiscs of intiMMiiil poisoiiiiiij arc inoiv frcquoiit, ospoci.illy with 
liorscs, llijin is <>;('iu'riilly siipposfil. Among tii(^ nio.st coiiimon ;in! those 
ufisiiiij from ilnistic or powerful doses, hliiully given by the iiiiioraiil, 
either in disease, or from sohh^ effect soujiiit to be j)rodu<'ed upon the 
general iiealtli — lo mal^e I lie coat blooming, cause champing of the l)it 
and frothing at the moulh, or to excite the iinimal spirits. Of these, 
strong purgatives, diuretics and arsenic are the most common. 




Other causes arc from eating [joisonous plants, either in the hav or in 
the pasture, the ergot of rye and other grain ; ergot sometimes attacks the 



TIIK IIDI.'SK, ITS DISKASKS. 41L 

grasses — tliiis.simitty i:r:iiii. i:ist(>r hcuiis, licllcliorc or poke i-ool, laurel, 
!<triiiiu)iiiuiii iir .laiiu'slow 11 weed, ami cured tohacco, among plants, iiia\ 
ho niontioiicd a;s (•oiiimoii. Among minerals, sulplnirie, nitric and 
nmriutic acid, and all the com-eiitratcMl \('i;('tai)le acids are caustic and 
irritant poisons, 'i'liev are iicmt taken unless forced down. Tlie anti- 
dote to these is large doses of powdered clialU, whiting or lime water. 
In the absence of tlu'se give weaU lye (white lye) until Telief is olitaiiied 
and follow with a full dose of linseed oil. 

Alkalies destroy the tissues. Jf (|uick lime, caustic potash, strong lye 
or washing soda has liecn taken gi\i' > iiiegar and water to neutrali/.e it, 
and follow with a dose of oil. 

Horses that are doscnl with whisky to "give; them strength"" sometimes 
.show alcoholic jioisoning. Xevcr give it except as a stimulant as ad\ ised 
for disease. 

Forty grains of arsenii: will kill a horse, '{"he symptoms are, intense 
thirst, (|uick, feeble pulse, great jiain in the bowels, with purging some- 
times, irregular brc^athiiig, faintness, psiralysis, comnisions and (h'ath. 
(live full doses of oil, in w iiiih is mixed two, three or four spoonfuls of 
oarboiiate of iron as the case may seem to diunaiid. 

Corrosive sublimate is a fatal poison. A (|uarter of an ouikc will kill 
a hoPse. The symptoms are violent pain, intense thirst, efl'usion, and 
bloody discharges fi-om the bowels, tremliling, salivation, ending in stupor 
and death. (Jive the whiles of a dozen egirs, stirred in a little warm 
water. Follow this with linseed tea, or lietter with mucilage n( slippei\ 
elm. Litharge and sugar of lead are poisonous. The .symptoms are 
staring coat, arched l)ack, a protruding tongue and foaming at the mouth, 
staggering, and sometimes dashing wildly to and fro., (ii\c large doses 
of j)urgati\('s to \n'. followed by from one to two ounci's of iodide of 
potash daily for seven or eight ilays. 

Stryehnine is a (luick and jioteiit jioisfjii. Eight to ten grains will 
always kill. TIk' symptoms are \ioleiit tremliling succeeded li\ stilTnes> 
and jerking of the limbs, spasms, rigid limbs, arched back, dillicuit respi- 
ration, succeodod by intervals of (|uiet : luil w liiili are again iiroiight on 
l)y a slight noise or even a touch. Soon the animal dies. Keep the 
animal ijuiel and in a dark place, and give a (|uai't, of sweet oil or linseed 
oil. Follow with ])owdered charcoal nii.xed with thin mucilage. lMo\c 
the bowels bv ine.'ins of injections as (juiekly as possible, and if exhaustion 
ensues give stimulants (whisky) freely. 

Tartar emetic in doses of two to four ounces will .Sometimes kill a 
horse. The s\inptonis .are, thirst, Nomitiiig and purging, staggering, 
colic, salivalion. comulsions and paralysis. 

(ii\c strong lea, followed as soon as you can get It, with, a decoction 
27 



412 ILLUSTRATED .STOCK DOCTOR. 

of white oak bark. For the vomiting and purging, if they continue, give 
ounce doses of laudanum in a little water. 

Poisoning from aloes, castor oil or crotou beans, known by excessive 
bloody purging, and straining, cold ears and legs, hot, dry mouth, and 
bloating. Give two ounces of laudanum in a quart of linseed tea, and if 
necessary give a like dose by injection. 

In poisoning from ergot or other diseased and injured foods, give full 
doses of linseed oil, both by the mouth and as injections, with stimulants 
afterwards ; and tonics, say eight grains of quinine three times a day 
during recover}'. 

For poisoning by white hellebore or Indian poke, give whisky in pint 
doses. The same means may be used in poisoning by laurel, followed 
by injecitions of salt and water, and also by linseed oil given as a purge. 
In case of poisoning by opium or laudanum, pour cold water on the head 
from a considerable height, and keep the animal in constant motion. For 
poisoning with Jamestown weed (jimson) known by faintness, giddiness, 
followed by convulsions, paralysis and stupor, give a quart of linseed oil 
with two ounces of laudanum. Give also an injection and subsequently 
stimulate with pint doses of whisky. 

Tobacco poisoning is shown by purging, offensive dung, colic pains, 
weak pulse, jirostration, convulsions and stupor. Give a purge of oil, 
and follow with pint doses of whisky in slippery elm or linseed tea. 

II. Poisoning from Stings. 

It is not infrequent that animals are badly stung, or l)itten by venomous 
serpents or insects. 

For the stings of insects, as wasps, hornets and bees, wash the stings 
repeatedly with onion juice, or ammonia three parts to one pai"t of oil. 
Washing with salt and water is also an excellent remedy. 

In some portions of the West and especially in the South, gnats and 
certain species of venomous flies come in Summer. The remedy against 
this is to use petroleum. When these insects are very bad it is usual to 
smear the unprotected parts of the animal's body with a mixture com- 
posed of one part of tar to two parts of lard. We prefer equal parts of 
petroleum, lard oil, and tar. Bacon drippings may be substituted for the 
lard oil or lard. For the stings of centipedes, scorpions, tarantulas and 
other venomous spiders, give the following: 

No. 208. 1 Tea-spoonful of ammonia, 

1 Pint of whisky, 
H Pint of warm water. 



TllK H()[{SK, ITS DISEASES. 413 

Wash the bitten part witli aininoiiia frc(|iiciitlv, and keep it soaked 
therewith by means of a sponge. 

Bites by venomous serpents are to tx' treated in tlie same way. The 
wound should be well cauterized when tirst discovered with an iron at 
a white heat. The doses of whisky "vve have given are full ones. One 
half this quantity of proof 'spirits given every hour with a little ammonia 
until relief is obtained will be proper, but in bad cases give the full dose 
as a first one, and alwa}'s with water. 

III. Poisoned Skin. 

There are many weeds and plants that sometimes cause irritation and 
poisoning of the skin. The means of cure is to move the bowels and 
apply some soothing wash to the irritated parts. For injury from poison 
oak, i^oison ivy, hemlock, St. John's wort, etc., wash with a decoction of 
golden seal three times a day, oiling the surface at night. In the morn- 
ing wash away the oil with soap and warm water, and use the golden seal 
again. A solution of sugar of lead is also a specific for vegetable poison- 
ing of the skin. 



(MI.VPrKR XVII. 



VETERINARY SURGERY. 



I. I'ASTIU'IICIN. II. IlI.KKDINd. III. TUAOIIKOTOMV. IV. I'KKIOSTKOTOMY. V. NKU- 

KOTOMY. VI. DIVISION OK TIIK TKNDONM. 



( ii;NI'',l!AI, K'l'.M AUKS ON Sl'liO I'.IO' . — ICvci'V pcl'SOll wlio llJlS (lie CIIPC of 

fiinii slock, or who liiis t lie rare ol' liorscs, sliould uiHlcrsliiiui somc^ of 
tlm sinipltT means uscii in \ rlcriiiaiv siiiiicry. 'I'lid ciisti-alioii of aniiuiils, 
for instaiH'c, is fxc('<'(linf;lv cjisy iiiui safi- if ii fow simple rult's arc ob- 
served. If (lone in ;i l)nn;;lin<i; or improper manner, tlie (•liaiie(\s, exec^pt 
in liie case of \ci\ vouii",' animals, are a^ainsl rec(i\ii\ . iUecdini;' is 
s<ini<'limes aipsoliitelv necessarx' to saxc life. W'iien necessary it should 
lie proMiplly peifonned. 'riaciicoloiny also, as cnllin;;' in(o I he windpipe 
is called, nuisl soniclimes he perfunned JK'fore a snrii-con could possibly 
reach llie aniniMl. reriosleoloniw as operalinL;' upon the menilirane (d' llio 
boiK^s of tile leji' is called, had beiler be hd'l to the veterinary suriicon 
entirely ; so afjiiin, neurotomy, the division of the nerve which snp|)lies 
the hoof of the fore le^ with sensation, hail also better be left to tlu' 
siir;i;eon. In all division of tendons, fractured limbs and various disabil- 
ities lo which animals are subject, every horseman oufj;lit to know what 
III do. The diseases of animals have been i)retlv thoroujihly treated of 
in Ihis work. .Sonu' of lh(^ opei'atioiis of snrii'erv must therefore receive 
the attention their imijortanee deserves. 

I. Castration. 

('alves, lambs and pi;;s should be castrated when ipiite younj;', nlvvays 
bid'ore the sixth week of their life. liambs and pi^s should be castrated 
at from one to two weeks old. Colts ar<' not usually castrated until one 
yt^ar old, siiieo thus they retain more of the natni'al viyor and style of 
the entire horse. 



Till'. iiiiKsi;. ns |)Isi;asks. 415 

In tlic case (if colts mikI old Iiiuncs lli,' sinicliiics Mrc IoiiliIi mikI iIic 
coniw ,stroii;j;, coiisciiucnllv tl:uii|>s (i;ioo\ cd slicks) .so (wiiicd (oi^clhcr mI 
one ciul Uiiit when pressed loMctlier :iiid lied liniily llic cord will In' held 
so tiji'hl thiit ci|-cuhi(ioii is enlifclv slo|i|ic(| ;ire <iCinT:dl\' used. 

How to do it. — ( ';is| (he coll or lioise Mild laslcn him scciircU, h;i\iii<;- 
everylhin^i' reiuiy, ii keen, roiiiid-iioinled Uiiife, cliiniiis iiiid cords. Seize 
tiie scrotum m:ilvin<; :i cleiiii cut through the iiite;^'umciits mid well into the 
testicle, iiikI in :i line so ihc <'iil sIimII lie |i:irallel In llie mciliaii line, or 
line di\idinji' tin- scrotnin. ('Icmii Ihc cn\clo|) of llic Icslidc, lca\in;j il as 
near iiitaci as possilile, a> I he cii\ i'lo|i must remain \\il h I he animal . I )iau 
the testicle out, jiiil a clam|) on the i-ord and sei/iiiL; the other end of Ihe 
clamp with a paired' pincers press it stron;:,ly toj:'et her, and lie seciircly 
with a waved thread. So procee<l with Ihc other side. The li(n>c ma\' 
then he allowed to Livt u[K In thirty-six lo rorly-ciLihl hours, llic slicks 
arc lo he rcmoNcd liy < iitfinuihe strin;:;s. 

Allot her mode, and a most, excel leiit one, espeiiallv in I he cise ul' colls, 
is after frcciiiM- the testicle of its einclop and e.xposiii;^' the cord, to seize 
Ihe art( ry hcyoiid where it is to lie secured, with a pair <if pincers made 
for the purpose, ciil the cord and Iwisj the arlcrv seven or ciL'liI liini's; 
let i;(i, and with its rclracii\c fmcc il will retain the IwisI ami prcvcnl all 
lilccdiii"-. .\iiotlier way is lo lie the artery and allow ihe ends of llie 
strinu's lo han^ioiit of ihcorilice. The plan l)\ lorsion, Iwislin'j li\ (he 
pincers, is the plan to he preferred. 

In c.-istralinj;-, do not he afraid to make an exlcnsi\(' ciil.aiid do not 
lca\c the cor(| too loii^'. else it iiia\' lie st raiiLiulalcd, and fi'\ cr and iiilla- 
ination en -lie. If this should uiilia]ipily oi'ciir, ciilarL:c the opcnin:;- and 
push up the cord. If there is forinalicm of mailer, liaslen il hy fonienl- 
atioii with warm water. When a free cxiidalion of cicam-like matter is 
eslahlishcd, Ihc .animal will l;ii on to rcco\cr\- as ;iraiiiilat ion proj^rcsses. 
Wash I he parts daih with liiicliire of .aloes and in\rrli. If, howcxer, 
the work has liccn propcrh done, the animal will suffer lilllc iniauiv eni- 
eiice, and nothing mol'c need he done. 

The hcst time I'oi- cast rati nj:' I'olts and horses is from Ihc middle of 
May lo the lirsl of ,liinc, in the .North, and in the S<iulli ahoiil the liini' 
the yoiiiiff ji;ras« is a full hite. 

II. Blooding. 

There are cases where hlcediliL: must he resorted lo lo sa\c life. Tlieso 
.arc hrain dLsorder.s and >onic forms of inllainmaiory disease, 'ihe jii^^u- 
lar \ein is the one to he hhd from, and whin the ohjc'l is to deplete the 
s\stem, si.\, seven, and even eijj,ht ipnirls should he taken. Alw.ays catch 
the hlood in avcBSol, an it is neecesKary lo know how niiicli we take. 



41(i ii,i,rsTi!A'i'i;i) siocK doci'oIj. 

Hv pn'ssiiiii' oil tlic jiii|iil;ir \ciii aloiii;' tlic neck, Ik'Iow the spot solect- 
oil for tlu' incision, it will soon rise up iiroininciitlv. In hloeding, always 
make tho incision in the line of tlic \cin, iicxcr across it. Make tlie in- 
cision larjic hut never tliroufi'li both walls of tlii' \ciii. A\'lu'ii sufficient 
hlood lias been taken, raise tlie lijjs of the \ein lietweeii the liiniers, thrust 
a pin throiiiih and \\\\\d sonic thread dipped in the Mood ahout it to 
hold it. 

In sta<i<>'ers ;ind diseases of the luaiii, it is usual to Meed in the roof of 
the mouth. 

WlieiicNcr a horse is to l>c lilcd, it is better to blindfold him, since it 
prevents his slartini:-, and thus causiim' a miss with the hiiicet or fleam in 
the hands of an inexpert person. 

III. Tracheotomy, 

The operation of trachentoniy consists in euttini;' down into the wind- 
pi])c, in all desperate cases where the animal is likelv to suffocate for 
want of iircath. in l)ad cases of strauijles, or other obstruction to breath- 
ing, it i.s somelinies necessary to saNc the life of the animal, and there is 
no time to wait for a surireon. 

How to do it.— Have .in assistant hold the horse's head liii^li, with the 
nose extended, so as to l)cst sti'ctch the skin of the neck, 'i'heii feeliiiir 
along the neck for that part least covered with tlesh, make a bold in- 
cision with a sharp knife — one with a rjaiiid point, and thin, being prefer- 
ai)le. Make the incision about four inches long, and iiloiig the eentrai line 
of the windpipe, and down to it. Then with a shar))-pointed knife jjierec 
one of the upper exposed rings of the windpipe, cut downward along the 
central line, dividing two or three of them; introduce a traeheotomy 
tube, which has si movable collar to prevent going in too far, and fasten 
its strings around the neck to liolil it in place. The spout of a tea-kettle 
has been extemporized as a tube, and with good effect. This tube must 
b(> allowed to remain until the animal can breathe through the nostrils, 
when the wound may be sewn up and treated as any other clean cut. 

IV. Periosteotomy. 

'I'his is cutting down to the iioii(\ and tliroiigh tlu' periosteum, the ner- 
vous \ascul.ir nicnilnane iinmediateh iincsting the bone, and which in 
health has little or no sensibility, but which in disease of the bones is ex- 
ceedingly sensitive. It is sonietiines performed in infl;imiiiation of the 
shank bone, when exudation lias taken ])lac(> between the membrane and 
bone, iiivinir rise to thickeniiii:' and the formation of bom matter. 



TIIK IIOliSK, ITS DISKASKS. 417 

How to do it. — Pass iiii extiviiicly luiriow-hladcd knife throujili the 
skill iiiilf an inch heiow the .swciiinj;', and cairv tiic pcinl i-ircfully u[) 
over it, dividing tlie pcriostcuin (ir nicniinanc. 'riicii cuvit wilii a wet 
bandage, or put in a scton. 

A better way is first to make a snip al)()vc and Ik'Iow the tumor with a 
pair of roweling seissors. Then with a blunt seton iiecdh' (ixcd in a 
hollow handle by uieaus of a sercw, and armed with a (ape knotted al 
the end, foree it in at the lower snip and carry it up and out at the other, 
breaking down the cellular tissue of the tumor. A probe-pointed knife 
is then introduced slicing the tumor. The knife is withdrawn, and the 
needle, released from the handle, is passed in at one opening and out of 
the other, the end withdrawn from the needle and thus the seton is 
fixed. The operation siiould bo performed by a sur<reon. Tiie first 
ojieration, simply cutting through the })eriosteuni, is altogether the better 
course. 

V. Neurotomy. 

This is the division of the nerve of tlie hoof in navicular disease when 
other means fail. It will give relief from pani, but it is no cure, and 
genei-ally the disease goes on advancing until the animal beco.mes worth- 
less. We should never advise tlie operation upon an animal with a weak 
hoof. The o])eration must of necessity be jjcrformed by a competent 
surgeon who iniderstands the anatomy of tii(^ foot and leg. 



VI. Division of the Tendons. 

There are some disabilities, as bad eases of knuckling over, carrying 
the tail awry, or only the toe of the hind leg may be al)le to be put to 
the ground, from contraction of the perforans tendon. Relief is obtained 
by division of the tendons, l)ut it should always be done under the advice 
of and by a competent surgeon aud with proper iustrumeuts. 



ciiAni:!: win. 



MISCELLANEOUS MINOR DISEASES. 



I. riiiMrcNT I'liMimM. — ri. ici'itiiki.iai, iuncicii. in. iinoi'My ni' ijik i.iiNdM, iv. 

HIiNIIS ANI> m IICH. -V. I'Al.l.INd OKI' (Ih'lUllt. VI, ACtll IC IltUnA TION OK llllO HIUN. 

VII. IIAIIIIICNINO o|f 11110 HKIN. Vlll. ICXOMTOMIN OK Tlll« I.OWICIt .lAW. 1.\. HWICLI,- 

iNi) iiY I'lticMMimni OK run iiiiiiiMt. X. Home nomk. xi. itoAitiNO, on iii<iii-iii,ow- 

IMI. XII. WINIWIAI.I.H. XIII. lll'I'llllllO OK I II H II AMM I UI.NO. XIV. INTIOIINAL 

IIKMOIIKIIAOIC. XV. rAICI'IAI. I'AUALYHIH. 



I. Black Pigmpiit TiimorH. 

Tlioso liliick pifimcill liminis knouii l)\ llir lr;iriir<l I|{||||<' of .Mcliiiio.sis, 
and wllii'll lin> sit (•oliinioii in ;jl;i\ :in<l wliitc Innsrs, :ill;irkinu- lllt^ Imro 

imrls of (lie ski s (lie aiuis, (hr \iil\:i, llic slir.'illi, llic iiiliirr, llic li|l,s, 

tlio ('vc-lids, clc, nvr iMTMsiiiiiaiU ranciTDiis, liul for llic imisl ii.'irl (|iiilo 
liarnilcss. If thcv arc deemed dlijccl itmalilc, as disliciuinc llie animal, 
rellKiVc liiem \\\\ \\ I he knife. 

II. Kpitlioliiil Ciincur. 

'I'lli.s is a ni|i|ili'-liiu' eaneer, wliieli somelimes a|i|iears nii liie lips of 
llol'ses. it sliiillld lie |)i'iiill|i| I \' renioMMJ w illi llie knife, al'ler u liiell llie 
part slioiild Ke Inirned over with lunar <anslie. 

in. DropH.v of llio Luiig.s 

'riii.s ri'siills from valvular and ullier diseases o( {\\v liearl. W'lien (he 
ear is placed In llie eliesi , and llic liorsc slrnek <ui lln- nllicr side with ihe 
open palm, Ihi' sonnd heard is ncarlv llie same as llial lieard in pneumo- 
nia ; linl il mav l>e disi iiic nislied from pneumonia- liv llic cnlirc absence 
(d' fcNcr which eharaclcri/.cs iiini;' dropsy. ll is iisiialh' licAond medical 
reacli, as tlic diseased hearl, its original cause, is irencialh iiunrahlc. 



'I'lii': iioitsi;, ri'H diskasks. 419 

No trt-iitiru'iit, in addilioii to lli.il uliciidy pif.sciilicd for licart disciiso, 
liiu be rccoiiiiiiciidc^d. 

IV. StingM and BitOH. 

Iloriicis, wasps and Im'<'s often attack liorscs, and sonictinics ciiUHO 
(licin serious injuries. 'I'o i-elie\(r a casi; of liiis kind, wo use one <d' I lie 
followiiif; reniedii's, with wiiicli tiic coat must l)e tli()rou<j;liiy saturated: 
Solution (d" annnonia; weak eai-liolie acid wash, (1 ounce to a (piart of 
water) ; I pint of lime water, in wliieli 1 drachm of carliolie a<'id is dis- 
uolvoU ; or oil of lobelia. 

Cases are recorded of horses lia\inj;' died in consciiucnce of an attack 
of bees. In oi'dinarv cases, IJie preeediufj; dii'cction properly carried out 
will b(^ sullicient ; but in more a^^ravaled ones, sponj:'e llie whole Imdy 
witii linio w'ater, and then smear with linsei'd oil. If lime is not accessi- 
ble, use a weak s(dutioni>f soda. Spirits of turpentine and landanum, 
in ci|nal parts, will j^ive reli(d'. 

'I'o prevent the slinks of ;^Md-llies, make 11 slronjf infusion of the ^ireeii 
bark of the elder, and wash the Hanks before^ fi'iinjT o'd. i o prevent the 
bites (d' buffalo-jiliats, that arc so t lonblcsoine alon;.'' the lovvcr .Mississip|)i, 
cover the pai'ts most likely to be allackcd with a mixture of tar and lard 
— Iwt) parts of laril to one of tar. 

V. Fulling Oir of Hair. 

. or that imwhoh'somc stat<' <>( the ^kin and hair ;jlan<ls known by the 
learned terms of humid exani lii'ina and dry cxani liema, t hat causes tlu; 
falling off of the hair, the fidlowin;^' is an cxcelh'nt local lemi'tly when 
the, animal is not under ecneral treatment foi- some disease primai'v to 
till! stale now under consideration : 

No. •M). 1 Oiiiui' pulvi lizcil cliuicoul, 

1 I'lntolhiioil, 
f) Oiiiii'i'H pyrollgiioouH acid, 

1 Ollliri'. I'lillllilijll Niilt. 

•Mix, and rub n|)oji tli<: parts daily with a hponf^cs or a soft rajr. 

VI. Acute Irritation of the Skin. 

l*\)r that acute irritation of the skin conse(|uenl upon cbppinjr, with 
which some horses suffer so miii'h, wash twice a day carefully with a 
Holution of soda (2 ouik'cs of so(|a to a bucket-full of watei'). If the 
horse is especially feverish and sore, '/i\.r tlu' followinjj pur;j;ativ(' : 

No. 210. 8 OuiKM'M I'liHtor oil, 

2 Oiiiii-i'M Uiuturc of iilocK, 

2 DrurliiiiH vHHviicu ol peiiiieriiiliit. 



420 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

In grooming, use a soft brush, and discard the currv-eonil) until the 
soreness and tenderness are gone. 

VII. Hardening of the Skin. 

For that hardening of tlie skin which takes place in consequence of the 
pressure of some portion of the harness, from cutting the integuments 
and sub-cellular tissue, from the calkings of the shoes, from cauterized 
fungi, etc., use the acetate of cantharides as an ai)plication to the in- 
durations : 

No. '21L 1 Ounce acetate acid, 

5 Ounces water, 
1 Ounce pulverized cantharides. 

Mix, and let the mixture stand fourteen days to soften. Then filter 
through linen or blotting paper, and add one ounce of spirits of wine. 
Apply it occasionally by means of a bit of sponge. Or, use e(|ual parts 
of oil of turpentine and olive oil applied in the same wa\ . 

VIII. Exostosis of the Lower Jaw. 

That unnatural enlargement or bony ex- 
crescence of tiie lower jaw, known by the 
above name, is generally caused by a tight 
curb-chain used with a curb-bit of such lev- 
erage as to enable the rider to inflict injury 
by violent jerking. The jaw-bone is bruis- 
ed, and soon enlarges. The injured portion 
must exfoliate, or scale ; and the presence of 
TOMOR CAUSED BY cDRB-cHAiN. thls uunatural .substauce under the flesh and 
tendons gives rise to a foul ulcer, unless steps are taken to give relief 
while the hurt is comparatively recent. 

Nature makes a constant effort to heal, however, and unless the tumor 
is irritated b}' passing particles of bone, it partially heals, so that an ob- 
stacle is interposed from time to time to the escape of the scales ; and in 
this way an unnatural bony structure is formed and matured before the 
bony tumor is entirel}^ healed. To prevent this, open with a keen knife, 
as soon as the bone is found to be injured, and keep the wound open by 
using the elastic syringe and warm water, until the discharge has assumed 
an offensive odor — then syringe into it several times daily, this solution : 

No. 212. 1 Scruple chloride of zinc. 

4 DracliMis essence of anise seed, 
1 Pint water. 




THE HOKf^E, ITS DISEASES. 421 

If taken in time, and treated in this way, tlic iicaling may tal^e place 
without deformity. 

When once the bony e-xcreseenee has estal)lislied itself, no one Imt a 
skillful veteiunaiy surgeon should be entrusted with its I'eiuoval. 

IX. Swellings by Pressure of the Bridle. 

These, as the designation indicates, ai'e swellinirs, sometimes sores, and 
occasionally, when of old standing, callous lumps, made by the pressure 
or rubbing of the bridle upon that little prominence on the neck just 
below and back of the root of the ear. If the swelling is simple and 
recent, remove by saturating it with the camphorated corrosive sublimate 
(No. 2) and drying in with a hot flat iron, held close without touching. 
This must i)e attended to once a day, and the bridle must be kej)! off 
during treatment. If there is a sore without fungous growth ( ])rou(l flesh ) 
the same treatment will be found effective. 

If the tumor is of old standing and fungous, the proud flesh must be 
burned away with lunar caustic. If it is old and horny, resort must be 
had to the knife, after which the wound may be healed by a dressing of 
simple cerate, or of any of the unctuous oils. 

X. Sore Nose. 

The nose sometimes becomes sore from long-continued purulent dis- 
charges, from any irritating substance introduced, but generally from 
grazing near some irritating weed or vine. Jamestown weed will often 
poison the noses of horses, yet the leaves, buds and pods are eaten with 
impunity. So-called "sneeze weed" will also irritate the nose and cause 
it to become sore. As a rule rubbing the nose with mercurial ointment 
in which equal parts of sulphur and lard lias been intimatelv mixed will 
effect a cure. Apply Mith a mop, if out of reach of the hand, to be 
rubbed in as well as mav be possible. 

XI. Roaring and High-blowing 

This is when a horse emits any unnatural noise in traveling, whether he 
simply l)e thick winded, or emits the peculiar noise when hard urged, or 
the sharp sound denominated whistling and piping, similar to roaring, 
but a more confirmed type, occasioned by a strong closing of the rima 
glottidis. Whistlers are simply chronit' or confirmed roarers, and roaring 
precedes whistling. Both impediments to breathing are produced by 
atropln' or wasting or degeneration of the muscles whose ofiice it is to 
dilate the larynx. 

Thick wind is from an inflamed and thit'kcned condition of the smaller 



•iL'l' ILMSTKAIKD STOIK IXKTOI!. 

ami lower hrniu'lios of tlio l>rriithiiii: (ulii<s, whistling from a narrowing 
or I'onstrii'tion of tlio windpipo. Uoariiig, again, is of two kiiuls, aruto 
anil ihionic. Tlio lirst is, in coniiiai ison with tho rlironic and contirini'il 
stall', light and lii\ iai. l'\>ilnnaliiv it is » oniparativfly ran- in tho I'nitod 
Statos, but ijuito coninum in I'aigland, and cssi-nliallv a disoasi- of high 
or wi'll-hrod horsos. 

Ti-ni- high-l>lowing, as nndcrstood liy Knglish liorsonicn, is not consid- 
orcd a ilisoaso or ini[K.'diiniMit . Tiuav is no si)nnd niado during inspira- 
tion. Tho air is oxpoUod during and aftor hard oxortion, with foroo and 
a pofuliar xihration of tho nostrils, causing tho sound. 

Causes. — •^'>.^' !'"^' "1^ *'f thoso impodimonts aro [)rodncod hy various 
affoi'tions, iind soino of tlu'ni, as thick wind and roaring, aro considorod 
hv sonio as horoditary. Laryngitis, distompor, hronohitis, |)nouuu)nia, 
tumors, disoasos of tho nasal moinl>rant>s, and tight roining. lioaring and 
whistling aro doi-idoil unsoumliu-ss. So also should tiiicU wind bo ooiv 
sidorod, if tho horso is to ho nsod for any otiior tiian slow work. 

How to know it. — Ono of tho moans usoil is to go into tho stall, take 
tho horso hv tho hoad, and mako a motion as though to strike him across 
tho sido with a stick. Tho animal will prohahly spring towards tho man- 
iior, and if a roarer, tho peculiar grunt accompanying the haliit will bo 
made. ^ et it must Ih' adniilted that son\e horses, under ti\e impulse of 
snddi'u fear, will grunt. Tlu' liest test is to put him to speed more 
sovme than usual. If the trial is oiijoctod to, be snie tlu>re is sonu'tiiing 
wrong, and bo sure also that there are no straps about thi' nock to pre- 
vent or ease tlu> habit. In addition to the ordinary soimd made by 
roarers, they often, indeed usually, have a loud, hard, sharp cough, bo- 
twoon a oinigh ami a roar. If ooeasionod by laryngitis, this cough will 
bo iudioativo of tho ehronio stage of that disease. 80 a thick-winded 
horso will have a short, hard, dry cough, which ho will give upon making 
any sudden movement, or upon being struok sharply ui)on tho abdomen. 

What to do- — Komodios aro of but little avail, oxce|)t as palliations. In 
slight oat^os, and during the earlier stages, swabbing the larynx with a 
solution of nitrate of silver has given ri'lief . It is preparoil by dissolving at 
tho rate of ten grains of nitrate of sihei' to eaoh ouneo of distilled water, 
and is applied by moans of a small, soft sponge tixed on tho end of a 
piece of whalebone, tho spyngo having a cord attached and longer than 
tho handle, so as to bo rooovorod if it oomcs off. Pads have boon at- 
taehed to tho noso-band of tho bridle, so as to lii> on and eomjiross the 
false membrane of tho nose. Thoso have given relief if tho horso is not 
ro(|uirod to make extra exertion. Firing tn* blistering about tho region of 
the larynx has also been successfully used as a moans of relief. 



Tin: llOliHK, ITS DIHEAHEK. 423 

When roaring is caused hy paralysis of tiic muscles of the larynx, liy- 
podennic iiijcclioiis of strycliiiiiic every two or three days in Iialf ;rraiii 
doses has <.'i\"'ii ifliif. 

Kelief is also sonictiiiies jriven liy ruljl)injr on daily, or om<-<- in two 
da^'s, the following: 

No. 21.'). 1 l>ra.'lim ioillius 

'i I>nnliiiiH iodide of potaBli, 
2 Omiicn laid. 

Mix at a heat little more lli.in to incll llie lard, l)y placino- in a vessel 
of hot water. 

in all of the diseases mentioned, good, (;asily-digested food should be 
given, and only sufficient water to satisfy the a(;tual deinands of the s\'h- 
ti'iii, and the animal slioulil not Ik- jmt to woi'k within an hour of eating 
his food. 

Thick Wind. 

This may he alleviated, and sometimes eijied, by giving the following 
ball onee ()!■ t\\iee a day for sevcial (Jays in su(!cession, as the animal may 
sci-m to need it : 

No. 214. I Drachm f)Ow<lered camphor, 

I Jlraclim powdereil niter, 
1 Dracliin jiowdered opium. 

Or if preferi'ed, to be given once a dii\', until five or six do.ses are taken, 
the following . 

No. 21"! 1 Dracliin powdered niter, 

1 Draclim extract lielladonns. 
3grainH arKenic. 

XII. Wind-gall B. 

Causes. — ^\'indgalis may arise either from strains, over exertion, or 
dropsy of the parts. As a rule they are elastic, round swellings on each 
side of the tendons, rarely becoming solid from coagulation of the lymph, 
unless as is occasionally the case, the strain is so severe as to cause in- 
flammation f)f the bone, ulceration and bony deposit. They do no injury 
whatever, and do not cause unsoundness. 

What to do. — If the ])iiffs, windgalls, are just appearing they may be 
scattered sometimes by a strong decoction of white oak bark and alum. 
They may be reduced by l)listering from subsefjuent contraction of the 
skin; so the liquid lymph maybe drawn out with a hypodermic syringe, 
after which a wet bandage should l)e applied over the part. 



424 



ILMISTIiATKI) STOCK DOCTOU 



It' there is lie;i( and teiuleriiess in eonneetion witii the windgalls it must 
be treuti^d with I'orneiitations and a iiiiiii-iieeietl shot- as roeoiuniended for 
sucli disabilities. As a ruh' simple windjialls beiiij:' so coniiiioii, often 
appeiirinfi on colts, and doinj; no injiiiy, had better not be nieddletl with 
unless there is inllaniniation attendinji' them. 

XIII. Rupture of the Hamstring. 

\(i| oiih' the hamslrini;' lint other sinews are subject to rupture or (!Ven 
division. In this case thi' parts should be brought together and held so 
b_y starch bandages or splints oi- both, when fibrous tissue will form and 
the ends will unite in thriH", four, or live weeks. If intlammation occurs 
it must be treated as herelufort' ad\ised. 




XIV. Broken Wind. 

A horse with broken wind is in pretty much 
the same condition as a man with the astlnua. 
It is said often to occur suddenly, as after unu- 
sual exci'tion, or after sexcre work upon a full 
stomach. 'Plu^ facts are. these ma\' have aggra- 
\ated ;ind suddenly made a[)parenl symptoms iu)t 
noticed iiefore. Thei'e is no cure. l)ut nuich nuiv 
be done to allexiale the distress and enalile the 
animal to do ordinar\' slow worl<. 



How to know it. — There is often, foi' a long time previous to a severe 
attack, more or less cough — a short dry hack, and occasioned by irritabil- 
ity of the kiryn.x. The appetite is often ravenous and morbid, the thirst 
cxi'essive. As the disease progresses there is llatulence, a pendulous 
belh', a ragged coat, and a general ilejeett'd and mithrifty appearance. 

In breathing I here will be a three-fold effort. The inhalation will be 
<(uiek, tlu' ex|)iration slow. Tlu'u the alKlomen will rise as in an effort to 
drive forward the diaphragm, and thus empty the half expired lungs. 
The two last efforts seem laborious, and the double t'ffort is often only 
partially completed when the animal is again forced to gasp for breath. 

In the earlier stages the peculiar somid made is in the windpipe. The 
cut given w-ill show the manner of listening to sounds foi' throat ditiicul- 
ties. Every h(U'semau should accustom himself to recognize not only the 
sound iiulieative of healthy breathing but also those giv(>n out in various 
diseases of the throat. No horse with heaves or broken wind should be 
driven inunediately after eating. The food .should be sound, and water 
should be given only in sm;dl i|uantities. 



TIIK ll()i;si:, ITS DISKASKS. 425 

XV. Internal Hemorrhage- 

rntcrnal blccdiiijj: or hcmorrliiiire is rai-c unless made I)}' puncture of 
soiue of the dccjj-seated blood vessels. 'I'lie oriticc Icudiuir to the siiiface 
being obscure and hiiiii, will of course occasion internal bleeding. \\'licn 
they can be got at the remedy is of course tying. Punctured wounds do 
not lilccd much, the clot usually closing tiic orilice, assisted l)V the con- 
traction of the vessel. In transverse or ()bli(|ue clean cuts of an animal 
causing wounds to the important arteries death must follow unless they 
can be cut down upon and tied. 

Rupture of the blood vessels of tiic lungs sometimes occurs fi'oin over 
exertion, and is also common from the iios(\ Or hemorrhage of liic 
lungs may arise from any pulmonary complaint involving the blood 
ves.sels. In this case it nuist be determined. If 
the blood comes from both nostrils and is frotiiy, 
it is from the lungs. If tiic iiorsc lias no 
specific disease of the lungs, anil is in full llesii. 
bleeding from the neck vein, a full stream, nia\ 
check the blood. Digitalis in fifteen gi'ain doscr 
may be given. It may give jiresciit relief, bui 
]n'ol)nl)ly there is no permanent cure. 

If the bleeding is from the l)lood vessels of the 
nose, a strong solution or alum m;iy he syrmged 

up the no.stril. If this fails, pour half a pint of boiling water on a 
drachm of matico leaves, and when cool strain and inject it up the nostril. 

Chronic hepatitis, congestion and intlammation of the liver, often results 
in hemorrhage internally. The symptoms confirming this state of things 
are, the mouth cold, nasal membranes pallid, the eyes ghastly, .sometimes 
yellow. The horse will look for the seat of i)ain on the right side, and 
usually lies on the left side when down. The head is depressed. As the 
disease progresses there is increased weakness with stagi^cring. The 
pupils of the eyes arc dilatc(l ; the sight is bad, and if the head is 
attempted to be raised high the .ininial instantly shows signs of falling. 

What to do. — I'lif the animal in a roomy stall, or loose box. Keep 
the bowels regulated by grass and bran mashes only, with nutritious food 
and as much gentle ext'rcisc daily as the animal I'an take. Prepare the 
following : 

No. 216. 2 Ouiiies iodiile of potiissiiini. 

1 (^ii;irt liiiuor potiissa. 

.Mix, ami gi\e two table-spoonfuls twice a day in a pint of water. 




426 



ILLUSTKATKl) SIXX'K 1)()( TOK. 



V. Partial Paralysis. 

This is ii disease pnneij)aliy eonfiiied to fast driven horses, or those 
used to extreme exertion. It is also occasioned hy ergot in the hay or 
grain and then is known as ergotism. An injury to the brain may cause 
paralysis of the opposite side of the hoih . So paralysis of the face, 
liodv or limbs may arise from pressure on the brain. Paral_ysis of one 
side of the body, calli'd hemiphlegia, nniy result from disordered brain 
or spinal cord. So [Jiu-alysis of the face, ear, eyelid, lij), tongue, larynx 
and tail may arise from local causes. A cui'rent of cold air continually 
striking a part, bad titting bridles, collars, or other parts of the harness. 
Paralysis of the hind limbs is the most common form and may result from 
injury to the loin or bai'k, from indigestion, from tumors, parasites, in- 
flammation or softening of the si)inal cord, from eating freshly rii)ened 
seeds of some of the grasses (the loliums) as darnell, flax rye grass, and 
l)erennial rye gi-ass. 

What to do. — Tiie cause must first lie found. See articles on inflam- 
mation, poisons, indigestion, etc. 




HORSE 8UFFEU1NG F 



ItTlAL I'AUALYSIS OF THE IIIXD LEGS. 



If the paralysis proceetls from an incurable disease it is to be treated 
by cold water shocks and subsequent friction by rubbing. Among the 
best means is a current of electricity daily. 

The following ball has resulted in relieving the difficulty when it was 
partial paralysis of the hind limbs : 



THE HOUSE, ITS DISEASES. 427 

Ni), '217. >J Grain sirycUnine, 

>j Grain iodine. 

Work this uj) into a hail with [jowdcrcd (|U:issia and molasses and orivc 
daily, irradually incrcasinsr the strvt-hnine according to its effects, so that 
at the end of three weeks one grain will be given daily, and, if good 
effects are produced, a grain and a half may be given daily at the end of 
five or six weeks. 

Paralysis is, however, i)ast cure. Something may be done for present 
relief, but each recurring attack is more and more severe. The most 
strengthening food should be given and the best of care, always being 
careful that the animal be not subject to cold drafts, or extraordinary 
labors. During the recurrence of the attacks, absolute rest and (juict 
must be given. In the giving of nerve stimulants, as strychnine, when 
increasing the doses gradually, if twitching or slight cramjjs of the 
muscles itfe observed, cease giving for a few days and then begin again 
with the smallest dose. 
2S 



CHAPTER XIX. 



MEDICINES. 
What to Keep, How to Obtain, How to Prepare, and How to Give Them. 



I. ALTERATIVES. II. AN.ESTHETICS. III. ANTISEPTIC'S. IV. ASTRINGENTS. V. CA- 
THARTICS. VI. CARMINATIVES. VII. COUNTER IRRITANTS. Vlll. CAUSTICS. 

IX. DIAPHORETICS. X. DIURKTICS. XI. DEMULCENTS. XII. DISINFECTANTS AND 

DEODORIZERS. XIII. EiMETICS AND EXPECTORANTS. XIV. NARCOTICS, ANODYNES, 

AND SEDATIVES. XV. RELAXANTS. XVI. STIMULANTS. XVII. TONICS. XVIII. 

VERMIFUGES. XIX. IJIPORTANCE OF SYMPTOMS. XX. DISSBCTION. XXI. SURGI- 
CAL AND OTHER INSTRUMENTS. XXII. MEDICINES TO BE KEPT. XXIIh DOSES. 

It is not necessary that every farmer should keep a hxrge quantity of 
medicines on hand. A few simples will sufiice, except in the case of 
those who, having a large stock of animals, require medicines to meet 
oases apt to arise. The great point we have insisted on, and here reiter- 
ate, is good care and attention, in health, and good nursing in sickness, 
as being most important in the care of farm animals. The day has past 
for bleeding and purging for every ill that even horse flesh is heir to. 
(iood nursing, attention to the general health, and to symptoms, with the 
prescriptions we have given, will enable any one to carry an animal 
through an ordinary sickness. 

Every person who has carefully studied this work will see the necessity 
of keeping some medicines ou hand, since there is no reason why, with 
the aid of what we have presented, he may not be able to treat nine in 
Uui of the diseases to which farm animals are subject, and without the 
aid of a professed veterinary surgeon. The very full glossary which will 
be found as a part of this work, should be consulted for medical terms 
used when the definition does not immediately follow the use of the term. 
In luiming the medicines and their effects in this chapter we .shall give 
definitions that may be found in the glossary, since in the division of the 
subject of medicines it seems proper that wo should follow the rule 
adopted of defining the meaning of terms in the l)ody of the work. The 
i)])crations of medicine may be defined as follows: 
I. Alteratives. 

Medicines acting generally and continually on tlic system, especially on 
the blood and glandular system. Among the alteratives are, antimonjs 



TIIK HOUSK, ITS DISEASES. 429 

niter, sulphur, ginger, i-iloniel, arsenic, iodine, iodide of potassium, 
sulphite, or hi-sulphitc of soda. 

Antimony. — Bhuk sulphuret of antiinoii\-. Dose 1 to '2 tlraeliins. 
Given in eonnection with sulphur, 1 to 2 ounces, and niter 4 to (> dn.chnis. 

Ginger. — Given as an alterative only in eonneetion witli other luedieiiits. 

Calomel. — (Jive in broken doses, say 1 scruple. Another form of 
mercury, sulphuret, give 3 drachms once a day in connection with 4 
drachms cream of tartar in a pint of water. This has been recoininended 
in obstinate cases of surfeit, and other affections of the skin. 

Arse7iir. — Dose 5 to 10 grains daih-. It should only be used under the 
direction of ii veterinarian. Its action is principally on the nerves. 
Fowler's solution of arsenic contains 4 gi-ains to the ounce. It is the 
best form in M-hich to administer tlie mineral. 

Iodine.— \<. an alterative give 10 to 20 grains. 

Iodide of potas.><{um. — Dose 1-2 to 1 drachm. Valuable in chronic 
rheumatism, chronic cough, scrofulous enlargements, and to cause ab- 
sorption in pleurisy, and inflammation of the lungs. 

Bi-au/p/ii/e of soda. — 77//.'* tiiusf not he confounded icith sulphate. Dose 
1-2 to 1 ounce relieves tymphany. 

II. Anaesthetics. 

These remedies benumb the senses, relieve pain, and are used largelv 
in desti'oying sensation in performing i)riiuipal surgical operations. All 
that will be necessary to notice are ■ 

Cldoroform and Etlier. The best and safest preparation is the fol- 
lowing : 

So. 218. 1 Ounce alcohol, 

2 Ounces chloroform, 

3 Ounces ether. 

Cast the animal to be operated upon ; pour a table-spoonful on a 
sponge and hold to the nostrils so that the animal can take sonic air witii 
it, since if not mixed with air, it is fatal to life. Keep the fingers on the 
pulse, and if it ceases, or intermits decidedly, discontinue, and hold harts- 
horn to the nose, and commence again more lightly. So soon as uncon- 
sciousness is produced, suspend the use of the antesthetic, and renew 
again from time to time, until the oiieration for which it is given is 
completed. 

Sometimes the animal will continue low for some time after the admin- 
istration, with failing pulse and irregular breathing. If so, j)our pails of 
cold water on the body, and if necessary, gently inflate the lungs with a 
pair of bellows, at the same time )iressing upon and releasing the ribs, as 
in natural respiration. Also press pieces of ice into the rectum, or 



4.'U) II.I.I SI'liATi:!) STOCK DdCIOU. 

VM^^'iiiM, accordiiii:' to tin' sex, ;is :iii Mililil iunal iiicmus of rcstonit ioii, if 
iicci'ssni'\-. As the iiMliii'al riiiicti(iii> ;iL:;iiii ;ict , <'liilli(' the li()(l\- ;in<l rilh 
ili-\'. I<'r(iin l\M> lo four niiimtcs slioiild Iw sudiciciit to produce romplctc 
insciisiliilil v ill citlicr the iioi'si' or o\. 

HI. AiitisopticB. 

'I'licsc lire used to iiiTcsl iiiort ilic.il ion niid put rcfail ion. 'riic principal 
iijU'iMits arc cliarco;il, creosote, p\ rolii^ncous acid, sulphate of zinc, and 
ycMist. 'riiev should l.e applied directly to the parts affei'ted. 
IV. Asti'ingcnts. 

'riiese arc aii'ents used lo stop or lessen discliarucs, either <d" the liowels, 
nose, lilood vessels, kidneys or glands, and are applied liotli internally 
and c\tei-nall\. .\nionii' those usually employed, arc, .•ic<'lale of lead, 
ainni, catechu, criiol, kino, ojiiuui, per sulphate of iron, lanuiii, the niin- 
cral acids, and nallie and tanic acids. 

'I'licv should not l)(v used when there is cousideralile inllamuiatiou ; nor 
for di.'irrliie.a, in the heji'iuuiui:' of a diilicidty, since this llu\ is often an 
effort of nature to relie\-e llie hody liy natural means. 

Arrtdfr of lead. — -Dose, 1 to '1 scruples. .Vs a \vasli, use a saturated 
solution. 

Ahihi. — Dose, •_' to .'i di-aehnis : useful in sore thi-oat and dysentery. lu 
powdei', used fcU' stoppinii' liii' llow of Mood. 

( Vr/^'(7/((.-.— l)ose, ■_' to .^ drachms. Useful in diarrhu'a. 

Kri/iil. — l)ose, !-■_' to 1 ounce. Cheeks hleedinji' from the luni;s, iioso, 
stomach and liowels. As .-in ast rinii'ent , for this purpose, it is better to 
ijive it 1)\ h\podci'mic injet'tious, usiuij; er;;'otine in solution in li\e _i;'raiu 
(loses. 

I\!ii<>. — I)osc, \-'l ounce to an ounce, (iiveii in diarrh(ea. 

()j)iiiiii — lj(iit(l{(ii>iiti . — l)ose. |)o\vdei'ed opium, _ drachms. i>aiida- 
num, - to 1 oiiuces. It is .i well known ai^ent in rcdicNini;' the spasms of 
colic, d\seiilerv, lockjaw and other convidsive ailuieuts. In diseases of 
the luniks and hrealhiui;- tulics, if the respiration is short and (juick, it 
should not he jiiven. So. if there is nuieli fever it should not bo jriven 
until these syinpt(Uiis aliate. 

Pit i^tilphntc iif intii. — Hose, 1 to '1 dr.achms. Useful for arresting 
lileediui:: or lienuu'rliaiife. 

Ttntniii. — 'Pauuic acid is the l)cs| form. Hose, 10 to L'O grains. A 
j)owi'rful astringent in diarrluea or mucus discharges. 
V. Cathnrtics. 

These are medicines acting strongly .and directly on th(> howels as a 
purge, in froni ."Mo 12 hours. Strong purgatives should not l>c given 
except it be necessary to thoroughly eviicuiito the bowels, and deplete the 



TlllO HOItsK, ll'.S msKA.sKS. 431 

animal system. Tlio jn'iiicipal aucr.ts ciniiloycd arc aloes, croton oil, 
linseed oil, jjodopliyilin and salts. 

jiloefi, BarbadoeK. — Tins slioiild always be used in ))ref<'r('ni(' lo ('a])e 
aloes, which is more liripinii'. Dose I to S draeiinis. 

Cro/im oil. — A powerful and sharp puri:ati\f, \ahial)lc in olislinair 
constipations. A|)plied externally it is apt to irritate and produce lileni- 
ish. Dose internally 20 drops. 

Liri.iccd oil. — A safe, anil [)retty sui-c, mild puru'c. Dose 1 pint lo 
1 ([uai't . 

I'oildjilnjllin. — This is the active i)rinciple of the Ma^■ apple. It is 
both pur<i;ative and sedative. Dose 1 lo 2 drachms. Its effect on .ininials 
is not so marked as on man. In the commencement of fcxcrs it is 
excellent. 

Salts. — Sulphate of soda or (ilaulier salts is li-cnerally usc<l when pur- 
gative effects are re(|uired. The dose is 1 to 1 \-'2 pounds. Kpsoni salts, 
sulphate of majrnesia, dose 1 to 2 pounds, or .S to 1 1' ounces, and repealed 
every three or four hours until an (iperation is hati. 
VI. Carminatives. 

These arc used in colic, griping, etc., and are often given with griping 
medicines. The principal agents are hlacU pepper, caraway seeds, cloves, 
ginger, ))eppermint, sage, etc 

Black pi^pjicr. — Dose 2 drachms. A\'lien a (|iii<k and powerful remedy 
is re((uired give 2 drachms red (cayenne) ])epper. 

Caraii'di/. — Dose. 1-2 to 1 ounce of the seeds, as ;i powder, oi' as an 
infusion. 

('/(ivcs. — Dose 1-2 to 1 oiuice of pow(lere<l cloves steeped in hot water 
and given warm, or 'M) to (lO (lro|)s of the oil of cloves gi\en in thin 
nmeilage of gum araliie. 

/'('ppcrmiiif (oil). — Dose 1 ."> to ."ill drops in mucilage. >Sage or any of 
the heating her!)s may he given as a toleialily strong infusion or tea. 

VII. Counter Irritants. 

These are di\ide(l into classes: Uuhefacienis, which simply excite tlie 
skin to retlness ; vesicants, which lilister, and suppurants which produce 
sores on the surface. They are serviceable by setting up intlanimation 
on the surface near the seat of disease, in congestion and inflammation of 
internal organs; also of the bones, joints and tissui's. Knlicfacients ai-e 
good in influenza, and other attacks of a general nature, where tlicic is 
low fever ; as, for instance, rubl)ing a paste of nmstard on the legs and 
washing it off in ten or lifteeii minutes. \'esi<ants should not be used 
when fever or intlanunation is high, and suppurants are chiefly of value 
in old chronic complaints. 



4JJ2 ii,i,i'HinAi'i;ii .STOCK Dor/roit. 

KitlirfiiflnilH. — Alcdliol, iiiiitiioiiiii, iiiiiMl-iinl, liir|)<Mitin«. 

\'rnliiniln. ( 'uiilliiiiiili's, s('iil(liii;j' wiitcr, Mini II Imi irnn nl 21 Ji dc^riscH, 

l''iiliriMiiiiii . 

iSii/i/iiirdiifM, ( 'riiloii nil, uiiil Ill of larliir ('iiiflic. 

VIII. CuiMtlCH. 

A^ifiil.'^ wliicli limii .•mil (Ic ln>\ llii' llcsli. \'mh\ to kill llicvirii.s in 

IMMMoIKmI Wnlliuls, i"ll (Mil |il()lli| lli'.sil, (|('.m||(i\ .MlollJi'llS, illltl slilliwilllc oil! 
uli'i'i'.M ; III |ii'>iiliii'i' lii'iillli\ Mi'liiiii ill lisliiliis, ,'inil rriiiiiNc \\';ii'l> iiiiil iillicr 
cMTCMci'iiccs. ,\iiiciii;.' till' ImsI :i;.'C|i(n iirc liillliT of .'iiil iiiioii v , cmiisI ic 
|iiiIii.hIi, rliloiidc iif /.'mr, liiiiiir ciiirslic (iiilnilc i>\' ^IKcr), niliiilc of 
llii'l'<'ill'N', liill'ii' lirjil, :ilii| llic liiil il'dii ill u wllilt' Ik'IiI. ('Iiloriilr of /.ilir 
aiiil nilrilc of .ilvrr ciiiiir in |ii-ii(il hIiii|)(((| Hiiciis. .Nitric aciil iiiiist lie 
II ,i'i| w ii li <:iir. 1 1 is |i<i\MM rill ami iiilcii.sci v ciil in;;', (•iiii.'^iii;:; cxI I'ciiic pMin, 

lull wliicli soon (■(•il,4cs. ll lliav III' lIM'il l>V iliuilill^ ll .sllilllhli' .slip nf 
wood ill tlic liciil anil a|)|il\ iii^j. Tin' liol iniii is llir iiiiisl powerful Cilll.sl ic, 
iiM it Im the inosi iirhiini. ll Iiuwi'mt iniuiics iirr\c iiiiil jii(i<;iiieiit Lo 
11^1' it priipi'rl\ anil rtliririil l\ . 

IX. Dliiphorotlos. 

'I'licHc lire iiiiMrniiir.s ll) raiiM' .swealiiiL:' or lo iiirri'asi' llic iiiscnsililc 
pci'Mpiriilion, Mini llnis idirM' prrsMiii' on ol lirr orj^ans. .Vrrlalr of ani- 
nioiiiii ill solution, hoMTs powiliT, ijirc'ir anil rant liariiirs .arr niaiiih' 
cniploN ril ; lliraninial ln-inij ii>\ nril ipiilr w ai in. Warm walrr is also 
usrl'iil, liiit siraininj.' llii- most pninipt oC all. 

Ai'i/dff iif' (iiiiiiKiiiiii . Siiliilion. |)osi', L' III ;( ounces. 

/ larrr'n /ii>ir(/> rs. |)ose, .'! ilr.arliins. 

//irfiic. (Ji\eii in - lo .'! iliarlmi iloscs in w.iriii w.airr, until llic el'feet 
is proiliiceij. Not especiallv uscl'iil lor liorses. 

( '(llit/liirillr.i. — Dose, I (o T) ;j;r.iiii>. 

X DniiilicH 

l'h(>s(- lire meilicincs used lo ad on llic kidneys. Siillp(>l(>r. Hwori 
spirits 111' nilcr. cream of tartar. Iiirpcniiiie and diititalLs iifo priiu'i- 
pidlv used. ^ 

S((lf/irtrr,- \)i>st\ i; to ,S dracliins. 

Sirirt sfih'i/t' n/' iii'tir l>osc, I to 1' ouiieos. 

Crrdiii of furfur.- \)i)^v. I oimce. 

'/'iir/triifiiir (OW). !)(.sc, I I o 'J ounces, 

/Hilit(ill.i. |)osc, I,", In ■_'() o-rains. 

Ilotli diuretics .ind diaphoretics iire similar in tlieir action, Tf sweiitinjj 
IH iulended, it must lie iissisled witli warmlliimd friction. If operidion 



'III1-; IKtKSK, ITS DIHKAHKH. 4.'{.'l 

on tlic iiilcni.'il or^/iiiis is i-c(|iiiic(|, wai'iiilli ;iii(| fiictioii slioiilil mil he 

UHl'd. 

XI. Demulcents. 

TlicHC iU'o ^ruimnv or jj^lutiiioii.'* siilislaiiccM, ii.scd to sootlic and cover iii- 

Hiiiiiod Hurfiici's, or tlio.sc in an ii-ritaldo condilion ; as inflainiiialion of 

the lliroat, slnniarli und l»o\vil> ; in diseases of the kidneys, or for iiiita- 

1th' eondiliiMls ;;enci:ill\ . I'lio^c oionI in n.se are ; liinseed tea, '^\IU[ 

ariil)i(; watc^r, slippery ehn liark lea, starcli \yalcr and oliNcnil. Marsli 
nialh)\vs makes oni- of llie most yahiahie agents known, lieinL' espe(iail\ 
soolhin;.' to the liowels. 

XII. DiHinibctantH and DeodorizcrH. 

Tlie niosj y.'dnahh' ni' llie>e are. sniphate of ii'on, eiihirifh' of /ine, i-ai'- 
holic acid, ehh»ri(h' of lime, nsed for disinfect in<r and deodorizing^- di-ains, 
clc. The cln'apesl Ik a solution of .sulphate of ii-on, a ;rood h.'indfnl dis- 
Hoivcd to eacli liMckil uf water nsi'd. As .'in at inospheric fnniiirnnl and 
di.'^infei'lant . tiir loilnwin;: is <lieap, and one of the hi'st known: 

Nr). '.ilil. i; I'miiid IIi)«i.|-4 <il siil|iliiir. 

•.! |-oiiii.l< |iiiM' li.r 

M\x with .'I ;.''<'nlle heal, -atnrate tow with it and linrn \\ilhoiil llaiiie. 

('.■uliolir acid in ^^l•al^ suhil ii;n--, or crude carliolic arid in ii> liipiid, im- 
pure form, as it comes from the ;j'as w(n'ks, is valuaMc (or iirusJiiuM o\cr 
am- wood, iron, hrick or stone w(M'k. .Mso vaiualdc for wcltinji' cjotjis, 
and hanj^inj,' up to destroy discas<' li'crms. keep ;iw,i\ Hies, etc. 

The followin;^ formul.is will lie found \.iinal)le disinfectants: 

No. '.22(1. 1 I'lirl Hiil|iljiitiMil /till', 

I l-urt, iMiwilrrnl <ml< )mrk. 
'/. I'arlH Kiil|iliiiri. oririiii 

Mix into halls of proper size and place in diains, sink-holes and ee.s.s- 
pools. 

('ollins' disinfoit in;i- powder is m.iilc hy addin;/ I pai't of liurid ;dum to 
two parts n( chhu'ide of lime. I'our on w.ilei- to tiioroujrhlv wet the 
nniNs, and set in shallow pans aliout the stalile. 

The followinfT i.>< a powerful disinfectant ■ 

No. 'l'2l. ■! I'Diindu idiiimiiii mill, 

I I'illl nil ol vitl'icil. 

I'our the oil of vitriol uradnally and slowly over the salt, and the a(^t- 
ivo disinfeilani , niuiiat ii- ii,is, will Im' c\(i|\cd. 

Tlie follow iiiL:, known as chloralum, is not poisonous, aiii] has no smell. 
To mak<' it take, 



4H4 ii,i,iiH'i'iiAri:i) htock ddciou. 

No.'i'i'i. I '. rollllllH Clllol'hll' III ulllllllllUIII, 

I (liilloii Willi r. 

IllHNi.jVr. 

A iiiiisl I'lri'i'hi.'il, |)iiwi^rf'ul niid iIicmi* ilisiiifccliinl , l)ul poiHoiioiiH, if 
liiUcii, in iiiiidc UN I'dllows . 

Nil. Ta. M OiiniM^H I'liliirlili! <ir/.liii',, 

III OuiiccH niilpliuU uflroii, 
1 (liUliin walm'. 
DImmiImi. 

A |)iiil iiiixcil in II i.'-iillnii III" wiitiT will l)i' i|iiil(^ ntr(m<r cnoii^li for uho. 
XIII. Ernoti(!H and KxpootorimtH. 

\\'lial uiiiilil Mil IIS iiii I'liirlir III! iii.'in, would lie .Mini|)lv :i iiiiiisciimI with 
did liorHc. The linrNii donH not, voinil, iiniiH(!iiiils ml lo Ihhm^ii a roiij;ii, 
1111(1 1.1) looNcn I 111' iiiiiciiH ill Hid air |)aHHiif>i!H, and (liiis I'.iriiilalc ils (^\|iiil- 
MJon. NiiiihciiiiIm uIho iicl hh a .siili.sliliilr for llic old practice of lildcdiiif^. 
TiU'tiir (mu)lic, lilood rool and Hiilpliali^ of /iiu' arr aiiioiii.'' liiosci usuiilly 
(Miiploydd. 

'/'iir/iir I'liir/ir. — |)oHi', I to I 1-2 iliiuliins, in roinuHlion willi lohi-liii 
and sailp.'ln-. 

/i/iKiil root. — ^Dosc, from L' to I drarhnis of I lie powdrrcd root. 

tSii/p/iiitr o/' xilir. — DoM', I 111 - drariiins 

'/'(irfiir iiiii'/ir. — ^'I'lii.s is ofli'ii nnpliivril in romirrliiin «illi sallpctcr 
and lolmlia. 1)o.H(<, liirtlll' nni'lir I i||-;iiliin ; sallprliT I niiiirt'; lolldiil 
i iliarhin. 

XIV. NurootioH, AnodynoH and Sodutivos. 

'riicse run iinr into llir ol Iht, and arc iisod lo soodir pain, allay the 
Irrilaiiiiil \ of llic .MyHtcin, and quiet ex<'iiN.si\e nervous ailioii. Nareot ies 
i|iliikl\ i|uiel tlio sy.Htcill, ilidnee nleep, and if lai^en lar;.'el\, produee 
ihiilli. When i^iven simply lo allay pain, liny are lalled anodynes, '^lll^ 
aetiiin iif a sediitive is to lower nervous forte, lediire llie pulse and ahiilo 
fohrile Hym|)tomH, es])eeially in the liej^iniiiiiji- of acute innamniatioii. 

Niirro/irs. — Opiiiiii, or its preparations, laiidanuui iiiid morphia, lielln- 
donna, loliaceo and Indian hemp. 

Ojiiinii is eenerally j;iven as a tincture, in liic form of laiidaniiiii. 
|)(isc, I to "J ollliees, 

Mor/i/iiit. — Dose, .'1 to i") iiriiiiis. 

lirlliulotiiKi . — |)os(i, 2 (iiiiiees. 

linUiiii htitip. — Tlie dose of lliis dm;; 1-2 to 1 drachm. 

Sfittltil'fH. — Aconite, liniliirc. Hose, 20 to .'>l> drops. 

]'rrttfriiiti ririiff. — The dose of lliis is 1 scruple. 



■I'liic iioKSK, rr.s KisKASKN. 435 

XV. BolHXiints. 

Tlii'sc ilc|)ii\c the iiiiisclcs of tlicir power. Of tliin class loliclia slioiild 
he jii\'cii ill (liiscs (if I lo L' (IrMcliiiis, 

XVI. StitmiliiiitH, 

'IMk^sc ai'c, alcdlinl, .■iiid arc i;i\('ii in llic fonii of luaiidv, \vliisk\', rum, 
gill iiiid ale. Tlir laltcr wlicii ail aiiiiiiai is cvliiiustcMJ hy liard diiviii;:. 
Tlic) doso of lii:iii(l\ , \vl[i>k\ III- ^iii is 'A to (i ounces, and of alcohol I (o 
;-{ ouneoH diluted with \\al<'r. ()tlier stiinul.aiils are: cllicr, dose, I to 2 
ounces ; carlionate of amnioiiia, dose, 2 to I dr.'icliiiis . ( ur|ieiil iiie, dose, 
1 to 2 ounces; and 'rinL'<'i\ dose, 1 (miiici'. 'I'lie ^^iiijicr to lie ^riveii as 
a tea. 

Sliniulanls are used \\ lien it is necessary lo (|uicklv raise tlic .'ininial 
from exli.aiislioii. In ner\ous exliausl ion ils elTcclsare markecl, lint il 
iiiiisl- not lie ;ji\cn in inlL-immal inn oi' fexi'i-. 

XVII. TonicH. 

'{"onics sliar|icn I lie a|)|)el ili', increase the nervous viL;dr, and thus ini- 
proxe t he coiidil inn <d' I he | lal ieni . .Many horsemen ari' fond of ^ivinj;' 
coiidilioii |iii\\dei's, llie main \aliie <il' which lies in (hi^ alli'i'.al ivcs and 
tonics conlained. In this llicy sn|i|io,sc ihal they are lienelicial In ;dre:idv 
healfh\' •■inimals. Nolhin;j could lie farlher from the Irnlh. 'rhe\' are 
not lieiK'licial unless llie.'iiiimal is oiil of condilion and ihc s\slcin needs 
rallyinjf. '10 f;;et tlu^ liest effect from Ionics, lhe\ should li(^ j;i\(ii in 
lij^lit d()H<'M, and eontiniied for ii eonsidcralih' (imc 'i'lien intermit for a 
few days, and if necessaiy, coiniiKuicc^ afiiiin, or snlisliliitc another l<inic. 
'I'iie mineral tonics, sulphates of iron, siilphale of copper and arsc^iic are 
more acti\c Ih.an llie ve;;('lal)le Ionics, l'(U'iiviiiii Imrk, f;;entian, (|uasKi!i, 
etc., tliouiih ofleii the two forms coinliiiutd ac|. witli j^reater ollicacy tiiuii 
eil her alone. 

XVIII. Vormifugos. 

Tlicso are medicines supposed lo lie useful in cxpellin;; udrms. 

For round worms, common sail, lo lie licked al will, is one of the 
bent aji'eiits to expel I hem. ( )il of lurpcnline I ounce. Tarlar einel ic 2 
druclims and sulphate of iron 2 drachms; ;^iv(^ liv(! or six days in siicces- 
sioii, and follow l>v a puiLie. l''oiir lo (i drachms of aloes is one of the 
liesi direcl v'crinifuL'cs. 

7'ti/ii- irori/i . OW (if turpenlinc I ounce doses ; or root of male shield 
fern, I ounce of the extract. ( i i\ c all \ criuifu^res fast in;;-, and al lhcen<l 
of four hours i;ive a pur;;(! uf aloes. l<'or weak animals ;:i\(' ari'k.a nut 
1 ounce. 

Ill iisin;^ a vermifu".'!' il is always lietler to clear the howels hefore 
giviiijf it, and in case the, wcjriiih arc; in the inlcslines ;;i\c iiije<:tionH iiH well 



436 II.I.HHTItA'l'KI) STOCK DOCTOU. 

as ii purf^ativo by llio mouth. It sliould bo re mem bo red that vermifuges 
tliat destroy \>y mechaiiic:il ii ritalion, as iron (iliiijrs, pounded <rlass, vU;., 
.sliould iH'ViT be j^nvcii. 

I^'rctiii I he I'oit'L'oiii^- I lie action of tlic (lilTci-cnt classes of medic^iiies will 
l(f lcarn<'<i. Some of tlie more coninion \v(^ have given as examples. In 
tiie vast list of drugs usc(l in medicines, and which are drawn aliU(^ from 
the animal, vegetabU^ and mineral kingdoms, and some of llieni, the most 
valuable, being deadl\' poisons, must not \n' givcm in too large doses, the 
practitioner cannot Ik^ too careful in tlu^ir use. The doses we have given 
in this (ihapter are from mcMlium to larg(^ If there is any doubt in 
using those, especially liie strong poisonous extracts or crystals us(! the 
smaller. 

'I'here are really but few medicino onl of liie laiye li>t that are of 
real and well known value in cmnmon practice. The diiiggist in prepar- 
ing medicines, uses deli<atc scales and weighs accui';dely. It is always 
Inciter that they compound the pi-<'scriptions if possible; yet, as it is not 
always convenient to seek the druggist, cspe<ially \viien a slo<k of medi- 
cines in ordinary use is kept, it is belter to ha\c a pair of scales and a 
liquid measuring glass. Wf therefore append a fable of weights and 
measures as used by veterinarians : 

WEIGHTS yVND MEASURES. 
Apothecaries' Weight. 

20 RrnliiH miikt^ 1 Hcriiplc, 

S BcruplcH iiial((i I (Irncliin, 

H ilnic'linig iiiaUi' I iiiiiici', 
W (lUiieCN iiiiilu' I |i(iiin>l. 

Wino McuRuro. 

lid iiiliiiiiis, or ilrops itialii' 1 druclim, 

H ili'iK^liliis Hiatus I ounce, 
1(1 (iiMiccN make I pint, 

'2 pintx Miaki' I ipiai'l, 

4 ipiarls make I Kalloii. 

Suffici(Mit accuracy in Ibiid measure for anything not violent in its 
action, will be the following: 

CO di'opH, or 1 Ipii-spooiifiil, make 1 draeliin, 
■i teii-npoonfillK, or 1 tal(lc-s|)oonl'ul, miiki'. >i ounce, 
'2 taltlc-sponnl'iilN iiiuke 1 oiuioe. 
1 wlne-sliinaflil inultCH 2 olineeN, 
1 tea-i iipfiil niiikcN4 oiineeB, 
I lunililerliil makes >, pint, 
1 tin-cupriil ni'keH I pint. 

A handful of llaxsecd, or ot her seed, usually innocent in their nature, 
will weigh about '-' ounces; a liandful of leaves of dried herbs will weigh 
about 1 ounce. 



TIIK IIOKSK, ITS DISKASES. -i'.il 

IX. Importance of Symptoms. 

The iniportanoc of uiKlci'staiidiiijr syiiiplinii.s in disoiisc, not only of flic 
liorsc, hill of :ill fMiiu slock, is <roMcr!ill_v undcrriiti'd \>y fiirnicris :in<l slock 
men, iind \i-\ il i'^ liic key to ;ill remedial means. Unfortunately, diiml) 
animals eamiol Icil liow llicy l'rf\, and tinis the practitioner must jud^c 
by ()utw4U-d si^iis, wiiicli, l)_\' tiie way, are j)retty ample to the car<'ful ob- 
server. Tlies(! are difficult to describe in print, yet they have lieeii so 
described as fully as possible iji the list and treatment of diseases. 

Every horse owner, and especially every stock-raiser, should educate 
himself to understand symj)toms in such diseases as he must necj'ssai-ily 
have to ileal with. 'I'liis will not l)e found diflicull, if tiic I'cader will use 
tiic means we haxc prcsciitecl in tills work. 'I'lir piil>c is (inc of liie most 
important aLi'ciits in tiiis direction; lliroiiLih ihis, we ma\ ;:cl apreltv 
accui'.ite iinlication of tiic siatc of tiic sy>lciii in relation to fe\cr. ple- 
tliora of blood, or the re\crsc. It cannot well be dcscrilicd. and yet it is 
sof)n learned by use and ob.-.er\ ation. In the iiorsc, (lie moiilji is hot and 
dry in fever, and moist and <'ool in health. In health the iio>c of the ox 
is especially cool and moist, ami in fever hot and dry. 'I'lic full or sniall 
pulse, depemls upon an excessive (|uaiitit_\' of blood in the vessels iiidi- 
catin<i a full oi- a weak mil lit ion. A tiiready or wirey pulse is indi<'alive 
of a sniall ipiantily of blood in the vessels, combined with an iiiereas(!d 
or diminished contractibility of the heart. A sluj;|;ish or oppressed pulse 
will indicate unusual fulness of the vessels, the vital powers (d' contr.icl- 
ibililv and sensibility not beinj^ increased, or, it may even be one or liolh 
of tlicin beinjf diminished. Amoiifir the int(>rnal causes operating' on llic 
pulse are iirilaliilily and nervousness. Outside causes are tcni))ciatiire, 
ot her atmos|iliciic causes, and manner of feeding;. 'I'he . stock man who 
will habituate himself to feerm<i; the pulse of his animals, will soon come 
to understand how slij^lit causes will sometimes affect this a>:enl, and thus 
will soon learn to detect disease, often liy this indication alone. This and 
attention to the outward symittoms we liave<riveii in diseases enumerated, 
will so(m (Miable him to dispense with tiie services of the |Maclic<'d veter- 
inarian, except in critical cases. 

XX DissecMon. 

If a fainier would, when an animal is sick, in ad<lition to attendiiifif to 
stndvin^j- the svniploms as they appear, take the trouble, in case it dies, 
to open it, with a view of studying: the altered .structure, knowiiifr as he 
may. how they look in heailh, (his would assist him frreatly in uikIci- 
standiii<r disease <renerally : for by this means he may find just when and 
how the parts affected are chaii;.'-ed. Me will thus, also, come to understand 
the imiioi-tance of ;rood care and mirsinjr in tlie ))revention and elimination 
of disease, more fully than by any other one means. 



438 ilIjIistuaiki) siock doctor. 

XXI. Surgical and Other Instruments. 

AVitli nil our ciiro it is necessary to meet di.sease and accidents when 
tlu'v <()MU', and l(i lliis end wo must be provided at least with a lew sini- 
|il(s, nnii Ihe means of arrivinjr at quantities. 

To tills end we have advised the purdiasc of a pair of scales to weif^h 
<i;rains, drac^hms, ounces and pounds ; certain suriiical instruments, also, 
and a small store of tlu^ medicines such as arc; in connnon usi'. 

In the horse stable a hallinj;- iron should he kei)t. This is an iron ring 
Ihroujfh which the clo.sed hand maybe passed; on the top and bottom 
arc two l)ars, which placed between the front of the jaws enable the 
mouth to be kept opi'U while the hand jjasses the ball of physic to the 
rootdf the tonuiic. Sponiics of several sizes should also lie kept. A 
roomy nose-bai;' ••uid an atomizer will be useful. The little India rubber 
bottle with which Ihe wife sprays her plants, will answer \-ery well in 
])lacc of a better, for sprayini:' Ibe external surfaces. 

Means foi' i;l\iiiu' iujeclions should li<' procured. This m;iy be the 
re<;ular horse; or cattle syriniic, though the pail and India i-ubbcu" pij)c, 
describ(;d in another |)art of the volunu', will be found sim|)le and 
effectual. 

A drciichint;' horn or bott le is another im|)lement that should not be 
iH;<ile(;ted. A pi'ol)an<;- should always be kept. \ Iroc.n- will be found 
useful in case where the stomach is to be punctured to permit the escape 
of jfas. A knife will, however, answer in its place vcr^y well, if the 
blade be sullicient 1\' lonu' and i)ointe(l. Aniuitlit laru'cr (U- snudler accord- 
jiiiilolhe necessities of Ihe stock owner, may be bouiihl in any store 
where suriiical instruments arc kei)t. and in fact in any of the larii'crdrug 
stores of citii^s. 

A c(Mivenient one which we ha\(' used contains: I, A blunt-pointed 
bistourv, an instrument for makini;' incisions. W'luii onh one is to be 
used W(.; recommend the sliii'hily curved form, with the sliar[) edi;'e on tlio 
inside. 

2. Thumb lancet. \\ f aic oi>i)osed to the old time lleam. It seems 
to have been invented Utv iiinoi'ant persons ; certainly none siuh should 
c\('r operate, e\cn on :in animal. A little jiulguicnt will soon enable the 
operator to use tlu' lancet properly and with eifect, gauiiing the depth 
properl\- to which the puncture is to be made. It is la-tler than the 
sprinu' lancet. 

;i. A s|)ring forceps, most valuable in dressing Wdunds, catching 
iii'leries for tying, for removing foreign substances in wounds, anil for a 
varietv of other purposes. 

I. .\n aneurismal needle — a long lilunt needle. It can be used as a 
probe and for introducing small setons. 



TIIK IIOKSK, ITS DISKASES. 4.'59 

5. A silver prolx-, for cxplorinj:' wounds. Il is liliinl ;it one cud and 
.shiirp iit tlic otlit r, :uid Ls iiidisi)t'nsul)lf. 

(). A froii' knife, :i imrrow stniiiiht hliide, sliarplv curved into m strong- 
eds>;ed liook at tlie end, and used for pariiiu' and cleaniuL;' the fro;:s of I lie 
hoofs, etc. 

7.. A pair of curved scissors, for trimminf; tlie etl<j;es of wounds, ex- 
cising. rajrf;ed Hesli, elip[)ing the iuiir, and for otlier purjjoses. 

8. A straight, hroad scalpel (Unife), used in dissecting, opening al)- 
seesses, castrating, and various other surgical operations. Any straight, 
hroad-hladed, keen-edged knife \\ill do. In castrating, however, we 
hav(( idways preferred a round-p()inte(l liiatlc, similar to that used liy 
nurservnien in l)udding. 

9. A seton needle for threading and inl I'odiicing tapes or other scions. 

10. A few surgical needles, white thread and silk, or hctter. thin cat- 
gut. 'I'hesc may all he carried in a iii'at morocco case made for the 
jjurpose, and can hi^ afforded, wholesale, at ten dollars. (In fact we will 
send them at tlril price, delivered with this hook. ) 

XXII. Medicines to be Kept, and Doses. 

The following drugs will lie found liandw Keep everything in white 
hottU's, well corked. <'orrosi\e sul)st;iiices Tnust have ground glass 
stop[)ers. 'I'he druggist, if so instructed, will arrange things. (Quanti- 
ties of these to he kept should l>c ahoiit ti'ii doses each. 1 dose is: 

1. Ac('(ic((it(l — .\nlidote to acids, cooling astringent. Horse, 1 drachm ; 
ox, 2 drachms ; sheep, 1 scruple. 

'1. T!iirhin' (//V//7,/,/7c._.c;,.,l;i(ive, diaphoretic Horse, 20 to .'50 drops : 
ox, :iO to 10 drops: sheep. ;; to "> drops. 

■ \. Alcdlidl. — Stimulant, diuretic, narc(iti<'. lloi'sc, 1 to .'1 ounces; ox, 
3 to <> ounces; sheep, 1-2 ounce. Localh', cooling astringent. 

4. IhirhiidoPK alof's — PurL'ativ'e. Tloi-se. 4 dracinns. 

r>. A/inii. — .\stringcn1 . Horse, 2 to ;-i dr;ichnis ; ox, ?5 to 4 drachm .<? ; 
sheep, 1-2 to 1 di'achm. 

(i. AiiniKDif'd, /ir/)iifJ. — Diffnsihlo .=;timuhint, anti-spasniodie, anti-acid, 
diuretic. Horse, 1-2 ounce : ox, 1-2 to 1 ounce ; sheep, 1-2 to 1 drachm. 

7. ( 'i(rh<ni(ili' (if (immnnni. — Diffusihle .stimulant, anti-.spasmodic, 
anti-acid, diuretic. Horse, 2 to 4 drachms; ox, 4 to (! drachms; .sheep, 
1-2 to 1 drachm. 

)^. Aiiixc s/'f'ij, cnvrnrai/. rrinldmriu, fniiicl sfed . — Stomachic, earminsi- 
tive. Horse, 1 ounce: ox, 1 to 2 ounces: sheep, 2 to 4 drachms. 

9. Arnica finrfurc — Stiinidant, diui-etic. Horse, 1 draclun ; ox, 1 
drachm ; sheep, 1 scrti))le. 

10. Axnfd'iiiln. — Diffusihle stimidnnt, carminative, vermifuge. Horse, 
2 drachms ; ox, 4 drachms ; shoe]), 1-2 to 1 drachm. 



440 II^msTKATKI) STOCK noCTOR. 

11. /id/.finii of I'i'ni. — Sliiiuilant, antisiJiismodic, cxpoctoraiit. Horse, 
1 oiuuc ; ox, I U) 1 1-^ ounces ; .slieep, 2 dniehms. 

1 -2. lionix. — Nerve sedative, uterine stimulant. Ilorsc, 2 lo (i drailuns ; 
ox, 1-2 to 1 ounee; slieep, 1-2 to 1 drachm. 

la. lilackbcfv;/ root. — Astringent. Ilor.sc, 2 to 4 drachms; ox, 1-2 
ounce ; sheep, 2 scruples. 

14. Camphor. — Autispasinotlic Ilorsc, 1 to 2 drachms; ox, 2 to 4 
drachms; sheep, 1 scruple. 

15. Carholir arid. — Sedative, anodyne, astrinuent, antiseptic, disin- 
fcrtaiit. Horse, 1-2 to 1 drachm; ox, 1 drachm; sheei), 10 drops. 

K;. ('In>rri/ hark, wild. — Kxpcrtorant. Horse, 1-2 ounce ; sheep, 2 to 
.') scrui)ics. 

17. Copaivd. — Stimulant, diuretic, ex|)ecti)rant . Horse, 2 to 4 
drachms; ox, .'5 to 1 drachms; shcei), 1-2 to 1 drachm. 

IS. (U-ram of Itirlur. — Diuretic. Horse, 1 ounce; sheep, 4 to (! 
drachms. Laxative: horse, ."> ounces; ox, ") to 8 ounees, sheep, 1 to 2 
ounces. 

l!l. Er<iol. — CliecUs hlccdinii, parturient. Horse, 1-2 to 1 ounce; ox, 
1 ounce ; sheep, 1 to 2 drachms. 

211. Iron, p<-ro.viil('. — Tonic. Ilorsc, 2 to 4 drachms; ox, 4 drachms; 
sheep, 1 dracinn. An antidote to arsenic. 

21. Li nil', rliloridi'. — Checks tympany, disinfectant. Horse 2 to 4 
drachms; sheep, 1 to 2 draciims. 

22. Linseed oil. — Laxative. Horse, 1 to 2 })ints ; ox, 1 to 2 (|uarts ; 
sheep, 1-2 pint. 

2;5. Lo/x'/id. — Sedative, antis|)asmotlic, expectorant. Horse, 1 to 2 
drachms; ox, 1 to ;> (hachms : sheep, 15 grains; swine, f) to 1.') grains. 

24. Mid/oir. — Demulcent, (iivc freely of cold infusion. 

25. Mentlia piperita (peppermint). — ;')() to (!0 drops. 

2<). Oak fiiirk. — .\stringenl. Horse, 1 ounce; ox, 2 to 4 ounces; 
siiccp, I dracinns. 

27. O/iri' oil. — Laxative. Horse, 1 to 2 [)ints ; ox, 2 to .'i [)ints ; 
shei-p, ."> to I') ounces. 

2.S. Opium. — Narcotic, sedative, anodyne, antispasmodic. Horse, 1-2 
to 2 draciims ; ox, 2 to 4 drachms ; shec[), 10 to 20 grains. 

2i>. Opium, tinrliire hiiidannm. — Niireotie, sedative, anodyne, anti- 
spasmodic. Horse, 1 to 2 ounces; ox, 2 ounces; sheep, 2 to ^5 dnvchms. 
Of the jioirdind dm;/, give : horse. 1-2 to 2 drachms ; ox, 2 to 4 
drachms; sheei), 10 to 20 grains. 

'M). I'e/iper, fdiiik. — Stomachic, stimulant . Horse, 2 drachms ; ox, r5 
drachms ; sheep, 1 to 2 scruple-;. 

;!1. /'ii,iij)kiii xi'cdf. — \crmifugc, tieniafuge. Horse, 1 pint. 



iiiK ii()i;sK, ri's nisKASKs. 441 

^'2. Hlinharh. — L.ixativi', tonic, lloisc. I ouiicc ; ox, 2 ounci'.s ; sheep, 

1 dnuliui. 

'A'A. liesiii. — Diuretic. lloi'sc, I to <i «iiaciiiii.> ; ox, 1-2 to 1 oiiiiee ; 
.sheep, 2 to J dnu luiis. 

84. S<i<tp. — Diuretic, antacid, laxali\c. Horse, 1 to 2 ounces ; slieep, 

2 to () drjiehnis. 

35. Silcf^r ni(nil<' (liiiKtr rditslir). — Nerve tonic. Horse, .') jirains; 
o.\, 5 to H gniius ; sheep, 1 to 2 jindns. 

;-5(j. Sweet spirits of niter, Spirilx af iiilniiis ether. — Stiniuiant, anli- 
spasmodie, diuretie, diaphoretic. Iloise, 1 to 2 (tunees ; ox, •^ to 4 
ounces ; sheep, S to (! draehnis. 

'61 . Tohaeeo. — Sedative, antis[)asinodic, \i'rniifu<;c. lloise, 4 <hachnis ; 
ox, 4 to (i diaclnns ; sheep, 1 draclini. 

;i.S. 'l\ir. — Kxpeetoraut, antisi'ptic. Iloi-se, 1-2 to 1 ounce; ox, 1-2 
to 2 ounces : slieep, 1-2 ounce. 

3!l. Turpe.iline oil . — .Stiniuiant , antispasmodic, diurct ic. Horse, 1 to 
2 ounces ; ox, 1 to 1 1-2 ounces; slieeji, 1 to 2 draciiins. X'ennifuge : 
Horse, 2 ounces ; ox, 2 to .'i oinices ; sheep, 4 (.Irachiiis. 

10. ('(^/c/vV^//.— DitTusi blest i nulla nt .antispasmodic, xcrmifuii'c. Horse, 
2 ounces; ox, 2 to 4 ounces; sheep, 1-2 ounce. 

tr. Wild clierr;/ Itark'. — Kxpectoranl . Horse, 1 ounce; ox, 1 1-2 
oiniees ; siieei), .") draehnis. 

42. Zi)ir, Nulpliote. — Astrinji'ent, tonic. Horse, 1 to 2 draehnis; ox, 

2 to 3 dniehms ; sheep, 1 "> to 3(1 grains. 

XXIII. Graduating Doses. 

In the administration of medicines tlu' fcdlowing stateinent of ages and 
doses will he found valuahli' in tietei inining (juantities. The doses men- 
tioned in the preceding list !)eing full ones : 

A horse of 3 years, ox 2 years, sheep 1 1-2 years and swine 1 '> months 
old, should have a full dose. 

A horse If) months to 2 years ; cattle 1 to 2 years, slice]) 1' to IH 
months, and swine s to 1") months, 1-2 of a full dose. 

A horse !l to IS months, cattle (i to 12 months, sh(>ep .') to !• months 
anil swine ti to M months, require 1-4 of a full dose. 

A colt •'> to It months old, eahcs .". to U months, lambs 3 to .'), and pigs 

3 to (! months old, ma\ have l-S of .a full adult dose. 

("oils 1 to ."> months old, cihcs 1 to .'! months, lambs 1 to 3 months, and 
pigs 1 to .") months old, may lia\c l-ltl of the dose. 

Nervous, excitable animals reipiire less than others. The continued 
use of niedieinos renders their action slow and deei-eases their power. 
The inthience of disease also checks or modifies action. In diseases of 
the brain, and si)inal eord, and in impaction of the stomach, double 



442 ir,M;STl!ATKI) STOC'K doctou. 

([iiuiililics must soiiictiincs he si-iven, wliilc in low fevers one-lialf tho 
u.suiil ((uaiitity may prodiuc evil, and sometimes prove fatal. 

As a rule, anodynes, narcotics, sedatives, stimulants and anti-sijasmodies 
may l)e repeated once in four hours until the reciuired effect is produced. 

Twice daily may he jriven as the rule for alt(!rativ('s, refrisrerants, tonics, 
diaphoretics and fehrifufics. 

Emetics should he rci)eated every tive or ten mimites and their action 
induced hy openinii; the nioutn and irritating the throat with a feather. 
If tho animal will drink, give larf^c drauj;hts of slightly warm water. 
Emetics iwv not <fiven to horses. 

Purtiatives should not h(^ <ii\<'n the second time until liu' tiist lias had 
fiill time to operate. in the horse not hef'ore ;-i(i houi's ; cattle and sheep 
12 to I;') hours; swine in 7 to Kt hours. 

Draujjhts of tepid water, or warin <j:ruel assist the operation of pur<j;atives. 

A hall is not to be made I'ound, hut lonsjei' than it is A\ide and not 
larger than a walnut for horse or o\. It must he small enongh so an 
animal may swallow it easih^ Halls are made of drugs in j)owders mixed 
into a semi-solid state with honey or molasses and linseed meal, and cov- 
ered with oiled tissue ))aper. 

Drenches (li(|uid medicines) are made as infusions, with \\arm or cold 
water, or as decoctions with hoiling water. Powdered sul)stances not 
solvent in water are mixed with thick gruel or mucilage. 

A hall is hest given with the aid of a hailing iron. This has been pi'o- 
viously described. Put the iron between the front of the jaws, and place 
the bair well l)a<'k on tiie tongue with the hand. Hold the head well up 
until swallowed. This may he aided by stroking the throat next the jaws. 

Licpiids an; given from a horn oi' thick ipiart bottle with a pretty long 
neck, such as a champagne bottle. No li(iuid or ii'ritating medicine should 
be given until sufficiently diluted with water so tliat it will not injure the 
mouth if held therein some minutes. 

Oil of turi)entine. ci'oton oil, and other strong irritating substances 
that will not mix with water, should he mixed with palm or olive oil, 
milk beaten with eggs, or it may be given in nmcilage as the case may 
require. 

Powerful agents, thiit do not irritate, act promptly injected under the 
skin with a hypodermic syi'inge. A surgeon's ad\ict' should be used in 
administering them. 

Injections are given with a horse syringe. There are patent injectors 
that pump in the liquid eontinuouslv. We have described an imiilement 
that works well, by gravity, and is easily made. Small syringes are used 
for injecting abscesses. Also the hypodermic syringe for injecting under 
the skin. 



CHAPTER XX. 



IMPLEMENTS AND APPARATUS. 



What to Keep, and How to Use Them. 

CatliPtcr. — This is a rouiul ji'utta perclia tube, willi mw oml open, tiie 
other rounded and near the end with two opcaiings. Used to draw tiway 
the water when the lior.se is unahlc to i)ass it naturally. They arc also 
introduced into deej) ulcers, and li(]uid injectetl throuirh them by means 
of a SYrini::c. In usinjj: the catheter, it should l)e well oiled and carefully 
and slowly pushed along the orifice or eanal. 

Drau'iiKj knife. — Frog knife. The knife in coniinon use l)v black- 
smiths ; a thin blade with a sharply-curved end ti.xcd in a handle, and 
used in cutting into and paring the hoof. 

Firing iron. — A heavy, blunt-edged blade fixed in a handle, and some- 
times used for blistering when the actual cautery is considered necessaiy. 
Valuable in skillful bands. 

Forceps. — These are pincers with long jaws, and used for extracting 
splinters, pieces of bone, or for seizing arteries in order tf) tie them up. 

Iinive.H. — These should l)e always keen and should be both sharp and 
round-pointed. .\ heavy bistoury is a long, narrow-bladed knife for 
opening deep wounds and abscesses. 

Lancet. — These are of three kinds : the thumb lancet, llie spring lan- 
cet and the fleam. The thuml) lancet is gauged by the thumb, the spring 
lancet by a spring, and the fleam is struck by a hard wood stick. Always 
make the incision lengthwise of the vein. 

Ligature.^. — Cords for tying arteries, and in tying, a surgeon's knot 
should be used. Instead of passing the end of the cord once round the 
other, pass it twice around before drawing tight. It will hold securely. 

Probes. — These are made of silver wire, with the ends slightly knobbed. 
They are useful in exploring wounds. 

Jioirel. — This is a ring of leather, an inch or so in diameter, the rim 
2!) 



444 ll,l,lISTUATi:i) STOCK DOC'IOlt. 

Ix'iiig about ii (|U!nlcr of an iucli wide. It is wrapped with tiax or 
tlir(%id inoistmind with turpiMitiiic, and pushed down into a i)ocket niado 
in till! sivin, to inihice a runninji; sore. 'I'licy are little usetl now; setons 
ae<'(>niplisliin;;- llu! object fully. 

/S'r/(///,s\ — A eord or li{:;aturo of leather thrust in, under and out of the 
skin, and tieil. It is soaked with turpentine or smeared with irritating 
eoinpounds, and turned e\ei-y day, the ohjui^t hi'iiif;' to promote and keep 
up a diseliai-^e of pus, and leiluce intlamniation. 

Si'hiii iK'cillfn. — 'I'hese are broad, eurvi^d blailes, with a round shaft 
eifihtcen inches lonjj;, and with an eye at the blunt end. Used forthread- 
injf setons of tape, eord or heather into wounds made. Needles for s(!vv- 
in<; up wounds are of s(!Voral sizes, curved, sipiare needl(>s. 

Trufs. — Tlieso are pledj^i^ts of tow, lint or other substances introduced 
into wounds to cause them to form matter. 'I'hey sliiudd be moistened 
with N'enice turpiMitine. 

Tiri/c/i. — A loop of leather or strong' cord, fastened securely upon a 
stout iiandle two feel loui;'. Used foi' holdinii' refractory horses, or dur- 
ing surgical or otiiei- operations. i'ass the uppei- lip tlironiili the loop, 
and twist until sullicient foi-c(^ can be used l<i keep the animal still. 

//oj)j)/('s. — liopcs for casting a hoi'sc. They should be each twenty- 
live feet long. lIa\'etwo strong straps (d' Icathci' doulilc, with a two 
inch scam between, and so they maybe buckled tiiihl to the fetlock. 
l<'astcn bdlh ropes securely to the bottom of a collar placeil (in the horse's 
neck. ( )i' if the rope is long enough, looj) the middle to tiie collar; 
buckle a strap securely to each hind pasti'rn, pass th(> ends of the rope 
through the rings, and back thi-ongh the collar. One num manages the 
head to bring the horse down properly and easily, while assistants pull 
forcibly on the ropcss ahead. A horse should ui^nim' be cast except upon 
a thick, soft b(>d of straw or tan bark. If it is simply wished to hopple 
th(> horse, fasten the ends of the rope to the collar, and of such a length 
IIimI the horse cannot kick. 

aS7//((/x. -'riiese lire an apparatus to suspiaul a horse's weight in case of 
fracture, ihcnniatism, or other diseases when the .inimal cannot beai' full 
weiiiht on the limbs, i'^irst a broa*! strij) of leather or strong canvas two 
feci wide and six or seven feet long, stiffened at the ends by being sewn 
around smooth billets of wood. 'I\) this a breeching is attached to pass 
around the buttocks, .and others to and about the breast, to hold it se- 
curely. IiOO|)s must be fastencil to the billi>ts at the ends of the girdle of 
sullicient strength to bear the weight of the animal. Double blocks and 
pulleys are attached to these, suspended at propi>r points, and thus the 
animal is lifted and suspended so as to boar much or little weight on his 
limbs. 



PART III. 

CATTLE; 

HISTORY, BREEDS, CHARACTERISTICS 
AND MANAGEMENT. 



CATTLE 



CHAPTER I. 



NATURAL HISTORY OF CATTLE. 

THEIR ORIGIN EAIILY DOMK8TICATI0N THK DIKFKKR.NT KINDS AND TIIKIH PKCUUAIl- 

ITIK8 IMI'UOVKD IlltKKDS DKVONS SU8SKX SHOKT IIOUNS Al.DKKNKYS 

AYKSIIIUU8 IIOLSTK1N8 1'Ol.l.KD CATTLE KKKKV COW8 TlIK CIIKHOKKK Olt 

TEXAS CATTLE, ETC., ETC. 

Tile native coiintr)' of tlic //r'«».s' //rw is luit known, and t lie wildtvpci 
ha.s loni; since passed away. 

Tiie llrus is r('<rard(Hl as liie parent of doniestirated rattle, and is 
descnix'd in its wild state, as ;in anini.il of enormous size, of i^reat liei'ce- 
ness, and fahle lias thrown around it an air of mystery, as is eominon in 
all legends that have eonie down to us froni the far past. 

Domestioation of Cattle. 

The doniostieation of cattle is also a matter of conjecture. 

Our earliest record comes from scripture. Juhal, the son of Laniech, 
who lived in the lifetime of .\dam, is recorded as hein;:; "thi' lather of 
such as liiive cattle."" 

Noah ecrtainh IkhI call le, .inil wherever tiie sons of Noaii mi^rrated, 
thoy carried cattle with them. 

Cattle wen- W()rsllil)])cd hy the earliest lO^'yptians, and .•imon;j tli«' 
uncient nations r)f Judca, lhc\- wei'c, and si ill are, held in ^real \'en- 
oration. 



'IJ'5 ILLUSTRATED STOCK UOCTOII. 

Ill the (lays of Aliraliaui, cattle certainly were regularly bred, and in 
the days of Jacob wc have an account of systematic breediiiji to color, 
and probably to typv. 

In every civilized nation, the keeping of eatthi forms among the earliest 
l)roductive industries recorded, and Qvery Celtic nation has at one time 
or another represented them as di\inely given, or else, like the Hindoos, 
held them in the greatest veneration. 

Scientific Nomenclature. 

According to naturalists cattle belong to the ai,\ss MammaUa ; that is, 
having mamniie or teats ; their natural order is called riDiiuxnitia, from 
their habit of ruminating, or chewing the cud. ' 

Their tkibe is termed bovidx, meaning the ox kind. The genus is 
bos, the ox ; the horns growing, from the crest, projecting at first side- 
ways, and porous or cellular inside, with a film of true horn encasing the 
cellular bony structure inside ; the suis-oenus, which will form the 
subject of wiiat we have to say, is termed bus tattrus, or the domes- 
ticated ox. 

Of these there are many families, or sub-families ; each distinctive 
breed being a family. Mixed bi'eeds, grades, and crosses, may be termed 
sub-families. 

The Teeth. 

Cattle are distinguished as to their teeth by having eight lower incisors, 
and none up])er ; these are tlie cutting teeth. They ha\e no canine 
teeth or tusks, but have twenty-four molars or grinding teeth ; six on 
each side of the lower jaw, and six ou each side of the upper jaw. The 
upj)er jaw lias no incisors ; but the skin upon which the lower inci- 
sors meet in the upper jaw is thickened, hard, and in aged animals 
almost hniin . The teeth may be represented as follows; the figures 
above the line representing the upjier, and the figures below the line rep- 
resenting the lower jaw : 

6 6 

Cattle, incisors, — , canines — , molars — — . Total, '-Vl tectli. 
8 6 6 

We annex a cut of a section of the lower jaw showing the eight 
incisors, of a mature ox, or at the age of five years. 




Teeth of Calf atpld, showing ab- 
two incisors, milk t^ except outside 




Teeth at fifteen ibwing peiinanent; 
sorption and wear in also shaj.^3 from 
pers. 



Copyrighted by ^ pr8C61lB|f filJBSR 



Tj^oja. i^c 




M 

^aioaiant 



JUoJi 21 




iT 






-i^ 



CJHAJPT F'OR A.COXJiFLA.T'T^.T »"5r TjaXjIjIKTG^ THES .^Gir£3S Of OA-TmL-E;. 




FiR. 1. 

ith of Calf at Birth, showing the first 
ii.isors, milk teeth. 




Fig. 8. 

Teeth at fifteen months old, showing ab- 
•rption and wear in all the temporary nip- 



(■'(tpyrijjhU'd by K. D. Thompson & Co. 




Fig 2 

Teeth at two weeks oj, sho 
temporary incisors. 




ilti-ii months old, showing 
Liil iiiLisois (i-l), and next 
" ' 1 t)i growmg and pnsh- 

I Is I w id the suiface, also (4-4, 
I.; slu u iiig aliaorption At (8-S) 

the dM. di, or cells foi the teeth. 




Fig. 3. 

Teeth at three. weeks old, showing 





Fig. 4. 

Teeth at one month old, showhig eight 
incisors, or the full set. 






Fig: 10. 




Figo 11. 


Teeth at 
pennanent 1 
absorption 


wo years old past, showing four 
icisors ind four temponiy ones, 
neail) complete, jIso m.irks of 
first pairs. 


Teeth at thre 
manent nipper 
ones nearly goi 
pairs. 


e year.s past, showing six per- 
, and two outside temporary 
c ; also wear on two cenhal 




Fig. 5. 

Teeth at six to eight months old, showing 
^eiu* on first two, or central teeth. 




Fig. Vi. 



nght 



Teeth at four years past, showing 
permanent incisors — the full month — and 
complete complement ; also wear on all but 
outside teeth. 




Pig. 6. 

Teeth at ten months old, Bliovvini; nhs 
tiou in first two pairs of teeth, and wen 
two outside pairs. 




Fig. 1». 

Tcetii at live years past, showinj; 1 




Fig. 7. 

Teeth nt twelve monthe old, showing nh- 
sorption ill all the nippi'vs, except oHlaide 
pair, and wear in these. 



,. }::^^m 




Teeth nt ten years old, showlnn permanent 
spaces between them ; nnd nUo shaisJ from 
natural wear hy use. 



M* Be Wli®«PP#H' ^ C#.^ l*MMlPlii#rPf ^*« If^«ii»P» M®® 



Tor fiirlhsr fiots conoorninj; Iho Ajoj of tillb ssi ]mhi jijsi 






41, 



XjClHO 



■'^ 







,1 .ara 

laift adl guiworlK ,(1ni(I 1b IIbD to riJasT 

.(iHol jlliffi .anoaiyiii owJ 



f^'t*)|%| 



<■) . 1 1 . 1.,^; Mil Iii-imi:mii .,1 |>.-lft OWJ 



■ih 





-dit sntvtrorfa ,b(o adiaocn risM'irt }« rflasT 
-tjiii \(iwioqan9t aril Iln nc laati bne noij<po8 



il> no'<n\4«oAT ..fl. .VI ^d VvjJAvin^t^oO 



cattm:, TiiKii; uhkmn, ktc 



449 



The aniu^xi'd cut of si'ctioii of tlio 
!k':uI of an ox will show the molars, 
or griiuling teeth, and also the termi- 
nal bone of the upper jaw, eorres- 
pondinj; to the lower fnee jaw. and 
destitute of teeth. 

Explanation. — a — :\Iolars or jrrind- 
<'rs. h — Superior maxillary bone — 
its palatine process, c — Cells of the 
palatme bone. d. — Anterior maxill- 
ary bone, destitute of incisor teeth. 

Breeds of Cattle. 

The breeds of cattle which have 
ac(juired favor in the United States 
are contined to but few. 

The Devons arc the typical race of 
England, as among those that ha\-e 
retained their purity, through long 
generations, breeding with entire uni- 
formity as to color, symmetry, horns, 
and other general characteristics, fully 
as much so as the Chilliniiham whit 




Tkkiu ok o\ at Ai;k ok 1''ive Ykaus. 




Section ok ITkad ok ox. 



cattle, which ai'c I'cirarded as 



descendants of the oriirinal or aboriirinal cattle of the British Islands 




450 iM^usruArici) Hiocii hociok. 

The I'ori'Mdiiij^cnl is :i ;^()()(l illiisl nil inn of I hi' |)i'\(iii ox as lie Mppcarccl 
lifty yrtirs iijfo, frdiii I lie |)!isl iiri'. Siirli mii (inr wuiild be i-<'^ar(lr(l as ii 
iiionI adiiiiriiliht animal l()-(la\ . 

ClasBifloation of Races. 
In lOiif^laini ciitllc arc^ (livitl<'(l iiilo hocf and diiii-y callli^ Hin^f cattlo 
aj^ain ant divided into lonjf-iiorns, niiddW^-lioriis, siKJi't-lioriiH, and polled 
or lioinlcss call jr. 

Long-Horns. 

< )!' Ilic lonii-liorns ; llic old Irisli lonj;-liorns showed a slriUinjf jxicu- 
liaril\, wiiicii was, llial llicir liocns lurncd directly d()Wnwar<l. 

in Craven, Knj^land, has lonj;' exisled a l>i-eed of catlle pecniiar in 
l.iieniH(tlves, hroad in llnMshints (jnieU and easy (o fallen, and noled for 
niakin<; ex<'elh'nl licef. 

Under liie seienlilic hreedin;^- of I5al<c\v<'ll, a lunidrcd years a^o, and 
liis ininx^diale snecessoi-, licicesfer, lonj;-iiorns ae(|Mire(l a wide eeiehrity. 
'i'his was nndonhledly allained by hreedin;;' in-and-in. He was known 
to havit don(( so lu a n niarUahle de;:ree. 

Willi the dealli ul' liakewcll and iiis immediate snecessors, exeessivo 
deliea<'V of cons! idit ion l>ei;an to tell, and I hey he^an to lose east(^ yeai's 
a^o, as u rare. 

They lia\e left theii' impress, however, and, most decidedly, upon the 
whole family .d' lonu-horns. They liecame l.cllcr feeders, l.cltcr hand- 
lers, and made liclter h.'cf than hcfoie llic infusi f this Mood. 

'I'hi'y have lon^' been superseded by tlie shoi't-horn and the llerefords, 
and are only noticed here, as forinin;;' a part of the mixed blood of cattle, 
of liie I'nilcd Slates and Canada. 

We occasionally s(>e by reversion, animals ainoni;' our so called iiali\e 
catlle, showinji' slronjn' charaelei'istics of Leicester, Ih'rcl'ord, Ucvon, the 
old Teeswater, the Dutch and polled cattle. 

Middlo-Horns. 

( )f the Middlc-liorns the only catlh' \aliial.lc in the I'nilcd Stales, are 
the DcNons anil the llerefords, both wonderful families, in their m.ikc up, 
and \alnable whether for beef or working;' oxen. 

In fact the |)e\(in is I he iiest woi'kini;' ox in I hi' world, and as beef 
makers their llcsh is superior to thai of any other breed, except the 
Scotch, or West lliiiiiland catlle. 

liesiiles the Devons the other families of the Middle-ll(M-ns, are the 



CATTI-K, I'lii;!!! <>i;ii;i.\, i:r<' 



401 



Sussex, I'ciiil'ioki', ( ilaiiiorjiiiii, Aiii/c/.sia , mikI, in SrollaiKl, the West 
llii'lilaiid cudlc, noted Corllie sii|)<Ti()iil y <i(' (heir llesli, :nii| w lii<li have, 
fur iniun' ;^enei'ations, i-emained iniciian;j('d, or ini|)ro\ed excepl hy selec- 
tion. 

Tlieir piincipal \aiiii\ after all, is lh<ir extreme haidines^, ancj aptitude 
to fatten wiiei-e ot hei- animals wouhl starve. 

Alio\c, as sliowinjr tlie eharaeleristics of this lireed, we ^^iNcan illuslra- 
lioM (da West Ili'jhI.ind o\, in i;-oo(l f jin-r llesh. 

Tho Dovons. 

The eelelirity that the I )e\(>ns lon^ a^o attained fur their su|(erior heiif 
and woi'Uiufi- (|ualities, is wholly ilue to the fad that they have loiifj \n'vi\ 
bred, in Nortii Devon, pure. llenee, they are often called Noi-lli Devon, 
to diKtin<^uisli them fioni the South Devous and the Sussex, liotli infe- 
rioi' cattle, either from a feedin;; ai working' standpoint. 

'I'Ik' Dcvdiis are undonhledly an ori;^in.il and pure lacc, and llav(^ heen 
noted for their hiuh excellence for man\ ;jcnerat ions. 

It is only within the last two hundred \earstliat s\stenial ic efforts hav(! 
Iieeu made to increase the exc(dlence of I'aijilish callle, and it is not m()r<( 
tliaii ()M(! Iiuiidred and lift y y<'ai's a^o that De\()n faruu'rs werti wiiU(d up 
to the iniprovenient , that mijiiil l)e made in these hi^iii sfruu}^, ffeneroiis 
feeders. They have within the last sev(Mit\'-(iv(^ years been l)rou;ilit to 
such liijfli |)ei-feeti(>u, that tliey do not suffer in comparison with other 
hi;fli caste cattle, and they would ec.TlaiuJy suffer by iMtcnni.xture v^itli 
an\' ot her bi'eed. 




Devon Bum,. 



452 ll-I,i;S'l'I!ATI',l> STOCK IHHTOR. 

Where Dovons Thrive. 

They c'iiiinot coniix^tc^ willi (lie Slioil-I lonis niid llcrcfords, on jhisli 
wostcni |)!isturt's. 

Tliry liu'k size, iiiid early iiiiiturit y, l)ii( on liill, or hrokiMi paslurcs, and 
in climates too cold for these breeds, and especially in climates unsuitable 
to Short-IIorns, they are the best catth? eVer known. 

On the previous paije, as showinj; the (extraordinary symnielrv and 
style of this remarkable breed, we present a likeness of a Devon l)ull, 
remarkable for eminent eharaci eristics of the breed. 

Devon Cows. 

'IMic l)uiis of tliis bi'ced are inclined to l)e vicious as they <:;et old. 
'I'lic cows are i;-eiillc, and if ji'entiy used, kind iii the extreme. Both 
males and females, however, arc so high sti'ung that they will not bear 
abu.se. A brutal master they will tight, but if managed with a firm, yet 
gentle iiand, (hey are the most familiar, as they are the most intelli- 
gent, of horned cattle. 

'riic cows give exi'eedingly rich milk, and many of them fair iiuanlities. 

The males are said to cross kindly with the Ouernseys, and these 
ni;ikc viibiahic dairy cattle. 

There arc however now so many excelleni pure breeds of milkers that 
it would be fiililc to experiment with the cross, since it will surely reduce 
the value of the animal either for work or beef. 

As workers, milkers and beef makei's combined, foi' the amount of 
fooii taken, they have no supei'ior, if they ha\e their- c(|ual. .\s bci'f 
makers alone, in the West, the Sjiort Horns and Hereford arc superior. 
As milkers the Jersey, the Holstein and Ayrshire lake the p.ilni. As 
working cattle the Devons are su])erior to all known breeds. 

The cut on the following page is a good illustration of a high ca.ste 
Devon cow. 

Characteristics of the Devon Cow. 

This we gi\'e as follows : 

'{"here aic few things more rcmarkabUi about the Devon cattle than the 
comi)arative smallness of the cow. The bull is a great deal less than the 
ox, and the cow smaller than the bull. 

'IMiis is some disadvantage, and the breeders are aware of it ; for, 
although it mav not be nece.s.sarv to have a large bull, and esi)eeially a.s 
those of an extraordinary size are seldom handsome in all their points, 
Init somewhere or other i)rcsent coarseness or deformity, it is almost 



CATTI.K, DKNO.NS. 



453 



impossible to procure laruff and sci\lccnlili' oxen except from a somewhat 
roomy cow. 

Tlu'sc cows, however, ahlioui;h small, possess thai ri)iiii<liiess and 
projection of the two or tliree last lihs, which make them actually more 
rooniv tlian a careless examination of them would indicate. 






r._- 






- 




\. 




- r- 


"^ 


"" 


^ 







The cf)W is ])articul:irlv distintruished for hei- full, round, clear eye, the 
gold-colored circle around the eye, and the same coloi- on the inside skin 
of the ear. 

The countenance is cheerful, and the muzzle oi'anire or \'ellow. 



454 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



The jaws are free from tliickness, and the throat from dewlap. 
The back, the barrel, and the hind quarters differ from those of other 
breeds, having more of roundness and beauty, and Ijeing free from angles. 

Points of the Dcvons. 

Youatt, than whom none have written more intelligentl}' on domestic 
animals, describes the characteristics of the breed as follows : 

The more perfect specimens of the Devon breed are thus distinguished : 

The horn of the bull ought to be neither too low nor too high, tapering 
at the points, not too tliick at the tip. 

The eye should be clear, bright, and prominent, showing much of the 
white, and have around it a circle of dark orange color. 

The forehead should be flat, indented, and small, for, b}' the smallness 
of the forehead, the purity of the breed is very much estimated. v 

The cheek should be small, and the muzzle fine ; the nose nmst be of 
a clear yellow. 

The nostril should be high and open ; the hair curled about the Head. 

The neck should be thick, and that sometimes almost to a fault. 




Devon Wokkini; ox. 



Excepting in the head and neck, the form of the bull does not mate- 
rially differ from that of the ox, but he is considerably smaller. There 
are exceptions, however, to this rule. 

The head of the ox is small, vcr^- singularly so, relatively to liis liulk ; 
yet it has a striking breadth of forehead ; it is clean and free from flesh 
about the jaws. 

The eye is very prominent, and the animal has a pleasing vivacity of 



CATTLE, UKVONS. 455 

couiitcnaiioe, distiii,<,niisliiiii;- it from the liciivy aspect of iiiiui}' other 
breeds. 

Its iieek is loii;^ i'l'd thin, adiiiiralily adaptiuu' it for the eoUar, or the 
more eouiiiiou and ruder voke. 

It is accounted one of the eluiraeteristics of pood cattle, that the line 
of the neck from the horns, to tiie withers, should scarcely de\iate from 
that of the hack. 

In the Devon o.\, however, there is a peculiar rising at the shoulder, 
reminding us of the blood-horse, and essentially connected with the free 
and (juick action bv which this Ijreed has ever been distinguished. 

It has little oi- no dewlap depending from the throat. 

'{'he horns are longer than those of the bull, smaller, and tine even to 
the base, and of a lighter color, and tipped with yellow. 

The animal is light in the withers ; the shoulders a little obli(jue ; the 
l)reast deep, and the bosom open and wide, particularly as contrasted 
with the tineness of the withers. 

The fore li-gs are wide apart, looking like pillars that have to support 
a great weight. 

The point of the shoulder is rarely or never seen. There is no jirojec- 
tion of boni', but there is a kind of level line running on to the neck. 

Chai'acteristics and Important Points. 

Angular bony projections aic never found in a beast that carries much 
tlesh and fat. 

The lincness of the withers, the slanting direction of the shoulder, and 
tlu' broad and ojx'U breast, imply strength, speed, and aptitude to fatten. 

A nai-row-chested animal can never be useful cither for working or 
grazing. 

With all the lightness of the Devon ox, there is a point about him, dis- 
liked in tile blood or riding horse, and not approved in the horse of li<>-ht 
draught — the legs are far under the chest, or rather the breast projects 
far and wide before the legs. We see the advantage of this in the beast 
of slow draught, wlio rarely breaks into a trot, except when he is goaded 
on in catching (iui"K, and the division of whose foot prevents him from 
stumbling. 

The lightness of th(> other parts of his form, however, counterbalances 
heaviness there. 

The legs are straight, at l(>ast in the best herds. If they are in-kneed 
or crooked in the fore-legs, it argues a deficienc}^ in blood, and compara- 
tive incapacity for work ; and for grazing, too, for they will be hollow 
behind the withers, a ])oint for which nothing can compensate, because it 
takes away so nuich from the place where good flesh and fat should be 



■l/id II.MISTHAI'KI) hl'DCK DOC'IOlt. 

thickly liiid ou, siiid (liiniiiislics tin- (■a));i(il y of tlic dicst uiid t4ic i)ower of 
crcutiiifj; iirtcrial jind imtritiouis blood. 

Tho Limbs of the Dovons. 

Tiic forc-ariii is |iuiiiciilaiiy larfi'c and |)o\vcr('iil. Il swells out Hud- 
dciily al)ov(^ tlu^ kiiccs hut in soon lont in tlic^ substances of the .shoulder. 

liclovv the Un(u? the hone is sniull to a very extraordinary dc^firee, indi- 
catiiifj; a secniini; want al' streii^dh ; hut tills iMipression iininediatcsly 
(•(Nises, for the snialiiiess is only in front — il is only in the hone; the leg 
is dei|), and the sinews are far renio\cd from the hone, |)foniisin<^ hoth 
si reniil h and speed. 

It may he ohjeeli'd thai tiie ie^' is a little too lon^'. It would he so in 
an animal destined only to ^ra/,e ; hut this is a working animal, and some 
length (if leg is neeo.sHiiry to get him aeti\cly ovv.r the ground. 

Tho Body of tho Dovons. 

'I'here is some trilling fall hehind the withers, hut no IioUowiichs, and 
the line of the hack is straight from thence to the setting on of the tail, 
if there is any seeming fault in the heast , it is that the Hides are a 
lillle too Hal. Il will a|)|)ear, howevei-, that this does not interfere with 
feeding, while a deep, although somewhat Hat chest is hest adapted for 

sp..ed. 

The two last I'ihs are parlieulai'ly hold and jirominenl, lea\ing room 
foi- the stomach and other parts concerned in digestion to he fully 
de\ eloped. 

Tile liips, or huckles, are high up, and on a le\'el with the hack, whether 
(he heast is fat or Icsjin. 

The hind (piarlers, or Ww space from the hip to the point of the rump, 
are particularly long and well tilled up — a point of importance l)oth for 
grazing and woi'king. II leaves room for tlesh in the most valuable 
part, and indicates much power behind, e(|ually coimected with strength 
and sjjecd. This is an improvement (|uit<s of modern dale. The full- 
ness here, and the swelling of th<' Ihigh below, are of much more con- 
se(|uence llian the prominence of fat which is so much admired on the 
rump (d' many prize c.allle. 

The selling on of the tail is high, on a level with the hack, rarely much 
elevated or (h'pressed. This is anothcl' great point, as connectt'tl with tile 
perfection of (he liiii<l (|iiai'lers. 

'V\w (ail is long and small, and taper, with a round hunch of hair at the 
bottom. 



(Arii.i:. iiKi;i:ri>i!i>s. if)! 



Of tho Skin and Hair. 



Tlic skin of the Devon, with his curly hair, is exccodinffly mellow and 
elastic, (iiaziers well know liiat liiercMs not a nioi'c inipoi-tant point than 
this. \\'lien the skin can I >c eii.siiy raised t'idni the hips it ^howsthal there 
is room to set on fat helow . 

Tin; skin is tiiin rather than thick. Its appeaiance of thickness arises 
from the curly liair with wiiieli it is covered, and curly in i)roi)orlion to 
the condition and liealtii of the animal. These curls run lik(! little I'ip- 
ples on watci'. Some of theso eattlc! have the iiair smooth, hut then it 
should he line and soft . 'l'hos(^ with cui'led iiair are nioi-e hardy, and 
fattc^u mon! kindly. 

Tlie fa\<)rite color is hlood red. I'his is su|)posed to indicate purity of 
lii-ccd ; hut there arc many good cattle approaching almost to bay. 

If the c\(' is clear and good, and the skin mellow, thc^ paler color will 
hear hard wurk, an<l fatti'U as well as others, hut a licast with pale hair, 
and hard un<|cr the hand, .and the eye dark and dead, will he a sluggish 
worker, and au unprolitahlc feeder. 

Those of ;i \cllow color are said to he suhject to diai'rho'a, or scouring. 

These are the principal points cd' a good Devon ox ; hut he used to he, 
perlia]^s as many ai'e yet , a little too (lal-sided, and the rump narrowed 
too rapidly behind the hip bones ; tliei'e was too nmeh sp.ace hctwccn the 
hip bones and the last rib, ami he was too light for jilowiug in tenacious 
and strong soils. 

A selection from th(^ most ])erfeet animals of the true bi-<'i'd — the boue 
small and thi^ neck tine, but the briskest deep and wide, and down to the 
knees, and not an atom of flatness all over tlu! side — 1hes(! iiave improv<'d 
th<' strengtli and bulk of the l)evon ox, without imparing, in the; slightest 
degree his activity, his beauty, or his ])ropcnsity to fatten. 

Tho Herefords. 

The Herefords, named from the county of Ilerefoi-d, Kngland, were 
originally red or brown, with no white about them. From tli.at they were 
bred 1o brownish or yellowish red, souu' few even being brindle. Only 
within the last hundred years have they been bred to white faces. 

It was Hnally made to extend along lln^ top of tln^ neck, ahuig the throat, 
dewlap, brisket and fore legs, belly and flanks: and white hind feet and 
tail ai'c. now fashionabh'. 

They are a vei'v ancient breed, and uudoubtcdh .allied to the Devons. 



458 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK. 




CATTLK, UKliEFOUDS. 45!' 

Herefords Fifty Years Ago. 

Ml'. Marshal, a ino.st competent authority, gives the following aecouut 
of the iini)roved Hereford as it was known tifty years ago : 

"The countenance pleasant, cheerful, open; the forehead broad; eye 
full and lively; horns bright, taper, and spi'cading ; head small; cho|) 
lean ; ncciv long and tapering ; chest dcc[) ; bosom broad, and projecting 
forward; shoulder-ltone thin, Hat, no way protuberant ni bone, but full 
and mellow in (iesli ; chest full ; loin broad ; hips standmg wide, and level 
with the chine ; (juarters long, and wide, at the neck ; rump even with the 
level of the back, and sharp above the cpiarters ; tail slender and neatly 
haired ; barrel round and roomy ; the carcass throughout deep and well 
spread ; ribs broad, standing fiat and close on the outer surface, forming 
a smooth, even barrel; the hind parts large and full of strength; neck 
bones snug, not prominent ; thigh clean, and regularly taj)ering ; legs up- 
right and short ; bone below the knee and hoi'k small ; feet of middle size : 
flank large ; flesh everywhere mellow, soft, and 3'ielding pleasantly to the' 
touch, especially on the chine, the shoulder and the ril)s ; hide mellow, 
supple, of a middle thickness, and loose on the neck and huckle ; coat 
neatlv haired, bright, and silky ; color, a middle red ; this, with a bald 
face, is characteristic of the true Hereford breed." 

The Hereford Cow. 

The Hereford cow compari'd with the ox is small and delicate, and not 
always handsomely made, to the superflcial observer. 

Here again this breed would seem to show their relationsliij) to the 
Devon. She carries but little flesh, in breeding condition, and when 
breeding, should not be fed sufficiently to accumulate^ much fat ; for, in 
oi'der that the young be superior, the dam should have plenty of room 
inside. 

With the Herefords, exi)erience has shown that the dam may not be too 
large or t^oarse but she should be roomy. Then thc^ breeder will get, 
even from apparently inferior cows, large, handsome steer.s, that will 
fatten early, and kindly, and to great weights. 

When the cow is done bre(>ding, and ready for fatting, it \y\\\ please 
the owner to see how she will spr(>ad out, and accumulate flesh and fat, 
and this to a greater degree, than if not allowed to breed. 

The Herefords are a hardy, gentle race, maturing early, and are long 
lived. The flesh is superior, handsomely nuirbled, heavy in the prime 
parts, and they fatten to weights fully as heavy as any other known 
breed. 

Their massive strength, honesty and gentleness make them the best 
working oxen known, and the potency of the bulls, when crossed upon 
30 



460 11,1,1 Sl'liATKt) ,sr()( K l>()(T()K. 

red or iic';irl\ i-cd cows of the fouiitrv, rciHicrs the steers easily matched 
in color, MS tlicy will lie easily matched in ifeneral characteristics of 
the ])i'ou('ny. 

Herefords in America. 

Herufords were tirst brought to America for systematic bi'oeding in 
1816 or 1817, by the great Kentucliy statesman, Henry Clay. They 
wore soon, howcvc'r, allowed to rmi down aiad were at length entirely lost 
sight of there. Admiral Sir Isaac Cotfin, a few years after, sent out from 
Enghmd a Hereford l)ull to his friends in Massachusetts, which was used 
in crossing u])on the native cattle of the State. He made a very marked 
impress there, and for many years the good result was seen in the cattle 
of the State.. 

About the year 1<S4() there was a large importation made into the State 
of New York, from England. They went princii)ally to Jefferson county 
and some to Vermont. 

About the year 1852 there was another considerables importation of 
Herefords into Ohio — very fine animals, wlu'i'c they, in connection with 
later importations, have been successfully bred. 

In 1860 and 18()1 two iini)ortatious were made into Canada, consisting 
of two bulls and eleven cows and hcMfers, From these there have come 
down many most excellent animals, which have left their impress far and 
wide. Since that time there have been various imjjortations, ])rincipally 
in Illinois and Maryland, the produce of whicli have fought their way 
against the o])position of the Short-Horns, until now they may be said to 
fairly divide honors with this famous brec^d in America as they are well 
known to do in England. 

Aa Milkers. 

The cows are not very deep mdkers, in fact they give but little milk. 
They were never large milkers, and a course of breeding for many 
generations as beef makers, while it has brought up the animals to great 
weights and such wonderful synnuetry that tluy fairly dispute the palm 
in theshowrings with the best Short Horns, the milking qualities have 
yraduallv become less and less. It is but another exemplification of the 
fact, that all goodness cannot be combined in one animal. No sensible 
breeder expects it. 

It is enough that th<' science of brec'ding within the last fifty years has 
brought all oiu' domestic animals far toward i)erfection, in the two great 
classes needed in cattle : that is, sui)erior excellence as beef makers, or 
else superior excellence as deep and rich milkers. It is olnious that it 
nmst be so, for the animal superior as a milker nmst necessarily be 
altogether different in her conformation from one destined to jiroduco a 
maxinnun \\<>iLiht of prime liecf at the earliest age. 



CATTLK, IIKliKI-DIilKS. 



461 







4()2 ILLrSTKAI'KI) STOCK !)()( To:;. 

The Hereford Ox. 

\\'lu'tlu'r wo consider this rciiuii-ivahio hivi'd oithcr in IJicii' adaptability 
to iicavy draft, or in tiicir wonderful fatli'nin>r (|iialitii's, il is the steers 
that make the money for tlie feeder. 

'Piieir ea[)aliilitv of standinji' fatijiiie and coast it utionid adnplaliiiity in 
resjstini;' wiiilcr weatlier, lias of late niade them gi'eal favorites with the 
ranclunen on the plains. 

So, wiiile we sec tiiein wiiniinii' honors in the show rin<:'s at home, tlui 
\-ounL;' hulls are eagerly picked up for transportation to Colorado, New 
.Mexico, Mont.ana and W\<iniini:-, to put with the hei'ds there, for tlu^ 
pui'pose of breeding' jir.'ides. 

Thus two \,ilnal)le ends will he conserved: Th.at cotmtry will 
send East most supciMor e;itlle for feeding fat, in the ^reat corn region 
of the West, while at the same time they will he raisinfi^ up .steers 
admirably adapted to the heavv fri-iiihtinjj^ business in the mountains and 
niininu' districts. 

The Herefoi-d of To-day. 

As showiuii' the extreme care that has been exercised of late years in 
iinproxinu- this comparatively rare breed in Enjiland, to such great 
perft'ction as to fairly claim honors with the very best Short-Horns, the 
follow inii' extracts from leading agricultural journals, relating to one of 
the great show rings there in 1S7.S, the Bath and West of England, the 
Mark Lcnie Erprcw speaking of the Hereford exhibit says : 

"They are not so numerous as the more fashionable bi'ci'd, but tlio 
(|uality throughout is excellent. In the aged bull class there are tive 
animals of which the Hereford in<'n need not be ashamed. » » • 

••The heifers in milk or in calf numbered (udy three, but two of them 
were such animals as it was worth while coming to Oxford on jjurpose 
to see. Mrs. Sarah i'^dw.nrds, (d' \\'intercott , took first and second, 
lea\ing Mr. Lutlev the reserve ; but Mrs. Eilwards" Leonora is one of 
the most perfect animals that has been shown for years. It was tirst la.st 
vcai- as a yearling at Liverpool, and will liki'ly be tir.-^t M'herever it goes. 
The chain])ion prize given l>y the Oxfordshire .Vgricultural Society was 
also awartled to this heifei" as the best female horned animal in the yai'd. 
The companion heifer, Beatrice, is also very handsome, and took second 
to Leonora's tirst at the Royal last year, as it did last week at Oxford. 
Mrs. Edwards may well be proud of such stot'k as that ; if Leonora had 
been a (irand Duchess Short-Horn a poem would have been conii)osed in 
her honor, and translated into several languages by this time. But no 
Short-Horn that we have ever seen was east in such a mould as this 
Hereford heifor." 



(A'ni.i;, iii;i!Ki'(>i;i>s. 4(5;-{ 

In tlic At/rirn/hd-a/ (!(i::i'tl<- ( Loiuloii ) we liiiil tlii' follow iiijr : 
"Tliis brccci ciijoycil llic rciiiaikiihk' distinction of producing both tho 
champion animals at Oxl'oid. Mr. Aaron Rogers' (iratefnl being 
declared to be the best bull, and Mrs. 8arah Edwards' Beatrice (a two 
\'ear old heifer) being declared to l)e the best cow or hc^ifia- in the yard. 
IJoth, as may be supposed, were very good, the heifer pre-eminent I \- so. 
She is a daughter of the famous l)ull, Winter de Cote, and another 
instance of hereditary merit. 

"The jearling heifers and calves indicate that this breed is, as beef 
makers at an early age, <|uilc uj) to tlic higiiest Short-Horn standard. 
The Teeswater niay^ milk better, and be moi-e ready in .'idapting itself to 
local circumstances ; l)ut where the jiastiire is good, it is liaid to beat llic 
wliite-faces for grazing." 

Th(! (Jliaiiihcr of A(iri<nlti(rc .IuuvikiI (London) also says: 
"The old bull Hereford class produced an extraordinary animal in Mr. 
Aaron Hogers' (Jratcful, who secured the reserve at the Hereford Show- 
in lH7fI, but did not makt; his a|)ijearance at liath or Liverpool last rear. 
He has made wonderful d(!velopment since, ajipcaring as a two-year-old, 
as is prov(id I)y the fai^t that 'I'houglitfiil, who was then placed above him, 
and has since taken firsts at Bii-mingham, Liveipool and Hath, has now 
been put second to him ; and that not onl\' was he selected by the judges 
as th(^ best Hereford bull on the ground, but in the contest for the 
chami)ionship succeeded in carrying it off against such a Sliort-Ilorn 
compc'titor as Sir Arthur Ingrain. This is no slight honor to the 
Hereford Ijreed, and of (rourse any animal counted worthy of such a 
distinction must be a first-class one. (iratefnl, at four years old, has 
(•aj)ital loins and chines, with gre;i1 thickness and depth of frame, and is 
very level all over; iiut his grand feature is the astounding mass of 
flesh with which his frame is covered. His girth is eight feet ten and 
one-half inches. Thoughtful has freijuently been described in these 
colunnis, and it is sntficient to state that he is a massive, grand bull, who 
well suppoi-ts his merit. The next class was a very weak one, only 
consisting of two, and those not so good as the herds of Mr. H. N. 
Edwards and Mr. Philip Turner are accustomed to supply. 

"In the cow class the late Mr. \\'ai'ren Evans' Lady l»laii(lic, w liich took 
second prize at Hath, nf)W came to the front position. She is marvelous 
at her fore flank, and displays a great mass of flesh on a well-shaped, 
grand frame, which, however, fell off slightly at the iiimp. The second 
prize cow, Mr. E. J. Lewis' I>ittle Beauty, had a highly commended at 
Bath, and wonderfully retains her show-yard merit at eli\cii years old. 
The two-year-old heifers f)f .Mrs. Sarah Edwards, Leonoi-a and Beatrice, 
were, of course;, sure to win. Beatrice has recently reared a calf, which 



4<i'l 



II,I,IIH'ri(A'l'Kl) STOCK i>u( roit. 



in Hli)j;lill\' iijiiiiiiHl licr lor' sliowiiijj; ; hiil lii'diior;! is in full lilooni with 
lict' lii'.'iiil il'iil lii'.'id, sviiiiiicl rir.'il fdiTii, Mini mII IIwiI |r)V('rni('ss uliicli Ih HO 
taking' In (lie <'V<-. Alli r liiiii^- NcKclcd :is llic lii'sl IlcrcrDrd I'l-iiialc, on 
tlif ^rroiiiid, slic <iuri<'d olT the rli,iiii|)iiiii prize Mjj;'aiiisl a iciiiarkal)) y 




Hliaprlv Sli,M|-li,,iii licifrr, and on,- of (1,,. l,cs( Dcyons ll,a( lias iippuiired 
Cor yrars, so llial Ix.lli cups uciv awarded lo 1 1 ere fords." 



CATILK, srSHKX. .Kir) 

SuBBox Cuttlo.— DistinguisbiDK Marks. 

'I'liis breed is eloselv iillic(l lo (lie l)c\(iiis, Imt coarser. 'I'lieii- disliii- 
^ruisliiiij:' iiiarUs ar<' : 

'I'lic lidiiis are iiioi'e )a|)eriii^, pusliiiif:; farllier forward, and tiiniiiijr 
ii|i iiiiur. Tlie liead is .small and well l'orrne(|, I lie eye full, lar^c and 
niijil in till' i>\, l>nl ralher wild and nnijiiii'l in llir row. 'I'Ik- liniial i.s 
elean anil (lie neck Inn;;' anil lliin, linl roarser llian in llie iJcvun. 'I'lie 
sliiMilder is wider and ronnder on llie williers; si rai;:li(er liDni (lie 

1i)|) of llie willicis lowiinls the liaik, and carries cli (Icsli, "^ivin;^; loo 

rnncli wci;ilil In Nn|M()lilaiile parls. ( )ii llic olhci' hand, llu- JHiri'ei is 
ronnd and deep, the liack slraij^lil, and the baek-lione enlirely iiidden \>v 
I he nni>clcs on each siilc. The h earl and liinfjfs are fnll and larj^e, an<l I he 
helly and (lank capacious. 'I'he barrel is well-rililied lioine. 'I'lie loiii.s 
ai'e wide, llie hi|)-i)one low, fri'c from rajr;.;edness, larj^e, and w<'ll spread, 
and lli(!Hpiie<^ helween the hips well filled np. 'I'lie tail, which is line 
and Iliin, is sef <in lower llian in the l)ev(ni, yil the rump is neai'l\' as 
Htraifiht, for llie deticieney is supplietl hy a mass of llesh and fat swellinjf 
uhove. The hind (piarlers ar-e cleanly made, and if the tlii;.dis appear to 
he sli-ai;.dit without , there is p|ciil\ (d' fnllne>> w il hill. 

In xolor llie .Siisf-CN is a deep chest nnl red, or Mood l)a\. 'riie\' ai'e 
all lij^hler ill color I haii I lie I )c\ on, Imt in color the \ arc fiilh as uniform. 

Tho SuHBCx Cow. 

The cows hti.V(t fine hair, a mellow, i.tllni' than thin skin ; a small leaf; 
horns liiM-, I'lean, and transparent, which reach foi-wiird from the head 
and turn up at the tips; tin; neck is lliin and clean ; iiaik and liclh 
sli'ai;rht ; lilis rouinl and sprinj^iuf^ oul well ; shoulder Hat, Imt piojcdinji 
111 tlie point . 

Hips and rump wide; t,het;iil set on level with the rniiip, and the ear- 
<'uss lar^c- ; the lcfi;s iir(! nilhi'i' siioil and line. 

Tll(! cows iin^ not f^ood milkers; they arc often uneas\ in the pasture, 
and as before^ stiitxHl, unfjuict in txtmper. 

They have Ix'cn, some of them, ini|)oiled to the llnilcij Sl.ites and 
even e.xhibited and sold as Dcjvons. 

This description of the Sussex is {rivi'ii for this reason : 'Ihose who 
buy Devons should bi- careful that they have no stain of this blood ; 
in other words, their pedijrree shoulil be perfect. 

Short-Horned Broods. 

The Short-IForn breeds of Kn^rland are rcprescnlcil by llie Durham, tlui 
Yorkshire, the l>ine()hislilre, the 'J'(!eswatcr and the llolderness breeds. 



■uu; 



II.M S'lMiATKI) ,SI(K:K DOCTOH. 




cA'iTi.ii siiour-iioit.N's. 467 

'I'lic Voi'ksliiri's and LiiwdliisliiTcs arc now hut lilllc known, Ix'inj; su|)ci-- 
scdcd l)V the ini|iro\cd l»i<'cd now t;rn('i'all\' known an<l rcco^^ni/.cil by 
the name of Sliort-1 I<irn, oi' tlic crosses llici'cof. 

Their cliaructcrislics were those in a niodilied dearee of liie oMDiii-- 
haiii and Tceswaler ciitth'. 

Short-IIorns Proper. 

'I'iie oiil\' i-epresenlation of this class worthy of notic(^ here, are iho, 
(U'seendants of tlie ohl Durham or 'I'eeswater cattii?, wiiicii havc^ existed 
in tlie counfies of Duriiani and ^'ork, from the earliest liistorical jx^riods. 
'riiese uniformly had short horns, \v(!n! of lar<:;(^ size, and were extra- 
ordinary milkers. 

As to tiicii' characteristics, they were thin-skinned; Hleek-haired ; 
raliici' dclic.ite in constitution ; not nu^llovv to the touch ; coarse in offal ; 
dcfccti\'c in liiiih forward; slow to fatten ; the meat infei'i(H', and often 
of a dark inic. 

Excell(Mice in tlic aptitude of the Sliort-nnrns of lattei' years to fatten, 
early maturity, and nu^ilowne.ss of hid(s j^o hack almost one hundred 
and fifty years, when the Shoit-Horns, on the Ijaiiks of the ri\cr Tees, 
(and UcMiee called the Tee.swater breed), began to assume the distinctive 
chara(^teri.sti('s of the Short-IIorns of a later period. 

Short-Horn History. 

Whatever may have been the oriirin of the cattle from whieli have 
descendi^d tlu^ present race of Siiort-Ilorns, it i.s not of moment here. It 
is cnouizh to know that tliey had been for nuuiy generations bi'cd suf- 
Hciently pni'c to establish certain characteristics that attracted tiie most 
eminent bi-ccdcrs of the day. 

AiTiong tlic lireeders of the latter part of the la,st century, and the 
(^arly |)art of tlie present century, were the Collings, (Charles and 
H(il)ert ), Sir Henry Van<!, Col. John Trotter, and Mr. Mason. 

In the early years of the pi-cscnt century, Mr. .John Stevenson, Mr. 
Hates, and Mr. Booth, each becanu^ celebrated for the eminence of their 
animals. Earl Spencer also accpiin^d a great reputation, as th(^ possessor 
of extraordinary animals, aiuj for pi'ices recei\-cd ])\ himself and Mr. 
Hates. 

Since tiie death of the latter gentleman in lH4fl, Short-IIorns have 
steadily mcreased in price for fashionably bre<l animals, running far into 
thousands of dollars, of late years, for a single animal, while those not 
so fashionably l)red were e(|ually sought at prices that would have seemed 
large fifty or sixty years ago. 



408 ILLHSTKATKU STOCK DOCTOK. 

Below may ho found an outline rcprcscMitation of a Short-IIoni cow, 
fat. 

It will "be observed that this animal carries great size, a scjuarc body of 
oreat substance, while the legs are sufficient for locomotion, although 
from the fullness of the carcass they seem short, and that there is abund- 
ance of meat hi the prime ]iarts, including the thighs, which curry their 




fullness well down to the hocks. It \vi\\ be seen that she is characterized 
by massivcn(^s8, smoothness, and that she shows the appearance of carry- 
ing light offal. The brisket is deep, the udder small, but compact, and 



cAT'i'i.i;. .siinin-iioKNs. 4(;;) 

(ixtondiiifx wt'll fi)r\v;ii'(l. 'I'lic iiiin|) is smontli, Iml liniad, niiil witliout 
patohiiiess — that is, j^rcnt liiiii)>s of fat stiiiuliiif;' out liUi^ hluiilici'. 'I'lu- 
liips arc broad and well covered witii flesh and fat ; and the hiins, and 
indeed the w iioh' toj), except ionally ffood. In fact, slie is an annual 
eanvin^ lie<'f all over, \vhere llesh may he laid on, and full of fat inside. 
She is a grand representative of the breed, and one that may l)e fatti'ned 
to a great weight. 

Short-Horns in America. 

Mr. Allen, tiie editor of tiii' American Siiort-IIorn Ileid IJook on 
Amei'ican cattle, from a very exhaustive re.searcli of importal inns in 
ri'lation to the introduction of this most valuable breed into the I'nited 
Slates, says : 

Soon after tlii^ termination of the Kexolutionary war with Englanil, a 
few cattle supposed to i)e pure! Short Ilorn.s, were brought into Virginia 
liv a Mr. Miller. These were said to be well fleshed animals, and the 
cows remai-Uable for milk, giving as high as thirty-two (pjarts in a day. 
Some of the ])roduce of these cattle, as eai'ly as 171(7, were taken into 
Kentnckv bv a Mr. I'attoii, where, as little was known of " l)reeds," 
the\- were <'alled, after the gentleman who brought them, the " I'attoii 
stock." They were well eared for, and made a decided improvement in 
the cattle of the "blue gra.ss country," where they were first inti-odneed. 
Some of this early Virginia stock also went out to the "soniIi brancii of 
the I'otomac," in that State, a fine grazing country, wliieii, fifty years 
ago, was famous for its good cattle. In the ^•ear 17!Hi, it is said that an 
Knglishman, named Ilealon, brought two or three Short Horn cattle from 
the north of Kngland to New York. They were taken to ^^'est(•hester 
countv, near l)y, and br<'d, Imt no results, in pure blood, lia\c lieen 
traced to them. 

Ill 1H1.'')-1(), a Mr. Cox, an Englishman, imported a bull and two 
heifers into Rcn.sselaM- eounty. New York. These were followed m 1H22 
l)y two hulls, imported by another Englishman named Ilayne. Descend- 
ants from this Cox stock were said to be bred pure, and afterwards 
crossed by Mr. Ilayne's bulls. The stock now exists in considerable 
numbers and of good (juality, in that and adjoining counties. 

In 1H17 Col. Lewis Sanders, of Lexington, Kentucky, made an 
impoi-tatimi of thr(>e bulls and three heifers from England. Thev were 
of good i|iiaiity and blood, and laid tlii' foundation f)f maii\- excellent 
herds in that State. In l.s]S, Mr. Cornelius Cooledge, of Jioslon, 
Massachusc'tts, iniporte(l {i yearling heifer, — "Flora" — and a bull — 
"(jicero" — into that city, from liie iierd of Mr. .Mason, of Chilloii, in 



470 ILL18TUATF.U ISTOCK UOCTOH. 

the county of Durham, EngUuid. Those were carefully bred, and many 
of their descendants are now scattered throughout scyeral iStates. About 
the same year Mr. Samuel Williams, then a merchant in Loudon, but a 
native of Massachusetts, sent out a bull — "Young Denton'" — and some 
cows of the same and later importations, and their descendants are still 
numerous among well bred Short Horns of the present day. 

The same year, Mr. Gorham Parsons, of Brighton, Massachusetts, 
imported a Short Horn bull — "Fortunatus" — bred by Geo. Faulkner, 
of North Allerton, Yorkshire, England. He was used considerably on 
the natiye cows of his State, Imt we haye neyer traced any thorough-bred 
pedigrees to him. 

In 1820, Mr. Theodore L^man, of Boston, Massachusetts, imported a 
bull, which he sold to Israel Thorndike, of that city, and he sent him to 
his farm in Maine. Of his produce we hear nothing. 

About the year 1820, and during a few years succeeding, seyeral 
spirited gentlemen of Boston, and its neighborhood, imported a number 
of cows and bulls from some of the best herds in England. They were 
Messrs. Derb}', AVilliams, Lee, Prince, Monson, and perhaps othei-s. 
These were all fine cattle, and of approved blood in the English Short- 
Horn districts. Their descendants are still numerous in New England, 
and some other States. 

About the year 1823, the late Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, of the British 
nayy, a native of Massachusetts, sent out a cow — "Analiclla" — and a 
bull — "Admiral" — as a gift to the Massachusetts Agricultural Society. 
They were good animals, and bred Avith the other Massachusetts impor- 
tations. 

Shortl}' previous to 1821, the late John S. Skinner, of Baltimore, 
Maryland, imported for Governor Lloyd, of that State, a liull — "Cham- 
pion" — and two heifers — "White Rose ' and "Shepherdess" — from the 
herd of Mr. Champion, a noted English breeder. From these, several 
good animals descended, some or which are now known. 

In 1823, ]Mi'. Skinner also imported for the late Gen. Stephen Van 
Rensslier, of Albany, New York, a bull — " AVashington " — and two 
heifers — "Conquest" and. "Pansey" — from the same herd of Mr. 
Champion. Conquest did not breed ; Pansey was a successful lireeder, 
and many of her descendants are now scattered over the comitry. 

During the years 1822 to 1830, the late Mr. Charles Henry Hall, of 
New York, imported several Short-Horn bulls and cows, from some of 
the best English herds. Several of these he sold to ])ersons in the neighbor- 
hood of that city, soon after they arrived, and others he sent to his farm 
in Rensseker county, near Albany, and there bred them. Their descend- 
ants are now scattered throu<rh several good herds. 



CA'iri.i:, MK >i;i-ii( (liN.s 



471 




472 



ILLUSTItATKI) STOCK l)(J(T(Jl{. 



In 1«24 tlu! late Col. Jolm Hart! Powell, of IMiiladclpliia, Pa., crom- 
iiuuicihI iiiiportatiou.s, and for several years eontinucd tlieiii with much 
spirit and judgment. His selections were principally from the herds of 
Jonas VVhitaker, of Otlev, in Y'orkshire, England. He bred them assid- 
uously at his fine estate at Towclton, near the city, and sold many to 
neighboring breeders, and to go into Ohio and Kentucky, where many of 
th(ur desc(uulants still remain. 

.•\))out the year 1S2X, Mr. Francis Rotch, then of N(".\' Bedford, Mass., 
selectcMl from the herd of Mr. Whitaker, and sent to Mr. Benj. Rodman, 
of New Bedford, a bull and three heifers. 'Hicy were afterwards sold to 
other breeders, and their descendants arc now found in several excellent 
herds. 

In the yeai- IS,),}, (lie laic .Mr. Walter Dun, near Lexington, Ky., im- 
ported a bull and several valuable cows from choice herds in Yorkshire, 
England. He bred them with much care, and their descendants are now 
found in many good wcstei'n herds. 

But flic first (Uiterprise in importing Short-llm-ns upon a grand scale 
was comnicnccHl in 1H84, by an association of cattle breeders of the Scioto 
\'allc\, Mild its adjoining counties, in Ohio, 'riiey formed a company, 
witli a(lci|ii;ilc cMpital, .-111(1 sent out an agent , who piii'chnscd th(! best cattle 
to be found, without regard to price, and brought out nineteen animals in 
one slii[), landiid them at Philadelphia, and drove them to Ohio. Further 
importationt- were made by the same company, in the years IHti^) and 1X80. 
'i'lu^ cattle wvvii kept and bred together in one locality, for upwards of 
two years, and then sold by auction. 'IMiey brought large prices — $.500 
to $2, ,500 each — and were distributetUliielly among the stockholders, who 
were among tiie most extensive cattle breeders and gr;i/.icis nf tlic famous 
Scioto Valley. 

Ill Is.''.7-M-1K iiiiportatioiis wci-c made into Kentucky, by Mes.srs. .lames 
Shcll)y and Henry Clay, Jr.. and some other pai-tics, of several wt^ll- 
seleeted Short-Horns, sonic of which vrere kept and bred liy I lie importers, 
and the others sold in their \icinity. 

Ill |.S."i7-.S-!l, Mr. W'iiitakcr, aliove mentioned, sent out to Piiiladelphia, 
on his own acc^omit, u])wards of .i innuired Short-Horns, from his own 
and other herds, and jiiit tiiein on Col. Powell's farm, where lu; sold them 
at auction. They were purchased at good jirices, mostly by lirecders from 

Fcnnsylvania, ^)hi( id Kentucky, and disti-ibnted widely through those 

States. 

From 1S,1,"» u|> to 1S4,'), several iniportations of tiiu' stock were made 
by Mr. Weddle, an English emigrant, to Rochester, \. V., ;iii(l l)y Amer- 
ican gentlemen, among whom were Messrs, E. I'. Prentice, of .Mbanv, 
N. Y., Mr. James Lenox and Mr. .1. F. Slieaffe, of New Yovk city. 



CATTI.K, SIK >l; r-lloKN.S. 



473 



Messrs. LcRoy and Ncwhould, of lii\iiijr>it<>ii ••outity, the lute Peter A. 
Keinsen, of Genesee tiounty, N. '1'., imd Mr. W'liitncy, of X(!\v Ilavtin, 
Ct.. Mr. CJiltboiLS, of New Jersey, and some others, not now recollected, 
— all valuable animals. They were hred for some years by their owners, 




with much cai'c. Mr. Prentice, for several \('iirs, had a ]arLr<^ an<l excelksnt 
licrd on his iiome farm. Aft(!r some years all these hci-ds were sold and 
widely distributed. Their descendants still remain among our valuable 
lierds. 'Jb 



474 ILLHSTKATED STOCK DOCTOH. 

Ill the year l.S4!t-5(), Col. ,1. M. Sherwood, of Auhiirii, and Mr. Ambrose 
Stephens, of liatavia, JS'. Y., imported from the herd of Mr. Bates a bull, 
and from Mr. Jno. Stephenson, of Durham, England, three bulls and 
several heifers, all ehoice aninnds, and sueeessfully bred them durin"- 
several years. The stock became widely distril)uted, and well known. 

Al)out the year 1839, Mr. George Vail, of Troy, N. Y., made an im- 
portation of a bull and heif(>r, purchased of Mr. Thomas Bates, of Kirk- 
leaviugton, the first cattle from that particular herd which had Ijeen intro- 
duced into the State. A few years later, he purchased and imported 
several more cows from the herd of Mr. Bates, crosses of liis "Duchess" 
and other families. He bred them with success and widely distributed 
their blood. Mr. Vail made a final sale of his herd iu the year 1852. 

A period of some 3'ears now occurred, in which few more, if an\', 
Short-Horns were imported. Cattle, as well as all kinds of agricultural 
produce, were exceedingly low ; but as things grew better, the demand 
for "blood" cattle revived, and the spirit for their breeding was renewed. 
Mr. Thomas Bates, a distinguished Short-Horn breeder in England, died 
in 184'J. His herd, fully equal in quality to any in England, was sold in 
1850. The choicest of them — of the "Duchess" and "Oxford" tribes — 
fell mostly into the hands of the late Lord Dacie, at Fortworth Park, 
already the owner of a noble herd, to which the Bates stock was added. 
He was a skillful breeder, and of most liberal spirit, and during the Ijrief 
time he held them the reputation of the Bates stock, if possible, increased. 
Within tliree 3'ears from the time of the sale of Mr. Bates' herd, Lord 
Dacie died. In 1853, peremptory sale of his stock was widely advertised. 
Allured by the reputation of his herd, several American gentlemen went 
over to witness it. The attendance of English herders M'as very large, 
and the sales averaged higher prices in individual animals than had been 
reached since the famous sale of Charles Colling, in ISIO. iNIr. Samuel 
Thorne, of Duchess county, N. Y'., bought several of the best and highest 
priced animals, of the "Duchess" and "Oxford" tribes, and added to 
them several more choice ones, from different herds. Messrs. L. G. 
Morris, and the late Noel J. Becar, of New York, Imught others of the 
" Duchess", and "Oxfords," to which they added more from other 
choice herds. These were all brought over here, and bred. Mr. Ezra 
Cornell, of Ithaca, and Mr. James O. Sheldon, of Geneva, N. Y., soon 
aftenvards made some importations, and obtained some of the " Bates" 
blood also. The late Gen. James S. Wadsworth, and other gentlemen of 
the Genesee Valley, N. Y'., also made importations. These "Bates" 
importations have since been bred so successfully by their holders here, 
that several young bulls and heifers, bred by Mr. Thorne and Mr. Shel- 



CATTLE, SIIOKT-HOKNS. 



475 



don, h;ne liccii purchased by Enulisli lirccders, and sent over to them at 
good priees, whei'e tlicy are highly vahied. 




In 1852—3—4, several spirited companies were formed in Clinton, Mad- 
ison, and other comities in Ohio, and in Bourbon, Fayette, and some 
31 



476 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



other counties of Kentucky, and made importations of the best cattle to 
be found in the English herds, and after their arrival here, distriljuted 




among their stockholders. Mr. 1\. A. Alexander, of Kentucky, also, 
during those years, made extensive importations of choice blood for his 



CATTLE, SHOKT-HORXS. 477 

own l)reeding, so that in the 3'ear 185(5, it may be said that the United 
States possessed, according to their numbers, as valuable a selection of 
Short-Horns as could be found in England itself. 

Keeping pace with the States, a number of enterprising Canadians, 
since the year 183i), among whom may be named the late Mr. Adam Fer- 
gusson, Mr. Howitt, Mr. Wade, the Millers, near Toronto, Mr. Frederick 
Wm. Stone, of (Juelph, and Mr. David Christie, of Brantford, in Canada 
AVest, and Mr. ]\I. H. Cochrane and others, in Lower Canada, have made 
sundry importations of excellent cattle, and bred them with skill and 
spirit. Many cattle from these importations, and their descendants, 
have been interchanged lietween the United States and Canada, and all 
may now be classed, without distinction, as American Short-Horus, 

Short-Horns in tho West. 

In the Northwestern States the tirst importation of Short-Horns direct 
from England was by the Illinois Importing Company, in 1858. This 
was an association of gentlemen, a part of them members of the State 
Hoard of Agriculture, in connection with prominent breeders of the 
State. The}' returned in July of the same year with twenty Short-Horn 
cows ttlid seven bulls, of approved blood, which were sold at auction on 
August 27th, at Springticld, to bi-eeders throughout the State. They 
also brought over two stalhons, three Cotswold rams, nine ewes, four 
Southdown rams, eight Southdo^\ii ewes, five Berkshire boars, four 
Berkshire sows, and ten boars and sows of Irish breeds ; also Cumber- 
land and Yorkshire boars and sows. From this time on, various States in 
the West have taken up the breeding of Short-Horns as they have 
increased in wealth and population, until now no finer herds can be 
found in any other localitv ; and, the fact that at the New York Mills 
sales individual animals brought prices all the way to over $W,000, for 
exportation to England — prices which before this time would have been 
considered fabulous — shows conclusively that Short-Horns, as bred in 
the United States, have not suffered in comparison with those bred in 
their native land. No such prices M-ere ever reached before in any 
country in the world ; nor have they been since. To-day they are found 
wherever civilization extends. As beef producers they have no superiors ; 
as milk producers there are families eminent in this res[)ect, and thev have 
left their impress upon the stock of the country wherever introduced. 

Short-Horns for the Dairy. 

It has been held that the Short-Horns are as good for milking as they 
are for beef. That the>' once were most excellent dairy cows there is no 



478 ii,msi'i;ati:i) stock doctou. 

(loiilit. 'I'hat jVmcricMii Slidit-] loiiis of tlic incsciil aiHMiot, us a class, 
C'viui decent iiiillvfis, llicic is us lilllc doulit. Tlic t^urlj ini])()rtiitioiis of 
Slioi'l-IIoi'iis \\crc dl' llic iiiilUiiijj,- slraiiis. h'oi' tlu- last tliirty years, 
however, Uiey have been lired with such special refca-oiice in heef i)oiiits 
and early iiialiirily lliat it is now diilicult to find a decent milker in any 
of tiie UKire r;i^iii()n;il)ie slraiiis <>( liiood, and \ciy many of IIk^ cows 
will not ^i\(' milU eiiouiili lo projM'i-ly riiise a calf. Once in awhile, 
ii((\\c\ CI', a veiy superior milking animal appears, showiiiir, liy i-e\'ersion, 
what (he capaliililies of llie lireed miji'iil lie in this direelion. 

That llie eiiily importalions of Sliorl-I loins were unifoi-inly j;ood in 
this direction, :is well as iidmiraMc licef caltic there is no douht. 'J'hat 
thoy ha\'e Icll llicir impress upon the ii;ili\(' cattle in this direction is 
un(|uestione(l. Tliiit they exist to some extent in Knjiland and America, 
in particular herds, is certain. A^'e have seen them here and know they 
are there. They have jirown less, year hy year, as the improvement of 
other dairy hrceds hecanie moi'e and more manifest, until of late years 
little has been claimed for them as milkers. Their grc^at value as early 
maturity heef makers, — attaining great weight — having sujx'rceded their 
piircU milking cli;ir:ictcristi(s. Among the Ix^tter milkei's may he named 
the ilcsccndants id' the " l*;itton breed," the " se\-entcens," oi- (he im- 
portiitioii of 1.S17, and sonl(^ descendants of the Ohio impoi'tation of 
1S;i(. In f:ict, this latter ini])ortMtion was made solely with a view to 
liccf and tlcsli points, and siiu-c this time milk has liecn ignored hy the 
more fasliionalile breeders both in Kngland and America. 

Short-IIirns for B^cf. 

Throughout the whole West , especially , beef was the object sought. 
The land was cheap, fertile, and the pastures Hush. Tntil within the last 
few years, butler and cheese was not an exporfabh^ product, beef was. 
]( is no( s(raiige thai a class of animals w, is sought that would produce 
the most bei'f in the least possible tinu'. llow this has been developed, 
the great herds of Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Indiana, Michigan, Wi.s- 
consin, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, and later, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Kan- 
isas, give ample pi'oof. 

In breeding (here are no supcrioi' (iddc in tlu^ world. Their usefulness 
as beef producers will continue to grow w ith the settlement of the country. 
Th(^ value of the bulls for crossing upon the ordinary stock of the country 
is becoming more and more aiipret'iated every year. It will continues to 
l)e an increasing integer ft)r many years to come. 

On the next page, as showing a modern bred Short-Horn l)idl, combi- 
niui:^ exc(illent beef ])oints, with great stamina and constitudon, we give 
an illustration of "Hiawatha." 



CATTLi;, siicn;i-H()i:\s. 



479 



'I'lic iiiodiTii Slifiii-IToi'ii has ijTcat ( hickiicss of carcass, s(|iiarisli-r(>t uiul 
shape, rapid growtli, carl^- iiiaturilj, and a rijx'iicss at two, llinic, four, 
or five years, that is attained l)y no otlicr lirced. Many are also the hand- 




somes) caltlc to look at of anv known hi-i'cd — weJLilit , siihstancc and stylo 
beinfr taken into consideration. There is a wdndcifiil fiilhiess in tiie 
carcass, extending to every part. The choice llesh is |)ut on in parts 



4.S0 



ILMSTKA TKU .STOCK UU( TUIJ. 



where ordiiiiirv cattle fiiil ; the offal is exceptioiiallj li,irht, us linlit as it 
would I)e anioiiiT conuuoii native cattle of two-tliirds tiie wci;:iit. In the 
milk-yielding Short-IIoi'us tliere is a tendency to leanness. .Many are 




lighter before, flatter in tlie >ide, l)iit yet exceedingly linn all over, from 
a dairyman's standpoint. In the l.ccf animals there is a rotund fullness, 
a smoothness, a majcsiv, mi wiicre else seen. 



c:attli:, sii()I!T-iii)i;\,s. 481 

As showing beef ill llic Siiort-IInni <•(>«•, in an eminent fle<rn'e, \vc give 
ii portrait of tiic cow "Hosaniond,"" showing not oniv good heef points 
hut miiidiig (jualitio.s a.s well. 

Points of Short-Horns Described. 

The points of Siiort-Horns — and Aviiich will ap|)ly in judging all beef 
animals, with slight variations, to he hereafter described — are worthy of 
a somewhat niiimte description. The points aie of two classes — tho.se 
observed with the eye and those felt by the touch. By the eye one 
observes the general ('ontour of th(^ animal ; size, length, br'cadth, thi<'k- 
uess, fineness of body, head and limb; the loin, back, thigh, the spring 
of tla^ rib and the manner in which the animal is ribbed up clos(^ to the 
hip bones. The touch — that is, the feeling under the touch — shows 
length and quality of the hair, thiekne.ss and elasticity of the skin. The 
eye and expression of countenanee is indii-utive of disposition and tc^m- 
per. An clastic, niellow and yet firm hide, of medium thickness, is an 
indication of well inarliled fiesh, while a floating, soft skin will indi- 
cate blubberv fat, and often dark colored fiesh. 

The Butcher's Profit. 

The butcher in buying an animal for beef has now-a-days but a single 
ol)ject in view — the animal that will turn out the greatest amount of lean 
meat in the prime parts, with the least offal, and only a moderate amount 
of fat ; for fat is now one of the cheapest portions of the animal. Years 
ago, in the days of tallow candles, the reverse was the cai^e. The back, 
loin, and ribs aic the choice bits ; next the rump and thigh ; then the 
shoulders ; while the neck and head are comparatively worthless. "J'he 
sagacious bri'eder, while keeping this eonstantl}' in view, seeks to add 
early maturity to good fiesh. He who comes nearest to this has the best 
animal, whatevei- the brc(?d, or the j)edigree of the particular breed. The 
butcher's block is the final, the crucial test. 

A description of the points of the Short-Horn was so earefullv and 
admirably given by Dr. A. C. Stevenson, President of the Indiana Short- 
Horn Breeders' Association, at the first convention thereof, that we 
a])pend a synopsis, accompanied with an outline of a Short-Horn, to 
which reference can be made, illustrating the princi])al ])oinls. 

In this it will be seen that a, b, c, d,f, h, m,_/, h, x, _//, 2, represent the 
inferior parts ; from the girtli p, })ack, including r, s, t, u, v, the superior 
l)arts. From this it will be easy to understand the points and the 
respective numbers as given in the scale. 

The Head. 
•'The head should be small." Tlii-^ is a very impei-fect description of 



482 



IM.liSTliA'I'IOI) STOCK l)()("r()l!. 



tho liciid, hut ill too many accounts, m11 dial is given. If the size of the 
head were all that was of c()nsc(|iiciicc, a pound difference in any case 




Points ok Siiium-IIohn Hum.. 
wouldlic (if little conseciucncc in tiicsalcof a liullock. It is the ybj-Wi 
of (lie licad tiiat becomes of so niiicii iiilcrcsl to liic breeder. The head 
ab()\c (he (^3'es should be wide, givinjf space for large cerebral develop- 
nienl . The intelligence of the animal depentls upon a well-d(^vel()i)ed 
brain and nc^rvous system ; upon which, also, so much dei)end (he vigor- 
ous and lieaKliy aelion of the organs of digestion and assimilation; the 
circulation and the vital funelions generally; tho intelligence and ti'inpcr 
of a cow depends nnieh upon a well-developed brain. It will be found 
liy obser\ali()ii llia( most vicious Ixasts have small upper heads, and are 
Large below (lie eyes. Again, \\ir upp<'r head should be wide, to give 
width to the art i(uia( ions of the lower jaw. It is necessary that the part 
of (he moulh where the food is to be masticated should be large, that the 
supplies rci|uire(l for the stomach ma\ be well masticated and re-mastica- 
(ed ill chewing (he cud. There is anoiher reason for width at Ihc base of 
(he head and bclwccn (he angles of the lower jaw: i( is hei-e (hat the 
very important passages have their entrance, which supply food for the 
stomach and aii- foi- the lungs. Close at hand, also, is the important con- 
necdon of (lu> spinal marrow and (he bi-ain, to say nothing of many large 
and im|)ortan( blood-vt^sscls that lind their way to l\w head. These con- 
siderations we (liink conclusive^ as to (he necessitv of size of head in the 
cerebral |)orti()ii. 

The portion below (lie eyes, the face, should be compara(ively small. 
Its principal ofiice js to gather food and air. Thin lips and elastic 
nostrils are wanted. The eyes should be large, bright and lively, and yet 
quiet. The pln'siognomv of the ox is as clearlv indicative of his character 



CAT'lI-i:, SIIOKT-IIOltNS. 4^3 

•IS that of a mail is writlcn iipDii liis face; and the rcii.soii tliat less is 
indicated in liic I'ucc of an ox is hccausi^ lio lias fowcr vices, and has been 
guilty of fewer transgressions. A small dark eye, set in a dark circle, 
with a large face below and a narrow head above, will indicate an animal 
that is bad tempered, wild, and conse(|uently a jioor feeder. Tlic ciicle 
around the (^y(! should be of a bright yellow color, the nose tlie sanu;. 
'I'hese considerations may seem trifles, yet this color is the result of a pe- 
culiar secretion, and the inference is a jji'obable one, at least, that other 
secretions will l)e apt to resembk; it in color. Hence, the secretion of 
milk will be apt to restMuble it in color, and a bright colored ttv.tih is be- 
lokiMicd by these peculiar secrelions as indicated in the (^olor of the nose 
and circles about the eyes. As a very large ear mostly indicates sluggish- 
ness, one of medium size is preferable. A bullock of fine; organization 
will manifest very clearly his imi)ressions by the movement of his ears. 
If he tlees from danger his ears are er(>ct, or a Ihtle inclined backward, 
that he may be the better warned of danger beiiinii. If he is in hastt; to 
meet a kind master, who is bringing him a desired meal, llie ear is ])rc- 
sented forward. 'I'lu^ horns should be clear, withonl black tips oi- any 
black marks whatevi^r — some say of a waxy color, sonu^ again, (^laim that 
they should be flat in Short-Horns. But these matters are, most of them, 
non-ei?sentiaIs. We dismiss the head, after attac-hing it to the neck in its 
pi'o[)er position — not at right anghis, but at an angle of so many degrees 
that, with the under part of th(; neck it forms an arch. This givers a 
bettei- throat and a freer passage; for the food and air to the; stomach and 
lungs, and is graceful wiliial. 

The Neck. 

The neck expresses very much less to \h(', breeder llian tiie head 
and {■M-r. The neck should be just long enough to enable liic taking of 
food easily fi'oin the ground. It should be strong and well muscled uj)f)n 
its sid(!s, covering at its l)ase the points of tlu; shoulders well, and at its- 
junction with the head it should be small and round, with its skin fitting 
it pretty uiniii as a well-fitting stockmg does th(; leg — the under line of 
the neck with flu' under line of the; jaw. A thin, broad neck is sure to 
indicate weakness and poor feeding and fattening qualities. Animals 
having such may well be avoided as breeders. 

Contour of the Body. 

The butcher, the briu'der and the stock dealer, may now meet 
and consult profitably on the general contour of the body. Here the 
opinions of the former may l)e adopted, as he fi.ves the price of all 
•butchei-s' stuiT.' The ox of uiven weight that will sell for most in mar- 



484 



IM.rH'I'IIA'I'KI) HTOCK 1)( )CT< (I!. 



k(it J)()MH('MH('H I he poiiilH tli;i( liiiisl lie ;i<lu|)li'(l. 'riicsc poiiMs lire now, 
luiwcvcr, wril csl.ililislKMl, and we Iimvc oiiU Id nlVr to lliciii ami iiiilicc 
llic iTMHoiiK on wliiili llicv arc roiindrd. \\ r proi-ccd |o name llicni lir- 
for'c we j:ivt' llii'ii' niliduulf . In ;j('n(ial ronlonr llir liod\ slioidd lie 
iii'nrlv II H(|uiii'f. 'I'lic Clops slioiild lie wide. 'I'lic line of I lie l>ack slioiikl 
he Hlniiclil ; the line of (lie belly neiii'ly ho, swelliiie- a III lie liehind Hie ribs ; 
llie Hank low ; llic riliH biiri-el-Hllil|)ed ; llic loiiiH wide, and llie niiiip loiifj 
and wide; Hie back should be wide, and \\w. \\\\\^\\ should be lon^ iiiid 
\\ ide : Hie lees short aii<l eoinpaial i\ cly kiiiiiII, or id leasl not eoai'KC ; 
tail \'\\i\\\ ; liiiii' sol'l and lini'. The color should be red or while, or a 
iiiixliire of Hie Iwo, as r<iaii or pied. 

As lias alreiidv been said, the bod\ should be iiearh a si|iiarc. The 
\ilal ciirrenis moving; in short lines are more cl't'ei'tivc Ihaii when mo\iii;:; 
ill those id' ercat lenelli. The b|<iod iiio\inL!- IVoin the heart alone; \('r\' 
extended channels, Hows with iniicli less force as it recedes from the 
cause that set it in motion. The same is probabh' true of the iicrNoiis 
cun'eiits. 'i'lie ;:reat \'itali/.iiifidreans are located near the center of the 
system 11 pro\isioii of nature by w'lii<'h tlicxital currents are shorter 
than under any other nrraiii^cmcnt . Here is the heart seiidiiijr ou( Kh 
ereal curienls oC iirterinli/ed blood in all directions, to supph' iind 
nourish all the members ol the bod\. SittiiiL: over it is that w <iiiderriil 
air lliiieliinc, the luiii;s, rci'i'i\ iiil;- t he entire nciioiis currents- an aliiios- 
plierie bath by which they are so reno\ated and ihaiiLied as to iniiUii 
liu^ blood aL'aiii lit lor the heart's use, t<i which it is returned b\' {\w 
sliorti'sl possible route. These oii;:ins li<' encased t OL!'et her, and ne\'er 
cease I heir operat ions iiielit orda\. I'liit just here in this j^reat center is 
another ^reat \itali/er of fully eipial importance the sl<iniaeli. ller(^ 
the food is recei\('d and cliaiiiicd into cli\le, which is at once thrown into 
I he lirciilal ion, where its otlice of supphiliL;' tin' system is performed. 
Now, the nearer a body is compacted .•irouml these ereat \italiy.iii<r 
+i\stenis the miu'c effectual will be the suppli<'s. ( )bserval loll fully 
sustains these views. A \('r\ leiietli\ bullock ne\ ci" t'illti'lis so I'cndily llH 
a shortdiie. The breeds of hoi^s with loiii; bodies ai'c known not to 
falteii so readih as (hose of short. si|uaie forms, as (he Siamese and 
('liiuese. 'I'lie same is true of sheep, and also of the horse. And even 
in man. we rarel\ tind a corpulent man who will measni'e six feel. 
(>besit\ will L;cnerall\ be found under si\ fei'(. IlealHi and \ ieor is 
e(|uad\ coiilirmed by obser\ali(iii, as a resiih (d' Hii' sipiare structure. 
Ivoiie(.\i|y may also be claimed with Hie ereatest proprict \ for the same 
proportions. .\ bullock with a s(|iiare frame will be sure to possess all 
the <|ualities of li<'allli and \ luiir, and will U'^'^\ and f.-ilteii as well oi' 
belter than a lolii; one. 



CATI'IJ';, MIoUI-IlDlt.SM. 1^/} 

Broud in tho Crops. 

Tlio iminiiil hroiid in tlir ndiis has {i Ixltcr l>iic|< ; l)ii( il in also 
('vi(l('iic<' of il licllcr rib licmal li I lie shouldi r-lilailr, </i\''\>\'/ jrrciit<T w idtli lo 
( he clicst williiii, Mild (■oiis<'(|iiciilly jj;rciilcr plav In t lie liinj^s. 'I'liiH posilioii 
of till' slioiildcr-Madc ciiaMcs tlic Ic^rs lo lie l)ri)ii;4lil iiiorc <^rMccriill\' 

lllldrr ( lir ilicst licnralll. 'I'lirrr aic MIMIC IicmhIh wl)()M(! foVf-U-iTH slaiid 

so \\\i\f aparl (lial llnv miv iiiiicli n-si'iiililc two slicks sliicl< into ii lai'^^c, 
|iMiii|>kiii. Sinii animals arc coiisi(lcrc<l au Inward and iin'onvciiicnl a). loitHt. 

Tho Buck Should bo Strui^ht and Broad. 

A liroad liack iiffords \aliial)ic roasliiif^liils, and will Ix^ liic dcli^lil of 1li<! 
Iiiilciicr, 'I'lic straijz'lit hack affords a hctlcr spinal cidiiiiiii, and j^ivcH tlio 
liropcr spac(? to flin cavities hciicatii, \vlii<'li, as we have just, h(umi, ai'(! 
occupied hy tlie most, iniporlant off^ans. A straight line also irivc^s lo ilio 
rihs a iiiciic ^Taccfiil as well as more coiiM'iiicnl at la<hmciil . 

RibH Should bo Burrel-Sbapod. 

'IMie rihs risillfr well ricun \\\r spine, iji\iiij.'- to the hodv a round oi- 
harreled shape, f:;i\'e> miicji iiioic iikiiii lo I lie or;_'aiiN wilhiii - I In' licarl 
and liin;.fs — lliaii there «ould he il llie rihs descended in hiicIi a maiiiKM' 
as to ^dve a Hat siiie. A heasi with Hal sides, and coiise((iienl I y a narrow 
lliroal , will lack fil'catly in vijror and heal! h, and all I In' csscnl iai ipialil ies 
that consliliite a pxid hiillock. A had rih ;ji\es poor space lo I h(! 
ahdoiiiinal organs which lie imm<-dialcl\ hchiiid those of liie cIk^sI, niilesH 
the helly is i^really .sau'ijcd, which i.s ^jcncrally the ease, as natui'o 
frei)iienl ly, to relieve one deformity adds aiiollier. 

Tho Loin Should bo Wido. 

This is an inlercsl ioL' point toliiosewho lo\echoiii' l)ilsaii<l are williii<( 
l<i pay well for them. 'I'lii' hlitcher inaki's lar^jc csl imal cm Iiim'c, and is 
sure to suit lilicial purchasers. i>iil natiiri' is e\ c^r I mc lo herself, for 
here, as elsewhere, liciicath a hi'oad loin she has provided |ar;.ic space Wtv 
nnpfU-tant or;j'aiis, as the liowcis, kidneys, and the oi'^/aiis of Ihi' pelvis. 
The rump of a j.'ood Short-Morn is a very mce poinl. The hack should 
extend out sIraiL'hl to tiie Helling (Mi <d' the tail. The lhif.''h should pass 
up to this |)oiiil nearly slraifrld, ho as lo make the junclion a rijrhl anf.de. 
This point, in many heasls, will he fouiici to he a circle, which is unsijrhtly 
and causes a loss of pi-inie hi'cf. • 

Tho IiCKH. 

The legs should he short, 'i'licrc an- precisely the same I'easous for 



.i8(i ll,l,i:S'riiAI'KI) S'lOCK DOC'l'DU. 

()l)j('c(iiii;' to lon^ Icjfs (li:i( tluTc lire to loiii;' iiccUs or loii^ hodii's. Ohsrr- 
VJitioii pidNcs » l''<J<J!J Hiiiiiial to lie not so j^ood ;i tVcdcr as one with .short 
liiulis. The hoiic oF tlin leg should lie line and smooth, and nottoo hirge. 
'I'ho h'g.s should stand well under (he animal, and the hoeks direetl}' in line 
with the bod)', so that in moving, the hoekw will be W(dl .separated, or 
about as far apart as tiie hind fet^t. Tiie Toie-legs should be straight and 
stand well under the elii-st, that the animal may have an ea.sy and free 
movement. The inner side of the forivlegs, as it passes the stei'iium, 
presents a beveled appeartuu'e, to bring th(^ limbs to tlu^ir prop(U' position 
beneath. Upon the pro[)i^r position of the lind)s depends that eas(! and 
gracefulness with which a bullock should move. It may be thought of no 
conse(|ui^nee how a bullock moved so that he is able to get to the mai-ket, 
but be assured there is much in it, it (nMnecs strength and health, wiiich 
are indispcn.sable in feeding. I have seen yiiort-Horns carrying Xwo 
thous.md |)ounds and upwarils, with lind)s so jx-rfect that their movements 
wore as nimlile as if they were carrying but a tiiousand. 

Tho Touch. 

V>\ this tlie butchers a.scprtaiii lieforehand the (piality of the flesh. By 
it the bi'cedcr ascertains the aptitude to fatten as well as the (|uality and 
(piantity of llcsii tiiatthe animal will carry. 

Of all the (|ualities of the ox, tiiis is pi-ob.ahly the most diflicult to 
understand. It is the jicculiar sensation of softness and elasticity that is 
produceil \)\ tJic prcssui'c of the hand on different parts of the body. 
'I'his si'usation deiiends, in pari, upon a large cellular de\-cloi)mi'nt 
beneath tin- skin and lictwcen liic muscles, and part upon tiie muscular 
.structure, adapting itself to the laborious dutit's it lias to i)crfoiin. It 
is, therefore, to tiie cellular an<l muscular tissue that this sensation of 
touch is to be altriliulcd. It is \ciy connnon to lind a softening of tho 
muscular libre as an ;iccompaniment or a precursor of disease that may 
mislead. Tiic same nun' be observed in the aged of both man and beast. 
What is 'touch,' or what is it to 'handle well?' How is it to be distin- 
guished from that which portends bad health and old age? By its elas- 
ticity — its power to replace the parts when pressed — a springy sen.sation. 
Mellowness from disease has a sluggish feel and moxcs slowly when 
under the hand ; to a less extent , it is tiaic, still somelhiiig of tliesauu' 
that is manifested in the pressure of the lingers on a dropsical limb as 
conipai'cd with. a heallln' one. In the one the indentions replace them- 
sclv(^s sluggishly, whilst in the other with a ready (elasticity. 

It will re(|uii'e nuich pract ice to become an ;idept in this knowleilge. 
Still many useful lessons may he daily h.ad l>y the examination and hand- 
ling of one's own stock. Comparative handling will ai^ord much 



<'A'i"n,i;, sii()i;r-m)i;\8. |«7 

assistiuicc. 'I':ikc those .•minimis thai arc known to acciiiiiilhitc fal readily 
and lari'dv, as the o|)o-.>inH oi- the hear, oi' any other known to take on 
fat rcadil\', and mmi will lind a peetiliariy soft and mellow 'touch.' 
Those; hrecds of swine, as the (.'liiucse or Siaiiiese, that aic known to 
aceuMUilatc fal hu'ijfely, as eoniijarcd witii some of the poorer wdod 
hreeds, will ofl'er fi'ood and ready illustrations. Rut |)rohid)ly the most 
I'cady illustration will he found in man himself. .Ml that class of persons 
disposed to corfjuleney will )h- found to have ii soft mellow touch, w hilc 
those disposed to leanness will he found i-ij:;id and hard, 'i'liis nia\ he 
readil\- recoirni/ed in shakini;' han<ls. ,\ \-ery delic;ite lady may some- 
times lie found to have a hard hand as wvU as a shai'p tonn'iie. Smooth, 
soft skin will alxi he fouml lielontlin;.;' to this class of |iersons. 

Tho Skin. 

The skin should he thick, soft and elastic — fitting nlik(; citlKM- a poor 
oi' fat ox. A lean iinimal, with an inelastic skin stret<'h(ul upon him, 
could not fatten for the want of .space to expand in. Hut with an elastic 
skin he may he swelled to ifreat dimensions in what seemed to he hut a 
coxcrinL;- foi' his hones, '{'he skin jierforms wiy important functions in 
the .inijnal economy. It is not only a covcrinu for all tiie parts hcneath 
it — a protector against cold and heat, and all external causes of daiij^ci', 
hut it is the seat of a vast system of minute lilood \cssels and capillaries, 
of cxliah'nts .and .ahsorheiits. \ \ ast nci'Vdus tissue cenleis hcl'c that 
I'cndei-s the skin sensitive in the hiehest dejiree. 'J'Ik; ffrcat vital wciitli 
and importance of the; skin m.iy he icadily appnsciatcd by any injiuics 
done it. Tiie rapidity with which extensive burns destroy life, may 
serve as a sutHcient illustration. • Destro}' niy skin, and you .shall have 
my i)ones also.' 

The Hair. 

The hair should he thick and line, forminfj; a pi-otection a<;ainst inelem- 
encies of weather. It is not sensitive, and is, therefore, a jjroper shield 
to the whole body, and it is an evidence of the wisdom displavi'd in the 
ci-eatioii of this family of thi> animal kingdom, that its hair — its outer LT.ir- 
ment, aj;-ainst which all injuries nuist lirst come — should be without 
sensation — a complete coat of mail, injuries to which cause no pain. 
Fine iiair is also an evidence of a finely orffanized skin, a skin exi|uisitelv 
linished in its whole struetun; of niiimte vessels and tissues. A skin thus 
delicately or^ranized is also evidence that other origans arc alike con- 
structed. Nature, in all her parts, undoubtedly jjroduccs a correspond- 
ence, so that if one jjart is of a peculiar structure, either fine or coarse;, 
other i)arts are apt to correspond. Parts seen may be considered indica- 



ISIS ii,M sri;Aii:i) siock docioi;. 

five of parls not seen. Il may lie |>( riiiiltcd to add tliai in all llii' scrul) 
cattle tliat 1 liavc f^ra/.cd ami fed, I luivc never found (lie with line silky 
liiiif Hint did nut fatten well and make a desirable bullock. 

Color. 

Slioct-ilorns arc red or \vliit<', or tlics(^ colors blended as roan or plod. 
I<'asiiioii, for the lime, may mak(^ one oi' tiie other of these colors 
|)o|Mii,ir. 'This is |iroliably so now wilii the red color. it may be so of 
anotiicr color in a few years. .V caprice that excludes all but the I'cd 
color is injurious. it limits improNcment and conlincs it to a limited 
poilion of the breed. it cncoura<j;es the use of inferior anim.als just to 
obtain a fashionabh^ coioi, and rejects better ones because llic\ arc of 
different color, 'i'hcic is, in conse(|uence, <>reat daniicu' of deterioration 
of this noble breed of cattle as a result of sucli puerile practices, if 
the breed is lo be kept up to its past lii<fli standard the very best selec- 
tions should be brt^l rejiardless of color, provided it is the one pecidiar to 
thcbi-cc(l. \\'e would admonish breeders and lovers of this noble rai-e 
(if cattle to jiive no eMcoura<j^(Muent to such departures; they arc evil, 
and tlial coni inually. 

Perfection. 

l^otli ifiiioraiit and cultivated alike ; the ordinary breeder and the seieu- 
lilic one; the practical man and the visionai-y one; each will establish in 
his o\\ii mind an ideal of what any object should be. \\'hen this ideal 
is re(prn-c(l to stand the test of practical e.xpei'icnce, to be detined by a 
scale of points, not one in ten, c\('n amonj;' those who tiiink themsi'lves 
competent to establish a standard of excellence can do so, point by point. 
The reason is he has ne\er read, nor has he educated liimst'lf in any other 
\\a\ to that exactitude of judiiinent re(piired in matters of such nicelv ; 
in oilier words we ha\c not tiic sciciitilic idea of what is ncccssai'y in the 
premises ; no aiisoiutc i ulc to i;(> by, and so the w hole amounts, .after all, 
to soinethiiifi' very like mci'c Liucssini;'. l''or dairy purposes the udder of 
the cow is the stroni!' ponit. In animals lircd for tiicir llcsii, the meat is 
the cssenlial thinu- and also that it be Laid on in the prime pai-|s. 

To enalilc aii\' person to ju(l^■(^ more or less correctly accordinji' to the 
stu(l\- he uivcs, and the manner in which he has educated his eye and 
toucii, wc append the scale of points for judjiini;' Shorl-iioi-ns, as foimd 
in the American llerd-lJook. 

In studvmji- this scale it wdi do (|uite well for all beef breeders — always 
l)eaiinii' ii> mind the difference in make uj) of the bi'ced. 'Hius the Sliort- 
iiorns will be found full in the rump behind, the Devons and lleri'fords 
more pointed, and essentially ilifferenl in other rl^speets ; yet these veiT 



CATTLK, MIOKI-IIOKNS. 18f) 

(lilTci'cnces constitute (licic xaluc ; tlicir liccf is ccrtaiiilx' belter than lliat 
of llie iSIiort-IIoni ; l>ut still tiiey fail in (iliier |iaitieiilars. 'rhcre is no 
siieli tliinjj' as absolute [)erfeetion in anv lliini; tinile. We >ini]il\ conic as 
near it us possible. The yiiort-llorns, in all liieir attiibiitcs, certainly 
have but little more to be desired as lu-ef makers, and some families, alas 
too few, are ileej) and excellent niilUers. 

Scale of Points for Short-Horn Bulls. 

l*ui\rs. 

Ai;i'. 1. — l*nrit\' of breed on male and female side; sire and (lain 
reputed for docility of disi)osition, early maturity and aiililndc 
to fatten ; sire a fi'ood .stock-ji'etter, dam a j^ood breeder : and 
jiiNini;' a iarnc <|uantity of milU. or such as is superior for 
niakinj:' l)ult<'r oi- clieesc. --.....7 

Ai!T. '2. — Head nniscuiar and line; llic liorns line and uradnalh- 
diniinisliini;' lo a point, (d' ;i llal ralhcr llian a round sliapc at 
tlie ba>e, siiorl and inclined (o tui-n up, those of a cK'ai-, waxy 
eolor to be preferri'd, but such as are (d" a transparent ■\\iiite, 
and tiujfed with yellow, admissilile ; ears small, thin and cov- 
ered with soft hair, playing' ipiick, ino\ino- frecl\ ; foi-cjicad 
short, broad, especially betMcen the cms, and sliLililh dished; 
tjj'e.s brifi'ht, |)lacid, and rather prominent than olhcrwisc, with 
a ycdlow rim around them ; io^cr part of the lace clean, dished 
and well devi'lopin<i- tlie course of the veins ; mu/.zh^ small, nose 
of a clear oran<i'e or li<iht chocolate eolor; nostrils widi' and 
open; lower jaw tliin ; teeth clean and sound. - - - ,') 

AiM'. ;>. — Neck tine and slightly .arclKMl, slroni;ly and well set on the 
head and shoulders, haiinoniously wideiiiufT, dee|)enini:- and 
rouiiflinii- as it approaches the battel- point ; no dewlap. - - 2 

Akt. I. — Chest hroad, deep and projectin;:, tlic brisket on a lnwer 

line tlian the belly. ---.-... 5 

Aii'i'. •"). — SJKnildcrs broad, stron;.;', tine and well placed ; f<iri'-le^s 
short, sti'aiiiiit, and standing;' rather wide a|)arl than narrow; 
fore-arm niuscul;ir, broad and powerful, slij;iilly swelling;- and 
full abovi' tlu! knee; the bone tine and Hat; knees well knit :in<l 
stn)ii<i'; foot flat, and in siiape an oblonjf semi-circle; horn of 
the hoof sound and of a clear w.iw color. _ . . _ 2 

.Vi;r. ti. — IJaircl round and deep, and well ribbed up the hips. - 4 

.\i;t. 7. — I'lack siioit, strai;ilil and broad from {\\v withers to tlu' 
seltini;- on of Ihct.iil; irops round and full : loins broa<l ; hiicklc 
bones on a le\-el with the l)ack ; tail well set, on .1 lc\ci with 
the back, tine and iLi'.adually diniinishini;' lo ;i point, auil hanjiinii' 
without the briisii .an inch or so below tlie hock, al ri^jht an<fles 
with the back. --. 4 



4!I0 ILhlSTliATED SIOCK DOCTOR. 

AuT. S. — Hind (iiiai'U'i's from tlir Iiucklc to llic [loint of tlii' I'uiiii) 
wt'U tilled up ; twist well let down and full; hind leg.s .short, 
strai<;lit, and well spread apart, gradually swelling and rounding 
ahove tiie hoek ; the bone fine and flat below ; legs not to cross 
each other in walking, nor to straddle behind. - - . 3 

Art. 9. — Skin of medium thickness, movable and mellow; a white 
color is admissil)le, but rich cream or orange much preferable ; 
hair well covering the hide, soft and fine, and if undercoated 
with soft, thick fur in winter, so much the better ; color, pure 
white, red roan, l)right red, or reddish y^How and wliite. (A 
black or dark brown nose or a rim around the eye, black or 
dark spots on the skui and hair decidedly objccti(>nai)le, and 
indicative of coarse meat and bad blood.) - - - - 3 

Ai!T. 10. — Good handling. ------- 4 

Ai!T. 11. — .'^ure stock-getter. -------4 

Ai;t. 12. — Stock, when made steer, certain to feed kindly for beefcrs 

at any age, and make prime beef. - - - _ _ 5 

AiiT. L"5. — General appearance. ------ 2 

Perfection. - - -------50 

Scale of Points for Short-Horn Cows. 

Points. 

Akt. 1. — Puritv of l>rced on male and female side; sire and dam 
reputed for docility of disposition, early maturity and aptitude 
to fatten. Sire a good stock — getter. Dam a good breeder ; 
giving a large ([uantity of milk, or such superior for making 
butter or cheese. -.----.-7 

Ai!T. 2. — Head small and tajiering ; long and narrower in proj)or- 
tiou than that of the bull. Horns tine and gradually diminish- 
ing to a point ; of a flat rather than of a round shape at the 
base ; short, and inclined to turn up ; those of a clear waxj' 
color to be preferred ; but such as are of a transparent white, 
slightly tinged with yellow, admissible. Ears small, thin, and 
well covered with soft hair; playing quick, moving freeely. 
For(>head of good breadth between the eyes, and slightly dished. 
Eyes bright, placid, and rather prominent than otherwise, with 
a yellow rim round them. The lower part of the face clean, 
dished, and well developing the course of the veins, iluzzle 
small ; nose of a clear bronze, or light chocolate color — the 
former much preferred. Nostrils wide and well opened. Lower 
jaw thin. Teeth clear and sound. ----- 5 



(ATTI.K, SllOKT-IlOUNS. 491 

Ai!T. 3. — Neck fine and tliin, straiirht, and well set on to the head 
and .shoulders, hannoniously -widening, deepeninjj;, and slightly 
rounding in a delieate feminine manner as it approaehes the 
latter point. No dewlap. ..---._ 2 

Akt. 4. — Shoulders fine and well placed. Fore-legs siiort, straight 
and well siu'ead apart. Fore-arm wide, nmseular, slightly 
swelling, and I'ull ahove the knee ; the bone fine and flat below. 
Knees well knit and strong. Foot Hat and in the sha])e of an 
oblong semi-cirele. Horn of the hoof sound, and of a elear 
waxy color. ----------2 

Airr. .'). — Chest broad, deep and in-ojecting — the brisket on a lower 

line than the l)elly. -----.--.5 

Ai;t. I). — Barrel round, deep and well rihl)ed up to the hips. - 5 

AuT. 7. — Back short, strong, straight from the withers to the set- 
ting of the tail. Cro]) round and full. Loin broad. Huekle 
lioncs on a IcM'l with tiii' hack. Tail well set, on a level with 
the i)aek or very slightly below it : fine and gradualh' diminish- 
ing to a point ; and hanging, witliout tiie brush, an inch or so 
below the hock, at right angles with the liack. - - - 4 

Art. s. — Hind (juarters from the huckles to the point of the rump 
K)ng and well filled up. Twist well let down and full. Hind 
legs short, straight and well spread apart ; gradually swelling 
and rounding above the hock ; the bone fine and flat below. 
Foot Hat, and in shape of an oblong semi-circle. Horn of the 
hoof .sound, and of a clear waxy color. Legs not to cross each 
other in walking, nor to straddle l)ehind. - - _ . ;^ 

Art. !•. — Udder ])road, full, extending well forward along the bellv, 
and well up lichind. Teats of a good size for the hand ; s(|uarelv 
placed with a slight oblique pointing out ; wide apart ; when 
pressed by the hand the milk flowing from them freely. Extra 
teats indicative of good milldng qualities, but should never be 
milked, as they draw the bag out of shape. Milk veins large 
and swelling. --------_4 

Art. 10. — Skin of a medium thickness : movable and mellow ; a 
white color is admissil)le, but a rich cream or orange much pref- 
erable. Hair well covering the hide ; soft and fine, and if 
undereoated with soft, thick fur in the "Winter, so much the bet- 
ter. Color pure white, red, roan, bright red, red and white, 
spotted roan, or reddish and yellow and white. (A black or 
dark brown nose, or rim around the eye, black or dark brown 
spots on the skin and the hair decidedly objectionable, and indic- 
ative of coarse meat and bad blood. ) ----- 3 
32 



492 



1 1. 1.1 SI'IIATKI) SIOCK l)(JCTOK. 



AkT. ll._(i(M>(l llllildl.T. 

Ai;r. 12. — Sure iiiid ^ood breeder. 
jVkt. i;'). — (ienerid iippeiiriuiee. 



Pci'Cectioii. 




V. The Alderneys. 

In the British Cliiuiiu'l, l)et\veoii (Jreat Britsiin and Franco, arc a nmn- 
ber of islands noted for tiieir salul)rity of eiiniate and fertility of soil. 
Many years ai^o these islands, jjarlieularly .Jersey, were noted for their 



cAi Ti.K, ai,i«i;i:m;v.s. liKJ 

su|)cii<)r tViiil , .111(1 UiViSv i|uaii1iti«'s of cider and perry were annually 
made tlii'ri'. 

Of hito years tliese islands, Alderney, Jersey, and (iuernsey, have 
i)ee()nie eeleln-ated throui^lidut Ivi^land and America, for tlieir i)reed of 
<'attle ; the cows of which </\\r milk of unsurpassed rieimess. 

These cattle are undoubtedU' of Freneii origin. The Norniaiidy cattle 
are larfjor tluiii the Jerseys, and Youatt sa3's, have a greater tendency to 
fatten. He passes them l)y, in his admirahlo work on cattli-, with 
scarcely more than a mention ; this is to he regretted, since he was so 
careful and conscientious a historian. lie says: 

"They are found mainly in gentlemen's parks and pleasure gionnds, 
and (iicy maintain their occupamy there, par(l\ on account of the rich- 
ness of their milk, and tlie great (|uaiitity of liuttcr whii-li it \iclds, hut 
more from the diminutive si/e of the animals. Thi'ii- i-cal ugliness is 
passed ovei- on these accounts; and it is thought fashionahic that the 
\ iew' fi'oni the breakfast or drawing room of the house should |)resciit an 
Alderney cow or two grazing at a little distance. 

"They arc light red, yellow, f.iwn or dun I'ohncd ; short, wild-horned, 
deer-necked, thin, and smidl-honed ; irregularly aud often very 
awkwardly shaped." 

A Prejudiced Statement. 

Quoting from Mr. Parkinson, who, .Mr. Youatt say.s, .seems to have 
iiad a determined prejudice against them, he writes : 

"Their size is small, and they are of as liad a form as can ))ossil)lv he 
dcscriiied ; the hellies of many of them i)eing four-lifths of their weight. 
Tiic neck i.s very thin and hollow ; the shoulder stands up, and is the 
highest ])ait : they aic hollow and narrow hehind the shoulders'; the 
chine is neai-ly without llcsli : the liiicks arc narrow and .sharp at the 
ends; the rump is short, and they are narrow and light in the brisket." 
.Mr. Youatt adds for himself : 

"This is about as bad a form as can possibly be descrii)ed, and the 
picture is very little exaggerated, when the animal is analyzed, jxiint bv 
point; yet all these defects are so put together. , is to m.ike a not unpleas- 
ing whole." 

Mr. Youatt, however, compliments them with giving exceedingly rich 
milk, and with fattening in a sui'](rising niamier when dry. 

We have (|uoted the above for two reasons: one as showing probably 
what may have liccn neai-er the truth than we might naturally e.vpect 
from seeing the best specimens now, and the other as showing that this 
breed has made a great advancement since; his day, both in c|uantity of 
milk given, and in .symmetry and jK-rfectioii of form. 



494 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOfTOl! 



From an American Standpoint. 

Mr. Lewis F. Allen, the best known historian of American cattle, says 
of this elegant and deer-like I'ace : 

"Beginning with the head — the most characteristic feature — the 
muzzle is tine, the nose either dark brown or black, and occasionally a 
yellowish shade, with a peculiar mealy, light-colored hair running up the 
face into a smoky hue, when it gradually takes the color of the body ; 
the face is slightly dishing, clean of flesh, mild and gentle in expression, 
the eye clear and full, and encircled with a distinct ring of the color of 
the nose ; the forehead is bold, horns short, curving inward, and waxy 
in color, with black tips ; the ear is sizable, thin, and quick in movement. 
The whole head is original, and blood-like in appearance, more so than in 




A Trio op Jeuseys. 

almost any other of the cattle race — reminding one strongly of the head 
of our American Elk. The neck is somewhat depressed — would be 
called ' ewe-necked,' by some — but clean in the throat with moderate, 
or little dewlap ; the shoulders are wide and somewhat ragged, with 
prominent points, running doM'n to a delicate arm and slender legs 
beneath ; the fore-quarters stand rather close together, Avith a thinnish, 
yet well de\'eloped brisket between ; the ribs are flat, vet giving sufiicient 
plav for good lungs ; the l)ack depressed, and somewhat hollow, the belly 
deep and large, the hips tolerabh^ wide, the rump and tail high, the loin 
and quarter medium in length, the thigh thin and deep, the tA\nst w-ide, to 
acconnnodate a good sized udder, the flanks medium, the hocks or 
gambrel joints crooked, the hind legs small, the udder capacious, square. 



CATTLK, ALUEKNEYS. 495 

set wellfonvard, and covered with .soft, silk}' hair ; the teats tine, standing 
well apart, and nicely tapering; the milk veins ])rominent." 

Characteristic Colors. 

The color.s are nio.stly light red or fawn, and l)la(k, mixed and plashed 
with white ; the .solid colors are, M'e think, generally favored, and, to our 
mind, the best cattle, as showing careful breeding, though we have seen 
the most superior cattle among all these colors. So we have seen sonu; 
distinctly roan, with round, quite smooth forms, called pure ; they should 
always be avoided, as there is more than a suspicion that such have 
Short-Horn blood in them, which can do this breed no good, but on the 
contrar>% harm. 

The breed is distinctly a milk breed, and is of no value whatever 
except as yielding fair messes of exceedingly rich milk — giving largely 
of the most superior ci'eam, producing hard, and most delicately flavored 
butter. Thus any cross on this ancient and carefully bred stoi'k must 
necessarily injure them in the points where they excel other cows. These 
are : Superiority of the milk, cream and butter, golden in color, delicate 
m texture and flavor, and conunanding prices in the market, from wealthy 
citizens, that no other make can reach. 

They are Milking Cows. 

'Wliiehever of the three varieties may be chosen, they should Ix- bred 
for this and nothing else. Whether they l)c from Aiderney, Jersey, or 
Guernsey, no infusion of other blood can improve them, neither can they 
improve any other breed. The bulls may improve our native cows, if the 
cows l)e good milkers, the hereditary milking (jualities of the race being 
prc-potent in the progeny. For this improvement, however, none but 
l)ure blood bulls should l)e used, and this rule will hold good in all 
breeding. 

The pure animal is pre-potent, the grade is not, and pure bred animals 
of all the superior races are now so plenty that it will not pav to use grade 
bulls for the improvement of stock. 

The Value of Purity. 

To show the value of purity, we will perhaps, find no more appropriate 
place than this. 

A thor()ugli-l)red animal upon native stock j)roduces in the flr.st succeed- 
ing generation an animal j)artaking eijually of the blood of the sire and 
dam, or what is called a half-blood. The next generation, or the produce 
of a full-blood and a half-blood will give a three-(juarters-bred animal. 



IIM) ILLUSTUATEl) ST<)("K DOCTDU. 

'llic Vdiiiii:' (if ;i i)ur('-l)i'('(l and tlircc-iiuarlcrs-hrcil will uivc a scvcn-ciiihths- 
brinl. F()lli)\\iii<>' in till" same line the next ucncratidn will i;'i\c an animal 
possessing tiftt'cn-sixtoenths of pnrc Mood. 

In ri'ality it will ho far mort' than wc have stated, for the pre-potent 
element of \mn' hlood, eonstantly present, will eontiiiualh' he an inereas- 
insi' integer in tin- progeny, llenee animals from seven-eigliths to tifteen- 
sixteenths-hred, cannot he distinguished from one ])urely l)red, exeejjt hy 
a mo.st critical, and al the same time expert judge. For all practical ]»ur- 
poses tlie\' arc full\' ('([ual to an animal inirely hred, that is to say, as 
dairy cows, hut here the comparison must end. A taint of impure hlood 
once ill, cannot he hred out for many generations — never in fact. There 
is always danger of reversion. One may, thcoretieally at least, breed 
grades up for a thousand y(>ars, and yet not have purely hred animals, 
llcncc the extraordinary prices paid for stock, the pedigi'Ccs of which 
ha\e i)een kept ahsolutely without taint of admixture. 

The Value of Points. 

So important is the question of .synnnetry of form, and points of excel- 
lence, in stock, viewed as nitegors in the niakc-ui) of an aninnd — real value 
heing adaptation to the necessities required — that, of late years, all animals 
are judged therehy. As a study of these we give a figured portrait of a 
model cow, illustrating perfection. 

These points may he adopted ni judging any cow, so far as general 
characli'ristics are concerned, deviations heing only in matters of form, 
coliir, ]icculiar markings, shape of horns, and general contour. The 
(iucrnse\s. for instance, are larger, somewhat coarser, and ha\-e of late 
years hccn placed in a family hy themselves. 

'I'lic scale of jioiiits given are those adoj)ted by the Royal Jersey Agri- 
cultural and Horticultural Society, in determining the merits of animals 
to he p;issed upon : 

Scale of Points— Cows and Heifers. 

Points. 

1. Head, — small, fine ;iii(l tiiporiiio: 1 

2. CiiKKK, — small 1 

3. 'I'liuoAT, — clonn 1 

4. Ml'zzLK, — lino, and ciioirclcd by a l)right color 1 

5. Nostrils, — higli and opi-n 1 

G. Horns,— smootli, crumpled, not too thick al the base, and tapering 1 

7. Ears, — small and tliin 1 

S. Ears. — of a deep orange color within 1 

n. Eyk.— full and pl.icid 1 

10. Nkck, — straight, fine, and ])laced lightly on the shoulders t 

11. CiiKST,— broad and deep 1 



CATTLK, .\i.i)i:i;m;vs. 



497 



Points. 

12. Baurei., — hoopetl, broad ami (l«'i) 1 

13. Well ribbed home, having but little space between the last rib and the hii). 1 

14. Back, — straight from the withers to the top Of the hip 1 




15. Back,— straight from the top of the hip to the setting on of the tail, and 

■ the tail at right angles with the back 1 

IC. Tail, — flne 1 



4!(H ii,Lii.si'i!Ari;i) stock doctor. 

Points. 

17. Taii.,— Imiifjlliff down In llic liocks 1 

18. IliiJK, — thin mill nioviilili', but not. too loose 1 

lit. IIiDK, — ijovt'iftl vvllli line, soft Imir 1 

20. lIiDK, — of ffood color 1 

"21. l''omt-LK(is, — short, slrnljfht unci line ] 

22. KoKK-AicM, — swolllii};, ami full iihovc the Uiifc 1 

2!l. lliNi)-(jUA»TKKs,— from tlio hock lo Ihc |ioliil of the nim|) well llllcd up. 1 

2-1. UiND-i.ico.s,— short aiul straight (t)i'low the hocks) and bones rather line. 1 

2r>. lliND-i.icdH, squarely placed, not loo dose tojfether when viewed from 

behind 1 

2(!. UiNi>-i.ic(i8, — iu)t lo cross In walking ] 

27. Uooi's, — snndl 1 

28. UnnKU,— (nil In form, J. «., well In line with the belly 1 

2!). Uddick, — well up behind 1 

!!l). TicAis, — larjfe, siiuiueiy placed; behind wide apart 1 

HI. Mii.K-vitiNS,- very prominent 1 

32. Growth 1 

33. General appearance 1 

34. Condition 1 

Perfection 31 

No [iri/.f sliall In- iiwarilcd lo cows hiiviiifj; less than twciity-niiio points. 

No prize siiall lie awiirded to iieitVfs haviiifi' less than twenty-six points. 

Cows liavin'i' ohiaineil twenty-seven points, and luifers twenty-four 
points, shall i)e allowed to he hranded, l>ut cannot lake a prize. 

These points, natncdy, Nos. 28, 2!), and 'M — shall he deducted from 
the iinniher reipiired for perfection in heifers, as their nildei' anil inilk- 
\cins cannot l)e fully devi'loped : a licifcr iciU, llicrcforc, he eunnidered 
prrfh-f (if thiiii/-()ii(' poliits. 

To this we add : 

One point must h(> added for pedin'ree on male side. 

()ni< point must lie added foi' pediiiree on remaie side. 

Aijain, the size of the est iilchcDn, or iiiilk-mirrors, is a point of 
uspoeial attenlion. This, however, will he treated in another chapter, for 
the oseutclieon is now cominii' to he accepted as an indication of the 
niilkinji qnalilics of a cow, and wliatcvcr the hreed may he, strouiily 
relied upon. And tiiosc who discard it, that is, I'cfusc a cow with a stronj;' 
e.scntcheon, will siu'cly li'o astray. 

In judiiinuj l)ulls, nianv of tiie same points will serve. The head will 
not he so small, and the forehead must he hi-oad : the horns nnist he 
lipped with hlack ; the neck, arched, powerful, hut not too coarse and 
hea\y ; iiide thicker than in the cow — eertaiidy not thin — and mellow; 
fore lejjs short and straioht, f(M-e arm laroe ami ]towerful, full ahovo the 
knee and tirin helow it. As in lows, pi'diorcc nuist havi' two points, one 
for jmritv of hlood on the male side, and one for purity of l)lood on the 
female side. 



CA'ni.K, .\i,i)i;it.\i;vs. 



4UU 



S2 ' 




Tlio portrail of ii hull jrivcii iihovc iliiislriitcs tln' "|Miiiits" iKJoptcd \>y 
the Ko^'ul Jersey Aj^rieulturiil Society, mid coiitiiiin d mIIci- an expctriencc 
of t(Mi years wiliiout alteration. 'I'liroiiLdi it the reader will easily heeome 
conversant with tiie points l)y « iiiih ,leisey hulls arc jud^icd. By i-cfer- 



r)UO 



ILLISTKATKD STOCK DOCTOR. 



encc to the liiiiircs >x\\rn hclow, and corrcspoiuliiii:- in tlic illustration witli 
the points the reader will understand the following 



Scale of Points for Bulls. 

Aktici-e. 

1. I'EDiGREK on male nMn 

2. PuDKiKEK on female side 

:i. IIkai), — line and tapering 

■1. FoRUHEAD, — broad 

T). Chekk. — small 

(!. Throat, — clean 

7. Muzzle, — line and encircled wiili lijilit color 

S. Nostrils,— high and open 

9. Horns, — smooth, crnrapled, not tliicli at the base and tapering, tipped 

witli black 

10. Ears. — small and tliin 

1 1. Ears, — of a dicp orange color witlijji 

12. Eyes,— full and lively 

13. Neck, — arched, powerful, but not C0Hr>e or heavy 

14. Chest, — broad and deep 

1,5. Barrel, — hooped, broad and deep 

10. Well ribbed home, liaving but little .space between the last rib and the hip. 

17. Back, — straight from Ihe withers to the top of t\w hip 

18. Back, — straight from Ihe top of the' hips to llw setting on of the tail, 

and the tail at right angles with the back 

19. Tail,— fine 

20. Tail, — hanging down to the hocks 

21. Hide,— thin and movable 

22. HiitK. — covered with fine and soft hair 

23. Hide, — of a good color 

24. Fore-legs, — short, straight and fine 

25. Fore-arm, — large and powerful, swelling and full above the knee and 

fine below it 

20. Hind-qi'ahters,— from the hock to the point ot the rump long and well 
tilled up 

27. HiND-LKOs,— short and stniiglu (below the hocks) and the bones rather 

fine 

28. HiND-LEOS, — squarely placed, not too close together when viewed from 

behind 

29. HiND-LKOs, — not to cross in walking 

30. Hoops.— small 

31. Growth 

32. General appearance.... 

33. Condition 



Perfection . 



Judging by Points. 

The hijjhest oxecllenco of any niilkinji" cow lies in the udder. This must 
not only 1>o full in form, that is, in line ^\■^til tlie belly, but it must not be 
cut off scuiare in front, like that of a goat. It should be rounded, full. 



CATTLK, ALDKU.NEYS. 



501 



pretsentiiifz; i;rc;it hrcMtltli hcliind, and carrii'd well up Ix'twcon the Ihiirh. 
The milk vi-iiis .should l)c full and carried wtdl foi'wartl ti)\vartl the fore 
legs. If knotted and with curves, so much the better. 

The tail is another essential point. Whatever its size at the root, it 
iiuist be liirge and tapering, and have a good switch of hair. 

The chest should be broad and deep ; this shows good respiration, 
essential to feeding and health. This, however, must not be taken in the 
sense in which we view it in the blood horse. It is then one of the essen- 
tial points, necessary to fast and long continued exertion. 

In the dairy cow, especially M'hen viewed from before, there will be no 
api)earance of massivcness. On the contrary-, she will give an appearance 
of delicate fineness, and will look large behind, swelling gradually from 
behind the shoulders. She may not be closely ribbed, in fact should not 




Jersey Cow. 

he close, only comparatively so. The best milkers, every where, will be 
found to be rather loosely i)ut together between the la.st rib and the hips, 
and good milkers must be roomy in the Hank. 

The hind quarters must be long from the point of the rump to the hock, 
and well filled up ;'yet this does not mean rounded and massive in fiesh : 
on the contrary, the best milkers will l)e rather lean and perhaps high 
boned. Nevertheless, tlu' same animal, when out of milk and fat, may 
fill up, and perhaps, present a fully rounded contour, while yet possessing 
all the delicacy of points'characteristic of the high bred dairy cow. 



502 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



A COW may have large and heavy ears ; her l)aek may not be fully 
straight from the withers to the toj) of the hips ; her rump may he sloping ; 
her tail may not reach the hocks ; — all these are defects — the latter a se- 
rious one — yoi, if the milking organs are super-excellent it will outweigh 
all these. 

A phenoiiicnoii may show absolute i)erfcction in all the ])()ints : we hiiv(^ 
never yet seen such an one. In judging, the essentials are to carefullv 
consider each point of excellence with reference to its l)earing upon the 
aniinal as a daii'y cow. 

A high open nostril would t'ount but little as against a poor milk vein ; 
a very delicate ear, nothing as against a very superior uddi r. 

The Jersey, to the uncritical eye, when in full milk, is lean, scrawnv, 
and misshapen ; are so, fat or lean, from the standjjoint of a Short-Horn 




.llCUSKY IlKlKim. 



or llercfoi-d breeder. Tiic Short-Horn, or 1 Icicfoi-d, is a gi'oss, lubberl}', 
disgusting, mountain of fat in the eves of a Jersev breeder. 



Color, Temper, and Size. 

Do not be too particidar about color; solid colors, and black points look 
well in tiic show ring. The animal liiat will turn out well at the pail, 
that is docile and gentle, be she what color she may, so long as she ad- 
heres to the distinguishing color-marks of the race, is the one for the 
milkiuii yard. 



CATTlj;, AI.IJKH.NKVS. /iOS 

In relation to sizo, tlic Jerseys are a small race of cattle. In no hreed 
are overj^rown animals the most valual)le. With the Jersey it is especialiv 
to be avoided. So, an undersized animal is not to he countenanced. 
Fair size, however, is desirable. 

He who seeks to increase the size of the Jersey unduly, will certainlv 
go astray. They have been carefully bred, for many generations, with 
especial reference to milk. 

The Jersey is th(> product of island.s peculiar in soil, climate, and people. 
'!'ransi)lanted to our flush pastures, with good shelter in winter, they will 
necessarily increase in size This is to be expected. 

If you fancy "solid colors," and can get plenty of ricli milk, witii sciiid 
colors, well and good. If not, breed to whatever color, characteristic of 
the breed, which will give you this desirable result. 

As a Dairy Cow. 

The Jersey cow can hardly be called a daily cow, in tlH> general accep- 
tation of the term. She lacks size to give (juantity ; as a cheeso maker, 
she is not a success ; as butter makers, the}' stand without e(iuals, if (piality 
be the test. 

The butter globules of tlii' milk ari^ larger, and with a wcakci' covering 
than in other breeds ; hence it churns quicker than the milk of other cows. 

The milk, cream, and butter, of the Jerscj's are ycllowei- than that of 
other l)reetls. This is due to the excess of orange i)igment secreted by 
this breed. 

Jerseys are especially adapted to the villager, or family, reijuiring a 
medium quantity of rich milk, and superior cream and butter. They have 
taken kindly to our sununer climate, from Maine to California. In winter, 
however, and in the early spring and late fall, they should be as carefully 
housed as Short-Horns, else they will fail to give satisfaction. 

The cows are always docile, gentle, and tractable, when properly treated. 
It is not to be denied, how(!ver, that the bulls are often vii^ious. An (mi- 
tlnisiastic writer has attributed this to their long lineage of aristocratic 
breeding. The Short-IIorns are far more aristocratic in their lineage; of 
ancient sires and dams ; they are also notably peaceable. 

It is a fact that animals kept in confinement are apt to beeonu; surly, 
and cross. The breeder of Jerseys must accept the fact that the bulls 
must be kept under strict discipline, and this by the exhibition of both 
tirnmess, careful handling, and gentleness. 



;-,()4 ILI.ISTKATKI) STOCK IxiCIOl!. 

VI Ayrshire Caitlo. 

Tilt' origin of tlic.sc ciittk' ciuiiiot he (listiiiclly tnicod. That Ayrshire, 
hi Kiij;1;ukI, has Unv^ hccii noted for a very superior breed of iiiilkiug 
cows, is iiidisputabie ; ^et uiiythiuji' like what were known as Ayrshires, 
f^ft^■ years a<id, did not exist one hunih'ed years ])i-ior to that time. 

That the iircsciit breed was not |)ro(hieed by across of Alderney, on 
the iiati\e callie of Scot hind, as lias been assei'ted, is evident enough 
from their forni and ( liaraclerislus ; that the\- were nut produced by 
seleilion, is e(|iiall\' as well grounded. Tluy may ha\e originated in a 
happy eross, and earefid breeding thereaftei-. 

That the .V\rslnre owes mneh of its su[)t'riority to crosses of the bet- 
ter nulking strains of the old Short-Horn race, would seem to be borne 
out, not only by tradition, lint particularly liy unmistakable cliaracter- 
isties of both these breeds. 

.\\rshire inde<'d is eminently adajitetl to tlu^ produi'tion of sui)eri<n- 
nulking cows. The climate is moist, with ph'uty of soft rains ; eonse- 
([uentlv, the gi'asses would naturally be succulent, and tend to produce 
the greatest tlow of milk of which a cow might be capable. 

Of the three divisions of Ayrshire — Carriek, Kyle, and Cunningham — 
the latter is regarded as the true home of this most valuable breeil. 
liidceil, thc\' once went by the name of ('mminghain calllc. 

Ayrshlros of the Last Century. 

Mr. -Viton, an old Knglish wi-iler, who has written more largeh and 
intelligent l\ than perhaps any one I'lse of this bi-ecd, has given inu<li \al- 
uable information concerning tlu'm as the\' existed in .Vyrshire earh in 
the last century. Speaking of them, he says : 

•■ The cows kept in the districts of Kyle and Cunningham were dimin- 
utive in si/e, ill-fed, ill-shaped, and they yielded l)ut a scanty return in 
milk; they were mostly of a lilack color, with large stripes of white 
along the chine or ridge of their back, aiioul the flanks, and on their 
faces. Theii- horns were high and crooked, having deej) ringlets at the 
root, the plainest |)roof that the cattle were but scantily fed : the chine of 
Ihcir backs stood up high and narrow : their sides were lank, short and 
thin ; their hides thick, and adhering to the bones ; their pile (skin ) was 
coarse and open : and few of them yielded more than six or eight (|uarls 
of milk per d:iy, when in their best plight : or weighed, when fat, moi'e 
than from Iwclve or sixteen to twenty stone a\()ir(liipois, sinking offal." 

The I hishd iiilri/ of .V\rsliirc, published in 17!>.i, states upon the 
aiillionty of .Mr. Hriice Campbi'll, that the introduction of the improved 
l)reed was made by the then late Karl of Marchniont , and Mr. Vouatt 
thinks that it must ha\e hapi)i'neil between 1724 anil 174(1. 



CATTLK, AVKSIIIliKS. 



!)06 



Tlicn- tlu'ii were successive inlroductioiis of improved Mood aiiiong 
them, the Uunhip strain of Short-Horn :d)out 17S(), m- one Imndred yours 
iiiro. This lircrd ln'canic well establislieil in rcpiitaiioii, .iiid in the Ciiriy 
part of the present century l>ccaine regularly known us Ayrshire, and 
was witU'lv disseminated in Kiiuland. 




'Hie alxive likeness is a liood one of tiie improved or modei'n Ayr- 
^llil•e eow. 

Mr. Aiton descrihes the luct'd in its improved form, or as it existed 
ate in the last cenlury, and earh' in this, as foUows : 



flOC, 11,1,1 .STItAI'KI) .STOCK DOC'I'OK. 

"'I'lu^ .sliii|)c.H most iipprovdd of, iiro — liciul miiiill, hut riithcr loiif^ jiiid 
n!iri-i)\v at tlic niii/,/lc ; lliii cyc! small, Imt smart and lively; (lu^ lionis 
small, ricai, 1 r()<ik('(l, and llicir roots at a considcraolc distance from (iaeii 
otlicr; iie<'k lon^ and slender, taperin;; toward the head, with no looso 
skill lielow ; shoulders thin; roi'e-(|iiai'(ers lifijht ; hiiid-ijiiarters hirgu ; 
liaek slr;iij;iil , liroad heliind,tlie joints I'ather loose and open; (tiircilMH 
deep, and pehis capacious, ;iiid wide o\cr the hips, with round llesliy 
liutlocks; tail loiiii, .iiid small; lej;;s small and short , with lirni joints ; 
udder capacious, broad and sijiiare, stretciiin^ forward, and neitln'r 
llcsli\, low liiiiie-, nor loose; the milk-veins larj^c, and prominent ; teats 
short, all point iiiji outward, ami at considerable distance from each olher; 
skin thin and looser; hair soft and woolly. 'PIk^ head, bones, horns, and 
all parts of least value, small ; and the ji'eneral tijj;ure compact and well 
prupoit ioiicil." 

In I his connection, it should alw.ays be rcmcmliered that the .\yrshire 
cows were al\\a\s noted for their lliiuhs, and in fact a ^eiuM'al thinness of 
ho(i\ , as compareil with beef breeds. The bulls were always selected for 
their fcniiiiinc appearance, especially about the neck .and head ; lliey were 
not rci|iiircd to be roonn' behind; tlic\' \\ci-e rci|uircd to be bro.ad in the 
hook bones .-iiid lilps, and full in the Ikinks. 

'ranicness and docilil\ of temper, hai'dincss, a sound constitution, 
pleiil\' of spirit and life, .ind the capability of jiiviui.' larjre messi>s of 
milk, rich in butler and cheese, are nol<'d cliaracterist ics of this breed in 
an eminent dej^ree. 

Mr. Vouatt says of tluMu: " 'i'hey yield niiicli milk, and thai of .-in 
oil\, or butyraceous, or caseous nature; aiwl tli.il after she (a cow ) h.as 
\iclded very larjie (|uanlilies of milk I'm- se\ci-al years, she will be .as \al- 
uable for beef as an\' other bi-eed of cows known ; iicr fat \\ill be inn<h 
more inixcil tiiroui;h Ihi' whole llcsh, and she will I'allcn taster th.an 
any other." 

As fai' us milk is concerned, it is true of the .Vyisliire cd' the pres- 
ent d:iy. 

In .\incriea, the bi-ecd has not yet been sulliciently disseminated to 
determine whether the <pialit \- of beef shall be boi'iu- out by the state- 
nu'id of the author (|Uot<'d. 

Mr. ^'ouatt. ajinn-s that the breed has much im])iovcd since Mr. Alton 
described it ; that it is short in the le^-, the neck a little thicker at the 
shoulder, but tinely shaped toward the head ; the hoi-ns smaller than 
those of the I lii;hlandcr, but clear and smooth, i)ointinii- forward, tui-nin<f 
upward, and taperinjj; to the poiids ; they are deep in the carcass, I)ut not 
round and ample, and especially not so in the loins and haunches. 

Some, howe\»'r, ha\-c siispecled. and not without reason, that an atten- 



cati'm;, avi;siiihi:s. flOT 

tidli Id the >li:i|>(' ami hi'Mill \ , miiiI :iII('Iii{)I In iiroiliicr f'lit and .sleek eallle, 
wliicli wuiilil lie adiiiireil at llie sli()\\s, lias liail a (eiiilelie\ lo improve 
wlial is (iiih llK'if i|iialil\ as LfraziiiLf <allie, ami llial a( I lie eerlaiiilv of 
dimiiiisliiiiL;' their value as iiiil!<ers. 

Yiold.s of Milk, Biittor, and Chooso. 

l']\|ieiimeiits made earlv in the eenlnrv, tii det<Tminc tiie relative value 
of dilTerent lireeds I'lir milk and I. utter, we liiid as Cdihivvs: 

"In some i'\|ieiiments <-(iiidnetei| at the l'",arl (d' ( 'hesterlield's (laii'\' 
at Iti'adlev Hall I'arm, it a|)|ieared that, in the heiuhl id' the season, the 
llidderiiess vviinid vi(dd .sevi'li ;^allons and a (piait ; the l,niiij-ilniii and 
the Aldeinev, I'ipmi' ;iii lions llii'ce (|uaiis : and t he I )ev on, four ua lions one 
|iiiil, pel- (lav. \\'lieii this was maile into Imller, the result was. From t he 
I loldel'iiess, t liirl v-eii;hl and one-hall' oniiee> ; frnm the Devon, Iwenlv- 
ei^^hl olinees ; and f'r<nn the Aldeniev, Iwentv-live oimees." 

'i'lie Avrshires ;ivera<i'e five ^^allons per dav , and I'l'om thai is piodneed 
I liii'l y-f'our oiiMi'es of Initter. 

'i'his shows (lie deuree of siiperioiit v the hreed has olitained in Mr. 
Vouatt 's lime. 

Mr. Ailon, indeed, asserted that .'>:'>- \ to 1 gallons of this milk would 
vield a pound and ,a half <d' liiitler, aii<l lli.'il I'T 1-2 gallons of milk would 
vield i' I pounds id' lull milk cheese; .-11111 that .Vvrshires in their hest eoii- 
dilion and well Utl would vield 1,11(10 ;ralloiis of milk in a ve.ar. 

With respeel to Vield 111 the I'niled Slates, we have the leeol'd that the 
Ill's! .Vvishire eovv iinporled liV the .Massaelnisel t s Soeiet V for (he i'liimo- 

( ion of .V^n'ieullure, in iX.'iT, yielded I (i pounds of ImKer .i w eek , for several 
weeks III suceessioii, on j^l'ass U'rtl only. 

Mr. Haiikiii, a iiiosi i-epii(Ml)le lOii^lisii aii(liori(y, repordiij^; upon a l<\lo 
farm in ;\yrsliire, holds llia( Mr. Aiton's cstiiiiiite is too lii^li. Iiiivladon 
to two farms visited, upon one of vvlii<h was kept from (vveidy lo (iiirly 
eows, ;iiiil on (li(^ odiei' from (liir(y to forty very siijienor I'ovvs, he says 
of the Mist, thai, "at (he l)es( of (he season (he averajre milk from each 
eow, IS '.) Scots pints (I I--J lialloiis, ) and in a year 1 ..'UIO Scots pints 
((;.'')() eallons, ) . that in the suinmer season, (II pints { '.>'2 ijallons,) of 
• •ntire milk will make an ;\vrsliire stone ( iM pounds) of cheese: .and !l(i 
pints (4H iraiions) of sl<iminc<l milk will produce (he same i|ii,iii(i(v : and 
th.il ISO pints (!I0 <ralloiis) will make 1' I iiouiids of lint t.r." Of the 
other f.inn, he s(a(es(lia( "( he averajre |)l'o(luee of each is I ,.'i7.'i pints 
(Ml 1-2 irallons) ;•• .and adds as liis heiief, on (lie whole, (lia( al(lioii;.di 
(here may lie .\yrsliiie cows eiipalile of <riviiif^ ilOO ^ralloiis in a year, it 
would he dilli<iil( to hriiiu' half a score of (hem (oj^c^tlier ; and (lia( in stocks 



508 JLLUSTRATKD .STOCK DOCTOI!. 

of the greater number, inoist carefully selected and liberally fed, from (550 
to 700 gallons is the very highest produce of each in the year. 

Upon his own farm, the size of which, he says, is of an inferior nature, 
his cows produce only 550 gallons in a year 

Ayrshires in America. 

The A3'rshircs were first imported to the United States in 1831. They 
were different in appearance from what they are now, the colors being 
either deep red, or brown flecked with white, many of them having black 
noses. They have been matcriallv changed since then, and vary much in 
color. The most of them, however, retain the characteristic colors of the 
breed, and whether they he dark red or black, they are generally more or 
less pied, mottled or blotched M'ith Mhite. 

Mr. Allen, himself a Short-Horn breeder, in his w(n-k, "American 
Cattle," sums up the Ayrshires as follows ; 

"Their thirty-six j^ears' trial here has been successful. The}' are hardy, 
healthy, well fitted to our climate and pastures, and prove good milkers, 
both as to the imported originals and their progeny. Their flow of milk 
is good in quantity and fair in quality ; yet, we must be permitted to sa^', 
that in this country they do not 3'ield so much in quantity as is allegcid 
they have produced in Scotland. The chief reason for this is obvious. 
Ayrshire has a moist climate — an almost continuous drizzle of rains, or 
moisture pervading it — making fresh, green pastures ; a cooler and more 
equable tenq)erature in summer, and it is warmer in winter than with us. 

Our American climate is liable to extremes of cold in winter, heat in 
sunnner, and protracted droughts, for M'eeks, drying up our herbage. 
These differences alone account for a diminished yield in milk from 
Scotch to the American A}'rshires. They have softer grasses for hay, 
and plenty of root-feeding in winter, which latter we have not. This 
fact of a diminished yield of milk on this side of the Atlantic is acknowl- 
edged bv those most conversant witli them in lioth countrii-s. 

In the year 1837, we visited the Ayrshire herd of the late Mr. John P. 
Gushing, at Watertown, near Bt)ston. Mass. They were of the choicest 
quality, imported by himself, on an order sent out to an expeiienced 
dealer in Ayrshire cattle, "without regard to price, so they are the best." 
Two or three of the cows were "prize" milkers at home, and certificates, . 
duly verified, were sent with them of the ({uantities of milk they had made. 
They had then been a year or more at ]Mr. Cushing's farm, and had the 
best of keep. We questioned the manager as to the quantities of milk 
the cows gave since their arrival, compared with flic ccrtiticatc. Ilis 
answer was, "about one-third less, on an average. Tiic best '/;;■/;•'■ cow 
gave 33 quarts per day when at her maximum in Ayrshire, and '22 (|uarts 



CATTLE, A^ HSHIKES. 509 

hei'c, and the others in about like proportion, Imt they arc all ^j^aod inilkcrs, 
and Mr. Cushiug is satistied with them."" 

We note the fact of the declension in niiili of the Ayrshircs in this 
country, kno\vin<r the same to have occurred with cows of other breeds 
from Enjrland. It is nevertheless true, we think, that the milk produced 
lu'rc is richer in the constituents, as it is undoubtedly true that cows on 
Husli, soft pastures, or those fed on soft, sloppy food, give far poorer 
tniik, altliough more in ((uantity, than wlicn fed on shorter rich herbage, 
or upon otlier rich food. 

Ayrshires in the West. 

In the West the A\Tshircs liavc not gained the celebrity tliat the 
.Icrseys or the Holstcins have. Tlie probability is that the .Jerseys owe 
much of their popularity to tlie fact that they are par fxcellence the 
family cow, where quality of milk has greater weight than quantity. 
The latter are hard keepers ; that is, they consume a large amount of 
food for the quantity of milk given, and j)rol)ably more thsm either the 
Aryshires or Holsteins for the quantity of butter and cheese produced. 
The Jersey must have rich food to enable her to sustain herself. Never- 
theless, the texture, solidity, hardness and delicacy of the l)utter amply 
compensates for this. The Holstein has grown in favor in the West 
rapidly within the last few years. Our abundant pasture and cheap 
forage and grain m winter, has made them prime favorites with all that 
class who must have a large quantity of fairly rich milk. As a cow for 
making cheese they are unsurpassed, as is the Jersey for butter. For a 
great floM' of milk, nch in butter, our experience is that the Avrshire 
carries off the palm, especially on jjustures not good enough for the 
Holsteins. 

Description of Ayrshire Points. 

In judgmg cattle of any description, reference must always be had to 
the characteristics of their breed. Thus, while all cattle are judged by 
certain undcviating standards as respects feeding and assimilation, beef 
cattle must be judged from a beef-makmg standard, and dairy cattle from 
tiieir milk-producing powers. It is more than probable that, weight for 
weight, the Ayrshire being a cow of medium size, 'will produce more 
milk than any other breed. In selection no surer test can be had than a 
careful study of her points. Dr. G. Lewis Sturtevant, of South Fram- 
ingham, Massachusetts, who has given the Ayrshire particular attention, 
and who is one of the most careful farmers and breeders in the East, thus 
describes the .Vvrshire. and the same principles may be a|)plicd to the 
whole race of dairv cattle. 



r^lQ ILLUSTliATEl) STOCK UOCTOl!. 

Usefulness. 

The uscfuliK'ss of the dairy cow is in licr udder, and toward tho udder, 
its shape and its yield, all the eai)al)ilities of the cow should he directed. 
We may first view it as a reservoir for the milk. As such, it must l)e 
larjre and cajjac-ious, witli broad foundations, extending well behind and 
well forward, with distinct attachnieuls ; l)road and square, viewed from 
behind, the sole level and broad, tlic lobes even-sized, and teat.s evenly 
distributed ; the whole udder lirndy attached, with skin loose and elastic. 
Such a form liives grvai space for the secreted milk, and for the loda'ment 
of the glands, while allowing the changes from an empty to a full vessel. 
The glands should be free froln lum])s of fat and nuiscle, well set up in 
tlie body wiicn the cow is tlr\-, and loosely co\-ei'e(l witii the soft and elastic 
skin, without trace of llnliliniess. Such a covering allows for extension 
when the animal is in milk, wliile liic glands are ke[)t in proximity with 
the l)lood-\-essels that supply them. Tlie necessities of the lacteal glands 
are larger su|)plies of blood from which milk can bo secreted, and this 
harmonizes with the demands of the udder as a storehouse. For broad 
attachments nieans broad belly or abundance of space for the digestive 
organs, from whu'h all mitriment must originate. The blood is furnished 
to the glands of the mldcr by large and numerous arteries. As secretion 
is dependent on the freeilom of supply of blood to the jiart, and a copious 
How, we tind branches coming from different arterial trunks and freely 
anastomozmg with each other. Although these arteries are internal and 
out of sight, yet fortunately tjie veins which carry the blood from the 
udder pass along the surface, and from their size and other characteri.stics 
indicate^ the ([uantity of blood not only which they carry away, but which 
uuist lia\c ])assed through the glands from the arteries. These retui'u 
vems pass both backward and forward. Those ))assing forward are known 
as the milk veins, and the size of these superficial veins on either side of 
the belly, and the size of the orifices into which they disappear, are excel- 
lent pointti to determine the milking ))robability of the cow. Still better 
is it to tind, in addition, the veins in the perineum, which also return from 
the udder, prominent and circuitous. 

Escutcheon. 

The escutcheon is now generally conceded to be a srood indication of 
milk in the cow. This mark is sutticiently W(>11 known not to rc(iuire de- 
scription in detail. I think a broad escutcheon is fully as good a sign as 
a long one ; that (juantity or quality mean more than shape, yet I would 
not discard the shape entirely. One error must, however, be avoided. 
It may be well to compare the size of escutcheon of cows of one breed, 



CATTLE, AVKSIIIHi:.s. 5|1 

but never to i-ompare the size of cscutrln'oii in cow.s of diffci'unt bri^eds. 
1 think this point means more relati\c lo size in the Ajrshire than in the 
Holsteiu or Dutch ; and I am certain that w hilc it may he safe to follow 
it in the Ayrshire in the majority of instances, it would i)e equally unsafe 
to adopt it in selecting a ISIiort-IIorn, for the oi)vious reason that that 
breed has been i)red for generations for other purposes than the dairy. 

The udder and its dependencies, the milk veins, and tin; escutcheon 
mark, may be considered the foundation of the Ayrsiiire cow. These in- 
fluence profit, and also the siiajx's of the body and tlic form of thi- animal. 
Tlic milk vessel is placed in the pubic region of the cow, and is jirotected 
on either side by the hind limbs. Tlie breadth of its attachments secures 
breadth of body, and tiie weight requires also a dejjth of (|uart( r and of 
flanks. The breadth below requires breadth of hip aI>o\c, and length of 
loin here appears related to length of pelvis. So nuicii for Ihc physical 
portion. The physical function of milk-producing demands a great and 
continuous flow of blood, for it must not be forgotten that milk is blood, 
so to speak. This flow is dependent on the sujjply of food, and on the 
facilities of digestion. To gain this, a large body is re((uired in order to 
hold the suitable digestive organs. 

"To gain further room for these, we desire to see arched i-ibs, depth, 
yet no heaviness, of flank, and breadth of hips which we see was also 
required for the l)road udder. To sustain this body, a strong, Arm back 
is needed. To gain the most of our blood after it has absorbed the chyle 
from the digestive organs, reason shows that it should find its way freely 
and speedily through the system on its lal)ors of supi)Iy aiul removal, 
cleanse itself in the lungs, and again ])ass on to its duties. All thisjjoints 
to a healthy heart, not cramped, and lungs of sufficient capacity : for tli(> 
yield of milk drains much nutriment from the system, and tlic constitu- 
tion must needs have the vigor given by healthy and adivc Ik art and 
lungs. In this way the chest is correlated witli the udder. 

"Till' rei)roductive functions require hock l)ones of good size, and a 
broad pelvis is desirable, as underlying within are the generative organs. 

"Tims the necessities of the body of a good milking cow retpiire 
the wedge shape, and this not only from the flanks, but also when viewed 
from above." 

A Summing Up. 

The ])oints of the Ayrslnrc cow, as given l)y (lie Avrshirc .\Ln'i<iiltiiral 
Society, and the New York State Agricultural Societv, have been summed 
up as follows : 



512 iLi-isTi;.\Ti;i) stock uoctoh. 

Tho Body. 

"The whole foro-(iiuirtcr,s thin in front, and gradually incrcasiiif^ in 
depth and widtli l)ack\vard, yet of sutticient i)readth and roundness to 
insure eonstilution ; haek sliould he straight and the k)ins wide, tiie hips 
rather iiigh and well spread; i)elvis roomy, long, hroad and straight, 
hook hones wide apart ; (juarti'rs long, tolerahly museular, and full in 
their upper portion, hut moulding into the thighs below, which should 
ha\-e a degree of flatness, thus affording more space for a full uddei' ; the 
flanks well let down, but not heavy ; ribs, behind, springing out very 
niuiul and full, affording space for a large udder — ^the whole carcasp thus 
acquiring increased volume toward its jjosterior portion. 

"We see that tlie points as given are those of utility, and that at this 
stages the udder-points and body-])oints are correlated. 

The Skin. 

" In connection with the l)ody and the udder, the skin is of great value 
in assisting oui' judgment. Between the portion of the external covering 
used for leather, and the nuisele, there occurs a layer of cellular tissue, 
which contains a larger or smaller amount of fat cells, and the mellow 
handling caused by these cells indicates a free circulation throughout this 
met^hwork. 

"The skin varies from a thin, j)apery hide, covered with silky hair, to 
a thick, supple, elastic hide, well coated with hair, on the one hand, and 
a similar variation, with harsh hair and coarseness, on the other. The 
thin, ])aper3' hide indicates quick fattening and a delicate constitution ; 
the thick, elastic hide laishioned on fat, and which on the flank conies 
■into the hand almost without grasping, indicates the height of vigor, 
accompanii'd by the fattening tendency, and the possessor of this hand- 
ling endures climatic changes, low quality in his food, and neglect, with 
reinarkabh^ hardihood, and (|uickly responds to full feed and good care. 
The harsh handli-r is a dull feeder, consumes much food, and generally 
contains more than a just proportion of offal or waste. In the Ayrshire 
cow we desire neither of these extremes, for it is in the milk product 
that we wisii the food to be utilized, and it is almost an unchanging law 
of nature, that deflciency in one direction must be compensated for by 
excess in another direction, and rir<' rcrsa. At any rate, the cow that 
lavs on fat too quickly is seldom a first class milker ; and how well 
known is it that the cow of large j'ield milks down her condition ! A 
cow that has a moderately thin, loose skin, of sufiicient elasticity and 
suppleness of touch, without being fat-cushioned, as it were, ^nth hair 
soft and inossv, or woolU', if of correct form otherwise, will usually milk 



CATTLK, AVKSHIKES. hll^ 

a l.irjrc ((uaiitity, and when she becomes dry, will rapidly come into con- 
dition. In truth, the liandlin<r of the Ayrshire cow must be jrood ; it 
cannot be too good ; but i1 must not be of exactly that (|uality sought for 
in the grazing breeds. 

"There, as everywhere, the dairyman must keep to his line ; milk, not 
fat, is his profit ; and in seeking excess of both, he will be liable to fall 
below the average of either." 

Relating Especially to Milk. 

It is an axiom of breeders to diminish the useless parts of an animal as 
much as possible, or, in other words, to reduce the projjortion of those i)arts 
not conductive to jjrotit to as great extent as possible. Applying this 
rule to a dairy breed, we should desire a small neck, sharp shoulders, 
small brisket and small bone. Moreover, small bone usually accompanies 
thrift, and is universally found in improved breeds. We thus have a 
reason for these other Ayrshire points, which I now (piote : 

" Shoulders lying snugly to the body, thin at their tops, small at their 
points, not long in the blade, nor loaded with nmsde ; brisket light ; 
neck of medium length, clean in the throat, very light throughout, and 
tapering to the head : tail long and slender ; legs short, bones tine, joints 
firm. 

If the dairyman's policy were otherwise, he would have to supply 
extra food for the support of parts useless to him, and whose larger 
development is of no especial value. 



"The head shouhl l)e small, in shape either long and narrow, or broad 
in the forehead and short, according to the type of animal preferred by 
the breeder, generally preferred somewhat dishing ; the nose tapering to 
an expanded muzzli', with good clean nostrils. Opinions differ as to the 
general shape of the head. A broad forehead and short face occnirs 
more frecjuently in bulls, and is generally esteemed a masculine charac- 
teristic ; a more elongated face is called feminine. Yet some families of 
wcll-breil and good milking Ayrshire cows have the broad and short head, 
and such were, at one time, if not now, the favorite in the show-yard in 
Scotland. 

"The eye should be moderately full, lively yet placid looking. The 
eye is a mirror of the disposition, and interprets the character of the 
cow; a fretful, irritable animal is seldom a quick fattener, and usually 
disappoints at the pail. It also gives expression to the features, and 
physiognomy aids our judgment. 



514 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK. 

"The oars should be of a good size, l)ut thin, and their skin of rich 
yellow eolor. Coarse ears are usually found on ill-l»red animals, and these 
may be eonsidered, to a eertain extent, indieative of general eoarseness. 
The eolor of the skin, as shown inside the ear, is usually considered 
indicative of the richness of the milk in butter. 

"The horns should be of medium size, of fine texture, with an out- 
ward and upward turn, or inclining upwards and curving slightly inwards, 
according to the taste of the breeder. They should be set on rather 
widely apart. A coarse horn may indicate a coarse and thick hide, as 
there seems an intimate relation l)etween tiic composition of the horn, 
hair, and hide, and the influence of climate on horn and hair gives an 
appi-arance oftentimes of correlation bt'twcen the two. 

The Top Points. 

" The neck should l)e of medium length througiiout, and tapering to 
the tiivoat, which should be clean or free from loose, hanging skin. Yet 
too thin a neck is not desirable, as it usually indicates a delicate animal. 
A thick-set neck, well covered 3'et not overladen with muscle, accompa- 
nies hardiness and vigor of constitution. 

"The junction of the neck with the boih and over the shoulders is 
call(>il the croi)s ; on a horse it would be called the withers. A hollow 
bchinti this point is a never-failing sign of weakness. The crops should 
blend in easily with a thin shoulder, lying snugly to the body. This 
shoidder and a well defined spine produce the sharpness of shoulder so 
nmch admired. The back should be straight, with spine well defined, 
especially forward. The tail long, firm in the l)one, and set on a level 
with the l>ack, \\itlu)ut deiiression or notch. A tine tail usually accom- 
panies tine hon<', and the tine bone is not only decrease of offal over 
lu'a\ y limbs, l)iit accompanies early maturity, and a tendene>' to thrift. 
The limbs should be tine-boned, flat-boned, and with joints of moderate 
si/.e. On the forward limbs the cow should stand low. Large joints and 
round bones are found very fre(|uently on dull feeders and on animals of 
little profit. 

The Teats. 

••The teats should be of medium length, evenly set, and project 
slightly outward when the b;ig is full, of even thickness throughout, and 
of tine texture. Tlicy should be placed about one-third of the length of 
the ••vessel" apart in one direction, and about ime-half the other. 
Wln-n the udder is not distended, they should hang perpendicularly. 
Large teats, however desirable to the milker, are usually accomi)anied by 



CATTLK, llOLSTKINS. 515 

coarseness of huild in the cow. Thoy are seldom found on well-bred 
animals, yet exceptionally tliey occur, and are nmcli liked. A teat should 
l>e ]nv<xv enouirli to irrasp, say from two to two and a half niches ni 
IcMijth. -V .shorter one would he an objection ; with larger, I should fear 
coarseness. 

Color and Carriage. 

"In color the Ayrshires vary jireatly. lirown, red, and white appears 
to good advantage, and is fashionable. A good quantity of white, well 
distril)uted, adds style and showiness to the animal. Yellow and white 
is frccjuently .seen, yet while this color is sometimes stated as indicating 
lack of hardiness, I am not aware of any proofs of argument having 
l»ecn brougiit forward to support this view. Color is as yet a matter of 
taste, for its correlations are hardly guessed at ; and from almost pure 
l)lack, through the reds to almost i)ure white, are colors found on the 
best cows, lilack spots on the skin, barely jjerceptible through the hair, 
often occur on the best cattle. Strawberry-blotched and red and white 
are jicriiaps the more common colors. A self-colored animal, or a loan, 
or animal with white on the eai's, the writer has never yet seen among 
tii(^ Ayi'shircs in Scotland oi' in tliis country, when the pedigree was 
uncjues'tionablc. 

"The carriage siiould be ligiit and active, tlie head well m]i, and the 
hind legs should not cross in walking. The condition siiould \>o neither 
fat nor lean, Imt that average which a good cow holds when in good 
llcsli at calving, liberally fed while in milk." 

Holstein Cattle. 

Dutch rattle were imdoubtodly among the lirst cattle ever brought to 
America, ('anada was visited by the French in 1X08, Mhen thev founded 
(Quebec. Soon after colonists arrived and brought with thcni the little 
Normandy cattle. The English first settled on the James river, in 
N'ii'ginia, in 1(!07, and Xew York was settled by the Dutcii in Kil 1. In 
lli25 the tirst cattle were imported from the mother country, and they 
were undoubtedly the Dutch cows noted for milk, or a race nearly allied 
to what are now generally recognized as Ilolsteins. 'i'hat this supposition 
is correct is jjrobably true, since these cattle were considered valuable for 
milk and labor. It would naturally follow that these two (|ualities should 
be considered of prime importance by the practical I)nt<h settlers, in a 
country where game in aliundance might be had by all who knew how 
properly to aim a gun. 



51(5 ILLUHTKAIKI) NI'OCK l)()<!TOK. 

History of Holstoins. 

In I lie ii(l:i|)li(iii of liiccds to s|)i'<i;il purposes wo must nlwiiys hear 
ill iniiid tli.'il I'ceil, cliiiiMte, c-ire, iiihI <:iicI'iiI lire<'(liii^ must l)e tilkeii 
into coiisidcrntioii. 'I'liiis for llic most excellent (Iniry cattle, we must 
look to countries noted for dair\ products. In siicii districts will alwiiys 
lie round tolcralih uniform and excellent milkers. iu'ally sci<'iititie 
lireediiiji' lias not heeii practiced until within a xciy few years. it was 
more experiment than anylliinji' else. Vet so lonj; aj;() as lliiff), Kn<i;land, 
Holland and Switw^-land were noted I'oi' dairy jjroduets, and also for 
hreeds of tieep and laslinj:; milkers. ,\s ediK'ation increased, and wealtli 
heeanie more ffcMiei'al, imi)rovemcnt hy selection was sujijilemeuted hy a 
careful study of eerlain points and eharact eristics that mi<rlit he exi)e(ttcd 
to perpetuate tliemselv(\s. Thus wo now have tlie .Jerseys, tlit^ Ayi'sliires, 
tlu! Swiss cattle, and llolsteins, each .specially adapted to the soil and 
reijuirtMni'iits of llicii" respective localities. 'I'lie Ilolstein cattle, or those 
of North Holland, are noted for lari;'e frames; for lieiiiiidf two distim^t 
colors, hl.'ick and white mixed. 'riic\' liclonu' to the i^rcat short-horned 
division of cattle, which race, from the liest accounts cxiaiit, wnuld seem 
to have heen peculiar to the transient inhahitaiits of ( J<'iiii.'iny from time 
immemorial, and to liavi' iiccii carried with them in all their iniLiralions. 

The size, !ida[itation to disti-icts yieldin<i slroiii;', iilentiful herl>aj,fe, and 
cxtraordinarN' milkiuf;' (pialities, ha\'e made them univei'sal favorites in 
the West, and wherever introduced in ail thai <;r<"at country of tiio 
NortilWl^st tlial of lat(^ years luis so suddenly l)eeoine eeiehrated for its 
dairy products. ^Vitllin the iast century this lirecd, like all <ithcr puro 
hreeds, has heen wond<M'full\ improved hy the astute and practical 
Hollanders, so that it may now he called as distinctly a iireed as any 
other of the more reputalilc families. Like the |)urliam and 'I'eeswator 
cattle of a hundred years ajio, they were then noted for a fair uniformity 
in appearance, and as deep milkers, j^ood at the yoke, and as makiuif 
liea\ \- wciiihls of fair heef when ready for fattcniiii;'. 'I'lie ir<"neral 
eliaraed'ristics of these two hreeds would seem to point conclusively to 
tlie fact that orijiinally tliey luid a common ancestry in catth- heloufiinjj 
to tint ancient rac(\s inhahiling the north of lOurope, and that they were 
carried wherever these pooiile, in their wauderinjis, mifiratod. 

Improvomont. 

AVe have no dctinite knowlediic when this wonderfully constituted 
sliort-horned r.ace of cattle lirst hcc.ime hrokeii up into the various 
families (hat havf of late \('ars hecimie eeiehrated hotli as dairy cattle 
and as heef cattle. It is prohahly within the last three centuries (hat 



CATTI.K, II()I.><Ti;i\S. r)l7 

systPiiiatir attoiiipis have Ik'cii iiiadc^ lo breed (lieiii with a view to their 
careful iiiiprovemeiit and toward tixiiij^ liicii- ciiaractcri.stics — in Eiif^laiid 
witii tile Duriiaiiis, now known as Sliort-llorns, and in Holland wit h llic 
Diiteh cattle, now known in llie\\'e.st throuiiii the importation of the 
Ilolsteins, from the fact that in this distiiit ni(irc care set-ms to have been 
taken to breed their cattle, not only to type, but also in line as dairy 
(Mttlr. It takes long ireuerations of smh brcrdinL; to ti\ iindc\ iatinuh 
peculiar traits and charactei'isties. so they may be transmitted with ji'reat 
li\it\ to 1 lie rcsidtini;- progeny. The Ilolsteins of the present century 
l]a\e presented imiformil\, and lo-da\' they may lie called us persistent 
ill I lie transmission oC <|iialil\ a^ the other j:rc:it families of the (Ji'iikx 
/>'(is in an\ count r\ . 

Tlicse have >up<'rior cmcIIciicc in tlicir iniikiiij^r (pialitics. '!'he\' are 
dairy cows noted for gi\inj:; enormous (piantitics of fairly rich milk. Tlu^y 
have massive compact frames, and make fj;ood beef; as workinji' oxen, 
fi'om their sti-cii;il li, docility. patii'ii<-c, and fairly active habits, they slundd 
make excellent woikiTs: '{'he horns of the llolstein^s are short. The 
hair short, soft, and line, '{'he hides ai'c of nioderate thickness, of i:;ood 
tcxtui'e — that is, mi'llow. '{'he color should be always 4)lack and white, 
cither in banils, or else pied, mottled (M' spotted over the body. The ud- 
ders f>f the cows arc capacious, of Mfrcat bl-cadthand <lepth. Tiie teats 
well shaped and standing:; well apai't. 'j'hc milk-\ciiis prinninent, lar<re, 
and runniiii:' well forward. 

Holstcins in America. 

As we previously state(l, the oh! Dutch settlers of New ^'ork brought 
over with them this valuable bn-ed of cattle. They have, howevcsr, b(!eome 
entirely lost, except that they have left their impress in resulting genera- 
tion.s of mixed blood. 

Since the time iioteil, t here probably were none imported until the 
present century. In the early part of tlii^ cciitiirw at the time of the im- 
portation of Merino sheep, by Mr'. William .lai'vis, of Vermont, in one of 
his voyages he brought over a bull and two cows. They remained on his 
farm for some years ; the bull was bred lo the common stock of the ('oun- 
try, pi-oducing a decided impress, but at the end of a few years the pure 
blood was lost. 

It is recorded, that, somewhere between IHi'Oand bSiJ,'), Mr. Ilermaii 
Lc \\i)\\, a public spirited merchant of New ^'ork city, importccl some im- 
proved Dutch cattle which were sent to his farm n<'arthe city. Hetween 
1«27 and 1K2!», some of the produce of thi.s herd were s.Mit to the farm of 
his son, Edward Lc lio\ , on the (jeneaee river. Mr. L. K. ,\llcn de- 



518 ILLUSTUATKU STOCK DOITOK. 

scribes this herd in 183:5, as he tlion saw them, as being large, well-spread 
cattle, blaek and white in color, and remarkable for their uneuninion yield 
of milk, and of great value as dairy animals ; their (lualities in that line 
were universally acknowledged wherever known. 

About Dutch Cattle Generally. 

In treating of nuteh cattle we have adopted the name llolstein, and for 
the reason that in the West certainly the importers seem to have fancied 
the cattle found in llolstein, and to have imported more largely of them 
than any other of the Dutch cattle. That the right name for all those 
families of ancient lineage, bred in North-Holland, and recognized as 
having been for many generations great milkers and as making heavy beef 
cattle, of good (piality, when dry, should be Dutch cattle, there is, from 
the testimony, little doui)t. So also it would seem that the llolstein cattle 
are a sub-race of the older Dutch, as the following letter from Prof. J. 
G. llengweld, of the Netherlands Royal Vet(;rinary Institute, to Mr. 
Charles Muller, United States Consul at Amsterdam, would seem to show. 
This is dated Utrei-ht, November, 1872, and published in the Keport of 

the on Dutch Cattle in Agriculture of Massachusetts, second series, 

187;5-74. From it we extract as follows: 

Quoting from Low's Agricultural History of the Domestic European 
Animals, etc., he says : "In comparing these varieties of cattle to the 
breeds of the Continent, there is an analogy found on the one side between 
the great breeders of the marshes and the black cattle, natives of the 
plains and marshes of Holland ; and on the other, between the more various 
kinds on the north of tiie Humber and those of Holstein and Jutland, 
whence the best cattle of Northern Europe have spriuig." It is not un- 
reasonable to suppose, that these latter l)reeds may have been introduced 
during the tirst period of Saxon colonization by the Jutes and Angles, who 
settled down in that part of England. But at a more a[)proximate period 
to us, it appears that I'attle were frequently imported from the neigiibor- 
ing continent, and that they were mixed with native breeds. 

It was especially the Dutch cows that were considered (he best milch 
kinds of Northern Eurojie. 

There is here a very clear and evident differcnt-e inadi' between the ex- 
cellent Dutch cattle and the Holstein and Jutland breeds whose origin 
Low traces to a Saxon colonization. How Low, a few lines further on, 
can make th(> Dutch cattle derive their origin from the Holstein cattle 
— from which lines the 'herd book' draws its inference (the same occurs 
in the French version, 'whence the best Dutch races themselves oi-jginate') — 
is incomprehensible ; and it is evident Low errs, or is not sutfit-iently ac- 



CATTi.i:, ii()i..sTi;iNs. ')!!) 

(luaiiitcdwitli the history of botli countries. For already seven eenturies 
before tlu! colonization in England, of the Jutes and An<i;les, tlu^ Friesians 
[Hollanders] were known foi- the irreater nunil)er (jf theii' cattle, a> will 
further apjiear. 

Every Sprinjr, thousands of Ilolstein heifers are driven to the fields 
of Northern Ciermany and Holland, where people find it is more profita- 
ble to bu\' heifers than to raise them ; and the name of the breed <iot 
confused, so that the name " Holland cow," was here translat(!d into 
" Dutch cow," etc. 

About Herd Books. 

The "herd-book" takes the unwarranted liberty, whenever it should 
speak of I)ut<'h cattle, of addinij immediately after, the word "Holstein." 
It irives t" Holstein cattle purcltaHed in North Holland — and of which 
the tii-st importation took place in Massachusetts in 1852, afterward in 
l.s.')7, etc., but the i^reatest in 18(51 — all the honor the Dutch cattle so 
abundantly deserve, and a])pears to have made the geographical blunder 
of supposing North Holland, Friesland, Groningen and Oldenburg as 
belonging to Holstein. 

The thesis so arl)itrarily adopted and set forth by the "herd-book," 
that the huge black and white cattle imported into North America from 
th(^ Netherland province's of North Holland and Friesland have " undoubt- 
edly descended from the original stock of Holstein," as it proclaims on 
page !), re(juires a most decided denial and refutation for the honor and 
rejiutation of Dutch cattle ; and, without being led astray by the most 
strangely jumbled-up references mentioned, I wish to point out, — 

True History. 

1st. Th:it the history of the Dutch or Holland cattle dates further back 
than that of Holstein. 

2nd. That the Holstein cattle descended from the Dutch ; and 

;3rd. That the name of "Holstein cattle" is only a local ajJix-Uation 
for a peculiar indigenous breed, constituting only one of several apper- 
taining to the same group, namely, to the groups of the Lowland races, 
of which the Dutch tirccd is thf fiindanifntril ti/pe. To this I now proceed. 

According to the "Allgemeinc Deutsche Keal Encvclopedia," the 
origin of Holstein Schleswyck lies buried in obscurity, and Holstein was 
jirobably visited l)y the Cinibri ; while a century after, the Roman 
Emperor. Cresar Tiberius, arrived with his army and fleet before the 
mouth of the Elbe, without, however, setting foot on the Holstein shore. 
According to Tacitus, it may be stated, that the Holstein Baltic coast was 



520 11,1.1 STKATKI) STOCK DOCTOR. 

iiih:il)itod, iis far :i,s Mocklonhuri!; and Schloswvi'k, by seven petty Ger- 
man tril)es, of whom tlie .\n<;li's and Warnes have preserved their names 
down to the present lime : while llie others have been melted down into 
that of the Saxons. In the tifth eentury, the Saxons and Angles united 
witli the ,hites and Frie.sians, and migrated to England. ('Phis is Low's 
colonization.) Subsecjuently, the Holstein Saxons, who dwelt to the 
north of the Elbe, were called by the name of Normans : w hile the name 
of Holstein is not mentioned in histor}^ before eight hundred years after 
Christ. In 1128-(i4, the Holstein province Uagrien was conquered and 
converted to Christianity, and jjartly peopled with strange colonists from 
Friesland, Holland and Westphalia. 

It appears that, with regard to its titness as a grazing and cattle-breed- 
ing countrv, Holstein is of later date than Holland ; which fact will 
appear tin' more prominent after some account has been made of the old- 
est inhabitants of Holland and their ])ursuits. 

What History Says. 

For this purpose I at once direct the attention of the reader to the 
coming of the Friesians and Batavians. The former were the oldest 
inhabitants of Holland, and were known as herdsmen, hunters and tislier- 
men. Their history in this country goes as far l)ack as 800 years before 
Christ. The Batavians came 200 years later (100 years before Christ) 
down the Rhine ; and, although they were likewise herdsnuMi, they occu- 
l)ied themselves more particularly with hunting and fishing. 

The lands of the F^riesians conii)rised the whole countrv to the north of 
the Hhine as far as the shore of the North Sea, to which West and East 
Friesland belonged, composing the present Dutch provinces of (Jroningeu, 
Friesland, Dreuthe, and North Holland, besides the provinces of Utrecht, 
Overvssell, and a i)art of (iuldcrland and South Holland. Of all these 
provinces, (ironingen alone appertained to East F^'iesland. 

Tacitus savs of the Friesians and Batavians: "They owned cattle, not 
excelling in beauty, but in number." He further .states, as does also 
Julius Ca'sar, that the F'riesians and Batavians paid each other in cows, 
sheep and goats, and gave likewise to their children as dowry, oxen adapted 
to the yoke and plough, cattle and horses. When they M-ere subdued by 
the Romans in the first century of our era, the conquerors derived much 
advantage fi'om this wealth in cattle, and imposed u])on the Friesians an 
annual tribute,, consisting of cow-hides and meat : while they chose their 
most valient \varriors from among the Batavians. 

The Friesians and Batavians ai)plied themselves to the draining of their 
marshv lands and their islands, created meadows on the reclaimed soil. 



CA'ITl.K, IIOLSTKINS. 521 

wliifli tlicy first protected against inundations liy raising iiills, breakers 
and dikes, of which the traces are ever\'\viierf disci'rnihie along tlie coast 
througliout West Friesland and (ironingcn. Sonictiiing is even known 
regarding the color of their cattle, namely, that they held th(ise of a white 
color in religious veneration. It is a very plausibhs theory that the Fries- 
iaiis, who, at as early a date as three hundred years before Christ, peopled 
Ihc iiortli (if the present Netherlands, and wrought those alluvial plains of 
Scandinavian clay into soil fit for the requirement of their cattle, did, in 
after-centuries, s])read themselves in more northerly and easterly directions 
as far as the Elbe — as we already know they did, in the fifth century, 
unit(! with the Jules and Anglo-Saxons in emigrating to England ; in addi- 
tion to which, we must obsei'vc that these were probably East Friesians 
and not \\'est Friesians. 

The Friesians, from 01d(uiliurg and the country near the mouth of the 
Elbe, l)oth south and north of that river, were eomix^lled, through the 
inclemency of those regions — then in their original condition of low allu- 
vial swamps, inundated at ever)' tide — to desei-t them. It was owing to 
these local circumstances that the Romans w(!re prevented froTn endeavoring 
to land tiieir army. 

It can be siiowii that tiie iniiabitants iif tiiis tei'ritory were unabh; to 
make san^ provision for their own wants because of the robberies and pi- 
racies committed by the Normans, dwellers on the west coast of Denmark, 
people from llolstein and Schleswyck, Jutes and Angles. These were l)y 
no means peac('ful breeders of cattle, as were the Friesians and Batavians, 
whose lands they constantly plundered and laid waste, burning and ravag- 
ing their possessions, niassa<'ring the inhal)itants, making them pay tribute, 
penetrating fai' inland to the mouths of the Khinc; and Vssel, and everv- 
whens giving unbi-idled vent to their ferocity and love of plunder. This 
was between the eighth and (•i<\cntli cciilnries. (Ji\iiig due weight to 
these statements, which, from the nature of tlic case nmst be nei'essarily 
l)i-ief , it cannot be doubted that the culti val ion of cattle in the Netherlands 
exi.sted a long time before such a thing could be thought of in llolstein. 
It is also (|uite as certain that the colonies from Friesland, Holland and 
^\'estpha!ia, carried with them their cattle to llolstein. 

Ilcncc we see that, first, the Dutch race of cattle date from an (j1<1(I- 
descent than thosi^ of llolstein ; while, ))rol)ably, second, the llolstein 
cattle originated from the Friesian breed and from that of the Dutch and 
W'estphalian emigrants. 

After this colonization, we Ikuc our altciilion directed tn another 
remarkable ])articulur in the history of the Dutch cattle cultivation. 



» 

522 ILLUSTKATEIJ ST()('IC DOCTOR. 

Regular Markets Established. 

From the fourteenth on till the eighteenth ecntiUT, u large number of 
Danish oxen were annually turned for pasture into the gras.sy meadows 
of North Holland — formerly West Friesland, and sold at the weekly 
North Holland eattle market. The oldest of these eattle markets is that 
of the eity of Hoorn. This market was already- established in 1811, and 
in 183!) the Danes and the inhabitants of the Eyder were allowed l)y 
All)reeht, duke of Bavavia, to hold a weekly market there. In 1(!()5, the 
Danish eattle market was removed from Hoorn and transferred to Enk- 
huvzen, when, in l()24,thc number of 1,179 oxen were sold. There was 
also in Amsterdam a leau-eattle market, beginning in the Spring, in the 
month of April, but held at irregular periods, depending upon wind and 
weather, when eattle were allowed to Ije conveyed from Denmark and 
Holstein hither to graze. These were mostly brought by vessel. Mr. 
Hengeveld says : 

"These importations of Danish and Holstein eattle into North Holland, 
to which the 'herd-book' might refer, did not consist of 'heifers' Imt of 
lean oxen, which were pastured on the fertile meadows of the Polders, 
and afterwards sold at the markets of Hoorn, Enkhuj'zen and Amster- 
dam as fat cattle. As to heifers, either then or now, haiing been imported 
from Holstein into Friesland and North Holland for the purpose of breed- 
ing, no such thing is known." 

To withhold nothing, and to put nothing in a distorted light, 1 may 
add, that in the middle of the isth century several importations took 
[ilace into Friesland of Danish catUc, consisting of young calves. This 
was at the time of the raging of the cattle-plague, which desolating dis- 
ease carried off thousands of the tinest cattle in Friesland and Holland. 

For the purpose of keeping the cattle trade ali\'e, and to fill the places 
of those destroyed by the plague, small Danish breeds and German cows 
of dinunutive size wei-e substituted and crossed vrith the remaining and 
recovered natives. 

"They were," says Scheltma, " Daiiisii, Holstein and small (Jerman 
cows, of which the greater part were smaller in size than the native race." 
Ill tlic same work we find, "that one was reduced to the necessity, in 
17(5S), of j)urchasing the needful cattle in the county of Bentheim, in the 
district of Oldenburg and Munster, in Hanover and other parts of 
Germany." 

In the work, "Present State of Friesland," it is mentioned that, 
"owing to the cattle-plague, the people were compelled to in port from 
abroad all kinds of siinill cattle, chiefly Danish. But, what was remark- 
able, however small and ill-favored these animals might be, when com- 



CATTL i; , II u LSTK 1 1\ S . 



')23 




r)24 ILLl .sTItATKU STOCK DOCTOIt. 

paved with llu" liiiiidsoiuc Fi'io.sian lioracd cattle, a.s a natural consequence, 
an inipi-Dvenient of food induced a favorable development of body, and, 
from tlie mixture of the two breeds, good and choice milch-kine were 
attained withm two or three generations of the introdut'tion of the foreign 
l)l()od, no matter how nmch the race had in tiic beginning deteriorated 
through the process, and, eventually, the type of Danish aiid German 
cattle was i|iiitc lost." This is, however, already one hundred years ago. 
\ fair considcratidn of what has been thus far stated will leave no 
justification of the " hcid-book's "' imputation upon the aiiti()uity and 
puritv of descent of our Friesian or Dutch cattle ; or its assumption 
that they an- of Ilolstein origin. No ; the genealog}^ of Netherland cat- 
tle is jiuic and unadulterated, and it is at least two thousand years old. 

Facts as to Dutch Cattle. 

Our authority continues as follows : 

" I come now to the present time, and the question whether it is tenable 
to give to one \arietv of cattle the name of an entire group, and tf> 
reckon as appertaining to it all its several varieties or breeds, — as, for 
instance, the Dutch, Friesian, Oldenlmrg, Holstein, etc., — and would it 
not be imperative in sucii a case to give it the purely historical name by 
which it is generally known? If it could l)e desirable to give a general 
name to the cattle of the just mentioned districts, then tiiat of Holstein 
cattle would not be ai)propriate, and for it should be substituted that of 
Frifnuni i-ntllc, whence all the varieties originated. 

"The chief characteristics of this Friesian breed — its eminent milk- 
giving and fiittening (|nalities — we tind in all the just mentioned districts, 
and extending still further sontiiward ; with this difference, however, 
that wherever the land is more fertile, the climate milder, and the tending, 
feeding un<[ lirceding of the i-ittle observed witli more care, in that 
measure, and according as these re(|uisites stand to each other in the 
closest ])ioportion and harmony, tiiey are more developed, attain larger 
size and are of a finer texture. 

"If the intention l)c to convey a correct understanding of the true 
(|ualities of the several varieties or breeds mentioned in tlieir own dwelling 
places, it is better that each breed should retain the name by which it is 
known, and that no collective name, though a historical one, should be 
gi\-en them. 

"In order to l)e able to readily classify a group of <atlle of great 
extent, possessing the same chief (|ualities in form and productiveness, 
Sturm* i)roposed, so long as tifty years ago, to give to a group, subject 

«Dr. Sniriii: "Of RacCK, Crossing .and Improvement of Indigenous Domestic Animals." 
Ell)ertield. ISif). 



catti:k, ii< )i,si'ein.s. 



/)25 




52() ILLl Sl'liATEU STOCK DOC'I'Olt. 

to the .sauR' cuiuiition.s of .soil and cliiiiati', a naiiio indicating tiiose 
conditions, and tiius originated Mountain Cattle, Highland Cattle, and 
Lowland Cattle. He also heads each of these divisions l)y tlu^ breed 
hest representing the distinctive feature of its class, as i/s ft/pc. It is 
under the denomination of Lowland Cattle that he places the different 
l>reeds of the coast lands along the North Si'a. Schnial/,, Pabst, and 
nian\- sul)se(|uent writci's, adopt this classification ; some with a few 
modifications, l)ut all in the physical characteristics of the country to 
which they are indigenous, the general denomination of the collective 
group, according to Schmalz's statement, cattle, adopting Sturm's clas.si- 
fication, may be distinguished in the following manner: 

Races of Dutch Cattle. 

".\. Lowland Kace. — Primitive cow ; Dutcii-I'riesian cow . 

*' H. Mountain Kace. — Degenerate, quite the contrary of \ ; Swiss cow. 

•'C Middle Kace. — Highland race; forms the transition from A to 
B : Friuikish cow. 

"Schmalz says, 'To the race A belong the Dutcli, as representatives, 
the Friesiaii, the Oldenburg, and chiefly all Lowland races bearing the 
peculiar characteristics which identify it with the jdace of its sojourn.' 

" This is ;i purely natui'al division, and there is not the least arrogance 
in asserting, what history points out, that the Dutch cattle constitute the 
tvpe of the oldest, pui'csf, and best breeil. All other varieties are of 
less intrinsic value : they are coarser or smaller, jjossess less productive 
(jualities, though of local excellence in their native places. >■ If ruffle of 
the (jenuine breed are bought, imported elserohere, and there bred, irin/ is 
it not called bij its native name, and why must an appellation be given to 
it i/iiile foreign and unhnotrn to itf 

"One liears in Eurojie of 'Lowland cattle,' but i)ur(lias(-; of them for 
th(! purpose of imiM'o\nng other brec^ds have, for the last hundred years, 
be(Mi onlv made in the chief Netherland i)rovinces, where the choicest 
cattle of the Lowlands are found. Thus, thousands of Dut(!h and Friesian 
catth' are annually sent abroad under the name of Dutch cattle.^' 

Dr. George May's Testimony. 

Fiiiallv. I l>eg lo add i|U(ilatiniis from Dr. ( ie(U-ge May,* director of 
tile auricultuial <'stablisiinienl at \\'eilicnstephaii. who visited Holland 
about ten yeai's ago. 

"Tlie Dutch cattle I'onstitute the ty])e of the i)ro[ierly so-called Lowland 



"Hr. George May : "The Cattle." Muiiuli. lS(i;i. Vol. HI., p. .Ss. 



CATTLK, llOl.SIKINS. .^27 

1-aoe, whicli extends tlirougliout NetherUiiuls, Fhiiulcrs, N()riii;iii(l\ , 
Oldenburg, and Denmark. The Oldenburg cattle descended from llie 
Dutch rac(s and iH"'- likciwisc di.stiniriiished as p^ast Friesian cattle, as still 
partially found in Hanoverian Friezland. In tlu^ adjacent parts of Bremen 
it is called Bremen cattle." "Tlui Holstein and Breitenburg cattle in tlie 
Wilster and Kempner markets an? e(|ual to * * * ; but with i-especl to 
their square build, the Breitenlturg cattle are in tiieir ])roperties more 
like the Jiiier Dutch cattle." 

Other writers of repute may be quoted, but enouijii has been gixcn io 
show that the name of "Holstein" is only a local, and not a eollectixc 
name, and may not be ijiven to cattle IjoULdit in North Ilcjlland. To <lo 
so is to underrate the Dutch cattle race. 

Mr. Klippart's Testimony. 

In rehitiou to the native catlK- of Holstein, llie lanient<d Kli|i|):iil in 
liis Ohio Airricultural He])ort of ISlif), sa^s : 

"The native <uittle of Holstein are the Angli' cattle, which are far more 
numerous than any other kind or race. Tliey are small animals, with 
fine bones, short -legged rather than othei'wise ; a xvvy tine, small head, 
and delicately formed neck. The ])i'e(lominaling color is red or brown, 
but t'here. ai'c many dun, l)lack, oi- spotted ones. .Vecoi'ding to the amount 
of food consumed, this race gi\-e a more abundant sujjph" of milk than 
any other in tlu^ duchies. It is a vci-y highly esteemed I'aee — is nunli 
sought after for its milking (jualities and kindliness in taking on lle>li. 
The flesh is \cry tine, tender and juicy. On account of the? great demand 
for .stock of this race, cattle dealers ha\c not i^nfre((uently gone? into 
Jutland and other points, and made purchases, which they represented as 
being genuine Angles ; but in recent years a law has been ])asse(l that e\er\ 
breeder of Angle stock nuist brand the cahcs with the letters A. K. ( . 1 /ii/lf^ 
If(fr(%) in order to prexcnt impositions. 

" In these marshes are found a race of cattle nnich larger ,uid liea\ iei- 
than the Angles, larger boned, and of a dark, reddish brown, and know n 
as the Mar.sh race. This race seems to lie adapted to the mai-shes, but 
does not dowellon11i<' higher and dryer uplands. I'pon the i-ii'li pas- 
tures of the marshes, for a time after calving, the best cows will give 
from forty-eiglit to sixly-fom- pounds, (from six to eight gallons), of 
milk daily. r>ut tlie milk is not near so i-i<li .as that of the Angles : — in 
fact, I was shown a statement, ap])arenlly well authenticated, to flu- 
effect tliat milk of the Marsh race contained no more than two ]n'v cent. 
of cream, while that of the Angle race contained sixteen ])cr c(>nt . One 
thing is very certain, namely: tlie butter of the Marsh race is not near 
so sweet or ' nuttv ' as that of the Anuh' race. 



,-,2H ii,LisrKAri:i) stock ijuctok. 

'• In Sflilcswig, ratlicr than in Ilolsicin, arc found many of the Jutland 
nn-e of cattle. Tliese liavc \ cry line li(inc>, and arc long in proportion to 
their hcigiit, and arc, as a rnh', short-legged. The jircvailing color is 
gray, black, or gray and hlack mixed with white, but very rarely red or 
brown. Tiiis race, is more highly esteemed for its early maturity and 
readiness to fatten than for its milking (jualities."" 

Ill the transaction of the Ohio Board of Agriculture, 1X72, in an article 
on Dutch <:i1tle, by Professor Furstenburg, we tind the following: 
"'IMie breeds of cattle in Holland maybe divided according to their locality 
as follows: I. The breeds in the provinces North and South Holland and 
West Friesland. 2. 'i'lie breeds in the |)ri)viiices (ironingen, (iuelderland, 
Utrecht, and Overysscl. .'i. 'i'lic breeds in the provinces of Seeland. 
Although the.se breeds are closely related, still th(!y show difference result- 
hvj: from keei)ing and the \arious purjxjses for which they are bred. 

Breeds in the Provinces North and South Holland and West Friesland. 

"The l)recd nK)st renowned in the kingdom for its milk-producmg (piali- 
tics is found in these three provinces. But North Holland in particular 
is noted for the manner of keeping cattle, which arc known bv the name 
of .\msterdam race, being no less remarkable on account of size than for 
tlie great production of milk. The pastures of North Holland are said to 
contain 100, 000 morgen ( 158-100 niorgen to an iicre) ; every acre furnishe.s 
nourishment for 4!l-100 head of cattle. The jjeasants are engaged almost 
solely in cattle- breeding, and the keeping and care which these animals 
receive here has almost become proverbial on account of its perfection. 

"The cattle here are mostly .spotted l)lack and white ; however, lirown 
and blue or gray mixed ai'e found. The height is considerable, being not 
under two .Vnisterdam ells (4 .51-100 feet) ; the length of the bod}' in pro- 
portion to the hcigiil. the middle, part of which is particularly developed, 
the ([uartcrs tlesliy, neck rather short than long, with a strong dewlap ; 
head narrow and long, with the forehead slightly depressed ; line horns 
crooked forward, and large ])rojecting ears. The withers are often narrow ; 
the back, on the other hand, liroad across the hips, which are not very 
prominent ; the tail tine and long, with a good tuft of hair ; the position 
of the hind legs strong and straight (not knock-kneed), the hind-quarters 
broad and roomy, and the bag well developed. The lower part of the 
legs above the hoofs is invariably white, which is regarded as a sign of 
the pure unmixed l)n'cd. The live weight of the cows is 1,200 to 1,400 
pounds; that of bulls reaches I'.OOO pounds when full grown and fatted. 
The cows ai-c unusually productive of milk, and give an average of 3,000 
quarts and over per anninn. 



(•A'l'ri.i:, iioLsiKixs. .")29 

"A V(>i'\' excellent niilcli cow of tlie ' Am.sterdiiiii i'a<c, from liic royal 
cow stable in Eldeiia, which was hroajjlit with a few others to tiie Inter- 
national Exhibition, took tlic first preniium foi- milch cows of the 
Nctherliind lace at the International Exhibition of lixc slock at Stettin in 
1865. This cow, fed in the stall only, uavc in one vear the irri'at 
(luantity of (i,14:^ (juarts of milk, and kept up afterwaids lo l.ooo 
((uarts in an c(|nal h'ni^th of time. 

"To tile breed of North Holland arc ncai-ly rdaliMl tho>e of South 
Holland and West Kriosland, and differ periiaps only in that the latter 
are larger boned, and in general of not so pleasing: a f<irm. In regard 
to their milk-producing (lualities they are about ei|ual. 'I'he manner of 
keeping the stock, and the use of the milk, is also the same, viz. : the 
manufacture of cheese, while the calves are raised and sold as young 
.stix^k at high prices. From these three pi'ovint'cs, the former two of 
which suffered so much lately from rinderpest, milch cows are bought 
for the best dairies in (jermany. 

" Holland cattle arc well adapted to soiling, although at home they are 
accustomed to pasturage. They are kept protitably on the latter only 
when its abundance facilitates grazing and makes corporal exertion unnec- 
essary. Therefore a great error would be made in i)laeing these animals 
on a^st-ant pasturage, and they are not at all adapted to the pasturage? of 
a light soil. The I'esult of stall-feeding is mor(? favorable, because' proper 
care and fodder can be given the stock without its exertion. AVe have 
received from no other race an equal quantity of milk with the same feed, 
as years of observation in the cow stable of the Academv at Eldena 
has shown. 

"Three years ago (in ISli")), diffci'cnt races were ke|)t lii'i'e, vi/,. : milch 
cows of Toudern and Breitenburg, in S<'hleswig-nolstein, of Ayrshire, in 
Scotland, and of Holland. 

Yields of Milk. 

"The yield of milk this year of these races was : 

"1. Four Toudern cows gave 9,;^37 ((uai-ts, or an average of 2,334 
(juarts, or (! 3-10 (piarts per day for the year. The largest milker gave 
2,345 quarts, the snudlest 2,020 quarts. 

"2. Three Breitenburg cows gave .S,.');i4 (juarts, or an avci-agc of 
2,864 2-3 quails, or 7 85-100 quarts per day for the year. The largest 
milker gave 2,946 quarts, the smallest 2,>(20 (piarts. 

"3. Three Ayrshire cows gave a, 3.S(i (piarts, oi- an a\-eragc of 1.7!l.') ]-:', 
quarts, or 4 92-U)0 (piarts per day for the year. The largest milker gave 
2,249 quarts, the smallest 1,415 (juarts. 



530 



ILLrsTliATKl) STOt'K UUCTOK. 




CATTLK, IIOLSTKINS. 531 

"Twoiitv-two Holland cow.s fi::iv(' 7H,10U (luarts, or an aviTa^n of 
3,550 quarts, or 9 73-lUU quarts per day for the jear. TIk- largest 
milker gave (),142 quarts, the smallest 2J>'2i'> (juarts. 

*• The a\erage feed i)er head in the Winter was daily — 10 pounds Sum- 
mer straw, eut fine: 2 1-2 i)ouiids oat and wheal chaff: 2.") ))ounds 
beets; 10 jjonnds iiay ; S pounds refuse malt from beer lirewerv : .''» 
])()unds rve ])rMii. Tiiis food is eonsidi'red almul e(|ual to 12 'J-IO 
pounds hay. 

"During thi^ Summer 1 he cows were fed daily jx'r head Kia pounds 
green fodder, viz., clover and vetches (of the latter very little was used), 
and three times a day •"< pounds of hay." 

Feeding Qualities. 

"Although tlipro is no doubt that the Holland cows eat more, gener- 
ally, than the smaller Ayrshire and Toudern (for the fodder was not 
weighed out for each animal separately), this is of minor importance in 
comj)arison with the greater amount of milk given by the. former. The 
greater amount of feed consumed by the Holland cows can be estimated, 
viz. : Nine of them stood at one crib, ^^•llil(■ ten of tiic smaiier stood at 
anothc^r of e(jual size ; the fodder was, ho\\c\cr, di\ided the same in each. 
Tlie proi)ortion is as nine to ten, or when the smallei' cows <;it 4.^> jiounds 
of hay, till! larger ones eat 50 pounds. 

"From the quantity of milk given, the Holland cow.-. u-c<l u irillc i>\cr 
5 pounds weight of hay to produce one (juart of 7nilk ; Bi-eitcnbnrg u>cd 
() 25-100 pounds of hay ; Toudern 7 ])oinids of hay ; Ayrshire It pounds 
of hay. liy these results it cannot icniain doulitful \\liicli lace is 
preferable." 

Early Importations Retained Pure. 

"Le Rov, father and son, should not iiave allowed tiieir herd to l)ecf)m(! 
scattered and lost as a ])ure breed, when they subse(|Mcnt ly turned atten- 
tion to the breeding of Short-Horns. That this M'as the fact is evident 
from the record, that at the sale of the farms of these gentlemen, after- 
ward, none but grades were found in the li<'rd or in the adjacent country. 

"The first importation of animals tlial ha\c l>ecn retained )iure, wci'c 
tliose of Mr. W. C. C'iienerv, near Boston, in ISHI. Tills was a bull and 
four cows, ^\•ili(■]l were successfully bred and kept ])ure. Mr. < 'iienery, 
previous to that time, in ]S52, imjiorted a single cow: in 1.S57 he made 
imiiortations of a bull and two cows, and in ls5!t a further imjiortation of 
four more cows. "With this latter importation he was so unfortunate as 
to imjiort pleuro-pneumonia. The ravages of this dread disease extended 



-,;5-J iM.lSlKA'I'KI) STOCK DDCTOK. 

to tlio entire breed, ;iiid with tlie exeeptioii of a single young bull tlicy 
were entirely destroyed. In 18151 Mr. Cheuery made another importation 
of a bull and four cows, which came over sound. These and their de- 
scendants were the only puic bi'cd iicrd in .-Vmerica for years. That they 
were the best rei)resentatives of their breed is cei'tain from the fact tliat 
they were selected with carc^ from the best dairy herds of North HoHand, 
and were so certitied to by the othcial authorities of the districts where 
they were bred." 

Holsteins as Milkers. 

As being interesting history and also as a means of comparison with 
their descendants and also with later imjiortations, we give some interest- 
ing data : 

The four year old bull girted 7 feet 10 inclics. His length was .s feet 
7 inches ; height 4 feet 11 inches, and his weight was 2,4()0 pounds. His 
color was jet black and clear white, the white being contined to the fore- 
head, with a hirge i)atch on the withers and top of the iiiiiip : llic limbs, 
brisket, belly, and flanks being also white. 

In relation to yield and (juality of milk, Mr. Allen sa\s: 

"The four imi)orted cows, each seven years old, have an average weiglit 
of 1,32.') pounds. The weight of a past two-year old heifer is 1,240 
pounds. A past yeai'ling heifer weighed SKJO pounds : and the weight of 
six calves at an average of eight months, reared in the usual way, without 
forcing, was an average of r)7(i pounds each. 

"The milking qualities of the breed may be judged by the following- 
memoranda : One of the imported cows, when si.x years old. drop[)ed a 
calf on the l.'ith of May, weighing 101 pounds ; and from the 2{ith of May to 
the 2(ith of July, by a careful and exact i-ecord, gave 4,018 pounds 14 ounces 
of milk. The largest yield in any one day was 7(5 pounds ,") ounces 
(3.T 1-3 ([uarts). In ten days. she gave 744 pounds 12 ounces, or an aver- 
age of 74 47-100 pounds ])er day. She gave a good flow of milk during 
the season, continuing to the 24th of May following, and on the succeding 
daA' dropped twin heifer calves, which weighed loS pounds. The amount 
of cream produced from this cow's milk, in a vessel specially pre[)ared for 
measuring it, pr()duc(>d 22 70-l()() per cent of the milk, as tested by an 
accurate examination. 

"The nutritives (lualities of the milk were also tested by a thorough 
chemical analysis, and found to be excellent. It is also rich in its caseine, 
or cheese-making projierties. Six days" milk of this cow was set for 
cream, and the i)roduce was 17 pounds 14 ounces of good butter — nearly 
3 pounds per day : and it is claimeil by the owner that she is not the very 
best cow of the herd. 



fATTI.K. IIOI.STKINS. ")H;^ 

"These results show not only the renuirkiii)lc )>roductioiis of the cow, 
but the uccunite iiiid paiiis-takiiifjf tare of the proprietor of the herd in 
testing their ability at the \ku\. Of what the food <riven to the cow was 
eomposed, we are not informed. We are to ))resunie, howevei-, that it 
was of the best, as every eow should have, to test to the utmost licr lacteal 
faculties." 

Weights and Milk Products. 

The Ilolstcin l)ulls weiirli from r^, ()()() to .'5, (XM) pounds, and are kind, 
tractable, good tempered. A half-blood Holstein steer is recorded that 
weighed 19,000 jjounds, and some two-year olds that averaged 1,800 
jjounds. 

In a large nunil)er of tests that have been made with Holsteins and 
natives at various factories in the "West, the results reported showing as 
follows : Natives range from .5.000 to 8,000 jjer year ; Holsteins, from 
S,000 to ^:.^OO0 lbs. per year of milk. 

In a comparison of Holstein and Ayrshires, the following is the report 
of three herds of Ayrshires, including Dr. E. L. Sturtevant's herd. The 
Dr. gives the record tis follows: General average with 13 Ayrshires for 
four years, 5,543 lbs. The best year was 1H72 — 13 AjTshire cows (no 
heifers), (5, 047 ll)s. Mr. E. F. Miles, of Massachusetts, gives the fol- 
lowing yield of Ayrshires : Best year's average out of five years was 
6,292 ll)s., from a dairy of 11 cows ; gener.al average for five years, 5,614 
lbs. Mr. F. H. Ajjpleton, of Massachusetts, gives the following record 
of three Ayrshire cows for one year, average, 7,055 ll)s. 

It is quite safe to say that these cattle will give from 8,000 j)ouiids up 
to 12,000 pounds a year. Mr. Hubble, of Onarga, 111., gives the record 
of one cow, which gave 14,000 ])ounds in less than one year, aud another 
whii-h. in 187.S. gave lo.lMJO 1-8 pounds of milk. 

Herd Records. 

As showing the great value of any pure breed in the production of milk. 
Keeping in mind always that the flerseys give exceptionally good milk, 
and the Ayrshire and Short-Horns the next in richness, we append a list 
of herds for a series of years, showing the number milked, tlie average 
vielded per cow and the average of all given breeds, which is tabulated 
on nex-t page. 

As milking cows the Holsteins are wonderful, as cheese-makers they 
are superior, as butter-makers they do not stand the test so well. In 
fact, Holstein breeders always tell how much milk their cows will give ; 
the Ayrshire men, how much milk, and butter, and cheese their cows will 



r)34 



ILLUiSTUATKl) STOCK UOt'TOU. 



AYRSHIKB UBRDS. 



No. of 
Years. 



No. of 
Yi.'ld^. 

1(1!) 
II 

k; 
t 



Herds. 



Average Yield 
Iter Cow. 



Winishakum 

( 'lif rrv Brook 

i: ...dslde 

('iiirmi;'s 

M:l|>l<'W()()d 

Ni'iV .Jersey Agrimiliural College , 

Ciic.hiehevvick 

A.L.'bhys 

Oneida Oomiiuuiity 

Cornel I's 

Average ot all 



.•229 lbs. 

.372 •• 

.334 " 

.705 " 

.583 " 

.534 •' 

.571 " 

.582 " 

.498 " 

.405 " 

310 >' 



HOL9TKIN nKRDS. 
'I'ogus 

Oneida Cuininunity 

Miller's 

Average of all 

f Fi'^r, ns add to these two well-known herds]. 

(' il. H. V. IlolVinan's 

Lliiadilla ValU'V Association 



5,922 

8,771 
8,590 
7,701 



9.309 
8.384 



Averaire of all 8,87fi 1-2 



.IKKSKY llP.liDS. 

Togns 

E. p. of Rhode Island 

Deerfoot 

Nordlieiin 

Hillsdale 

Average of all 

Let us add to this list the 

SIlOin-llOKN HEUDS. 

K. Ashbnrner, California 

Harris Lewis 

John Lea, Eiig.,500 lbs cheese in 8 mos., and tnilk 

for calves— milk sidd in winter 

Beanchainp'sC I't, Eng 

(These were samples of a large herd). 

Average of all 



4.128 
4,022 
4,058 
3,808 
4.209 
4,303 



0.870 
0,400 



8,000 
0,736 



inako ; flio ficr.soy owiici'.-^, how imicli hutter and (n'cain to tho (]iiart of 
milk. To show thai llic llolsleiii is not a butter cow, thv folh)wino; 
deduced from a table pulilished by the London Aoricidture .lowrn.d, Ihe 
results of tests made by iMr. Aiiier,sf oordt , of Badhoeve, in the Lake of 
Haarlem, Holland, a mosi competent authority, who tested the milk of 
4(> cows in -June, and !!• cows in November, with Prof. 'Cesser's lacto- 
scope, whii^h is claimed to oive a close a])])r()xiHi:iti()n to the actual fat 
in the milk. 

In the tiiblc ma<lc liy Mr. .Vmcrsfoordt, the yield of each cow on the 
15th of -Iinie and tlu' :^4th of November is oiven with the jx'r ccntaiie of 
fat. The averajje yield of 4() cows in June, is ^•■i.Sl litres, or Ml lbs. 
each, and the \)vt centage of fat .'").217. Si.\ of the larocsf milkers gave 
20.2 litres, or 4<) lbs. per day, with .').2 per cent, of fal. 



CATTLK, IIOLSTKINS. 



535 



On tho 2Gth of November, 4'J cows <riive an average of ().24 litres, or 
1H.!I2 lbs., with ().32 per cent, of fat. The largest per eentage of fat 

was 7. 50. If tlic l;i(toiii('tci- of Dr. Fes.ser is acciii-atc. this would show 



.-^^^ 




tho Ilolsteius to give milk as rich as onr iialivc cows, wiiosc milk will 
yield 5 per ccnl. of butler on tlush grass in .liun'. and 7 per cent, in 



53(5 II.LI'STKATKK STOCK DOCTOK. 

November. 80 considering tlii' noble niill\ini>' powers of this bleed, ;in<l 
their well-known ability as ehcese-makers, tlieir outcome in butter sliould 
be considered satisfactory. 

The Kerry Cow. 

In Ireland, from time inanemorial, tliei'e has existed two distinct races 
of cattle that were valuable in their day and time ; one a long-horned 
breed, and the other belonging to the middle-horns and considered 
an aboriginal breed. Of the long-horns we have already made what 
mention is necessary here, except that we ma}' add that from their resem- 
blance to the English long-horns, they have been supposed to have had 
the same origin ; l)ut whether the English family came from Ireland, or 
rice verm, is not known ; history is silent on the subject, and it matters 
l)ut little to this generation. The middle-horns and the short-horns are 
tile valuable cattle of the present day, and they will be the cattle of the 
future. 

The other representative l)rancli of the gemix Has in Ireland, the 
cattle of Kerry, or as they are now termed, Kerry cattle, are worth more 
than a passing mention, because there have been representative animals 
imported to the United States, and they may have value in some moun- 
tainous countries of the United States, and the far Northwest, for their 
extreme hardiness, their facility in siiifting for themselves, and their 
adaptability in fattening when not in milk. As a breed they are rare, 
and even in the last century were not to lie found except inland on the 
mountains. They are described by Youatt as small, light, active and 
wild. 

The Kerry at Home. 

The head is small, although there are exceptions to this in \arious 
parts ; and so numerous, indeed, are these exceptions, that some describe 
the native Irish cattle as having thick heads and necks ; the horns are short, 
as compared with the other breed, all of thian tine, some of them rather 
upright, and freciuently, after projecting forward, then turning l)ackward. 
Although somewhat deficient in the hind-<juarters, the}' are high-boned, 
and wide over the hips, yet the bone generally is not heavy. The hair is 
coarse and long : they are black-brindled, black, or brindled, with white 
faces. Some are finer in the bone, and finer in the neck, with a good eye 
and shar]i muzzle, and great activity. 

They are exceedingly hardy ; they live througli tlie winter and some- 
times fatten on their native mountains and moors ; and when removed to 
a better climate and soil they fatten with all the rajiidity of the al)original 



CAI'll.K, IIIK KKKin . 537 

i-iittlc of tile Iliiililaiids ;m(l Wales. I'licv arc iiciicialh \r\-\ good 
milkers, luul many of tlieni are excellent. 

TIk' cow of Kerry is truly a poor man"s cow, living everyw here hardy, 
yielding (for her size) an ahuudance of milk of a good (|iialilv, and 
fattening rapidly when re(|uired. 

Tliese <attle usually are small, and are coiiHned to the hilly and moor 
grounds. Some are of considcrahly size, elsewhci-c, anil are inii)rov(;d 
in form as well as vveiglit. Tln^ horns, usually of middle length, turn 
up, as do the horns of those on th<' mountains; they are shorter in the 
leg, shorter in the liody : their loins and haunches are heavy and wide; 
although the hair is thick, the hide is mellow, and they thrive with rapidity. 
This is as they were known many years ago. They ha\e since; ])een bred 
with care. Phe London Stock Jiuinml of a late date says of thcni now : 
"These characteristic points of the ln-c<Hi ai'c munistakahly well marked. 
The size is small. The legs in most cases are \ cry short in proportion to 
the size of the body. The head is soniew hat small, though th(; muzzle 
is long and ch'an. The lips are thin : the expression of the countenance 
is pleasing, and tiic ey(; is )iarticularly clear and fairlv in-oininent . A- 
symi)tom which is most indicatiM- of ])nrity of breed is the "turn up" 
of the horn, which is of medium length. ( )ceasi()nalh , jiowever, the 
hyrn will, after turning u]), turn liackwards. Tlu; nicety ni the horn 
and the manner in whii'h it is set on adds immensely to the styh'. The 
iieek is not massive at the junction M'ith tlu; head, but it thickens gradu- 
ally, and affords reasonable covering to the shoulders. The latter are 
flat and thin. The dorsal V(>rtebrie rise more than in other cattle, which 
sometimes gives the back an irregular a])pearancc. The ribs spring well, 
especially tin; last of those approachmg the hip: this makes tin; l)od^■ 
A'ery com])act. 'i'he loins are of nie(liuni wi<lth, and the liip not promi- 
nent. The distance between the hip and the setting on of the tail is not 
considerable; the latter liangs iieath, and is well concealed b\- the 
adjoining bones. 'Ww chest is full ,ind deep, and the hind-cpiartci's long, 
but rather light. The favorite color is black, though l)lack and white, 
brown, and red, are b\ no means uncommon. The co.it is inxariably 
tine an<l thick, and the hide clastic anil mellow . showing i^reat capacitv 
for the |)roduction of tlesh and fat . 

"Sixteen (juarts of milk per ilay may be regarded as the maximum 
(|uantity the best specimens of the breed will give, and twelve (juarts may 
be regarded as a good average for the entire season. This is, of course, 
on good kee|). The milk is rich in cream, and the butter delicate; in flavor, 
su|ierior in color, and, as in the ease with tiie Jersey cows, one or two 
Kerries will give the milk of ten to fifteen other cows in the production 
of butter. As an indication of the richness of milk of the Kerrv cow, 
eight to jiine (piarts are said to jn-oduce a |)onnd of butter. '" 



538 ILLl.STHATKI) STOCK DOfTOK. 

In reliitioii to their iKlaptability to fatten, it is said to be a remarkable 
peculiarity of the breed, but the}' take a long time to mature. At three 
to four years of age they will not dress more than three to four hundred 
pounds of beef to the fore quarters. The}' are not however beef cattle, 
uor are they adapted, in this country, to dairying, except by mixing, to 
improve the messes. In fattening, however, when of mature ajre, they 
thrive most rajjidly, and the beef in point of ])eingM'ell marbled, in flavor, 
and tenderness, is not excelled by that of any other breed. 

With proper care and breeding, there would seem to be capabilities in 
this breed well worth i)erpetuating and improving, especially now that 
dairying as a distinctive l)ranch of agricultui'e is assuming such proportions 
in the United States, and {)articularly in the West. 

In relation to constitution, hardiness, etc., the authority last quoted 
saj-s : "It is already observed, the hardy constitution of the Kerry most 
enhances its value ; for dairy purposes especially a remunerative yield is 
obtained on what would be to other animals 'starvation fare." In the 
depth of the winter season I have not only known the animals to live 
jumping from rock to rock, and from cliff to cliff, picking a. coarse scanty 
bite from among the mountains, but M'ith ver}' small additional keep at 
the farmsteading, whither they come to be milked morning and evening, 
to actually thrive under the circumstances. Few people think of housing 
the Kerry, either night or da\% at any period of the 3'ear. When not 
giving any milk they remain for months awa}' concealed in the ravines of 
mountain passes, seeking the best shelter they can from the excessive rain 
and snow .storms with which their abodes are periodicalh' visited. The 
hair is thick but tin(^ and long — a jirovision of nature typical of cold 
latitud-es. 

"What, however, is far more singular in tiie constitution of tiic 1)rced, 
is the readiness with which it adapts itself to circumstances of a whoUy 
reverse character. In acclimating l)reeds of cattle, sheep, or pigs, the 
transition must be gradual ; but with the Kerry we have it suddenly and 
indiscriminately transferred from its home, in the mountains to the richest 
grazing A'alleys which our island can boast of without experiencing the 
slightest change in regard to health. Not alone this, but we have seen 
the beasts ushered at once into the dairy sheds, and there contined for 
years, in the closest bondage, without any apparent effect on the constitu- 
tion. They further enjoyed the full benefit of the change as well as if 
the new abode was thcii- native habitation. It was for a time believed 
that the frame of the breed was imju'cgiialile to pleuro-pneumonia, or 
other contagious diseases. Recent experiments which have been con- 
ducted have failed to establish this view." 



CATTLE, POLLED. 



539 




Polled A>CtI s Lov, 



Polled Cattle. 



Of the Polled breeds of cattle iii Enjiland there are several. Only one 
of the.se will be considered here as being of value in the United States. 
Among the polled breeds that have acquired reputation are the Angus 
Polled, the Suffolk and the Galloway. Tlu; latter have been, of late 
years brought to the United States, bred and exhibited at our fairs. 
Those specimens vre have seen have proved to be mo.st admirable cattle, 
thick-meated, deep-flanked, short-legged, tine-haired animals. That 
thev were considered most valuable cattle, and worthy of being brought 
here in the early settlement of the country, is evident from the fact that 
forty years ago these hornless or muley cattle, as they were termed, wei-e 
not extremely rare, often breeding Itack In' reversion entirely hornless or 
with but the rudiments of horns, as gentle and good milking cattle. 
Gentleness is a characteristic of the pure Galloway. Even the bulls are 
noted for their docility and quiet tempers. For the reason that this 
breed of cattle have of late A'ears been growing in favor in the West as 
grazing and milking cattle, and for the further reason that it is thought 
that crossing the Galloway on the half-wild Te.xan will be most valuable, 
we append the following general characteristics of the breed. 
35 



540 ILLUSTRATED STOCK UOCTOR. 

The Galloway cattle are straight and broad in the back, and nearly 
level from the head to the rump ; are round in the ribs, and also between 
the shoulders and the ribs, and the riljs and the loins, and broad in the 
loin, Avithout any large projecting hook-bones. In roundness of barrel 
and fullness of ribs they -will compare with any breed, and also in the ' 
proportion which the loins bear to the hook-bones, or protuberances of 
the ribs. AA'hcn viewed from above the Avhole body appears beautifully 
rounded, like the longitudinal section of a roller. They are long in the 
quarters and ribs, and deep in tlie chest, but not broad in the twist. 
There is less space l)etween the hook or hip-bones and the ribs than in 
most other breeds, a consideration of much importance, for the advan- 
tage of length of ^^ai'cass consists in an animal being w(>ll-ril)bed home, 
or as little space as possible lost in the flank. 

The Galloway is short in the leg, and moderately fine in the flank- 
bones — the happy medium preserved in the leg, which secures hardihood 
and disposition to fatten. With the same cleanness and shortness of 
shank, there is no breed so large- and nmscular above the knee, Avhile 
there is more room for the deep, broad and capacious chest. He is clean, 
not tine and slender, but well proportioned in the neck and chaps ; a thin 
and delicate neck Avould not correspond with the broad shoulders, deep 
ciicst and close, compact form of the breed. The neck of the Galloway 
bull is thick almost to a fault. The head is rather heavy ; the eyes are 
not prominent ; and the ears are large, rough and full of long hairs on 
the inside. 

The Galloway is covered Avith a loose luelloAV skin of medium thick- 
ness, which is clothed Avith long, soft, silky hair ; the skin is thinner than 
that of the Leicestershire, but not so fine as the hide of the Short-Horn, 
ahhough it handles soft and kindly. 

The prevailing and fashionable color is black ; a few are of a dark 
l)rindle broAvn, and still fcAA'cr are speckled Avith AAhite spots, and some of 
them are of a dun color. Dark colors ai'e uniformly preferred, from 
tlie belief that they indicate hardiness of constitution. 

The Galloway coavs are not good milkers ; but although the quantity 
of milk is not great, it is rich in quality, and A'ields a large proportion of 
butter. A cow that gives from twelve to si.xteen quarts per day is con- 
. idered very superior, and that quantity produces more than a pound and 
n Iialf (if l)utter. The average, however, of a GalloAvay cow cannot be 
ret-koncd at more than six or eight quari:s per day, during the five 
summer months, after feeding her calf. During the next five montiis she 
do(>s not give more than half that quantity, and for tAvo or three months 
>h(' is drv. There is, ])ciiia])s, no lirced of cattle Avhich can be more 
truiv said to he indig(Mious to tlic countrv, and incapable of improvement 



CATTLE, SPANISH. .541 

by any foreign cross, than the Galloways. The Short-Horns almost 
everywhere else ha^e improved the cattle of the districts to which they 
liave traveled ; at least in the tirst cross produced manifest improvement ; 
but even in the tirst cross the Short-Horns have done little good in the 
Galloway, and, as a permanent mixture, the choicest southern l)ulls have 
failed. The intelligent Galloway breeder is now perfect]}' sati.stied that 
his stock can only be improved by adherence to the pure breed, and by 
care in the selection. While this is undoubtedly true of all pure or 
thorough-bred stock, it seems especially so of the Galloways to-day. It 
does not however follow that pure breeds may not improve the mixed 
stock of a country. They must and do, a.s the magniticent Short-Horn, 
Hereford and Devon grades amply testify in all our great markets. 
That the Galloways have many valuable points cannot be denied. One 
of these is their absence of horns ; another is their extreme docility. If 
by crossing Galloway bulls with Texan cows their horns could be toned 
down their wildness tamed, their frames thickened %vith su])erior flesh, 
their milking qualities improved, and the whole animal ameliorated, it 
would seem as possible with the Galloway as by any other means we 
know. It is certainly well worthy of trial. 

^ Texas Cattle. 

Within the last few years certain theorists have harbored the idea that 
the innuense herds that cover the great plains of Texas, Mexico, and 
America are a race native to the soil, and that have existed there from 
time immemorial. Such however is well known not to be the fact. As 
well may the great droves of horses that occupy the same region be said 
to be a native and wild race. On the c-ontrary, their well known char- 
acteristics, and similarity to the Spanish cattle and all that country including 
Austria, Hungary, and other regions bordering the Mediterranean, Black 
and Caspian seas, points distinctly to their origin, if, indeed, it were not 
well known that they were introduced In' the Spanish settlers about the 
year l.")Ol) and succeeding years. In fact, neither cattle or horses were 
known in America prior to the Spanish invasion, and that they have mul- 
tiplied so amazingly since is due to the genial climate and abundant 
pasturage, so that the original cattle brought by the Spaniards succeeding 
the discovery of the various countries along the Gulf of Mexico and 
South America, has caused them to spread over all the region from Cali- 
fornia to a latitude south, bound only by a line beyond which the coldness 
of the climate precluded constiint Winter and Summer herbage. 

Unlike the wild buffalo, a race i i<r<renous to America, cattle are not 
migratory to any considerable extent. Not so much so as hor.ses. Hence 



542 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK UOCTOK. 



while the buffalo is found in Summer far north, even into the British pos- 
sessions, eattle have never been found beyond the Jimits of abundant 
Summer and Winter j)asturage, and they have never been brought into 
subjection by the wild Indians of the plains as were the horses, that escap- 
ing from domestication gradualh^ increased and occupied in a wild state 
many valleys to which cattle never reached. 

Characteristics of Spanish Cattle. 

This race of cattle should therefore be called Spanish cattle — what 
they really are ; gaunt, l)ony, long-horned cattle, semi-wild, capable of 
great endurance of heat, and adapted to the dry but fertile regions they 




A TEXAS .STEER. 

have gradually overrun. So vast has become their numbers that ten 
years ago these cattle were estimated at 4,000,000 in Te.xas and New 
Mexico, being in point of numbers about one-seventh of all the horned 
cattle in the Union. Semi-wild, impatient of restraint, lean and lank in 
body, high-boned, furnishing but little meat, and that of an inferior 
quality, giving little more milk than wild buffalo — scarcely enough for a 
few months Summer support of a calf — they were for generations run 
down like wild beasts and slaughtered for their hides and scanty tallow. 
The gradual settlement of the country, and the increasing demand for 
beef, both in Europe and America, at length caused them to be moved 



cattlf; si'amsii. 543 

north into Kansas for summer pasturage, whence they were driven to the 
nearest railway station, shipped east and shiughtered, either for packing, 
or sold at an inferior price for consumption of flesh. 

Various attempts have been made to reduce them to subjection to man 
so they might be divided into small herds to be confined in pastures or 
fed in winter. It has been in every instance unsuccessful. They remain 
shy, wild, irritable, and refuse to fatten kindly. The writer, immediately 
after the close of the war, having a large quantity of forage and fatten- 
ing material, with mills for grinding corn, and stables for the accommo- 
dation of 450 cattle, on account of scarcity of stock was obliged to put 
inTexaus. 

Feeding Texan s in Conflnement. 

Thej' were bought in Kansas and were known as Cherokee cattle, a 
modified form of Texans, bred by the civilized tribes of the Indian reser- 
vations occupying the territory between Kansas and Texas. They had to 
be lassoed and dragged into, the stables and made fast to the stanchions, 
from which they could not be allowed to escape until turned off in the 
Spring. Underground pipes conve^'ed tiieir drinking water, the feed, 
ground corn and hay, together with residuum from a mill was conveyed 
to thejn l)y cars on tramways running l)etween each two lines of cattle. 
The stal)les were kept only light enough so that the workmen could see 
to feed and clean ; good ventilation was provided, and at the end of six 
months tliey were turned out, and shipped to New York, — good ripe cat- 
tle so far as Texans could be made such, — and brought the price of fat 
cattle in the market there. Of this lot only two car-loads were culls or 
unfit for the New York mai-ket. They were stiictly corn-fed, or rather 
meal-fed. For the first month they were sulky and savage, refusing to 
take kindly to their rations. They never became so quiet that strangers 
could be allowed in the barns without danger of throwing them off their 
feed, and yet they were altogether superior to the ordinary Texan cattle 
of ten years ago in point of docility, for they had been closely herded. 
Nevertheless, the one experiment was sufficient. If other cattle could 
have been had at a fair price it would not have paid to have fed them. 
At that time good cattle were high and scarce, Texans were cheap. The 
ledger account came out all right in the Sjjring, but the writer did not 
care to try the experiment a second time. As to how they looked when 
off of grass and ready for the stalile in the Fall, the full page illustration 
we have prepared wuU show : 



544 



ILLUSTUATEI) STOCK DOCTOU. 




CATTLE, TEXANS. 75^5 

Weight of Texan Cattle. 

The average weight of full grown Texan steers as usually sold from 
grass in the Western markets, maybe stated at 1,000 pounds ; of this 
the average beef and bone will be 400 to 450 pounds : of the hahuu-e, 
except the hide, it is pretty much offal, the tallow being exceeding light. 
Of late years very many Texas cattle are yearly bought for feeding in 
distillery stables, on the slop made in the manufactun^ of high wines. 
They are roped and fastened and remain there until sold to the butcher. 
Others again are bought in the Autumn and shi[)ped to the vast ('orn-fields 
of Kansas, Iowa and Illinois, and fed in the tields during the Winter. 
They really take more kindly to this latter system of feeding than any 
other, and thej'^ will gain about two hundred pounds of flesh during the 
Winter, weighing an average of 1,200 pounds, and making in the neigh- 
borhood of 700 pounds of beef. 

From what we have stated it will readily be seen that there is no profit 
in breeding Tcxans, when other cattle may be kept. There are, however, 
vast outlying territories where the herding of these cattle is found profit- 
able. In Texas, New Mexico, the Indian Territory, Western Kansas and 
Nebraska and Dakota, in the valleys of Montana and Wyoming, they 
may have unlimited range, and enjoy their semi-wild condition, and fat- 
tened on grass may be shipped east to l)e slaughtered and barreled for 
export, or fattened as we have previously stated. Of late years enterpris- 
ing herdsmen have bought great quantities of Short-Horn and Hereford 
bulls to be used in the improvement of their stock. The effects are 
already apparent. It is well understood now that the produce of either 
of the bulls we have mentioned, in the first cross, produce an animal 
much superior to the dam , and which will sell at three or four years old 
for nearly double what the natives will. The cows give a largely 
increased quantity of milk, they make better and fatter calves ; and here 
again is a conclusive illustration to the breeders of cattle everywhere, of 
the utility of improved breeds in inducing early maturity, increasing the 
weight and improving the quality of the beef. 

Profits in Breeding Grades from Texans. 

Within the last ten years fortunes have been made in herding Texas 
cattle, not only in that State, but in various Territories of the United 
States. There are two essential requisites ; plenty of good gi-ass for Sum- 
mer and Winter pasturage, and abundance of water. The latter is the 
essential. Many persons have failed in their efforts to profitably breed 
Texas cattle on the plains, for the reason, that water was either not near, 
or insufficient in supply. The cattle must go long distances to slake their 



546 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

thirst, and consequently become very dry and uncomfortable before start- 
iu"' to the watering place. Then they drink such immoderate quantities 
of water, as again to be uncomfortable for some time, and will, if allowed, 
hans about the water, on scant grass, until again forced to take the range. 
Thus they cannot gain in flesh uniformly, but on the other hand, abso- 
lutely lose condition in the constant travel necessary to get water. Perhaps 
some epidemic sets in, and they die by hundreds, and the owner finds 
himself the loser, simply from entering into a business hastily, and with- 
out studying carefully the absolute necessities in the case. 

There is another class of failures. These haye been persons who haye 
supposed they could take fifty cows, and make money by herding them 
until groAvn up. In all that wild region inhabited by Indians more or less 
predatory, the force about a ranch must be strong enough for some pro- 
tection. The profits must come principally from the increase in cattle. 
If the small herder has water priyileges, he can make money if he has 
stock enough. If he has but few, the expense of herding will be the same 
as when the herd is larger. Owners of other and large herds, or those 
seeking to become such, will not take kindly to the appropriation of water 
privileges, for so small a drove. There will be quarrels ; cattle will be 
stampeded, and get mixed with other herds, and at last the owner will be 
obliged either to leave, or take a partner with sufficient capital to properly 
stock the ranch. 

The yearly increase in yalue of cattle on the ranch will l)e all the way 
from 25 to 50 per cent, according as the business is managed. In north- 
west Texas the value of cattle on the i-anch is for yearlings $6 ; two year 
old $10 ; three year old $13 ; cows $12 to $15 ; beeves $15 to $20. 

The Cattle Interest of Texas. 

To give some idea of the vast numbers of cattle in all that region 
where there is abundant pasturage and water, it has been estimated that, 
from the Red River, in Clay county, west to the Pease River, and south 
to the Colorado, embracing a territory of perhaps twenty-five thousand 
miles, the whole region is now stocked to its fullest capacity, and in the 
better portions thereof, it is estimated that an average of one head may be 
kept to eight acres. The loss in cattle may be estimated at about four or 
five per cent, per year, and the expense of herding 300 head and their 
produce, has been given as follows : 



CATTLE, TEXANS. 547 



DR. 

To three hundred COWS anfl calves $ 3,000 

To two iiuporteJ bulls, $125 260 

To one man's time and boar I for live years, $300 per year 1,500 

To one man's time and board for three years, $300 per year 900 

To sundry items of expense 350 

Total ■ $ G,0U0 

CR, 

By three hundred five year olds. $18 $ 5 400 

By three hiimlred lour year olds $15 4.5U0 

By Ihrie liinidred three year olds, $12 3.000 

By three hundred two yearolds, $10 3.000 

By three hundred one yearolds, $(i 1.800 

By three hundri-d old cows, $10 3,000 

By two bulls, $100 200 

Total $21,500 

Less loss 25 per ceni 5.300 

$16,200 
Original investment 6,000 

ProlU in five years $10,200 



This is approximately correct, except as to the value of the bulls, if 
hy these are meant acclimated thorough-bred bulls of Short-Horn, 
Hereford, or Galloway blood. It is well known that it is useless to take 
mature bulls or other cattle raised in the North, to Texas. They die off 
with Texas fever before they have time to leave their impress to any 
con.siderable extent. An acclimated bull two 3'ears old past, should be 
worth $250. Not less than three such bulls should be used in tiie herd 
of 300 cows. The second year 150 heifers will be in breeding condition, 
and the increase will then be increasingly fast. The fourth year two more 
bulls must be bought, and at the end of the five years, the three first 
bulls will be practically of little value. With these exceptions, the 
figures may be taken as correct. 

Acclimating Improved Bulls. 

The serious losses that have constantly occurred from the death of 
thorough-bred bulls sent to Texas for the purpose of infusion of blood 
has pi'evented, to a great extent, the improvement of the stock. In all 
the plains regions of the West this difficulty has not been so severely 
felt. The improved breeds take kifldly to the Summer climate and only 
recjuire protection in Winter, and if put with a herd in which the germs 
of Texas fever have been eliminated are healthy. Not so those taken to 
Texas. Whatever the cause of the disease, it is certain that nearly every 
animal taken there has succumbed to this dread disorder, if placed 
immediately in the herd, and generally before they have had time to 



548 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

serve more than from twenty to forty cows, !uid from weakened condition 
the impress they have left has been delioieut in vigor to that of either 
the sires or dams. 

Select Your Bulls. 

To o))viate this a thorough system of acclimation must be established. 
And above all none but very young animals should be taken. In every 
case they should be calves of early Spring, bought when they are eight 
months old. The cars in which they are carried should be carefully 
prepared, to i)ro\ide for the comfort of the animals. Pay particular 
attention to feeding and watering regularly so as to keep the bulls 
vigorous and strong. 

Buy none but animals of parents and families of known soundness and 
vigor of constitution. Avoid all fancy or highly in-bred families. Ab- 
jure excessive style and fineness, and look only to the single points, 
constitutional soundness and vigor, and thick beef. It is better that they 
be a little rough from having been bred out of doors, and with out-of- 
door care, rather than stable bred, pampered animals. Such are not even 
fit to put with the breeding herds of the plains. To carry them to the 
very home of Spanish, or as it is now called Texas fever, can only result in 
loss. When they arrive establish them in good, well ventilated stables, 
and under the supervision of a keeper who fully understands both breeding 
and raising, and do not allow them to mingle with the native cattle until 
they are at least two years old ; and, no contact should be allowed with 
stock that are known to show indications of the malady. One more sug- 
gestion : the bulls should not be freely used as breeders until they are 
twenty months old. In acclimating the bulls, watch for the lirst symptoms 
of the fever, and give prompt treatment at the tirst discovery of the dis- 
ease. This may be known by the restlessness of the animal. The eyes 
will be dull, the hiovements constrained and moping, thei-e will be more 
or less straining in the attempt to urinate ; that voided will be scanty, high 
colored, and of bad odor ; and the bowels may be costive or very much 
relaxed. Treatment, said to be most successful, is to give at the first in- 
dication of the disease one tablespoonful of finely pounded charcoal, and 
one teaspoonf ul of ground ginger, to be followed in an hour with a quart 
of strong decoction of marsh mallo^, and one quart of camomile tea. 
This to be repeated in ten hours if the animal does not get relief. If 
marsh mallow can not be obtained, salt peter is recommended. This 
remcdv, however, had better be given under the direction of a veterinary 
surgeon. Above all, endeavor to keep the pores of the skin active by 



CATTLK, TEXAN8. 549 

brushing and fri(;ti()n. By proper care in tliisj direction it iw stated that 
ninety per cent, of the cases treated can be saved. 

In all this, care of course must be taken in regard to the food of the 
animal. Bran, l)()iic(I oats, and corn, or corn meal, may be given ; if roots, 
carrots, parsnips, or sugar beets can be had they will be excellent. In 
fact they should always be kept in supply on breeding farms. Grass in 
plenty and of good quality should also be supplied freely. 

A Texan's Vievr. 

An intelligent and educated correspondent of tlie Live Stock Journal, 
gives the following excellent advice in relation to the transportation, care, 
and feeding of stock bulls to be carried to Western Texas. He advises 
that care should lie used in the selection of calves of stout, robust frames, 
the offspring of sires and dams of good constitutions. Calves dropped in 
the early Spring will be found most suitable for shipment say about the 
last of November or early in December. Plenty of milk from birth until 
September should be given them ; then they should be fed on wheat bran, 
boiled oats, and crushed corn, until date of shipment ; and if kept in stables 
during the day they should have a good grass lot to graze in during the 
night. They should be handled, made very gentle, and well broken to 
thg halter. The cars for transportation should be well bedded, and food 
for the entire trip transported with the stock. 

Arrangements should also be made for through trip when starting. 
Food, water, and careful watching by the herdsmen will land them at 
the place of disembarkation but little damaged by the trip. Care should 
be taken not to crowd too many in one car — thirty head can be taken if 
they are properly cared for — yet twenty-iive head would do much better. 
The calves designed for shipment in one car, if more than one is to be 
sent, should be permitted to run together for some time previous to 
starting. After reaching the terminus of their journey by rail, a week's 
rest, in dry lots, should be granted them, with the same kind of food as 
before shipment. When taken any distance slow and easy travel should 
be given them. If either costiveness or its opposite is exhibited, simple 
remedies should be given to prevent the too active purging or relieve the 
constipation. The preparation for their I'eception at their Texas home 
should have been completed before their arrival ; and in addition to a 
supplv of corn, oats, and wheat bran, pure ruiming water and free access 
to a growing oats or barley patch, which should have been sowed in early 
Autumn for their benefit, should be allowed. Suitable protection must 
be provided to guard them from the cold blasts of the "northers ;" then, 
by prompt attention to any symptoms of fever and the immediate use of 



550 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

charcoal and ginger, one table-spoonful of charcoal and one tea-spoonful 
of ginger will relieve them. 

If December and January are passed without fever you can feel safe 
from its ravages until the rains of Spring, followed by the heat of June, 
when the tic/cs and vermin menace them. Then avoid exposing them to 
either rain or sun, and destroy the vermin by a free use of coal oil and 
lard, using two parts of the latter to one of the former. If only Spring 
calves are l)rought there will be less of fever than if older animals were 
brought. Too many who bring young stock to Texas stint and half 
starve them, thinking that to keep them in good growing condition 
increases the chances of disease. My observation teaches the reverse to 
be true. To secure a complete development of bone, flesh and gro\vth, 
and early, profitable maturity, a calf must have generous cai"e, plenty of 
nutritious food, good water, and kind treatment. I have heard men 
complain that Texas Short-Horns are not thrifty and handsome, like 
those exhibited at Northern fairs. The reason for the dissimilarity is 
readily found on investigation to be that the one had excellent feeding 
and growing, while the other — in addition to a long winter, starvation, 
and acclimation, with a Spring and Summer with rain and hot sun — -had 
his vitality almost destroyed by ticks and vermin. Cattle from the North 
cannot be acclimated unless generous food, comfortable quarters, and 
kind treatment are given to them during their first year in Texas ; and 
unless this treatment be kept up they are worthless when acclimated. 



CHAPTER ri. 



BREEDING AND FEEDING. 



In the lirecdiiii? of animals, one must have a definite object in view. 
Wc.have already stated tliat in this age of civilization, where industry is 
divided and .-iul)divided, .so that each set of workmen have separate and 
distinct lines of labor in the make up and tinish of the most simple articles, 
so in stock lireeding, the farmer must understand the nature and adapta- 
tion of his soil, and its adaptability to certain crops and animals. In 
rocky, hill}-, and comparatively barren regions, or where the soil suffers 
under drought, the farmer cannot compete, either in the raising of beef 
cattle, or in dairying, with the more favored well matured countries of 
deep soils and flush pastures. Again, in a country noted for its short, 
sweet perennial pastures, and cold springs of water, the stock breeder 
cannot compete with the dair^^man. The stock feeder of cattle and hogs 
must be in a region where corn, or other feeding grains can be cheaply 
and al)undnntly raised. Fortunately, such countries are well adapted to 
the meadow grasses, producing heavy crops of hay and pasture. 

About Grasses. 

Here again, the grasses cultivated will be somewhat different. The 
stock feeder will depend shicfly ui)on blue grass, timothy, red top, orchard 
grass, and clover, and where l)lue grass is natural to the soil, he will de- 
pend almost solely upon tiiis grass, for late^tall and winter feeding, as he 
will upon blue grass and orchard grass for spring feeding, depending later 
on clover, timothy and i-cd top. The dairyman, while he will depend 
upon clover, timotliy, rid ioji and orchai-d grass for hay, will not use these 
for pasture excliisivei\ . He must have in his permanent pastures a great 



552 ILLlJSTItATKI) ST(>('K DOCTOU. 

viiri('t_y of grasses. His j)!istiir('s, to produt^c the greater quantity and 
best ((iiiility of milk, must Be pennanoiit on(!s, and tiie older the bc^tter. 
This with a moist <limate is wiiat has made; some sections of England, and 
especially Ireland, Holland, and Denmark so celebrated for their dairy 
products. This, also, with (he peculiar care given in feeding, has made 
Kiigland and .Scotland celebrated throughout the world, not onl}^ for the 
heavy weight, and superior (juality of the beef, but it has resulted in sueli 
superior i)eef cattle as the woi'ld has never before known. Some of these 
breeds, transplanted to tlu^ United States, have taken kindly to our soil 
and climale. The wonderful fertility of th(! land lying west of the Alle- 
ghanics and north of th(! southtM-n line of TcMmessee, and especially those 
States bordcu'ing upon the Mississipi)i and Missouri rivers, and principal 
tributaries, and, also, the great Southw(^st — this teeming fertility of 
soil has made all this great region of country the true honui of the most 
(•(^Icbratcd breeds of cattle — where they have reached weight, and rii^h- 
ness ot milk given, no wIkut else attained (except iu very contined areas. 

What Breeds are Best? 

This becomes a most nnportant (juestion. In all that great region of 
the West, of gcuitle undulating prairies or grassy plains, Short-Horns and 
Herefords will be found the v<!ry best cattle to breed from, wIumi onl}' 
beef is the object. If labor and beef are wanted, t\w, Devons and Here- 
fords will be foinid most valuable. If beef and milk are to Ik" the pro- 
ducts, the Duchess ami Princess familii^s of Short-Horns, and the Ilolstcuns 
will give the best returns. If dairying is to be the chief industry, (hen, 
for butter, the Ayrshire, with a few of Jerseys intermixed will produce 
the best results. If for butter and cheese, Ayrshire or Short-Horns. If 
cheese alone, the Holstein, and for (inantity of milk given this latter 
breed will certainly carry the palm. If milk and butter, without refer- 
ence to (luantity, be recpiired, the -lersey is the cow. All (he l)reeds 
except the Jcnseys will make good weights of beef and fatten readily 
when dry — tlu> Short-Horns, Ilolsteins, and Ayrshires making weight 
in (he order iiMined. For milk, we have not included tlu^ Devons; occa- 
sionally a cow will be found giving a large mess for her weight. Devons, 
howt^ver, are not dairy cows, at least, now-a-days ; having been bred most 
exclusivelv for their superior (luality of marbled beef, and their uniform 
ox(^ellenoe, courage, and kindliness in the yoke. 

How to Breed. 

■Ml farmers cannot l)econie breeders of highly bred, ))ure stock. For 
(Ills (lie animals must be isolated from ail other br<>cds of the same race. 



CATTLE, li(JW TO ItUKKl). 553 

At least the males musi Ix' strictly conlined, so thoy may not intermix 
with others. AMiere farms join, divided only by fences, this will not be 
found iH-actieuble in a majority of eases. One's i)(M^lii)or may fancy scrub 
stock. They arc notoriously breachv. Once the}' intermingle with a 
|)urc lirced, the taint of their blood is not only found in the calve.s, but 
in the dams themselves. In the calves and their progeny, it may never 
be bred out. Wc see the Kyloc ei'oss in some families of Short-Horns, 
even to this day, cro))j)ing out in single individuals after a lapse of nearly 
a century. TIh' w liter so saw it at tlio last fat-stock show in Chicago — 
that of I'ST'.l. Till' animal was a most excellent specimen ; fully as per- 
fect as many of tlu; very highest breeding, yet the taint of the family 
was thcn^ and the; breeder of "high caste Short-IIorns " would not have 
bred from such a cow or to a bull showing the taint, at any price. 

About General Utility. 

Just here is whci'c th(! difference comes in, as liptween breccling for 
general utility or absolute purity of blood. The breeder for general util- 
itv cares not so much about a i)ai;ticular strain of blood, as he does to get 
ccitaiii characteri.sties that will furnish him, at the least expense, either 
llic„ most beef, the best working oxiui, or the mo.st and the best milk. 
Those who undertake brcH'ding, or in fact any other business, in a hap- 
hazard wav, always fail ; the only (exception to the I'ulc being pun; luck. 
Luck is not a good business int(!ger to dc|)cnd upon. Like lightning, it 
never strikes twice; in the same place. 

There is another tiling in connection with luck that it is well to bear in 
mind. It is as apt to inai' as to mark. Tin; farm(;r, therefore, who 
undertakes the bi'eeding of slock, with a view to the money they will 
bring from the butclu'r, or from the sale of dairy products, mn.st be 
guided by an entirely different set of rules from that of the l)re(;der who 
breeds solely with a \ iew to selling sires and dams to other breeders of 
pure stock. So p;ii-li( iilar, now-a-daj's, have breeders of tiiis class 
become that some of them will breed only particulai' families. Some 
will not allow a Booth cross, others abstain from the Bates blood. 

Manv hitrh caste breeders are pretty well agreed that a to]) ci'oss of 
what are known as seventeens, and some otluu' sub-families of later 
importations, and also of particular bulls of pure breeding, but which 
have been considered more or less coarse, must be rigidly excluded. 
They have their particular fancies. To gratify this fancy they will pay 
extraordinary prices, while (he great mass of really superior and really 
l)ure Short-Horns will be passed unnoticed. It would be unadvisable for 
the ordinary farmer, or even the Short-Horn breeder to buy these 



554 II,H\STUATr.I> STOCK DOCTOi:. 

"tcrrihlv bred cattli'."" Aiul tlu' faniuT imist (.'iirofulU' discriuiiuatc. 
Let him got staunch licaltliy cattle to start his licrd, if beef be the object, 
and aninials with good milk points if milk be the object, rather than to 
"Strive for color. So long as the color of the animal is characteristic 
of the race, the beef pomts and the milk points are what he should seek. 
The body in the beef animal, and the udder in the dairy cow, is what 
he wants. 

Breeding in Line. 

Breeders of i)ure stock are especially particular in the .selection of 
sires ; so much so that many of them breed solely with reference to the 
strain of blood jiarticular families contain, the selection often being 
without reference to tlie uniformity or (luality of the animals selected. 
Really, however, breeding in line means the selet'tion of males of a 
common type, and belonging to the same family. Thus in breeding 
in-the-line, the expert, while he objects to going out of a sub-family, 
nevertheless seeks to couple animals together whose uniformity is identi- 
cal, or, when one is weak in some essential, to improve it by coupling 
therewith an aninud of superior excellence in this particular. Thus, if 
the head and horns be rather coarse in an animal, it is bred to one fine in 
head and liorns, but not lacking in other essentials. It is one of the 
most fatal mistakes that can jjossibly bt' made in In-ceding, that to 
acquire one essential other disabilities be allowed t<> enter. Many 
breeders have committed irreparable injury to their stock by not under- 
standing the necessity, while trying to improve one cssentinl, of keeping 
all others intact. Therefore the sagacious l)ree(ici- will |)My more 
attention to those points indicative of heavy succulent beef laid in the 
primer points and without an undue projjortion of fat. if ((inibined with 
general symmetry, rather than .style and carriage, c(nmected with 
deficient characteristics in flesh. The one animal may ])e striking to the 
eye, while the other will bring the butcher's money. This is really all 
thei'e is to beef cattle. 

Form as an Index to Quality. 

^^'hatever the animal, its form, organization and general make up, will 
be an indication of its true type and character. It is a fixed law of nature 
that this should be so. A few illustrations will sutlice, and which will 
easily conunend themselves to the reader. 

The thorinigh-bred horse, is courageous, high strung, activi', sinewy, 
impatient under rc'straint, and not given to carry much ileshorfat. The 
heavy draft horse, carries much Hesh, is docile, honest at the collar, pos- 



CATTI.K, HOW TO I'.KKKI). 555 

scssiiiiT fn'f'iit hone and sinew, and is on tlic wiiole more sluggish. The 
liorsc (if all work should l)o a modification of l)oth these charaeteristics. 
All horses have great chests, and consoquenth' great lung power, fitting 
them for severe and long continued muscular exertion. They nmst be 
jiKlgciJ li\ a^laiidard where musculai- exei'l ion is t he important integer. 
Catlic' have liccii bred so long with reference to their bodies, as beef or 
nnUi i)roduccrs, that they have become so distinct from the supposed wild 
type as to possess ])ut little in common therewith. The head, neck and 
limbs, liave been refined, the lungs have less power, since it is only neces- 
sary' that they su])ply sufficient o.xygen to the blood to keep uj) a uniform 
animal heat under exercise, never violent. The loin and rumj) are Ijroad- 
encd, the ribs spring out more to give capacity for a stomach of size to 
digest a large quantity of food. In swine the diminutifHi of lung power 
is particularly seen. They are essentially slow in all their movements, 
and avcu-se to exertion. Their forte is simply eating, sleeping and laving 
on fat. No one would mistake a hog for either an ox or a horse. The 
intelligent breeder so educates his eye and his toucli, that he can distin- 
guish between animals of any given race as to their capabilities for tlx' 
])urpose intended. The external conformation comes at length to be so 
keenly associated with the correlated structural affinities, that he tells at 
once, and exacth', the important points that would entirely escape the un- 
educated eye ai^d touch. 

Practical Suggestions. 

As the greatest excellence in the production of meat, milk or labor in 
cattle ; of wool and cart'ass in sheep ; and of hams, loin, side meat and 
lard in hogs, involves peculiarities of structure and function — adapting 
the animal to the special purpose for which it was intended, and as all 
these require dose study of anatomy, physiology, and the correlations ex- 
isting in the different forms of production ; and since scientific l)reeders 
have for the last Imndred j'ears been seeking to e.stablish a liigher and 
higher excellence, the intending breeder would be unwise to undertake 
to breed up fi'om the connnon herds of the countrv. It would l)e time 
ill s])ent. He should first inform himself of the practical necessities 
within his reach, and breed from t\73es already existing rather than create 
one. This will simplify his study, he must educate his eye bvi)oints and 
the observation of the best animals, and his touch by feeling them accord- 
ing to the rule heretofore given ; and this brings us to 

Breeding Grades 

At the meeting of the American Association of Short-Horns, at India- 

:'>c, 



')^)it II.LUSI'KATED ST()('K DOCTOR. 

iia|)()lis, \S72, " purc-hri'd," "full-blood," :ind " thorough-bred," were 
deliiu'd as \)v\n<r syiioiiynious terms, and to indicate "animals of a distinct 
and well-detincd breed, wilhout any admixture of other blood." The fol- 
iowiiiii' definitions wei'e ado|)ted by llie association. 

"'Cross-bred' — .Viiimals pi-oduecd liy breeding together distinct 
breeds." 

"'(ir.'ides" — The |)r(»(lwee of a cross between a 'pure-bred' and a 
Miatix ('.' " 

"' lligii grade" — \\\ animal of nii.Kcd blood, in which the blood of a 
|)ure-bi'ed predominates." 

The produce of a l)e\i>n and a Short-Horn would be a ci'oss bred 
miim.il. In-and-in brt'cding is considered to be the coupling of animal.s 
of the closest relationship, as the produce of ouv sire and dam, etc. 
('lose breeding is the breeding of animals together that are closely related ; 
as animals one oi' two removes from the parent stock, in I'clation.ship. 
High breeding is sometimes incorrectly used in this eomiection ; it i.s 
wrong. Many of our most highly bred horses are not closely related, 
and the same may be said of our pure cattle. High breeding properly 
signities the selection of the bleeding stock, within the limits of some 
l)articular family, and within a deliiute standard of excellence and 
characteristics. 

How to Breed Grades. 

S<'lect the bi^st cows >()u I'an liiid, that is, those that come the nearest 
to the standard of excellence for the purjjose wanted ; then select a bull 
combining in the most eniinent degree possible the points of real excel- 
lence for the outcome expected, not in fancy breeding but in adaptability 
to the end sought. Thus, if f(U' beef, he should be of fair size, not too 
large, certainly not too small, but of excellent tineness combiiu'd with 
great loins, rumps and thighs, I'ound-ribbcd, and well riblx'd to the 
hip bones, — what a breeder would call a well bretl, ser\iceable animal. 

If for milk, the bull must ha\(' come of a line of uniform milkers, for 
here the udder and milk-veins ai'c the essential part. In fact, the male 
must possess the peculiarities characteristic of the breed, and better if 
from a family of extraordinary excellence. Why'? Such animals are pre- 
potent : that is, thev will iinjiress upon their progeny the distinguishing 
characteristics and excelleuce of their race. Ry following the directions 
we shall give, in ten years one may have grades bred to such exeellenee 
that none but critical judges can tell them from pure bred cuttle. 



CATTLK, II()\\' TO I'.HEKI). .l.) ( 

Start the Herd 

With one yearliiio: liuU for cucli ten two-yoai'-old lioifors, selected as 
we have stated, and wlii<li have not liccn lucd. Keep tlicin from contact 
witii other cattle, and (^specially keep their own hull a~i inucli in tlieir 
siiiht as ])()ssihle. Tlie next year's produce should he ten cahcs, one- 
half of which should he heifers, (ield the steers, and nial«' what use 
may l)e desired of them. Hear tlie heifer calves in the hest nnmni'r |)os- 
sihle, and with their sire and dams wh(Mi in the pastui-c, and at other 
times do not allow them to see stran<j:ely marked animals, especially 
when in heat. 

At till' aii'e of two years hrecd then: to tlieir sire. lie will now Ix^ 
four years old, and should he kept simply in liooiI tlesh, not really fat, 
certainly not lean; hut stroiij:, vigorous and healt liy. When these calves 
are two \'ears old, hrecd ajfain to the same sire, and so on to the fourth 
ti-encration, if he last so Ioiil;- with Aieoi-. 

'I'hiis this produce will iidierit l.")-l(i of the hlood of the sire, heinj^- the 
fourth iTcneration from the orii;iiial sire and dam. It may he formulated 
thus : at one year from startinij the herd, you have the first <i:eiicration ; 
at four years the second ; at seven years the third ; and at ten years the 
fourth jiciieration. They will frrade as follows : First, one-half hloods : 
second, tliree-(|uarter hlootls : third, ^cven-ciiihths hred ; and fourth, 
tif teen-sixteenth hred. 

Resides tlu^se you will also ha\c generations successively fi'oni the oriir- 
inal cows, or seven-eiuhths, three-fourths and one-half hred heifers 
correspondinji' with the succeedin<i: years from the tirst. If these apiin 
have heen hred to the same hull, or another pure hred hull, their ])roduce 
will he res])ectively tifteeuth-sixteenths and seven-ei<>;hths hred. 

Ten Years' Produce. 

Let us now tiinn'c iiow much stock, younir and old, -^vill l)e (he produce 
of this system, allowing;; that none have died. In one year, from the ten 
cows and one bull, we have ten calves, tive heifers and five steers : the 
second year, ten calves, the third year ten calves, the fourth year ten 
calves. 'Phis year we have also tive calves, the produce of the first \-ear"s 
cah'es. The sixth year we will have twenty-ti\c cahcs, the seventh \-ear 
Ihii-ty, the eiiihtli year thirty-five, the niiitli year forty, and t he f cut h year 
fort \'-ti\(' cahcs as the produce <if the oriiiinal cows and their proi;en\', 
makiiii;' in all two hundred and forty animals i-aiii;in;:' in ai/c fi-om 
calves to thirteen years old, of which one lumdicd and tweiit\-li\c should 
he females. 



f)[)H ILLUSTUATKI) STOCK UOCTOU. 

Soloction. 

Just, lici'c scloctioii niiiy coiiio in. Some of the cows aiul Iheir progeny 
will liavc proved siipcM'ior hoof maUcrs or inilUcrs, su'cordiiig as they were 
orioiiiaily clio'^rii. Tiicir i)ro<r('ny slionUl he carefully raised and hied. 
It iiia\' seem dreadriil, this iiieestiious hreediiiii, hut please reineinher, it 
is animals that are I lie subjects. 'I'he records of the im|)rovcmeiit of ani- 
mals and their ereclioii into lixed hreeds, will show very nmch closer 
in-and-in hreedin;!;' than tins. 'The <)l)ject is not only to throw the jrood 
((ualities in a lump, luit to lix them l)y concentration. Thus a cow hred 
duriui;' lu'r whole hrccdini:' life to one hull, Hc\cr iia\ini:' liad contact with 
another, will lirini;' her cah'cs neai'cr and nearer to tiic sire \('ar ])y \'ear, 
throUL^h the inrusion of the lilood of the sire into the dam, throui;h inter- 
circulation \t\ means of the ('(r'tus, durinii' its i:i-o\\th. 

As showiui;' close in-and-m we lind in the lirst Milume of the American 
Herd Hook a diatjram of the hreedini;- of Comet from llul)hack, and Lady 
Maynard. It is explained as follows : 

1. Bull, IlnhhacU. s. Cow, Lady Maynard. 

2. Dam of Ilau-ihton. !l. Bull, Rolinjihroke. 

;{. Kichanl Barker's Hull. 10. Cow, Lady Maynard. 

■I. (\)w, Ilaufiiiton. 11. Cow, Pho'ui.x. 

f). Bull, Foljaml)e. 12. Cow, Youiifi Phoenix. 

(i. Cow, Vouni;- Strawl)errv. l.">. Bull, I-'avorite. 

7. Bull, Dalton Duke. 11. Bull, Comet. 

. In relation to Favorite or Lady Maynartl, Mr. .V. B. .Vlien says: It was 
conceded l>y a company of old breeders in 1.S12, in discussinji' the question 
of the improN emcnt of Short Horns, that no stock of Mr. Collinji's over 
e(iualled Lady "Maynard" the dam of Pluenix, and jiranddam of Favorite 
(by Foljambe) and of young Phaniix (by Favorite, her son, upon his own 
mother,) the diim of Comet 155) so eelebratetl as lia\ini: l)een sold for 
loot) iiuineas $r)()0()) also ])y I^^ivorite, a specimen of as close-in-and-in- 
breedinji' as can perhaps be found on rc<'ord. 

To show wonderful depth of in-l»rei'trmi!: with continued good results, 
tlie cow (Clarissa may be mentioned ; she possessed sixty-three sixty-fourths 
of the blood of Favoi'ite. Her |)cdi<iree runs thus: '*(\)w Clarissa, roan, 
calved in KHU. Bred by Mr. H. Colling, got liy Wellington ((WO) out 
of — by Favorite, (^>52) — by Favorite, — 1)V Favorite, — by l<\n()rite — by 
Favorite — by Favorite — l)v a son of Ilubback. 

Wellington, the sire of Clarissa, was also deeply iubrcd with the blood 



CATTLE, now TO HHK.Kl). T).')}) 

of Favoritf. Takini; tlic; two pcdij^rci's — tlmt of ('l;iriss;i mihI Wclliiiir- 
ton toji'cllici' — they will wad thus: 

1. Bui!, Iliihhack. Ki. "It h .-ow l)y Favorite. 

2. Soil of Ilubliack. II. Clarissa. 

3. Cow, hv sou of Iliihiiack. ii'. Hull \\'('lliii<r1f)ii, .sire of Clarissa. 

4. Hull Favorite. l.i. Hull. Couirt. 

5. 1st cow l»v Favorite. 14. Cow, W'ildair. 

(!. 2nd cow hy Favorite. !•'>. Cow, ^'ouiifj Phdiiix. 

7. ;}rd cow l)y Favorite. Ki. Cow Plid'ui.x. 

H. 4tli cow l)y Favorite. I. Same Inill Faxoritc on tlic side of 

( 'larissa's sire as on the side of 
her dam. 
9. 5th cow by Favorite. 17. Bull, Holiii<i:l)rokc. 

is. ( iraiiddaughter of lluliback. 

Exercise Common Sense. 

In breeding so closely as we have advised it will be neccssar}^ that 
iutelligcut judgment be used. The effect of iu-aiid-in breeding is to 
retiiic and render delicate the eonstitutiou. Animals closely iii-bred, in 
fact all highly bred animals require better care than those of ;i coarser 
nature. 'Phcy arc not as able to take care of tlieiiisclvcs, to shift for them- 
selves ; are in fact artiticial. Hut on the other hand they will repay the 
eare and attention bestowed, in increasinl profits for the food gi\cii. Jn 
in-and-in, or other very close breeding, care must be taken to give tlu^ 
animals an out cross as soon as you find they are suff(U'iiig in constitution 
and hartlincss ; in fact when you find they are no longer getting better 
and better seek another sire, and so continue until you have got animals 
fully e(iual to any thorough-bred for all jjractical pui])oses, and that shall 
at the same time be marked with vigor as well as the characteristics 
wanted, whether they be, for beef (ir milk, or liotli. 

Once h.aving begun, howe\cr, with pure sires on nati\c slock, ncxcr \>v 
any chance allow a grade •■luimal to become a sire, no mal(<T how good 
he may be. It can only re>ult in loss, whatever the atlempl al im|)ro\-e- 
inent Ik- in animals oi' any kind. In swine in-and-in lirceding ma\' not 
be carrie(l so close as in other animals. 'rii<'\' arc scrofulous- and weak 
lunged at best, and close lirceding sof)n sliow> in the pid;:cn\'. .\s a rule 
one-liiilf or three-fourths bred are good enough to bring i'lihanced profits 
over those usually denoininated land-jiikes, a picture of which may be 
found in another part of this work. 



5t)0 ILLl'STItATF.l) STOCK DOCTOK. 

Gestation of Cows. 

Tliorc has boon much suniiisod tirst und hi.st upon the sul)ji'ft of the 
length of time of gcstution, and its effect upon the sex of animals 
pro(hic('d. It is a prevalent idea that if an animal goes over her time a 
male will lie llu result . Lei us see hdwcareful records ke|)t i)y seientific 
MU'ii will taiiv \\itii tills. 

Mr. Tessier, a most accurate and acute ol)server for over forty years, 
embracing ^■arious aninuds, gixx's results of over 575 cows and these 
sul)se<|uentl3' having been extended to 1,131 cows the extremes wei'e not 
changed but results as to averages are as stated lielow. 

ITpou the 575 cows the results were as follows : Twenty-one calved 
between the 24()lh and 27()tli days, the mean time being 259 days. 

Five hundred and forty-four calved between the 270th and 21l!lth days, 
the mean time being 2«2 days. 

Ten calved between the 2!)!)th and ;}21st daj's, the mean time being 
308 days. 

Earl Spencer has also carefully tabulated the period of gestation of 
cows as we tind in tiie table on the following page. 

In these 7()() cows the least period was 220 days ; the mean 285 days ; 
the longest period 318 davs. He states that he was able to rear no calf 
produced at an earlier period than 240 days. Thus it may be accepted 
that, according to Tessier, a cow nuiy carry a calf 321 days and produce 
it sound ; and from the fact that Tessier and Earl Spencer agree almost 
exactly as to the nu-antime of gestation, (1,.S!I5 cows being observed), 
2M5 days or nine and a half months may l)e taken as the average time of 
gestation of cows, slight variations being alk)wed from this for dilfer- 
ent breeds. 

Earl Sjjencer was inclined to the belief that a cow would carry a bull 
calf longer than a cow-calf. In stating the case, he says : 

'• In order to try this, the cows who calved before the 2(i0th day, and 
those who calved after the HOOth, ought to be omitted as being anomalous 
cases, as well as in cases in Mhich twins were produced ; and it will then 
api)ear that, from the cows whose period of gestation did not exceed 286 
days, the number of cow-calves produced was 283, and the number of 
bull-calves 234 ; while, from those whose period exceeded 28() days, the 
number of cow-calves was only !'0, while the numl)er of bull-calves 
was 152.'" 

The author, however, omitted to notice that all the calves born after 
the 2i)!»th day were females, and of tliose born before the 2(iOth day, 10 
were females and 15 mail's. And again, omitting the twin-calves, 340 
were females and 401 males — a lariic excess of bull over cow-calves. It 



CATTLK, HOW TO liliEKD. 



:)(;i 



TABLE RELATIVE TO THE GESTATION OF COWS. 



Number of Days of Gcstalioii. 


Cows. 


C.nv 
calvi-s 


Bull 
calves 


Tniu 

cow 

rMlvi'."!. 


Twin 

bull 

oaivt's. 


Twin cow 
anil bull 
calves. 


220 


1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

2 

3 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

2 

5 

6 

3 

3 

5 

5 

15 

14 

18 

32 

35 

36 

47 

54 

66 

74 

60 

52 

42 

45 

23 

31 

16 

10 

8 

7 

6 

2 

1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

1 


"i"' 

...... 

..„.. 
...... 

1 

1 
...... 

1 

..„. 

"%' 
5 
1 
2 

2 " 

7 
10 
U 
16 
15 
20 
26 
30 
33 
29 
22 
25 
13 
20 
10 

9 

5 

1 

1 

3 

2 

1 
...... 

1 
3 
1 
1 


1 








22(j . 








23H 


1 
1 








234 








235 




i 


239 






L _ . - 


242 


1 








245 








246 


2 








248 




' 




250 










252 


2 
. 1 








253 








254 








255 


2 

\ 

1 
1 
2 








257 








258 








259 
















2G3 








266 




1 




268 










1 
1 
1 
1 
1 






1 


270 


1 




J 








272 




1 




273 






274 


5 
2 
6 
2 




1 
1 










276 




1 


277 


1 




1 


278 


4 t 1 
11 .q 




2 


279 




2 


280 


20 
18 








281 






1 


282 


20 
24 
33 
43 

38 

27 

28 

25 

13 

22 

11 

9 

7 

4 

4 

1 

1 


1 






283 








284 








285 






2 


286 








287 




1 




288 






289 








290 
















292 
















294 












296 


1 




297 






299 






304 






305 








306 








807 








313 

















562 ILl.USTItATKI) STOCK iXX'TOK. 

is also curious in tiiis (connection to note, tiiat of the 7()4 cows, 23 pro- 
duced twins, or one cow in 83 1-3 of those ; 7 cows had twin feniaies ; 5, 
twin males, and eleven had twin nialc! and fc-nialc calves. Those in the 
twins produced their owner IS fcniaie caKcs and Id nial<' cmKcs. 

From the many facts collected in various races of animals, it is quite 
safe to con(!lude that the sex of the young has no particular influence on 
the period of gestation. It is more jtrohahh^ that heredity, sires, early 
maturity, and various other integers in tin- proMcm, may i-ontroi the 
tendency to long or short gestation. 

Food vs. Product. 

The valu(c of an animal depends upon {\u\ profit it will give in compar- 
ison with the care and expense in rearing and fattening, in the ease of 
beef cattle, and, of the cost of feeding, in comparison with the milk 
yiekl, in connection with dairying. In this we may safely conclude that 
an animal will produce less and less gain the longer it is kej)t, and thus 
caiiy maturity becomes the most important integer in the breeding of 
stocli, wiu^ther it be for beef or milk. The reason why the mature ani- 
mal consumes more in jjroportion to gain than the younger one is, that it 
takes a certain amount per pound of live weight to supply waste. The 
animal of a given age, according to breed and adaptability to fattening, 
can only arrive at a certain weight. Hence this ultimate weight reached, 
it will not inci'case. Long before this ultimate weight is reached, the 
animal will increase only in fat. Thus t\w Hcsh-forming element in the 
food is wasted, save that which supplies the daily waste in the animal 
economy. Thus from the data which Me now })resent it will be seen how 
much may be considered necessary as food, under various conditions. 

Conclusions from Experiments. 

Prof. W. S. Johnson, in his report of the Connecticut Agriculture Sta- 
tion for 1X77, gives the following translations from Dr. Wolff, a Gernum 
experimenter. These, of course, must only be considered as approxima- 
tive. They, however, will show as being the result of practical experi- 
ment — principles upon which ratios may be made up of other material. 

Dr. Wolff, in illustrating the standard for a milch cow, says that 30 
lbs. of young clo\'er hay will keep a cow in good milk ; that this contains 
of dv\ oi'ganic substance 23 lbs., of which is digestible — albuminoids 
3.21, carbo-hydrates 11.28, and fat 0.(53. This is 71 lbs. albuminoids 
more, and .22 lbs. of carbo-hydrates less, with .13 lbs. of fat more, than 
the standard. The richest and best meadow hay contains in 30 lbs., of 
organic substance 23.2 lbs., having digestible albuminoids 2.49 lbs., car- 
))<)-hvdrates 12.75 lbs. and fat .42 lbs. This comes very near the feeding 
standards. 



CATTLK, HOW TO HUEEU. 



563 



Feeding Standards. 



PKR DAY, AND I'KR 1,000 I.US. LIVK WEIGHT. 





Total Organic 
Dry Substance. 


Nutril-ive Oif;estlble 
Substances. 


i ■ 

'AX 


a 
o 

1 

> 

3 




-2 
, o 

3.= 


1 

5^' 




1. Oxen at rest in Ptall 

2. " moilcrately worked 

3. " heavily work<!(l 


17.6 Ills. 
24.0 " 
20.0 " 
27.0 " 
20.0 " 
25 " 


0.7 ll.> 
1.0 •• 

2.4 '• 

2.5 " 
3.0 " 
27 " 
2.5 " 

4.0 " 
3.2 " 
2.5 " 
2.0 " 
1.0 " 


S.Oll) 

11.:!- 

13.2" 
15.0" 
14.8" 
14.3" 
12.5" 

13.8" 
13.5 " 
13.5 " 
13.0" 
12.0 " 


0.1511) 
0.30 " 
0.50 " 
0.50 " 
0.70 " 
0.00 " 
0.40 " 

2 " 
10 " 
0.0 '■ 
0.4 " 
0.3 " 


8,H51l).s 
13.20 " 
10.10 " 
18.00 " 
18.50 " 
18.00 " 
15.40 " 

19.8 " 
17.7 " 
10.0 " 
15.4 " 

13.9 " 


1:12 lbs. 
2:7.5 " 
1:0 " 
1:0.5 " 
1:5.5 " 


" " secoiiil pc'i-ioil 




1.0.0 " 


0. GrowiiifT Cattli': 

AGE — MO.VI'US. AVE. I.IVK WT. I'KR IIKAD 

2— iT 150 pouiiUs 

3 6 300 " 


22.0 " 
23.4 " 
24.0 " 
24 " 
24.0 " 


1:4.7 " 
1:5.0 " 
1:0.0 " 
1:7.0 " 
1:8.0 " 


6 12 500 '• 


12 18 700 " 


18—24 850 " 



PER DAY AND PKR IIKAD. 



2— 3 

3- 6 
6—12 

12-18 
18-24 



300 
500 
700 
850 



3.3 " 


00 " 


2.1 " 


0.30 " 


3.00 " 


70 " 


1.0 " 


4 I " 


0.30 " 


5.40 " 


12.0 " 


1.3 " 


6.8" 


0.30 " 


8.40 " 


16.8 " 


1.4 " 


91" 


0.28 " 


10.78 " 


20.4 " 


1.4 " 


10.3" 


0.26 '■ 


11.96 " 



1:4.7 
1:5.0 
1:0.0 
1:7.0 
1:8.0 



To ,'<li()\v how ;i r;iti()ii for iiiilU cow; 
rial, he givo.'^ the foll()\\ iiig : 



iiiiiV ])(■ jiri'iiiiircd of viirious iiiato- 



Ration for Milch Cows. 





be 2 

Q 


Digestible. 






, 2 
Z "a 


i 




12 pounds average meadow hay 


ll),s. 
'.IS) 
4 'J 
22 
5.0 
1.0 


0.05 
0,08 
22 
0.98 
0.02 


1I)S. 

4!)2 
2,40 
2,00 
2.70 
0.30 


0.12 
0.04 
0.02 
0.20 
0.24 


20 " inaiiffolds 


2 " rotlon-seed cake 


Standard 


23.8 
24.0 


2.55 
2..50 


12 38 
12.50 


0.02 
0.40 



Prof. Johnson gives the following rations, calculated from the table ; 



20 pounds cured corn- fodder . 

5 " rye .straw 

6 " malt sprouts 

2 " cotton-seed meal . 

Standard 



13.7 


0.64 


8.68 


0.20 


4.1 


0.04 


1.82 


0.02 


50 


1.10 


2 70 


10 


1.0 


0.02 


0.36 


0.24 


244 


2.40 


13 .50 


0.56 


24.0 


2.50 


12.50 


0.40 



564 



ILLISTKATEU STOCK UOCTOK. 



Or, again : 












Sea 


Digestible. 




Albii- 
oiiiioidg. 


Cardo- 
liydrate-s. 


i 




1-2.1 
4.1 
•1.1 
2.-. 
l.G 


O.lli 
T)!) 
().S)7 
0.22 
0.(i2 

2.50 


5 .")5 
2 21 
2 25 
2.05 
0.36 

12.42 


004 
15 
0.08 
0.07 
0.24 




6 " inaltsprouts 

3 " corn-meal 

2 '• cotton-see I inoiil 




24.4 


058 



A corro.^iioudciit of tlio JVationa? Live Stock Journal gives the follow- 
iiiiT a.-i a praftical latidii wliicli lu' used to feed forty steers, weighing an 
average of 900 llis., and gaining '2 1-2 lbs., per head, per day : 

12 pouiids oat straw I 9 SO i 17 I 4.SI I 0.08 

5 " hav I ;!.ilS I 27 | 2.05 | 0.05 

6 " eorn-uual I 5.04 I 0.50 i 3.G4 I 0.28 

4 " bran a.22 | 0.50 | 1.70 | 0.10 

2 " Linseed meal | 1.01 047 0.70 I 0.18 

1 I I I 

23.115 I l.!)l 12 !K) 0.69 

Standni-d for fattening cuttle of this weiyht | 24 30 | 2 2') | 13 50 | 0.45 

This corresponds quite closely with the German standard. The albu- 
minoids are slightly less, and tiie fat more. One gallon of cheap molasses 
added to the rations of hay for forty head, would nearly bring up the 
oarbo-hvdrates to the standard. Again he saj's : The following is a 
practical ration fed to 10 steers for 90 days ; their average weight for the 
90 days being 1,;U8 lbs. ; and this was the average ration fed — the avei- 
age gain being iJ lbs. per head, per day : 



15 pounds oat straw ., 

6 " hny 

7 " corn- meal 
3 " pea-meal... 
3 " oat-meal... 
1 " tlax-seed ... 



Standard for fattening cattle of this weight 
— 3d period 



12 25 


21 


6.01 


0.10 


4.77 


0.32 


2.46 


0.06 


5 86 


0.59 


4 24 


0.33 


2 48 


0.51 


1.32 


0.05 


2 48 


0.29 


129 


O.U 


86 


0.17 


0.18 


0.29 


28.70 


2.09 


15.50 


0.97 


33.70 


3.63 


19.95 


0.80 



This seems a wide departure from the German standard ; but that all 
the conditions may be understood, it is stjvted that the corn, pease, oats 
and flax-seed, in the proportions stated, were mixed and ground together, 
and then II lbs. of the mixed meal was mixed witii the I.') llis. of oat 
straw, .-ut into incii Icngtiis, and all well cooked logetlier: tliat is, 420 
lbs. of the ground meal was mixed with 4.")0 lbs. of cut oat .straw, placed 
in a steam-box and well cooked with .steam, and this served for three 



c:atti,k, now to liUEEU. 



565 



days' rations for the 10 liuad, except that •! Il)s. of long liay was givea 
to each at noon. Perhaps the explanation is, tliiit tiic <;ooking rendered 
a so niueh larger per centage digestible, that it was, in effeet, ecjual to 
the German standard. These steers weighed 1,210 Ihs. when the exper- 
iment l)egan, and l,4Kr) Ihs. at the end of !»() diiys ; so that 1,;^4H Uis. was 
the average weiglit during the period. The meal ration was l)ut 10 lbs. 
during the first two weeks, and increased gradually up to Hi His., at the 
end of (iO days ; making the average ration 1 i li)s. jx'r day. 

As supijlenientaiT to this we give three rations appliciible to the East, 
South and West, in thi^ order named : 

CLOVEK AND CDH.S KATIO.N I'OK KATTENI.NQ CATTLE OK)200i.IIS. 



20 pounds bi'st clover hay 

.5 '• straw or cornstalks 

If) " corn-meal 

Standard tor fattening cattle of 1200 lbs.. 
'"2d period 

OF PBA8 AND OATS, DRIED IS BLOSSOM, 
WITH CORN-MEAL. 

27 pounds pea and oat tiay 

12 •• oiirn-raeal 

WINTER RATION OF WESTERN CATTLE, COItX 
AND STALKS. 

20 pounds dry cornstalks 

20 " ear-corn 



c o 
ee — 
til a 

ol 



Digestible. 









Ibs. 
1.120 

4.i0 
11.77 



llH. 
214 
04 
1.17 



It).'. 
7.52 
1..S2 

8 48 



lb=. 
0.42 
0.02 
0.50 



31.07 
31.20 



3.35 
3.60 



17.82 
17.70 



0.96 
0.84 



20.C0 
10.09 



2.10 
1.00 



9. CI 
7.27 



0.48 
0..i7 



30 09 


3.16 


17.'<8 


1.05 


10.52 
16.82 


0.10 
68 


7..TO 
12.12 


0.08 
0.96 


33 14 


1.84 


19.42 1 


1.04 



It will be f)f interest now to show the chemical composition, digestibil- 
ity and money value, according to the German standard, for 2,000 lbs. of 
clover hay, meadow hay, corn fodder, oat straw, oil cake, wheat bran, 
corn meal and oats. These foods, used more in the United States than 
any like number of others, are also complementary to each other: (See 
table on following i)age). 

Comparing Values. 
The comparisons of values by the ton of these very dissimilar food.s is 
as follows : We find clover hay worth $17.><2 and oat straw $!» per ton ; 
but it cannot be inferred that oaf .straw would be as cheai) at that j)rice 
as clover hay to make an entire food for cattle, or other animals, because 
clover hav is a well balanced food for cattle and oat straw is onlv a 



566 



ILLUSTRATKI) STOCK DOCTOR. 



RELATIVE VALUE OP DIFFERENT KINDS OF FOOD. 





"2 
3 

O 

1 


1 

5 


In 2,000 lbs. 


i 
>> 

s 
o 


CLOVER HAY. 


153 
35 81 
23.2/ 
3.2 


10.7 

37.0 

2.1 


Ib.^. 
214 

752 
42 


$9 24 






6 76 


Fat 


1 82 






AVERAGE MEADOW HAY. 


9.7 
41.61 
21.9 J 

2 5 


5.4 

40.1 
1.0 


1008 

180 

820 
20 


$17 82 
$4 68 






7 38 
87 


Fat 




CORN FODDER. 


4.4 
37.91 
25 i 

1.3 


3.2 

43.4 
1.0 


918 

06 

868 
20 


$12 93 
$2 86 




Crude fibre 


7 81 
87 


Fat 




OAT STRAW. 


4.0 
36.21 
39 5 J 

2.0 


1.4 

39.5 
0.7 


954 

28 

802 
14 


$11 54 

$1 21 

7 21 

or 


Carbo-hydrate-' 






OIL CAKE. 


28.3 
32.31 
10 J 
10.0 


23.77 

3515 
9.0 


844 

475 

703 
180 


$9 61 
$19 00 




Fibre 


6 32' 


Fat 


61 






WHEAT BRAN. 


15.0 
52.2 \ 

10.1/ 
3.2 


12.6 

42.6 
2.6 


1358 

252 

852 
62 


$33 12 

$10 92 




Fibre 


7 67 
2 25 


Fat 






CORN MEAL. 


10.0 
62.1 1 
5.5 J 
6.5 


8.4 

60.6 

4.8 


1156 

108 

1212 
96 


$20 84 

$7 28 








10 90 


Fat 


4 16 






OATS. 


12.2 

.55 1 
93J 
6.5 


9.0 

43.0 
4.7 


1476 

180 

860 
94 


$22 34 

$7 80 








7 74 


Fat 


4 07 












1134 


$19 81 



CATTLE, HOW TO I5KEE1). 567 

partial food, containing so little alhuniinoids and fat that cattle would 
starve to death upon it if fed long enough. The muscles and nerves 
could not he nourished upon it ; and yet a good ai'ticle of oat straw is 
worth the price named, because of the digestible heat and fat formers it 
contains. Now, put a ton of the best oat straw with a ton of the best 
clover ha}', and you have a fairly balanced food. It compares well with 
connnon meadow hay. The digestible albuminoids in clover 10.7, in 
straw 1.4, making the two added 12.1, and the average per cent of the 
mixture is 6.05, whilst meadow hay is only 5.04. The digestible carbo- 
hydrates in the mixture is about 39.0 to 41.0 in hay, and the fat is 1.4 
to 1.0 in meadow hay. The parallel is very close ; and as the mixture 
has slightly more albuminoids and fat, it may be considered the better 
ration. These valuations of the different elements simply mean that 
each is worth the relati\'e price named when fed in due proportion with 
the other elements. Oil-cake, for example, is as far from being a 
balanced ration as oat straw, for it contains as much too large a propor- 
tion of albuminoids as straw does too small. It has also oil in excess. 
Like straw it nmst be fed with other foods. If 400 lbs. of oil-cake be 
mixed with a ton of oat straw, the mixture will make a ration equal to 
meadow hay. 

Feeding Where Corn is Cheap. 

When stock of any kind is kept and fattened in stables, on ground or 
cooked food, these tables will be found valual)le. So far as our own 
experience goes we have found that for growing animals there is nothing 
better than equal Meights of corn and oats, or corn and barley, with 
what good hay or shocked corn fodder they will eat. We have also 
found that when corn was less than 30 cents per bushel it did not pay for 
grinding even for cattle, if it could be fed in the ear or in the husk, the 
experiments being based on the toll taken, and the cost of hauling ten 
miles to mill. For sheep, horses, and hogs it will not pay for grinding 
when it is less in price than 40 cents per bushel. 

In all that great scope of country in the West known as the corn zone, 
the most economical manner we have ever found in fattening cattle was 
to feed, tirst, shock-corn ; next, snapped corn ; and, third, husked corn 
in the ear. In feeding the two latter, the animal weighing 1,000 pounds 
should have about 25 pounds of corn and 10 pounds of best hay. 

In feeding shock corn the animal will cat no more than it requires, and 
it should have twice a day whatever it will eat up clean, of ears. In 
feeding in this manner in the fields or dry yards with abundance of water, 
allowing hogs to run aft<>r the cattle after they have finished the ears, to 
pick up wasted corn and droppings— if the cattle are sheltered from wind 
and storm, thev mav be most economicallv fed and to very heavyweights. 



568 ILLUSTHATKI) STOCK DOCTOR. 

Raising Young Cattle. 

Here again the breeder must be guided by sound judgment. It will 
not pay to starve even the i-oinmonest stock. A calf, to use a common 
expression, "knocked in the head with a pail of skinnued milk," will 
never make a first class steer or cow. Neither is it necessary that they 
suck the cow. In fact, in the case of dairy cows or heifers intended for 
the dairy, they should not suck, for it surely tends to diminish the flow 
of milk, except the calf is turned with the cow at stated inteiwals, and the 
cow milked clean at the same time. In the case of heifers, they should 
be milked as soon as the calf has drawn the first milk, both as a means of 
training and to develop the flow of milk as much as possible ; besides this, 
a calf taken at two or thi'ee days old is easily taught to suck the finger or 
an artificial teat attached to a rescr\oir. 

The First Two Weeks, 

The}' should have nothing but new milk. It should be as warm as it 
comes from the cow, and the calf should be fed four times a day. Then 
they nuiy have milk twelve hours old, from which the cream has been 
taken, adding four ounces of finely ground meal made into thoroughly 
cooked mush, to each meal, for strong, hearty calves. Thus the}' may 
be fed for two weeks more, changing to oat-meal or wheat flour if the 
calf is inclined to scour. Some feeders add a teaspoonful of linseed meal 
once a day. It is not a bad plan. When the calf is four weeks old it 
need be fed but twice a day, giving milk warmed to about ninety or 
ninety-five degrees, which last is the natural animal heat. From this 
time on more and more mush, or its equivalent may be added as the calf 
increases in size and strength, until it begins to eat grass and threshed 
oats, which it should be encouraged to do. 

Feed Early. 

At ten weeks old it should eat freely, and at three months old it may 
be gradually weaned from milk and taught to sul)sist on grass and oats. 
During all this time the calf should be sheltered from the hot sun and 
rain, l)y providing a shelter to which it may retire, well ventilated, dry 
and clean, and sufticicntly dark to keep out green-head and otlicr biting 
flies. In the autumn its rations of grain should be increased, and as grass 
fails the finest meadow hay should be substituted — wlmtcver it will eat 
clean of both. Offer it water occasionally after it is a month old, and 
wlirn weaned sec that it nevi'r hicks for water. 



CATTI.K, now TO HKEEU. 569 

Figuring Profits. 

During the winter k'>cp the t-ilvcs in the warmest quarters possible ; 
feed libei-all}^ Avith grain and ha}-, and in the spring you will have the sat- 
isfaction of knowing that you have received the best protit that you will 
ever reap from the animal at aoy subsequent age ; but upon comparing 
debit and credit with your neighbor who has fed skim-milk alone in sum- 
mer and poor hay in winter, 3'ou will find that the loss on his calves has 
gone in the shape of profit in yours. 

From this time on feed liberally of grain in the winter, and give a little 
all summer when they will eat it. Let them in winter lie so warm that 
they never become chilled. So continue until the animal is within six 
months of being ripe for the butcher. Then feed the best you can, and 
you will be rejoiced to find that you may get two to three cents a pomid 
gross weight more than your neighbor who has only half fed and has turned 
off his cattle totally unripe .for the butcher. 

The same rule Avill hold good for those calves intended for cows. To 
make a good cow, she must be fed well to bring early development and 
maturity. She may thus be brought forward strong and lusty, and in 
better condition at two years past to bring you a perfect calf, than those 
of your neighbor at twice that age, whose policy has been to grudge them 
feed and allow them to shift for themselves. 

Castration. 

When the bull calves are three weeks old, if in good health, they should 
be castrated. It should certainly be done before they are four weeks old. 
Many of our best stock raisers incline to the opinion that as soon as the 
calf begins fairly to gain size and flesh, say at two weeks old, is the proper 
time. We have never had better success than at this time. Every person 
who pui'poses to breed cattle should know how to do this. The operation 
IS (juite simple, and easily performed. 

Secure the calf so it may remain standing on its feet, but cannot struggle 
severely. Have a knife ready with a keen-edged blade. The blade of a 
budding-knife is the proper shape. Seize the scrotum from behind, and 
with two light, SAvift, sharp strokes cut through and into the testicle. 
Separate the membrane where it unites, pull the testicle out until the cord 
shows from four to six inches, and cut it with a pair of nippers or rather 
dull shears. It will save loss of blood. So operate with the other, and 
the work is done. If from any cause severe l)!eeding ensues, inject a 
little tincture of muriate of iron into the cavities, and wet a soft rag vrith 
the tincture and press it well into the cavity. If these l)e not at hand, 
push a little salt and lard into the cavity. If the operation has been care- 



570 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

fully performed, nothing will generally be required. The calf should be 
kept free from interference by other animals 

Until the Parts are Healed, 

wliicli will usually occur in a week. If they have been used to the com- 
panv of other ealve.s, they should not be deprived of it now, else they will 
pine. One reason why we advise early gelding, is, it should be done be- 
fori! the oalf is taken off of new milk, and it should not be depi'ived of 
the natural milk until it recovers from the shock. Care must be taken 
that flies do not get near, to deposit their eggs in the parts operated on. 
To prevent this, if there arc flies, keep the calves in a pretty dark, but 
well ventilated plac«. INIost persons will find it awkward at first to geld 
as we have directed. A little practice, however, with tact and firmness, 
will render all ea.sy, especially if one can have the advantage of seeing an 
expert operate once. 

Sometimes Suppnration Ensues. 

In this case recourse must be had to mild i)alliative measures. Keep 
the parts washed clean, t\Wce a day, Avith Mann rainwater and castile soap, 
and inject a small ijuantity of tincture of aloes and myrrh. If the parts 
become unhealthy, or ulcerated (for mere suppuration is healthy action), 
wash with a weak and clear solution of sal soda, or hard wood ashes. If 
proud flesh should arise (a rare occurrence), l)urnt alum, pounded very 
fine may be applied, or the parts may be touched with lunar caustic. 



CHAPTER III. 



TRAINING AND WORKING. 



TRAIMXi; \S. BUEAKING TRAINIXi; THK CALP HALTERING TRAINING Tl) MILK 

KKEDING AT MILKING TIME VICIOUSNESS IN COWS HOOKING COWS TRAINING 

OXEN TRAIN STOCK YOUNG SUMMING UP MANAGING A KICKING COW. 

Training Cattle vs. Breaking. 

Tlic wo.d *' ))reakiiig" horses or steers to work, or breaking a heifer in 
to milk, has now-a-days become pretty well obsolete. Breaking by brute 
force may make a kind of a machine of an animal ; it may do stupidly 




a? 



WORKING BY MAIN FORCE. 



572 iM-rsTriATEr) stock doctor. 

wlial IS (Icsiird, and vol not do it to the best advantage. IntclligX'ut per- 
sons now do not lireak an animal hy destroying its will, they simply make 
it sul)servieut to that of man, liy letting it know sit the first hampering 
for training that it will not l)e hnrt, if it docs not resist. All domestie 
animals are naturally subservient to the will of man ; they require to 
he taugiit what is wanted, and the individual should know that no good 
ean eome out of any system of training whieh eompels the use of the 
whip eonstantly. The whip is necessary only as a means of correction, 
when an animal is refractory after understanding the M'ill of the master. 
An intelligent trainer will easily distinguish between stubborn antagonism 
and a want of comprehension. We have never seen young animals stub- 
born, e.\ei'i)t that they did not understand Avhat was wanted of them; 
and in animals that have at length been made to work in the yoke, or to 
stand (juietly to l)e milked, but which have "freaks," as they are called, 
when they seem wild or stubborn, it is usually the result of bad treat- 
ment in "breaking," and tlie animal is actuated almost solelv bv fear. 
If, in tile struggle which ensues, the animal becomes master, it is there- 
after of but little use. It is better in training that the struggle be not 
made necessary. 

Training the Calf. 

If the calf has l)een raised by hand, that is, fed with milk from the 
pail, it will, or should have, become so gentle and familiar as to allow 
itself to be approached readih% and to respond to the call of its master. 
Many persons at this time name every calf, and thus they soon come to 
know their names when called. If Hrmness and at the same time gentle- 
ness have been used, so that the calf will understand that there is nothing 
to fear ; if no struggle is made, it is well on the way to understand what 
is further expected of it. It should be rublied and curried occasionally, 
especially on those parts of the body that itself cannot reach, as the 
head, neck and shoulders ; or, if kept in the stable constantly, it should 
be brushed all over at least once a day. Here is one of tiie first and 
most important lessons. At first, the calf does not know what is 
intended. If the master gets angry and beats it, it will ever after asso- 
ciate currying and brushing with a beating ; and when it gets older and 
stronger, in the constant successions of struggles to escape punishment, 
it will at length find it is the stronger animal of the two. Thereafter 
itself and not the man Is master. The object of currying is not to give 
pain. It is an operation of cleaning that the animal cannot i)erform for 
itself, because confined in a stable. If the animal is turned out during 



CATTLE, TRAINING AND WORKING. 573 

the day, and confined only at night ; or if it have the range of the yard 
and sheds day and night, the cleaning is not needed. Animals can and 
do perform these offices for themselves and for each other by licking, so 
far as is necessarv. The accumulating scurf in an out-door life is a pro- 
vision of nature for the protection of the animal. It should not be 
touched. In the stable, however, it is different. The lack of exercise 
tends to a sluggish movement of the blood, and hence a clean skin l)c- 
comes one of the most active integers in preser\ang the health of the 
animal. In using the comb or l)rush, or, in the case of cattle, the card 
and brush, a light hand with the comb and card vnW do lietter work tlian 
a heavy hand. It should be unnecessary to say that aljout the bony parts 
the card or curry-comb should never be used. 

Haltering. 

The first thing a calf should be taught is to stand quietly when tied, 
and under all ciiTumstances. If it is taught this by being tied up imme- 
diately upon being taken from the cow to be fed milk, or at from three 
days to a week old, there will be no difiiculty. If the calf has run with 
the co«', it will be strong and lusty. In this case, the lot if they are to 
be stabled, should be put into a close pen, and a strong halter fastened to 
the head, of one of them, using discretion and time so as not to frighten 
the animal. Once secured, two men will easily place it in position in the 
stable. So proceed until all are handled. Here they may be gently 
handled until quieted, whatsoever the manipulation. 

I'he next step will be teaching it to lead. Take it into a closely fenced 
yard, having the calf haltered at the end of a ten-foot rope : stand in front 
of it and utter the word "come." Of course, it will not move. Utter 
the word again, and at the same time let an assistant tap it lighth' with a 
buggv whip on the legs, from l)ehind, or hold the whip yourself and taj) 
it on the forelegs at the utterance of the word. The animal will soon un- 
derstand what is wanted and come forward. It should then have something 
i likes, the least possible lick of salt, for instance. From this time on 
A'ou will have no diiBculty in teaching the calf to follow quietly ; in fact 
it may be taught to do many things : to back or come forward at the order ; 
to turn to the right or left. In fact, it should be half bi'oken to milk be- 
fore it has had a calf, or should be half broken to labor before the A'oke 
is put on. 

To illustrate the difference between this plan of uniting firnmcss with 
gentleness in the training of cattle, one has only to observe the d'ffereiice 
in cattle on different farms. The stock of the brutal farmer will never 
willingly allow the owner to come near them. If a master's animal be in 



■)74 



ILU'STnATED STOCK i)OCTOK. 



ii corner and he aijproache.s, there is a da.sh to escape, and |)erliap.s some" 
young animal is maimed. Such stock soon accjuire the habits of their 
master: tiiey are morose, uijly, often vicious; for in a herd under l)ad 
management animals sometimes get the better of the master, and are apt 
to lieeome breachv, triei<\', and generally unmanaycable. 



Training to Milk. 

in trannng to stand (juietly while being milked, the udder should be 
often handled while the heifer is growing u}) ; the bag should be rubbed ; 
it should be pressed and the teats gently pulled. This need take but very 
little tin^e. The real work comes when the animal is to be milked. There 
are many thmgs to be taken into consideration here. The heifer nmst l)e 
put in a i)en where she cannot hurt herself, and where the nnlker can op- 
erate easily ; a pen just long enough and just wide (enough for the heifer 
to stand in, Hve feet high and tight enough so tliere will l)c no dani>:er of 
the Ix^fer injuring hcsrself, and with an opening for the milker to operate 
through, will thoroughly subdue the wddest. Geneially, all that is needed 

will be to tie the heifer 
by the head, and then 
patiently show her that 
she will not be hurt. 
She will soon come to 
associate the act of 
milking as easing the 
lukler and thencefor- 
ward will stand (pii- 
etly, unless the bag 
or teats hurl her. If so, sei'k the cause of the dittieiilty and cure it. 

If the animal has never been tied up, i)ut has been handled in the yard, 
one person may take the heifer by the horns, while another nulks. If 
she be very refractory .she may have to be "nosed." Seize the off horn 
tirmly with the right hand, and thrust the two first fingers and thumi) of 
the left hand into the nostrils, clasping the membrane tightly if sli(> 
struggles severely. So soon as the struggles cease, ease the pressure of 
the fingers in the nostrils. If she again struggles, again tighten the 
gras]). Let the milker use genth'uess. It does no good to kick an 
animal ; it may do much harm. If the heifer kick, it is i)rol)ably becau.se 
she is hurt. A person of ordinary strength need not be kicked while 
milking, unless in the case of a cow of e.vtraordinarv strength and 
viciousness. The wrist of the left hand holding the teat, if kept well 
against the .stifle, and pressed firmly back when the foot is raised, will 




CATTLE, TliAININf; AM) WOHKIXG. 



57") 



geiienilly cause it to be set down in place again. Use .soothing words 
when the animal is quiet, and low but lirm words of command when 
refractory. If the udder is inflanu^d, as is very often the case soon after 
calving, bathe it carefull}- with cold water, so as not to shock the animal. 
She will soon come to associate a feeling of relief with the operation and 
like it. In fact, the whole art of training may be sunnned up in the 
sentence : f/se discretion and judgment, and sJioiv ijourxdf Nwperior to 
the brute — in truth, itn friendlij master. The conquering of brute force 
by brute force is a relic of barbarism. There are vicious animals as 
there are vicious men ; there are dangerous animals as there arc danger- 
ous men. Both may have been bred or educated thus. Vicious men are 
placed where they cannot injure their fellows ; vicious animals had better 
go to the butcher — they are as un])r()titable to breed from as they are 
useless for what may be got out of them. 

As showing the effects of 
bad and good handling, we 
give the picture of a cow 
made wild and vicious by 
bad handling, and that of :i 
cow used to kind treatment 
and^gentle but firm handling. 
The reader can draw his own 
conclusions as to which is the 
best system. 




Feeding at Milking Time. 



Some persons, to induce gentleness, give the cow a mess before .sitting 
downi to milk. This is a bad plan. It leads the animal to exiJect it, 
and if it i.s not given, even if she is gentle, she is i-estless and discon- 
tented. The very act of feeding induces moving about more or less, 
and prevents standing as quietly as slie other-wise would. On the other 
hand, if she be fed after milking time she will stand quietly and entireh' 
at ease. Man}- good handlei's feed before milking. By the time the 
whole !irc fed and the stable cleansed the cows will have finished and be 
ready for milking. Tliis is the plan we have always pursued, and we 
think the better one : Before sitting down to milk we lune l)e('ii accus- 
tomed to have the milker give the cow to Ije milked the slightest lick of 
salt from the hand, or a single mouthful of extra nice soft hay. Wluii 
you begin milking do not intermit until the cow is milked entir(>ly clean. 
Milk fast. Slow milking not only worries the cow but tends to dry her 



576 ILLUSTKATKI) STOCK DOCTOR. 

uj). If the milk is not drawn as fast as it is given down it is ajrt in the 
end to 1)1' withlu'kl. 

How to Milk. 

Supposing the cow.s to be in the stable, aftei* feeding, and eleaning the 
stable and the animals themselves, carefully wash the udder and teats, if 
they are dirty, or thoroughly brush with a soft brush, or wipe with a 
doth if only dusty. Sit down quietly on the off or right side of the cow, 
the face slightly to the rear ; take hold of the rear teat furthest from you 
with the h^ft hand, and speaking the wcn-d " hoist," slowly and in a low 
but Hrm tone, press the arm against the leg, to carry the foot in place 
slightly behind the other. In milking, grasp the upjjcr portion of the 
forward teat nearest you, so the hands operate th(^ teats diagonally. In 
grasping the teats, do so well up towards the bag, according to the length 
of the tc^ats, with the thumb and foretinger, and pulling gently down, at 
the same time, close the other ringers, thus forcing out the milk. So 
proceed, first with one hand and then with the other, until the milk is 
pretty much drawn. Then change to the other teats and finish them. • 

In stripping do not use the thumb !vnd finger, pulling the teat from the 
root to the end. It is a senseless plan. Every drop can be had by press- 
ing the top of the hand well up under the bag, gathering the milk with 
the thumb and forefinger, and drawing the milk with the others. 

Viciousness in Cows. 

Sometimes a person will have ;i cow that is given to viciousness from 
bad training, and which may be so vaiu.ible in other respects that the 
owner may not wish to part with her. She may be a kicker. If so, and 
she be strong and decidedly ugly, use the following apparatus, wliich will 
explain itself, and which, by the lever and notches, may be made to grip 
tightlv into the flunk. Another plan is to draw a .strong cord (juite 
tightly around the girth. 'The most usual plan, in the stable, is to buckle 
a strap around the legs and to fasten it to a ring in the wall behind, so 
the cord will be loose when at rest, and yet so tight that the cow cannot" 
get her leg forward to do mischief. The cut we give will show the first 
dcn'ice mentioned and the manner of fastening : 

Cows Sucking Themselves. 

Sucking themselves is another bad haliit which cows sometimes acquire. 
There are two objections to such cows. The first is, we lose their milk, 
and not rarely other cows will ac((uire the habit from them. It is a well 



CATTLE, TKAININ'd AND WOItKIN'Ci. 



577 




I'RKVKNT A <<>\V KltOM KICKING. 



kno^vn fact that sclf-siu-kini:- cows ui'c 
generally good milkers. It is cjiiitc 
certain that they acijuire the lial)it 
from the fact that the milk pressure in 
the bag hurts them, and in rubhuig 
the udder with the nose they at lengtii 
get a taste of the milk, and thus he- 
come fixed in the habit. Hence the 
necessity of regular milking, and of- 
ten enough to keep the udder from 
being unduly strained. There arc vari- 
ous devices for preventing this vice. One is a halter and nose piece, with 
spikes, similar but larger than those used upon calves to prevent suck- 
ing. It is given below, but besides hampering the animal to a consider- 
able extent in gathering her food, it is not always effectual. 

A very simple, and said to be effective 
means, is to take a tough hickory stick, 
fourteen inches long, three-fourths of 
an inch thick in the center, sharjjencd to 
a point at each end ; cut a grove around 
the-center, half an inch wide, and half 
the deptli of the thickness of the wood. 
Whittle each end nicely to a point, or 
lca\e it somewhat blunt, aiul insert u 
sharj^ened piece of wire in each end. 
Make a hole in the aiiiniai's nose, in tiie 
soft portion, but close up to the Inird 
membrane of the nostrils, as you would 
for ringing a bull, and small enough so it 
will reipiire considerable pressure to slip 

the bulge of the stick until it reaches the niiddh^ notch, when it will 
remain fixed. This docs not i)revent the animal from fi'cding, nor 
being fastened in stanchions, and it must be an inveterate sucker that will 
draw her milk with this jewel in her nose. Still another l)ut more com- 
plicated yet (juite eftectual plan \.i given in tlu^ cut on iie.\t l>ag(!. 




TO PREVENT SUCKING. 



Hooking Cows. 



Another vicious habit sometimes iie(|uired by otherwise excellent cows, 
is the vice of attein})ting to gore every animal that comes near, that they 
can master, and even iiidividu;ds. \';irious devices have been iH^-oni- 
mended to prevent this. One is a liar across the Ikuiis, to which is 



;■)?« 



ILLUSTRATKL) STOCK DOCTOlt. 



fa^tciii'd :i sIciuliT, spriiiiiy l>H'fC' of 
liicI'Lurv to I'ciicli :i position just above 
the nostrils and armed WLth a sharp 
pcii underneath, so that tlic slightest 
pressui'c will eause it to wound the 
nose. Ill a majoritv of cases halls 
placed on the tips of the horns, and 
which inav lie purchased at any hard- 
ware store, will sutllce, if the animal 
is not vicious to mankind. 

These arc made to sci'cw on. ']\) 
do so fasten the cow securely, and if 
the hoi'ii is too laruv to take the ball 
jiarc it down till it will tit. Stick 
a iaru-c potato baked soft, and tliorouizlily hot, on each tip of the lioni. 
It will soon soften it, wlicii the ball may be easily screwed on with the 
proper tool, and will iie\'er come off. In the case of animals vicious to 
man, the foilowiiii;- device, which the cut fully explains, will prove 
entireh I'ffectiial. 




IIAUNESS 1<> PKEVENT SUCKINC. 



Training Oxen. 

The \aluc of a woi'kiiiii' ox lies not 

onlv ill its ability to draw a heavy 

load forward ; to be thoroui;'lily good 

in mud, or on roads ; to ])c able to 

ack wliat»'vcr he can draw forward, 

anil to l)e (iuick-[)aee(l. It is true you 

cannot make a slow l)n>ed fast, nor 

a lazv ox active: neither can you 

make an ox that lacks muscle do 

heavy work. If the ix-ader has .studied 

characteristics of the Devons as 

we ha\c presented them, he will be 

pretty well able to judge whether an 

animal under iiisp(>ctiou will be fit 

for the yoke. If not fairly perfect 

TO ruRvi-.NT iiooKiNc. j,, |i„, ])ii,iiipal points, discard him. 

It will not ])a\- to train an infci'ioi' steer. If he is to be used for very 

hea\ \ wdik, agililN' must |o n consid(M-able degre<' be sacriticed to weight 

anil ruiscular power. As a rule, however, it is better that \ou use three 




CATTLE, TKAIMN'C AM) \V( )|;KI.\(: . 



■)7!l 



yoke of iiu'diiim siz(Ml ;i(ti\e steiTs iii the team ratlicr than two \-oke of 
lu'avv, IuIi1htI\-, snail-paced l)i-iitcs tliat arc ahvaj's vexing the driver. 

Select sucli iis will walk evenly, look as neailv alike as possible so that 
they may he hitched together : tir>t, for disposition, earnage, and pace: 
and second, f(n' cohjr and general a|)pearanee. If they are three years 
old, and to be jiut to work immediately in a breaking or freighting team, 
select a pair of mates, hamper by tirst roping and tying, and then \'okini;' 
together. So proceed until you have the team, whatever the number, 
made up. Once yoked, they should not again be released until they 
cease struggling, and work (juietly in the team. Fasten them together, 
three, four, or five 3'oke, as the ease may be, putting a well l)roken 
steady yoke of oxen on the lead. Thus you may have a team in a few 
davs that will learn to pull sleadih' forward and turn '"haw" or "<jee" 




[•RI.MITI\K TACKLE, III"!' 



Olll) rHAIXKH. 



— to the left or right — as is wanted. They, however, will never l)ecoine 
a team, in the sense of the word, as used by those who know what a 
trained yoke of oxen are. 

To i^roperly train steers, they should be taken when (juite young. 
Selecting one at a time, halter-ln-eak liiin as heretofore directed, cause 
hini to come close to you by tai)i)ing him on the forelegs with a light 
whip. Teach him to walk quietly, but at a quick pace, at your side, you 
holding him lightly by the halter, neither before nor behind, but directlv 
and closely at your side. ]Make him turn to the right or left at will, and 
teach him to stand quietly when so ordered. In all this do not hurrv. 
Be (|uiet, low-voiced, i)atieut but firm. 



580 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

Train Stock Young. 

Let the steci', whicli should not exceed one yoav okl — eight mouths is 
better — be taught one lesson at a time, and that thoi-(Highly. It will ren- 
der the next lesson easier. When they are quiet and will do your bidding 
in the yoke without halter or strap, they may be left until three years 
old before beuig worked, though it is better to begin at two years of age, 
especially if they are to be used on the wagon. They will not pull much, 
but they may thus be taught to walk fast, to do their share of the work, 
and to become thoroughly "way wise." 

The greatest difficulty in training oxen, as a single yoke, is teaching 
them to back promptly and well. To do this requires patience. Never 
oyerload them. Make them back promptly twelve to fifteen feet at a 
time, and then come forward, stopping insttuitly at the word, with heads 
up ready to back agam. In traveling along the road never allow them 
to flag, nor exert them so long at any one time as to seriously weary 
them. Patience alone will secure the end sought. When you have occa- 
sion to speak sharply to them, do not let it be in a very loud voice, but 
let it be accompanied by a touch of the goad or a blow of the whip suf- 
ficiently sharp so the animals feel it. To touch both animals so near 
together that it seems almost simultaneous, is a fine art. It is acquired 
by always touching the slow ox first, for scarcely ever will two animals 
be found so evenly matched as to be exactly alike. When you find them 
you have a prize. When not so, we have always found it best to have 
the slower ox on the near side. 

Summing Up. 

In summing up the whole matter of training, the individual must keep 
the points aimed at steadily in view. First, the animal must be rendered 
entirely subservient to man, and this liy showing it that man is its friend ; 
that under no circumstances is it to be injured. A well trained yoke or 
a team of oxen will command a fancy price as easily as a well trained 
span of horses. There will be, for many years to come, uses to ^hich 
neither horses nor mules are so well adapted as are oxen. In lumbering, 
especially m breaking prairies, in much of the -work of the farm, and for 
teaming in wild regions generally, where there is nothing hut rank, wild 
grassy feed, they will be indispensable. In these cases the trained team 
will do one-third more work than the untrained team, and do it easier for 
themselves, and muc;h more satisfactory to the driver. Here again the 
driver should be himself trained. A brutal driver wnll soon rum a good 
team, yet cannot entirely destroy their value. 



CATTLE, THAINING AND WORKING. 5gX 

All iutelligent driver will uccoinplish what he wants without undue 
severity ; his voice and signs are the potent powers. In starting a heavy 
load each ox is called by name, however large the team be. They under- 
stand that they are to place themselves in position for action ; every 
chain is straightened, every muscle is brought into tension ; they get well 
into the yokes, and at the signal all start together. AVith such a team 
the load must come. 

So with cows. The training of the heifer is begun in calfhood : she 
learns to rely entirely upon the master. They know his voice either in 
the yard or Held, and come clu.stering about him, expecting some "tid-ljit," 
or at least a kindly word or caress. When the first calf is dropped there 
IS no fear of the master ; he may take it and do with it what he will — 
only fond solicitude is shown. Let a stranger come about, and instantly 
this solicitude is changed to fear. If a person who has beaten them or 
otherwise ill-used them appi'oaches, the fear is intensified, and if he offers 
to handle the calf, a battle for the mastery is likel}^ to ensue. 

We have never had any trouble in teaching a heifer to stand to he 
milked. If the udder is tender, as in nine cases out of ten it Avill be, they 
will gently submit to the means used for relief and seem grateful for the 
effort. If strange heifers are to be operated on, the first thing to teach 
theyi IS, that you are a friend; whatever the time it takes, whether half 
an hour or half a da}', do not intermit the effort until the animal is sub- 
dued. If refractory it is better that the heifer or cow be tied up at once 
and kept there until entirely (|uiet and without fear. Then fully half the 
work IS done and the subsequent work is only a question of time. 

Managing a Kicking Cow. 

We once subdued an unusually refractory and kicking cow, by haAans; 
her held tirnily by the head while we seized the teats firmly one with each 
hand. There was no attempt to milk. The lesson to be given was that 
she could do no injury liy kicking. It took three-quarters of an hour to 
accomplish the object. When she kicked the grasp was tightened ; the 
wrist was brcmgiit back firmly against the leg above the hock. When she 
ceased kicking the grasp was relaxed, and the motion of milking was per- 
formed so far as pullmg gently on tlic teats when she kicked, or rather 
attempted to do so by bringing her foot forward. She soon found it was 
invariably brought down again nearly in its proper position in the rear of 
its mate. In the end she gave up and submitted to be milked. One 
new lesson she had to learn, to stand without h.olding. Tins was accom- 
plished by following her about until she was content to stand, which she 



,),S2 ii.i.tisi'UArKi) siocK ixxroi;. 

did aflcr (luce or I'oiir hrcMks. Witliin m week, tlicrc was no more (juiet 
cow ill I lie yard than this ln'rotoforr iiict)rriiiil)k' vixen. 

A Happy Family. 

As showing' flici Ix'iidiits of sviptn-ior vnvv and training, it can ho doni- 
onstratcd liow nicely all farm stock will yet along togctiicr in peace, when 
owned 1)\' a sniali fanner wlio cannot, afford to sei)iii'iit(! into distinct herds 
on at iduiit of s( arcily of nuinlx'rs. If raised together in the same yard 
eacli will find its pro]ier IcncI. Tliey ^\ill agree kindly in a small pasture, 
and if (lie pigs are ringed there will lie no dffficulty ahout rooting up the 
soil ; and of tlu^ dift'ia'ont classes of animals each will cut grasses and plants 
not r.lished l.y tli(> others. The fact well illustrates the adage, "A mer- 
ciful Plan is nirnirul to his beast." 



CHAPTER IV. 



HOW TO SHELTER. 



Necessity of Shelter. 

NECKSSITY OF SHKI/fER ARTIl'ICI Al, JM((jrE( IIO.V A FKAMKD SiABLE A CHEAP 

STABLE ABOUT BARNS A COMMON SENSE BARN A SQUARE CROSS BARN 

BASEMENTS FOR CATTLE ARRANGINll THE BASEMKNT ADAITING MEANS TO THE 

EM) WHAT TO PLANT. 

Ill all cliinatcs where cuttle have to he fed nearly half the year, (he 
(jiiestiou of shelter becomes of the first importance. In the middle corn 
region of the West, cattle must he fed from four to five months: and 
fai^thcr north, from lisc to six months. If tlic pasture in Octohcr lie 
only sutKcient to supply the animal waste, then such feedinjf is entirely 
lost so far as profit is concerned. The ohject of keeping catth; is to get 
growth and weight. Tin; e.xtra food given over and ahovc^ the natural waste, 
re[)reseiits the profit. Ih'iice in the artitit'ial feeding of cattle the question 
of shelter comes in. A cold storm will often .seriously reduct^ the M'eight 
of stock, 'i'hey will begin to fall away, and before the\' get rea(h- to 
agam increase in weight tlun' will have had a season citlicr loniicr or 
shorter wluMi they will perha|)s neither have gained or lost. The nntiiral 
iicat of tiic animal must Ix' kept to aiiout K"! degrees. In fact. tli(^ 
natural hc'at is 1H> degrees whatever tiie temperature of the air. If it 
falls below this the animal begins to chili, and the l)ody is called on to 
furnish additional heat. So long as this can be sup})licd the animal li\('>. 
^^'hell it IS exhausted the animal dies. 

The food given may be compared to the fuel used under the boiler of 
a steam engine. So long as the water stands at 200 degrees no steam is 
produced ; above 212 steam accumulates, until at length enough power is 
raised to start the wheels in motion. Thus it is with .stock. Food must 
be given in j)ro]>ortion to the animal waste. With the thermometer at 
zero, and air stirring, whatever the feeding may l)e the animal cannot 
gain if exposed to the wind. Fnder shelter the natural heat of the 



584 



ILLU.STItATKl) STOCK DOf'TOn. 



iininial is consei'ved, and it rcsniaius conifoi'taljlc. If the teiii[)ei'aturt' of 
tile stahic can be kept at 60 degrees, the niiuiniuui of food oidy will he 
recjuired. .lust hei-e two integers come in ; the cheapness of food as 
against shelter, and the cost of hil)or. It is possible for food to l)e so 
cheap and labor so dear, and the jirice f)f cattle so low, that the interest 




on the shelter and the cost of labor would eat off the prolits. It has 
})cen so in every section of the AA'est tirst and last, and is so still in some 
new sections ; but nowhere so low that cattle could be protitably fed 
without the pi'otecting influcnot; of gullies or timber to break the force of 
the wind. This is natural ])rotection, and is the groundM'ork upon which 
all other is to be built. 

Artificial Protection. 

If the stock bi-eeder has not 
timber, then the sooner he jjlants 
wind-l)r('aks to protect his yards 
and farm buildings the sooner 
will he reap profit therefrom. 

This is the crudest of artificial 
[irotecticin and yet one of great 
imi)ortance, both m AVinter and 
Sunnner. In AVintcr it breaks 
the force of storms of wind, rain, 
and snow, and in Summer furnishes shade. 
next crudest means of shelter is a shed of posts and poles, and 




%Jv. 



FAKMKR TinUFTLESS' MODE OK PROTKCTION. 



sleet. 
The 



CATTLE, HOW TO SHELTF:R. 



585 




FMJMEr THriFT\ S MOI E ( t PI!( TFCTION 



covered with slough hay or straw, and ishibs, or poles, tilled in between 

with such litter as stock V * 

will not eat, the whole 
firnih' pounded down to 
make it wind proof. 

This, if well made and 
so low as just to admit a 
man to walk under, is 
lioth cheap and warm. 

Another cheap form 
of shed or shelter from storms is made l>v setting' posts tirndy in the 
ground in two lines, sawing the tops level, fastening on plate pieces, 
laying on scantling fen- the peak, supported tem]3orarily, and nailing on 
boards, for a roof, at one-quarter i)itch, up and down fi-om the plates to 
the peak, covering the joints with wide battens and boarding up the side 
from whence the prevailing winds come. If twelve feet boards are used 
for the roof, a shed may thus be made over twenty feet wide, that will 
furnish good shelter for stock cattle where forage is cheap. 
A Framed Shed. 

A still better shed may l)e made by running the posts up eighteen feet, 
framing in cross-tics to support a floor. In the upper twelve feet of this 
shed a good deal of fodder may be stored, to be fed fr<nn when the 
weather is too inclement to allow it to l)e handled on wagons. From this 
we may go on to more and moi-e elaborate structures until we come to 
the liarn proper. 

On all well ordered farms the owner fully ai)prcciates the hnportance 
of shelter. Hence we see the feeding yards with one or two sides pro- 
tected with more or less serviceal)le shed, until upon some farms we find 
the feeding vard.s entirely surrounded witli this means of "Winter pro- 
tection. 

In all this the owner nuist be guided 
by his pecuniary means. If he have 
not money enough to put up the bet- 
ter class of buildings, it l)y no means 
follows that he is to leave his stock 
without shelter until he is a1)le to build. 

So far as the simplest sheds arc con- 
cerned, it is almost entirely a qucs. 
tion of labor. In the case of simple 
sheds of lumber, it is simply a (jues. 
tion of the cost of boards and nails. 

Anv intelliuent farmer, assisted primitive rROTECTioN. 




58(5 ILLUSTUATEU STOCK DOCTOR. 

by his iiinni help, can do the work. It is true, however, that few per- 
sons, the first time they huild, do so eeononiieally. Let us see how this 
may he fairly accomplished. Su[)pose the structure is to be a simple 
r()ofed shed affair. Decide upon tlie length. The width should not be 
more than twelve feet for a smgle pitch roof. Allow that it is to be 
ninety-eight feet long. Set four heavy posts for the corners, three feet 
in (he ground, and of the iv(iuired height. The lower it is the warmer 
it will be, so it be high enough for the cattle to walk under the plates. 
Between tiie t'ao end posts set, exactly in line, six posts each fourteen 
feet apart, and five and one-half feet high from the average ground line. 
Proceed in the same manner with tiie front, the posts to be nine feet 
al)ove ground. At the back, now set seven lighter posts in tiie fourteen 
feet spaces. Saw them all off to an efjual height, spike on four inch 
scantlmg from post to post in front, and two by four for the back. It is 
now ready for the roof, which is to l)e firmly nailed from front to rear. 
Board the front down to within five and a half feet of the ground, and 
the ends and liack entirely to the ground. Thus the shed is complete, 
except banking up. This is important and will add fully one-half to its 
warmth. A good way to do this is to lay a line of sods one foot from 
the rear, and fill in with earth or old litter, carrying the banking at least 
four feet high ; or, posts may be set two feet from the wall, with suf- 
ficient strips nailed thereon to hold the litter, and the whole filled in and 
rammed tight. 

A Cheap Stable. 

Do you prefer a stable, take the form given for a hip or double-roofed 
shed. Board the whole tight all around, leaving space for door> and 
windows; l)atten the cracks, lay th(> floor, ])ut in stanchions or uprights 
for fastening the cattle, leaving a feeding j)lace m front, and the whole 
is comjjlete. 

We prefer rings to slide u[) and down, u])on standards three inches 
thick, to stanchions. Now this style of stable will not I)e strong enough 
to allow their being fastened to the floor above. Set strong j)osts seven 
feet ajiart and four and a half feet high, sawed off s(|uare on top, and 
three feet out from the wall. Prepare six-inch scantling to be pinned 
firmly to the posts, twelve inches from the ground, and on the inside next 
the wall ; the scantling bored, each three feet, with two-inch holes. This 
will lie wide cnnugli for cows. Larger cattle must have three feet, three 
inches. Prepare other scantling ])ored in similar manner for the tops of 
the posts. Take three-inch smooth sajilings ; sharpen the lower ends just 
so thev will drive firmly into the holes in the lower scantling when it is 



CATTl.K, now TO SIlKI/PKli. ")H7 

pounded in i)l;icc below. Shave the upper ends so the}' will tit the holes 
in the scantling ahove. Drive them solidly into tiie holes below, pinning 
eath one fast with a half-inch pin. Slip a four-inch iron ring over each 
stake. Lay the upper scantling on top, entering the standards as you 
"■(). It is better that they have some play. Lower the scantling on top 
of the posts, and pin and spike them tirmly to the posts. Cut stout rope 
six feet, six inches long, s})lice a four-inch loop on one end, whi]) the 
other end with small cord so it will not unraxcl ; pass the rope through 
the ring and back to the loop so the end of the loop will be eight inches 
from the ring ; pass the end of the rope through the loop, draw tight and 
make fast with two half hitches, or, better, whip the two portions of 
rope together as far as the loo[i. The cattle are then ready to be tied 
up, by passing the rope about the net-k and through the loop, and draw- 
ing just tight enough so the animal cannot slip it over tln^ horns. Iron 
chain bails that will last a life-time are kept ready made by agricultural 
implement men, and are nmch the cheapest in the end. Tied thus, cat- 
tle can easily reach their food, <'an lick themselyes, can I'est perfectly, 
but cannot reach to injure each other. A six-inch board nailed along the 
standard at a jjrojjcr height, say about six inches below the tops of the 
shoulders of the cows, will prevent their reaching too far into the feed- 
ings passage, 

About Barns. 

The tii'st tiling to do in the erection of any building is itlaiming to a 
cei-tainty what accommodations are wanted and the probable cost. The 
farm barn, if there is to be only one, must l)e made to answer a variety 
of purposes. It must contain stables for catlle and horses, calf |)ens, 
shelter for sheep, a threshing tloor. bays or mows for hay and grain, room 
for vehicles and uumy tools, haniess room, gi-anary, and, if the barn is a 
large one, room for placing a horse-po\ver. 

Years ago barns were seldom made higher than eighteen-fcet posts. In 
these days of improved machinery it is as easy to till a barn twenty-tive or 
thirty feet high as one that is lower. The nearer squari- or octagonal a 
barn is and the higher, the less its relative cost, so that now l)arns are 
built of two or three stories when a slight declivity may 1k( had for the 
site. If of two stories, the basement is cut up into stables for cattle and 
sheep, storage for heavy tools and machinery, calf pens, etc., etc. 

The maiii floor will contain bays for hay and grain, threshing floor, a 
harness room and granary. Practically there is no advantage in the third 
story. The barn may be as high as is needed, the bay continued to the 
roof; the stable, harness room, granary, etc., may be floored over, and a 

;is 



S8 



ll.l.l'Sl'UA'ri'.l) SI'OCK l)()<"l'()l!. 



mow he li;i(l (i\ ciIicikI ; so, ;i lloor limy he cMnicd o\('|- llic tlil-csliiiii;- lloor, 

and this s|)!icc utilized in llic same wiiv. I'r'aclicillv vou liavc liic space 

at less oxpcnsc. 

A Quarter Section Farm Barn. 

Ill the West and Soiitli, tiic I'arnicr <d" 1(10 to I'OO acres may ffct, alonfj 
vci\ well witli a sidc-liill hani roily-lwo liy sixty IVct . It will jiivc ample 

room for a Imy Ki hy CO; a II • l.'i liy (!() ; liorsc stable l.'i by (iO, eou- 

lainiii^ T) sinjile and 1 double stall, oi- 2 sinj^le stalls and H dotiblc stalls ; 
a room for impliMnents 10 by 1 .'i ; a ji'ranai-y 12 by l.'i, and a tool room 
liair tliat si/e ; wliib^ tlic b.Msenicnt may be dcNoted <'iitirely to the staliliiij;- 
of cattle, with calf pens, a sheep pen, and, if necessary, a shed enclosed 
on tlirce sides. 'The i:r:inar\' will iiold o\er (100 liiisiicis iif ^rain, and 
nia\ be divided into bins for \\'iiiter and Sjiriiii;- wlie.-it, oats, b.ariey, and 
"round fi'i'i\ for slock. 'The basement may contain t wo row s of cattle 
stalls, with passai:'e w;i\' liet ween, six feet wide.Mitii siioots Icadiii;:' to the 
upper part cd' the ii.ini fm' dcliv fiiiii:- hay, liiain, and other feed. This 
will lea\t' a space 1 1' b\' (10, \\ liicli may coiit.-iiii call'-pens :iiid a place for 
sheep, and it nia\- be so arraiiiicd liy means of slidiiiii' doors that it may 
be entirely closed in iiiclemeiil weather. This basement will contain stalls 
for thirlv-two cattle, and the manure may lie tiirowii directly into a cart 
or \ya<;'on and hauled directly wiicre it is wiinled. 

Tins barn ina\-, of course, be eiilari;-e(i by addiiii:' on, to accommodate 
aii\' re(|uired anionnt of stock; but, if a much iaru'cr liani tiiaiithisis 
wanted, the s(niare or oi't.'i^^onal form should be us<'d. It w ill i;i\-e larii'dy 
increased room in propoi'tion to the cost. 

A Common-sonse Barn. 



IIAV HOUSE 



r 
\4 H-h\ }\ if if -fit 1 



H 



I _ 































1 


1 


1 


1 


1 












1 


1 
















c 
























I 









] A 



1 



MAIN FLOOR OK DAinY BARN. 

.\boy( we iiiye an outline of the basement of a barn forty feet wide and 
.si.xtv feet Ion"-, with a lean-to oycrshot extendinii- twenty feet in front. 



CATTI.K, HOW TO SIIKI/I'KK. 5HI» 

This l)iirn will coiitaiu iihoiil 100 Ions of Imy. Thi^ hiini would he Ix'Ucr 
fiumig tlu^ South if (lif lay of tlic land as lo dcciivitj will allow. The 
hay-house uiay extend twenty feet in width and li(M<:;ht in th(! form of an 
L and of such a length as may ]h\ wanted for stora<je, say forty feet 
This hani, if IIk; spaee Ix'low Ihe hay-house is ulili/.ed, will s1al)le six 
horses and forty cattle. 

The basement of the main barn may be divided into stablinji'.as follows. 
A, liorse stables 12 feist d(H'j), with nianiicrs two and a half feel wide for 
ha\', with suitabl(M rouj^hs for jirain and niani;'er for hay. 15 and (' are 
eattlis st;dls. Tliosi^ in 15 hun<j^ with swinj;ine- <;ales, openiiiii' ■'^i'h' ways, 
G the same, but eaeh stall haAini;' a s(^|)arate <:;at(' enterini;; dii'ect from the 
3'ard. 10 is the main entrance eii;hi feet wide and may coiitani feed chests ; 
)' is an entry llsc tVet wide, with steps up to door 1), and lia\inj^' an en- 
traiHc into the hoi'se, stables at each end. I'' is the overshot or shed, (i 
is the portion uniler the hay-house to be iit ili/ed in stalls, if the hay is 
not desir<'il to run clear to the <rrouiid ; and II is the yard eonnectetl there- 
with. If necessary this may Ixs roofed over nud<inj^ a(ld.itional shed room. 

Square and Octagonal Barns. 

In the s(|uare or octagonal barn the bay is m the centre, in which a, 
vast compact mass of hay can be ke|)t, and this will run from the basement 
to th(! i)eaU. The basement will Ixs used as a stabh', and if (hssired the 
main Hoor may also be so used ; modern ])iiild(U's undcu'staud perfcc^tly the 
art of makinji' a lloor i)roof aijainst the leakajre of li<|uids. 

One esjx'cial advantage iu this oetagouid sha])e for barns, w hen a large 
immber of cattle are to be f(sd, is, ilw roof is easily supported and con- 
tains more economy of space for its sizi? than any other form except the 
circular. In this the hay will b(s in the center, and the cattle next the 
Avail, facing inwards. .Mioxc tli<' cattle will also be a nlo\^ for lia\, ex- 
cept such port ions as are wanted f<ir granaries, grinding machincrv' and 
ot her coincnieiices. At the peak may b(s a, windmill of siidicicnt power 
to <lo the |Miinping of water for the stock, unless it be feasible to conduct, 
water b\- its own gravity. in this case it may be used for grunliiig and 
euttiug fodder. 

Let us see what an octagonal barn sixty feet in diameter will hold. 
Tho width of \\w stable will b(( twelve fec^t, and the feinl next the bay six 
feet, making eighteen feet in all. This running clear around will have a 
(■cntral eoro of twenty-four feet, besides the entire area, from tlu^ floor 
above the stock. The stalde will be one hundred and eighty feet in oir- 
eumference, and, allowing three feet, six inches to eaeh steer, will accom- 
modate fifty head of steers, or if cows, a still greater number. 



5JK) 



lI.l.l'WTHATKl) STOCK DOCTOK. 



Uclow wv jjivc tho pliiii of tliu diiiiy htivn which will explain Itsolf . We 
ii:i\c irprcsciitiHl a cistern and also the meal room, protected liy an earth 
emhankment, so it may he used for roots and otiier feeding;- material that 
would he injured hy frcezinj:. 



Hiii'K.iJi'i!^, 




t\ 



M\i MEALROnM 



< r^^ 



mm 



-^-P 1 TFIADK rOR MANUae TRUCK 



'^sm' 




PLAN OK STABLES IN BASEMENT. 



The followinij diajjrani will show a compact hasement for a UanU Han 
for feethn<r cattle and also aceommodalinii" a limited iiumhcr of horse: 
and milch cows, to he sevent\' hy one hundred feet s(|uare. 



A 
34X13 



1— . 


c 


7X100 


c 




r 
1 


E 


80XJO 


E 


•4 
X 

F 


B 

34X13 








4X87 


D 



.■ATTI.K-l'KK.I>IN(i BASEMK.NT. 



A is the horse stahje with six stalls : B, cow stahle for six or eijiht cows ; 
r C main entrv ; 1) 1) two small entries, ruimin"; on either side of tiie 



CATTLE, HOW To SIIKI.TEK. 



591 



cuttle stahlos ; E E E K :iiv tlic cattle staliles, X(l by ;;() feet each ; and if 
tiie cattle are j)laced 4 feet apart, will accoiimiodafe forty head of steers 
for fatteniiii:'. 



I TO 1 1 ROOT CtLLAR 



^ 




FEED ROOM 


• 


pu. , . 


WAV 


1 ; HOUSES 


• 



srAIN FLOOR OK DAIRY BARN. 

To .show another j)lan we give a diagram of a dairy harn tifly hy one 
liundred feet. In the ))laii of the main floor ri is a A-entilating shaft, and 
/( feetl shoots to basement througli trap door Mhich will be shown in \\h' 
plan of the hasenient. 

A Square Cross Barn. 

For a large number of cattle we know of no better form than a square 
barn for the center, with four wings running therefrom, each 'M) feet 
wide l)y any desired length. In this arrangement the cattle might be 
placed with their heads to the wall, k'aving a passage-way between each 
two rows, by which the manure might be taken up and caiiied away in 
carts. In s(nne parts of the West cattle-feeding is carried out on an im- 
mense scale. Feeders are already beginning to ask, how best they may 
build stables to save cost in feeding, and at the same time \)hu-o the cattle 
in the best possi])le jjosition for economical feeding. 

A writer in the JSTatlonal Live Stock Journal, under the signatui-e of 
"Alimentation," gives data for a barn to feed 1,000 head of cattle. The 
principal objection to the plan is the concrete wall advised for the base- 
ment. In a building of this size and weight, it will be found to be quite 
unreliable in the West. The basement shcmld be built of good solid 
stone, or the best hard burned brick. In lieu of this, if conci-ete must 
be used, the weiiiht of the buildini;- should be on stone i)iers. The details 



592 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 





for building the liarn are given as follows, the ^\'ings l)eing 30 feet wide 
and 200 feet long : 

"This square cross barn Mill have all its extreme parts equi-distant 
from the center. It will be the same distance from the (juadrangular 
center to the extreme animal in either wing as from' the octagonal center. 
By doubling the width of the wings, we dispense with eight long sides 
200 feet each, or l,(i()0 feet; and as the ends of the four wings are the 
same length as the eight wings, the sa\ing in outside wall is 1,(>00 feet. 
And if these sides are 20 feet high, and boarded up and dovm with a two- 
inch batten, it will take 3(i,933 feet to cover these sides thus dispensed 
with. It will also save all the outside and interior posts of the four 
wings dispensed with, as it will rc(|uire no more posts in a wing ()0 feet 
wide than in one 30 feet wide. This will nuike a saving of about 22.000 
feet ; and the outside sills and plates on these 
long sides will be saved, amount- 
ing to 24,000 feet, besides girths 
and braces — amounting in all to 
a saving of 100,000 feet. I'lir 
, roofs and floors will cover the 
WINTERED WITHOUT samB numbcr of square feet as in 

SliELTEH. _ ^ 

the eight wings, and cost about 

the same. 

"It would ako save 14,400 cubic feet of wall, 
building the Avings tiO feet wide could not l>e less than two-iifths of the 
whole cost of the barn ; and the convenience and economy of labor must 
be even greater than with the eight narrow M-ings. This S(}uare cross 
barn has the capacity to feed conveniently and comfortably one thousand 
head of cattle ; and it now remains to notice some of the details of 
construction. 

"The quadrangular center, GO feet in dianu>ter, may be built m ith large 
corner posts, say 14 by 14 inches square, 37 feet long, and the plates 
and gii'ths of the wing ma}' be framed into these posts ; but it probably 
would be better that the wing should have separate corner-posts, and 
they be bolted to the posts of the center. The quadrangular center 
should be high enough above the wings to clear the ridge of its roof. 
This Avould require the posts of the center building to be 17 or IS feet 
lono'er than the ^ving posts, as the ridge of the wing roof should rise at 
least 17 feet in fiO feet, and come up under the cornice of the center 
building; as these wings will cost about the same money. with posts 20 
feet, and the latter height will hold about 40 per cent more, and as this 
storage room will be wanted for so many animals, it will be better to 
provide room in abundance, and make the posts twenty feet long. 



The whole savin"" bv 



CATTLE, now TO SHELTER. 593 

" The floor in the wiug aliove the bii.scinent 'will run lengthwise of the 
building, and it will be 16 feet wide, so that the posts on either side of 
the floor, nuining up to the cross-beam over the floor, ma^' stand on a 
sill running lengthwise over the basement, and eight feet from the center, 
supported l\v the stanchion timbers. These two sills will be strongh' 
sujjported the whole length l)y the stanchion posts, placed only 38 inches 
from center to center, and will consequently hold the whole interior 
structure above. The bays on eacli side of the floor will lie '22 feet wide ; 
there will lie no loss in so wide a floor, as the liay ma\' be mowed one or 
two feet upon each edge of the floor if more room is desired. There 
will be 42 bents, the outside posts being about 18 feet 2 inches from 
center to center. The top of the cross-beams, running from side to 
.side of the barn, will be I'd feet above the sill, and will be spliced at the 
post, or between the po.sts, on either side of the floor. On three of the 
bents the cross-beams .should be carried up nearly to tlie plates, and the 
posts at the side of the floor must also be carried up to support the 
beam. Tlie three bents (every third one) will tie the ])arn together, 
and T)eing so far apart, will not obstruct pitching Avith a horse-fork. 
These high beams, besides being pinned to the outside posts should have 
a stirmp around the post coming back ten inches upon the beam, with a 
three-eighth inch bolt through the stirrup and the beam, turned up tight 
with a nut, and if the beams are well spliced in the middle, this will hold 
the barn firmly from spreading at the plates, ^sow, to prevent this long 
wing from rocking or swaying by a strong l)roadside wind, these bents 
Avith the high beams should have a long stiff brace running from the foot 
of the post on the side of the floor to the outside post just under the 
high beam. Such a long lirace on each side will hold the barn rigidly 
from rocking. And wliile speaking of braces, let it be remembered that 
a brace is valuable ju.st in proportion to its length. The braces from the 
outside posts up to the plates shoM' a four-foot run. They will assi.st 
very nmcli in sustaining any weight upon the plates. 

"It is not intended to have any purlins in these wings to support tlie roof, 
even though tliev be (iU fe<'t wide. Tlie l)race on toj) of the l)eaiii will 
have a run on l)eam from ])ost of s or 9 feet, running up the post just 
under tlie plates and fastened by a bolt. This will hold the plates abso- 
lutely rigid, and fhe roof will not spread them. The rafters should not 
be placed more tlian two feet a[)art, and the collar-beams should be 1 1-4 
by 5 inches, and ]ilaced six feet below the ridge, with every other pair of 
rafters double collar-beamed ; that is, with a collar-beam nailed upon each 
side of the rafters. This will make a strong shingle roof. The collar- 
beams will be some 20 feet long, and will be about as good a support to 
the roof as purlin-beams. The colhir-beanis should be as high as tlie 



■.!t| 



ll.l.l SI'IJAII:1) .sl<>( K imcrni;. 



I.;irn would \>r lik.'lv (o l.r lillrd. so llial iio r.ioiii will !><• lol , :m(l flin 

liMi-ii will lie |ir;iclicM ll\ IVif I'roiii oli-.! riid iiiii 1o pit cliiiiL; \\ il li .1 lior-.c-C(irk. 

••Ill llir lifiils, wlicrc llic iToss-jicaiiis ;ir<' iniscd licnrh In llic |i1mI<'S, 

llicrc iiiiisl lie ;i licMiii rriiluc'd iiilo llic |mi-Is on cacli side id' llic iloor, 1 ;i 

Tccl aitoM' llir silU, lo corrcsi | wil li I lie of licr l.caiiis o\ cr llic Iloor, 

upon winch scal't'oldiiic' may lie placed j'or usiiiu' lli' room o\ci- llic iloor. 
It remain-- only lo lie meiilioiied ihal llic inlerior sills are four cross-sills. 
10 feel aparl, lo lie I he liarn to-cllicr al I he liollom. and two ^ills rumiiiii;- 
leiicthwisc. Dill' on each side id' llie Mom' — thai is, llie eenir<' of each of 
Ihese loiii:- sills is iilae.'d S feel fi-.uii (he eenire of the liarii. The joists 
foi tiie hays will run from these long sills on ejieli side of the llooi- to the 
outside sill — alxiut iM feet. Kaeli of these huiii' sills come o\er a I'ow of 
stanchliMi liniliers in the liasemeiit lielow." 




lAKMKlt llUill'TY S eATTI.K. 

riie reailer will see that these wiiiiis aliove the hasoniont aro l)uil(. in 
the simplest manner, iisiiic no sur|)lus uiaterial, and as elieai) as may l>o 
consistent with streiieth and duraliility. 

Basements for Cattle. 



••We will now e\amiii<' the .■oust ruction of the liasemcnts of (lioso lonjr 
wilijis. The wall under ea( h of these w iiics, if liiiilt <d' eone|-ele, 1 "1 
melios (hick at IkiIIohi, 1l' inches at the top aii<l eiulit feci liicli. '"''m?;' 
41)0 feet Ion-:-, would contain 1,1 10 ( ul>ie feet, and could !><■ huilt in most 



(ATTi.i:, HOW lo siii:i,ri;i;. 



r)!t5 



])liic<'s for 1(» i-ciifs per ciil/ir f'n(il,ijr *lll piTwiiijr. 'I'Ik' wmH iiiidcr 
flic ci'iilci- would !><■ 1,1 in .iiliic led, ;il|(l coM $111. 'I'lic w;ill iiiidcr 
flic entire sijii.irc rro-- liai'ii woiilil cost $1.S()(). The lonj^' sides would 
i-"<|uii-e soMi-'tliiiiL'- to stilVcii the wall sidcwisc ; liut :i jiicr liuilt n^iniiist 
flic \\;ill oil tlic inside would ln' in flic w:i\ , iiiid on the outside would 
look iinsiiihlh : so to ;i\oid the neces it y of such piers, let ,-i J lie nnide 
of siroiii;- iron, s,iv f hree-foiirl lis liy two inches, 'i'lie hni"' end <if 
flic T would he ;il)out 'JO inches, iiiid hiiilt into the w;ill, iind the cross lie 
iUTo.ss fhe to|. of th" will direct ly under t he sill . The end of f he J should 
))rojci-t lieyond the : ill on e;ich side i':\v enough to li:i\e ;i f liree-(|ljart('r 
inch hole jiiiiiclicd, info whi'-h to iiiserf, a piece, of fli(! .siinic llaf iron, six 
inches loiii;-, louiided at one end. 'i'liis will uflach flu; wall lo the sill. 

There should lie four of flicse f s for each side one near each ci'oss 

sill '10 feef ajiart. This will lif)ld the whole wall fo flic heani, and 
jircvent ;iiiy swayiuL''. 'I'liese loii2' sides will i;i\c room for insert ine 




lAli.MKK hI„\CK S SIIKI.TKI!, 



plenty of windows for iigiit, the fraines lieiiifr into the boxers, and tho con- 
crete built over tli(!ni. The sash may he, huiij^ on a jiivot in tlie ccMitre, 
so as to open easily to give ventilation af certain s(!asous ; but the fresli 
air should lie introduced tlnougii the wall near the bottom, tlirougii liard 
JniriKMl earfhcii or ])ofterv ])i|)cs, l-'i-incli bore, just long enough fo reach 
throngii the wall. These |)ip«'s may Im' |ai<l in flie bo.xes, beddc<l in fhe 
conerete, and f he concref e fainp<'(l down u|ioii them. 'I'licy may be placed 
ten feet apail. and will not weaken flic wall. Close covers may be tilted 
to the inside, so as to shut fliem ouf af will : and with ))io))ir ventilators 



!^,[\(\ II,l,llSTI{ATI':i) STOCK IxtCl'OIi. 

to (I isfliii !•;;■(• (he Ii(':i1(mI mikI \it iiitcd air I lirdiiiili I he upper part of (he barn, 
tluTf \^ill I"' .'I t'Diislaiil circiilal loll of t'lt'sli air I liroiijrli tlic hasciiiciil . 

Olio oilier |)()iiit iimst l)e iiienrioiicd in ref'eiciK c to I lie wall. A concrete 
wall contains a larije amount of nioistiire, and if llic sills are to he phwed 
on liefore the wall becomes (juite (by, wliicii is tisnaliy llie case, tho 
moisture will pass up into tlie ureen liinlicr of tiie sill, form a coatin<; of 
lime on il, and pr<'\ciil tiie sap from cscapiiii;-, and tlie result is a rapid 
dcca\ of llie limber. To prevent tins, tai<c will-scasoned ])iiie boards, 
12 iiiclies wide, coat one side with ;j;'as tar, and bed this |arre(| side in the 
■mortal on top of tli<^ wall. The sills ar(^ laid on tins leveled board, and 
no moistures eiui come through this board into llie sill to rot il . 

Arranging tlie Basement. 

These lonj; stables iiiusl lie laid out so as to render the labor as convi^i- 
ient as possible. 'I'lure must be easy access to every animal in tli(^ stable, 
and this boconies more important when one thousaiul cattle are to be ])]•()- 
vided f(n-. ("allh^are most, easily attended when ])laccd in double rows 
with I heir beads Innii'd towards one fei'diiii:; lloor. 

Ill the loiii;- b.asemeni , Hie lirsl row of slaiicliion posts will lie placed 
seven feet, fr(Mn the lirsl wall, on ihcside of the lirsl feeding- ll,„,r, 11 
fe<^l wide. On I he ol her side of I he feeding:- llooi- is the second row of 
stanchion posts, comiliL;' up under one id' the loni;- sills, as described be- 
fore. Two and one-half feet beinjj; occupied hy inaii;j;ers on each side of 
this lloin-, will leave nine feet for a drive-way. Alonji' this lloor may 
pass a cart or waj^on, with <>reen food in Suininer, or foililer in \\'inler. 
The third row of stanchion posts will lie 1C> feet from the last, under the 
second lon,<i' sill, on the side of the set'ond feeding floor; and the fourth 
row will be fourteen feet from the third, on the other side of the second 
feedinjf lloor, and seven feet from the other wall, llei-e two rows of 
eatlle stand, with their tails to the walls, and the two middle rows stand 
tail to tail, faciiiii' upon opposite Ihxus. The largest animals should be 
plaia'd in middle rows, as there is the most room. These sl.anchion posts 
are placiMl .'! feet '2 inches from center to center, and the cattle arc be.st 
f.aslencd to the center of a chain strclchinii- from staph' to staple driven 
into each stanchion posi . These chains slide up and down on staples. 
The manirers may be placed I'O inches from the eround, and, \vitli long 
staples, the <attle may lie down comfortably. One of the best ways to 
feed eatlle, with plenty of bedding and muck for deodorizing, is to let 
them stand three or four months on tan manure, and, the mangers being 
placed nigh, the manure may aceumulate two feet deep under them, and 
thev mav keep (piiet dean, with Ihe bedding and muck, and the manure 



CATTI.K, HOW TO SIIKI/rKK. 597 

will be troddeu so liard iis to fcrnicnt very little. When a lot of ciittk- 
are sold, then wagons may l)c driven throuiih to earry off manure. I 
have seen cattle fed in this maimer, carded daily, and kej)t quite cleau. 
standing on their manure for four months, 

Thc^so feeding. floors, as descril>ed, stretch through the whole length of 
the barn. A feeding car passes through two wings, and, having' a tui'n- 
table, may pass through any wing. Feed may ho, dropped througli u 
chute on the side of the upper floor into the car wherever placed on an}' 
feeding floor. This foi'iii of bani gi\'<'s every facility for cutting and 
cooking the food — a larger engine, placed in the center, cutting, grinding 
and cooking all the food ; and this also offers the best facility for soiling 
three thousand head in Summer, if such should be necessary. In the 
West, however, \vh(U'e only the feeding of such large uumber.s of catlK^ 
would be ])rofitab]c, soiling is out of tlu^ tpiestion. 

Adapting Means to the End. 

Xo person can possil)lv know ,so well wiiat an individual 'wants as 
himself, if he he a reflecting ni;iii. The aniiitei't scarcely ever gives 
attention to the planning of liains. TIk^ best b;irns in a country are 
those of inlcliigciit fanners wlio have carefully observed tin; conveniences 
of \ariiiiis kinds in tlu^ barns of tlieir friends in the localities visited, and 
who when in building their own varied tiiem to suit their own wants. 
Kor this I'eason wo have simply given outlines of those' illustrated with 
dcscrijjtions of othei-s ada))ted to various numbers of cattle. See pp. .'JHH, 
590, 5111. To give the cost wouhl l>e a waste of space that may be better 
cmi)loycd. 'J'his will vary with locality and the price of material, and 
anv master carpenter or mason will (pjiekly estimate them. As a rule, 
tlu! elaborates and well furnished structure is not the most convenient 
one, but tiicise which liavis the greatest number of permanent conven- 
iences, and in which the space is most thoi-oughly economized. Ihmce 
within the last few. years, or since the general introduction of improved 
machincrv, farm barns have undei'gone a complete change in the manner 
of consirn<'t ion. 

Fornierlv barns wei-e comparatively low structures where everything had 
to be dolus bv manual labor; it was not econoiny to pile up hay, grain, 
or other farm jjroduce, story after story ; tins labor of lifting, orcari'ving 
did not i)av. Since the invention of hoisting naciiincs and hay carriers, 
the inv(sntion of modern windmills, grinding mills, horse ])owcrs and 
other labor-saving machinery, twenty-five feet posts are not unusual, and 
no barn should be built of le>> tlian two stories. 



r,()>^ ii,i,ijSTi{Ari;i) siocK nocroi!. 

'IMit'iH' ai'c lew f.irnis wlicrc (lie draiiiau'c is so )>(>(>i- or llic land so Icvi'l 
Imt that a dfclivity sutlici(.'Mt for a liasc-iiiciit l)ai-ii may \w liad, Ity tlirow- 
iiii' tlio cxcaNatt'd jiortioii up to assist in foi'minj^ the trackway (>"!■ rise to 
tlic main floor. W'mdniills arc now so nearly automatic in llicir working- 
tliat tiii'\' ma\' \cr\' safely lie trusted to [irctty much lake care of Ihem- 
selx'cs. 'riierefore. in all the more pretentious farm harns, t hey should 
he liuilt with special reference to the erection of a windmill on top. 
This ina\' lie used foi- a \ai-iety '>( purposes, cuttini:- fodder, iiriudini:- 
yrain, puuipini;' \\at<'r, heine- it,- principal W(irk. if the water is eollect<'d 
m a reservoir in the center (d' the mow it will not I'ri'c/c, and the 
l)ivssur(' will always he c(pial, and thus the water may he carried in pipes 
iiuv distance, to the house or the dairy, and hcconie a most saluahle 
ccononn'. 

In tlu' huildiiiL:' <if h.irns ot superior size W(> lia\-e >/\\f]\ descriptions of 
all hut the circular h.-irn, which can hardly he calh'd a practical oi' 
economical struetiir<', and the octaLiiin liarns will <-ome under the same 
catcu('f\ : for while eeonomical in respe<'t to space, they arc more <'ostly 
to huild, if foi- no other reas(Ui than that they are unusual. We there- 
fore iH'commeiid the s(|uare harii in c\ery case when the width is to he 
fortv or more feet, with not less than twenty feet posts. This, with the 
the hasemeiit. will i!l\e two or three stories as necessity may re(|iiire. 
The hasement id' course will he used for the stahlcs, and if additional 
room he needed one or two wiiiLls ni.'iy he added, .and when farther space 
is needed two more. The diaeranis showiiie- the inlernal ari-ane-einents 
may easily he ohtanu'd to suit such a strndiire wliile pursuing:- the u'eueral 
featur<'s of econoiiiieal and lahor-s,a\ ini;- utility. 

Summer Shelter. 

Willie the (lucstion of Winter shelter is of flu> tirst importance, it is 
lu'ce.s.sary tliat Summer shelter he pro\iilcd, and aUo lor prote<tion 
iijraiusi the inclement st(U-ms of Sprm"- after stock has heeii put upon 
l)asture. Duriiiii' the feeding' st'ason the sheds and hariis will sullice ; 
liefoiT i)asliires are flush the WintiT slielter can he utilized, for some food 
must he <;ivcii mu-ht and morniiii:-. Durine- the preyalence of storms the 
stock will of <'ourse he kept up and fi'd. Later, however, it will not he 
found iiraclic.alilc. Wii.at is wanted is a iMiiu'c whei'e stock ni;iy not only 
he secure fnnii tlie winds td' dnv ini:' storms, hut where they may retire 
for slielter durnie- the c\lr<'ine heat n{ Summer days. 

We do not hclieye in sliaded pastures. 'IMiey are poetic hut in.t prac- 
tical. 'I'he ohject ill kceium;- stock is to make tliem eat :is mucli as possi- 
l.le. 'I'll.- pasture sliould he devoted to iiTass. If shaded hy siiiiile trees 
here and there, stock will very often li.aunt these when tliev should he 



CAI TI.K, MOW I'o SIIKI.IKII. 



.")!»!» 



focdiiiii'. A^'llil(' in iiioliciii in tliciicl of L;rMziiiii- 1 iic\' do nol, siifTcr from 
licilt. 'riicl-ffol-c it is liclt<T lli;i( Ihcv lie ol,li-C(| 1o do sonii^ I r;i vcl to 
rcnrli tlid slijidc, Mud this sliiidc if DndirnI will L'cncr.'dl y lime. wiiUu" near. 
If iiol , tlu! artiticial shade shoiihl lie L'i\i'ii .il sikIi |)lnc<'s A\licr(! wator 
may }>v had from mills or ponds niosl clK'aply. 




I'as]oi;a]. s( em;. 



The aiTompanymi;' cul will show how this aiiiliciid shelter is aci-om- 
|ilisli(M[ l)o(|[ liy isolated trees in tlii' past lire and li\' clumiis and u'rox'es in 
tilt; distance. As |)re\-ion>l \' staled, the siniiie trees we condemn, and 
they have ))e<>n introdneed toillnstrate t he |iomt , ami at the sann' time 
•rive, effect to a most ])leasanl ))Mstoi'al scene, and whi<'h any farnici- may 
(jl)tain in a gently unduhidnL;' <onnlry. 

Where to Plant Shelter. 



Tliis sludter shoidd lie planti'(l aloiii;- the crest of ridp's, ahoiit tinllies 
and ra\in(^s, and in tact w herc\ cr t In^ soil is not .adapted to cnlti\alion. 
These j)oinls will lie especialU' soniiht dnriiiL!' the heat of Sninnici\ ,-ini| 
tlic tiiid)('r will e\'entually more than pay the cost of plantinii' in any 
l)rairic country. All liiiih points are L;-eiierally free to a, L;reat cxtiait fioni 
liitinii' iii.sc<'ts. 'I'he ravines will afford shcllei- from winds ami dri\ini^ 



fJOO II.MSTKATKr) STOCK DOCTOK. 

stoiiiis, and also will lie \aliial)lc as places wluTc permanent wat(M- may 
he iiad either naturally or artiticially l»y drauiing. In lieu of this plant 
shelter lieits and <j:roves nc^ar the low places where water may he had, or 
near natiiial water holes on the farm. 

What to Plant. 

For dry soil, anywhei-e south of 42 degrees, the Oatalpa (Sped osa) 
will he found hardy. The variety Bi(j noiiioide.s is not hardy in the West 
north of ahout HM degi-ees, lilack. walnut is valuahle, so are all the 
maples, the eotton-wood does well almost anywhere, and if care is taken 
lo piiicui-e cuttings of the male variety, (this tree hears male and female 
llowcrs on separate trees), you will have no trouhle with the hlowing 
ahout of the cotton during seeding time. Kvergreons may he planted 
altnosl anywhere if the soil he modeiateh- dry- The Norway spruce is 
most \aliiahle, and next to this the white pine. For low lands, cotton- 
wood, the soft majiles, and the white, the hlack and the golden willow 
will he indicated. Thus th(^ farmer will liiid that this (|nesti(>ii of shel- 
ter, while one of the most iin])ortant of the many connected wjth farm 
economy — the points relating to Summer shelter — will in the end prove 
one of the lii-st ])ayiiig investments in a prairie country of any in tin; 
whole category. 



CHAPTER V. 



HOW TO PASTURE, TEED AND WATER. 



ABOUT PASTURAGE. CLOVERS THAT DO WELL. — ^UNDESIRABLE CLOVERS. ALFALFA. 

THE TRUE GRASSES. TIMOTHY, OR CAT's TAIL GRASS. BLUE GRASS. RED 

TOP. ORCHARD GRASS. FOWL MEADOW GRASS. TIME FOR PASTURING. WA- 
TERING. FEEDING STOCK CATTLE. HOW TO PEED. FEEDING MILCH COWS. 

About Pasturage. 

Tho subject of pasture and meadow is one of the most important with 
whieh the farmer has to deal. It makes feed in Summer and forage in 
Winter. Yet, in the United States, nearly all our meadows consist of 
one clover and one grass ; in other words, timothy and clover are our 
great meadow plants, and the addition of blue grass to this forms the 
bulk of our pasturage, always excepting, of course, the vast areas of wild 
grasses that still cover the great prairies and vast plains of the West, yet 
to be brought into cultivation by man. 

Until within the last few years, or until tiii' dairy interest began to 
assume such gigantic proportions, farmers got along well enough with 
these ; for, where stock raising for beef is the sole object, and wild 
grasses are plenty and grain easily raised, and consequently cheap, a very 
few grasses will suffice ; but the impetus given to dairying within the last 
few years, has fairly shown that the best results, nay, that even fair suc- 
cess cannot be had with a few grasses. This the dairymen in New York 
State came to understand years ago, and yet so little was known of the 
adaptal)ility of varieties to soils and climate, that our best farmers 
worked l)lindlv in experimenting, and unfortunately, our botanists could 
do litrle more than furnish long strings of mere classical names of varie- 
ties as they were known in books, and could give almost no information 
as to their adaptability. 



i\0-j ii.i.rs'i'KATKi) siocK i)(>( roji. 

Clovers that Do Well. 

l'r{lclic;lll\ , I lie cloxci's lire col Milled lo I lircc spfcics. I'"irNl , red clovi'T, 
nutunil to all soils lliiil arc a(la|)lc(| lo (he <'ereal crops, as wheat, I'Vi.', 
Iiarle\ , oals and corn, or such rich soils as do not heave under the frosts 
of Winter and Spriiie-. If so, clo\'er is apt to lie Ihrown out, or at least 
to he so heaved as lo lie praci icall v worthless, espeiially so from the fact 
that it is really a liieiiiiial plant ; that is, dyiiiii' (uil at the end of tlic sec- 
ond ^■ear if allowed to seed. 

Tlie next clover in ^icncral use is Dutch, or white clover. 'I'his does 
well on soils somewhat moist, althoueji it will not stand lloodiiiii-. It is 
not especially relished hy cattle, and at some seasons is apt- to jiive horses 
wiial is termed the slolihers ; that is, it eaiis<'s tlieiii to form saliva to such 
a deii'i'ce that it drops from the mouth fr<'ely. Cattle do not relish it, 
and it can hardly lie called ijdod feed for horses. .V small portion of it 
in a perm.Miienl pasture does not come amiss, yet it is so natural to manv 
soils that, like the plantain, which the lndi:ins liavi termed the white 
man's fool, white clover they have called th<' while iiiaiTs i;rass. 

The only olher variety of clover that we can reeommeiid for eiilliva- 
tiou, is .Vlsike, sometimes called Swedish clover. This does well on 
moist land, and even hears some Hoodiiiii'. W'r consider it the next in value 
to red clover, and altoiicther lietter |iasl iire than while clover. It also 
iiiiikes i>;()od liay on soils too wet for red clover. 

Undesirable Clovers. 

There are a mimlier of other species <if clover, some of them indigenous 
to tlle^^'est, which we only mention as a caution aiiainst their lieiiifT 
sown. These arc : I W(i species of so called l'>uffalo I'lover; tli<' iiprieht 
and the running;' I'luffalo clovers; Ihi' iiprii:ht or vellow clover; and the 
low hop chiver, ,i lialf-creepiiii; varictv . There is onlv one more vai'ietv 
worth incnt ionim;', and this simply as a vvarnini;' to farmers nol to sow it, 
except for lice past iiraiic, ;ind then onlv when it inav not liecomc a 
troulilcsomc weed. We h,-i\e reference lo the tree clover or Hokhara clo- 
ver, specilicallv the w hit e-l!ovv ered meliloliis. It has heen recommended 
as valualile for soiliiiL; : that is, for ciittino- li'reen for feediiifr to stock in 
stiiliies. We ii'ive I he same advice aiiout sovvinif this clover that the 
erahhed lawyer did lo a youni;' client who aske<l his advice aliout i;ettinjx 
married — llmi' I . 

Alfolfa. 

The case is different with alfalfa, the .'~i|i,inish name for a plant known 
liotanicalh as mediccK/o, and, in Kiiirlish li\ its l''rench name Luzerne. 



CATTLi;, HOW I'O I'ASTUKK, KTC. CO.'J 

This is \':ilii;ii)l(' ill soils ;i(l:i|)(('(l to it, (k'l'j) dry .soils not suhjcct to liiird 
frcc/iiii; ill \\'iiil('r. In Cilifornia it luis boconn^ onv of tin' st;ind:ird 
forage cicips. In sonic of the far west plains country it will undoubtcdl) 
he foiiiHl lo slaiid well, as it will ill 'i'cxas and New Mexico. In Soiitii 
America, in llie \ast i;ra/,iiiir rcfzioii, it has hcconic thoroughly naturali/od, 
and is well worthy of trial \\hcrc\(r the Winters will not he too cold foi' 
it, sav soutli of forty degrees north latilndi'. 

The True Grasses. 

It is to these that we nuist really look foi' our pastni-c plants, outside 
the few clovers \y^\ have mentioned. It is a vast, as it is the most impor- 
tant of plants to man, coniprising sonu' 2.'')(> hotanical geiuTa, and not 
less than ;i,()()(l species, and incliitles all our cei-eal gr.'iiiis, as wheat, rye, 
liarlcy, oats, corn, etc. 

Il would not l)e in jjlace, in this work to enter into a history of grass, 
and the chanK'teristies of the .several speeio.s, valuable as they may he. 
(ha- i-eaders nnist therefore be content with a list of some of the more 
important varieties, as they have been tried, and theii' seasons, and some 
of their characteristics; and this more for their value as pasture than 
hay, and for reasons prmiously given. 

Timothy, or Cat's Tail Grass. 

The first in importance is timothy ; a better name, as more pcrfectlv 
describing its charaeteristies, would be cats-tail grass, by which it i.s 
known in Kngland. It does well in all clayey or clay loam soils that are 
not too w<'l. .•iiid makes the best hay of any of our grasses. Foi- pasture 

il is among the least valuable, if Me except cattle, sine le peculiai'ily 

is that just at the ground it forms a bulb, which if bitten in I'losc i^razing, 
as hoises, sheep and hogs ar(^ apt to do, it dies. It is .also a grass that 
will not bear hard tramping. 

Bluo Grass. 

This is the great pasture grass of the Western States, in its two varie- 
ties, Kentucky bluo gra.ss, which flourishes best south of fort \- deirrees 
north latitude, and wire gra.ss, which is found well up into Wisconsin and 
.Minnesota. Here again is confusion of common ii.ames.' In I'eiins\ Ivaiiia 
il is called green grass, and this is really , a siiggesli\c name. Il realh 
remains green early .and late, longer than any other o.f our ciilli\alc(| 
grasses. 

lilue gi'ass foi'ms a tough, lirm sward, springing eai'lv in the Sprini;-, 



604 ILLUSTKATEU STOCK DOCTOR. 

growing kite in the Full, and holding its substtmce well in the Winter. 
So that after Iwing pastured in Spring if allowed to grow on through the 
Summer and Autumn, cattle and other stock may be wintered on it 
admirably, when deep snow does not cover the ground. Both varieties 
are found in their best perfection in limestone soils, although tliey do 
well ac'cording to latitude on all strong, rich, and even on some "rather 
tliiii soils if well drained. Neither variety is adapted to wet soils. It 
cannot be called a hay grass, its great value being for pasturage. 

Red-Top. 

The next grass in importance, because found to do well on a great 
variety of soils, is red-top. It makes good hay and is valuable for 
jjasturage. It should be more generally cultivated than it is, lieing 
adapted to a very considerable range of soils, neither very wet nor very 
drv. As before stated, in Pennsylvania this is called herd's grass, and we 
may add in Rhode Island it is known as Burden's grass. While red-top 
has a goodly range of soils to which it adapts itself fairly, it does best 
on a rather moist soil, flowering rather late, or about the same time or 
later than timothy. It dries out considerably in curing into hay, and is 
not very rich in sugar, gum or starch, three important elements in feeding. 
It is a strictly perennial species, and forms a pretty dense sod, when well 
established. 

Orchard Grass. 

This is really one of the most \aluable grasses for extensive trial as a 
flrst-class pasture grass in the whole list of cultivated grasses. The 
wonder is that a grass so generally regarded as excellent in Europe, should 
have made its way so tardily in this gi-ass country. This is probably 
from its habit of growing in tufts where sown thinly. It is one of the 
earliest of the grasses to start in the Spring, is strictly a perennial, starts 
freely after being grazed or mown, and if sown thickly makes excellent 
hay. It thrives better than most of the grasses in a partial shade, and 
hence its common name, orchard grass. 

For pasture it should be sown at the rate of not less than two l)ushels 
of seed per acre, — three bushels is lietter. It is very light, weighing only 
fourteen pounds per bushel. When sown for hay we have had excellent 
success by seeding at the rate of sixteen pounds of orchard grass, and ten 
pounds of clover per acre. It is excellently adapted to sowing with red 
clover, since it blossoms more nearly with clover than almost any other 
of the grasses. 



CATTLE, HOW TO PASTUllE, ETC. tiC)/) 

Fowl Meadow Grass. 

This is another most valual)lc grass, considered especiall^^ so for ha^-, 
and to our mind quite valua))le for pasturage, particularly for dairy stock. 
Like prairie hay it is quite free from dust, and at the same time it possesses 
all the essential elements of nutrition in a high degree. In all new coun- 
tries the first dependence must be on the wild grasses. The real difficulty 
is, farmers do not undertake the cultivated grasses until forced to. If a 
trial of the important varieties here noticed shall lead to the testing of 
still other sorts, the time will soon come when our farmers will wonder 
how they could have gone on so long without appreciating at their true 
value many varieties, that the aim and scope of this work precludes even 
the mention. 

Time for Pasturing. 

It is important that cattle be not only fully fed but that they have tlieir 
feed at regular intervals. Where stock are driven to and from pasture 
they should be turned on soon after daylight in the morning, and not taken 
out imtil sundown. It is especially necessary that they get the grass 
while yet it is covered with dew. So, where stock are kept and fed in 
stabFes, the first feed should be gi\'en early in the morning, just what they 
will eat clean. This should be supplied not less than three times a day ; 
and at night, to insure full stomachs, some extra feed as meal, shorts, 
etc., should l)c added. 

Salt should be kept where the animals can get it at will. They M'ill 
thus get enough for their wants, and just as they want it, and will eat less 
than where supplied at the stables, or out-of-doors, at irregular times. 
Irregular feeding of salt is one of the M^orst possil)le practices. Salt is a 
cathartic when given in large doses, and this danger should be avoided. 

In Winter, whether the animals are kept in stal)les, in sheds, in feeding- 
yards or in the shelter of groves, the s;ime regularity of feeding should 
l)e observed. Stock should also be graded, if possible, so there will be 
no very strong and very weak ones together. And those of a given age 
should be fed together. Where animals are fed in groves or in fields a 
much larger, and, in fact, more irregular drove, as to age and strength, 
may be kept together, than under open sheds or in close feeding-yards. 
Feed early always, as soon after daylight as the animals can see to feed, 
and let the last mess at night be given so as to be well finished just before 
dark. Wlieu fed in stables the same rule should be observed. Early 
and late feeding of good fodder, and in such (|uantities as they will eat 
tolerably clean, is what keeps growing animals going right along. This 



()()(; ILLUSTHATIOI) STOCK DOCTOK. 

is wliat tht! wise feeder seeks, for thus he s.ecures the best possible gain, 
with the least loss in daily natural waste of the pliysical system. 

Watering. 

Whetiier it be \\'iiiter or Summer, it is iil)s()lut(^ly ueeessary that cattle 
have an abundanee of water. Witiiout this, given at regular times, there 
can t)e no protit to tiie feeder. Cattle may be driven to it twice a day, if 
tlic conditions are such that they cannot be fed in the same range where 
till' watci' lies. WiuMi cattle are kept in sta1)les, it is altogether better 
that tlie watci' be conducted there in pipes so as to run directly into their 
drinking trougiis. It will be found cheapest in the end. If there is no 
living water, do not depend upon holes cut in the ice of ponds. It is not 
only dangerous to the cattle, but will (!ost more in the end than any other 
plan of watering. If the water is to be taken from wells, or ponds, erect 
a good windmill, with suitable tanks, with pipes so they will not freeze, 
leading to amjjle troughs. Let these be in the yards where the stock 
take their rest, or else in the feeding ranire. Then see that they have 
l)leiity of it, and plenty of salt where tiiey can lick it at will. If the cattle 
arc to be fed out-of-doors on ear corn and hay, see that proper troughs 
are jjrovided for corn and racks for hay ; let them be large and ample. 
Where this is done, clost^ yards shoukl be provided with warm shelter and 
water. 

Feeding Stock Cattle. 

In wintering stock calth' the main dependence will be hay or corn 
fodder. These, if good, are perfect food, that is fed together, or hay 
fed alone will keep cattle growing, if they do not suffer from the cold. 
In feeding the same rule should be adopted as in fattenhig cattle. See 
that they are not given enough to waste, but do not force them to eat 
rougii, coarse, stalky or weedy iiay clean. No animal ever did well on 
food it did not like. To make money in growing cattle they must not go 
hungry Winter or Summer. If the fodder is prairie hay see that the 
best and softest is reserved for the calves, and next best for the cows. 
The oxen and steers will do fairly well on hay somewhat coarser. 

How to Feed. 

Calves should Iwn c some grain daily ; oats arc best, one (juart eai'li, or 
the equivalent in other grain. Cows expected to calve the succeeding 
Spring, should have from four to six ears of corn daily, or its equivalent 
in some other gniin ; and oxen wlicn not workiny', about the same. 



CATTi,i:, now lo I'AsrriiE, etc. (507 

When workinsr, pive thr saiiio us lo a fatti'iiiiij; steer, f)r al)oiit a half 
bushel a day. 

Cattle inteiide<i for fattening the succeeding year should have especial 
care the previous Winter. They should have feed enough to keep them 
growing right along, say about half the (juantit}' of grain given to fatt(Mi- 
ing steers, that is, allowing the feeders do not believe in forchig the animal 
from calfhood constantly, until ready for the butcher. The best and 
mo.st successful feeders do force, and none that we know who have ever 
tried it could ever be induced to go back to the old way of letting .stock 
make a gain in Summer, to lose half or more of it in Winter. 

Feeding Milch Cows. 

Whatever the plan of feeding or sheltering cattle for the butcher — of 
course, fattening cattle will have more attention given them, so far as 
food, water, and shelter are concerned — milch cows inuHt have soft food. 
No dairyman ever made any money by feeding cows in milk on drv hay, 
ear corn, or dry grain ; for cows it nnist lie ground. 

In feeding, the owner wll, of course, be guided by the relative value 
of food in the market. If possible, a little ground oil-cake should form 
a daily portion, about half a pound per cow. In all the West, corn-meal 
is the cheap(!st food, except in the neighl)orhood of large merchatit flour- 
ing mills. One great difficulty with corn-mc^al is it is heating. It should 
be fed almost measure for measure with bran ; ten pounds of this with 
the addition of half a pound of ground oil-cake, with plenty of good hay, 
will I)e liberal feeding. If the cow will eat fifteen pounds of meal and 
bran, it will be wise economy to give it to her. She will not eat so much 
hay, and in a corn country hay is dearer than corn, and as a rule an acre 
of corn is raised fully as cheap as an acre of hay. 




CHAPTEK VI. 



BENEFITS or KIND AND CAREFUL TREATMENT. 



FEEDING FOR PROFIT. AS BETWEEN WELL AND ILL KEPT STOCK. HEAVY WEIGHTS. 

PROFIT IN EARLY MATURITY. MAKE BEEF YOUNG. BABY BEEF. FEEDING; COST 

IN ENGLAND. SUMMER FEEDING. ANIMAL WASTE. ANIMAL HEAT. ADVAN- 
TAGES OF SUMMER AND WINTER FBEDIN(;. 

Feeding for Profit. 

It should require no aroumeiit to show the iK'iiefits of kuid and consid- 
erate treatuieut iu the rearing of live stock of an}' kind, and in the treat- 
ment after thoy l)cconie mature. One reason why so many persons fail 
to be suecessful in fattening stock is that they do not use due considera- 
tion in their treatment. The man who kicks and clubs his stock, or 
allows his iiired help to do so, never yet produced a prize steer, and never 
will. Ohesity and activity do not go together, neither will undue excita- 
hiUty allow of a steady increase in fat. Hence the feeder, for the sake 
of his pocket, should see that fattening cattle are kept entirely quiet. To 
insure this the sagacious breeder avoids not only cattle naturally irritaljle, 
i)ut those raised by persons of known bad or brutal temper. We have 
known a stable of cattle thrown off their feed for days by a sudden fright. 
Those frights are (juite apt to occur from the slightest causes. Where 
strange cattle, raised half wild, are confined together — and this is not 
rare among stock that have been picked up indiscriminately, and what 
are known as woods or prairie cattle — the tirst effort of the sagacious 
feeder is to get the confidence of the stock. This is only accomplished 
by gentleness, not by any means inconsistent with firmness. The cattle 
must know and obey their master. Their knowledge of him nmstbethat 
thev receive food and kind treatment at his hands, and not stabs with the 



CATTLE, KIND TUEATMENT. 009 

fork, nor beatings with the liandk", or kicks, l)ecause they liappcn to stand 
within reach of some brutal feeder. The inference is that the humane 
man is apt to have humane help ; the brutal stock man vnW have brutal 
lielp, and the stock will be very apt to partake of the character of their 
master. 

As between well and ill-kept Stock. 

Aside from some wealthy professional men, havinii' suburban farms, 
stock is kej)t solely for the protit it will l)rinii. The stock of amateurs 
are not only carefuU}' houscid and fed, })ut they are kept at the height of 
perfection, so far as costly appointments and careful grooming is con- 
cerned. The practical man arrives at the same results in a different and 
cheaper way, but none the less certainly. His shelters may be of the 
most homely kind, even made with poles and slough hay, but are warm 
and comfortable. He cannot afford iron mangers and water pipes through 
his stables, but his troughs are tight and solidly built, and his animals are 
regularly fed and watered. He will not have blankets in winter and 
sheets in summer, but his animals will be well and carefully fed, and 
sheltered from the earliest age until ready for sale. 

The humane man will get ten dollars more for a cow because she will 
be gentle and well trained to give down her milk without resistance. His 
steers will bring from one to two cents per pound extra in market, for 
the reason that the constant care given them will have resulted in extra 
weight and condition. Let us see what t\vo cents per pound amounts to. 
His steer of a given age, say three years, is fed from birth so that it has 
never fallen in condition, but has constantly gained, and will weigh from 
1300 to 1600 pounds, according to the breed. The steer of the man who 
does not believe in feeding nor proi)erly treating his animals, will weigh 
off of gi-ass 900 or 1000 pounds. The good feeder will get five-and-a- 
half cents per pound gross weight, or $71 ..OO for the 1300 lb. steer, and $88 
for the heaAaer one. The poor feeder will get, say three cents per pound, 
or $27 to $30. One may see this every day of the year at the stock-yards 
of our western cities. It does not cost $20 more to make the good steer 
than the poor one ; so the enhanced profits ai-e nearly $25 in the one case 
and $48 in the other ; in other words, the good and humane feeder gets 
the enhanced price on the poor feeder's 1000 jxjunds, and on what he has 
put on besides by his considerate care and constant good feeding. We 
liave partially shown this in another part of the work, in alluding to the 
daily animal waste. That is an integer. This animal waste may be pro- 
duced excessively, whatever the system of feeding, if animals are sul)- 
jected to frights and bruises, as well as by exposure to storms and lack 
of sufficient food. 



g20 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

Heavy Weights. 

Until the inauguration of the Chicago Fat Stock Show, under the 
auspices of the Board of Agi'iculture of Illinois, very little reliable data 
could be had as to gain in feeding animals of various ages. It was well 
understood, however, that the young animal gained faster in proportion 
to the amount of food consumed, than the mature animal, and that the 
older and fatter the animal became, the less the daily gain. As showing 
actual facts we append the statements of exhibitors, sworn to in some of 
the more important claiises shown there, and the reports of connnittee 
thereon : 

"Among the hea\v cattle were the following, and credited to weigh, as 
taken fi-om the pasture and feeding yards, as follows : The steer Gov. 
Morton, 3,190 lbs ; Buniside, 2,870 ; Hoosier Boy, 2,640 ; Nels. Morris, 
2,840 pounds. The following are the actual weights as given by the 
connnittee, on animals 1 year to 4 years old : 

Messrs. Graves & Co., one steer 4 years old, 2,445 ; one steer 3 years 
old, 2,060. 

A. F. Moore, one steer 2 years old, 1,786. 

J. D. Gillett, one steer 3 years old, 2,139. 

Wing" &■ Thompson, one steer, 4 years old, 2,240; one steer 4 years 
old, 2,166; one cow, 1,525; one cow, 1,610. 

John B. Sherman, one steer 3 years old, 2,019. • 

J. N. Brown's Sons, one steer 2 years old, 1,446; one steer 2 years 
old, 1,449; one steer 2 years old, 1,636; one steer 2 years old, 1,316; 
one steer 2 years old, 1,246; one steer 1 year old, 1,338; one steer 1 
year old, 1,249 ; one steer 1 year old, 1,193. 

Dexter Curtis, one cow, 1,833; one cow, 2,042; one cow, 1,936." 

In this, of the interesting facts shown, is the great weight attained by 
one, two and three-year-old steers, as well as the gi-eat ultimate weights 
attained by mature oxen, viz. : Best one-year-old, weight 1,338 pounds ; 
best two-year-old, weight 1,786 pounds; best three-year-old, 2,139 
pounds ; and the heaviest 3,190 pounds. The crucial test in every 
examination being simply the value of the animal for the butcher. The 
records given below will repay the study, and the reports of the com- 
mittees, as given, will show the points upon which the decision was made ; 

The committee on Short-Horn steers, 4 years old and over, make the 
following report on ages, weights, and gains per day ; 



CATTLE, KIND TREATMENT. git 

CLASS A — CATTLB. SHORT-HORNS — THOR0CGBBRBD8. 

[TABLE 1]. 



EXHIBITOR. 



Age in Weight 
days. I Nov. 10, 
I 1879. 



Average 

gain per day 

in pounds 

since birth. 



1. W. W. Penfleld 

2. W. VV. Penfield 

3. J. H. Graves 

4. W'liig it Thompson . 
6. Wing & Thompson . 

Average 



2,500 


1.22 


2.438 


1.13 


2.415 


1.25 


2.166 


1.36 


2,250 


1.42 



2,3.58 



The committee in their report on this ring say : 

The ring was made up of a remarkably fine bunch of well-developed 
steers ; all were uniformly fat, with flesh well distributed in the most 
valuable portions of the carcass. 

Tlie animals reflected great credit upon the States in which they were 
fed, namely : Ohio, Kentucky, and Illinois. 

The first-premium steer was deep red in color, smooth and even through- 
out, with straight top and bottom lines ; broad, deep loin, well filled out ; 
round, smooth, compact barrel ; short in leg, with tine bone and small 
head. 

This steer excelled the others in the ring in having more good flesh on 
the back and loin, with a small portion of cheap, unsalable fat meat, 
with square, deep, .symmetrical quarters, well covered down to the knee 
and gambrel joint. 

The second-premium steer was a deep red steer of superior qualitv, and 
in choice condition for the block, and, in the main, as good as the fir.st- 
premium steer, l)ut was not as free from bunches of fat, especially on 
the rump. 

The remaining steers in the ring, while worthy of special commendation, 
were coarser and older than the prize-winners, and not as well filled out 
in the shoulder and thigh, and were patched. 

The first-premium steer was the youngest in the ring, and showed the 
largest average gain per day since birth. 

The second-premium steer stood second in this respect. 

SHORT-HORNS — THOROUGHBREDS. COWS THREE YEARS OR OVER. REPORT OF COMMITTEE. 

The ring consi.sted of eight cows of unusual excellence as a lot, showing 
great difference, however, in the matter of age, type, form and mode of 
handling. 

The aged animals were uneven, and carried too large a portion of meat 
of inferior quality ; too gross ; some were very badly patched. 



612 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 
[TABLE 2]. 



EXHIBITOK. 



Dexter Curtis 

Dexter Curtis 

E. K. & A. S. Brownlie. 

Sam. E. Prather 

Sam. E. Prather 

W. F. Gordon 

W. F. Gordon 

Wing & Thompson , 



Age in 
days. 



2,560 
3.667 
2,065 
2.731 
1,186 
3.064 
2.241 
1,428 

2,364 



Average gain 
per day 
since birth. 



0.70 
0..52 
0.86 
0.67 
1.25 
0.62 
0.74 
1.13 

.81 



The cows averaged over six years in age, and some were over ten years 
old. Some of the old breeding cows were very undesirable for the block, 
and the meat would not be rated as even medium. 

The Hrst-premium cow was a deep red and of the lot the finest in bone, 
head and neck, the smoothest and best proportioned throughout, with an 
extra well-filled fore and hind quarter. In the great depth and even dis- 
tribution of solid, mellow flesh, .straight top and bottom line, broad back, 
and thick loin, this cow excelled. 

The second-premium cow was somewhat coarser in head and not as 
smooth or evenly fatted, and rather deficient in back and loin ; otherwise 
as good as the first-premium animal. 

SHORT-HORNS — THOROUGHBRED. STEERS TWO AND UNDER THREE YEARS 

[TABLE 3]. 



No. 



EXHIBITOR. 



Age in 
days. 



Weight 

Nov. 10, 

1879. 



Average 
gain per day 
since birth. 



J. N. Brown's Sons. 
J. N. Brown's Sons. 
A. F. Moore 

Average 



845 
814 
953 



1,636 
1,449 

1,786 



1.93 
1.78 
1.87 



The committee reported on this ring as follows : 

This ring was composed of three very superior steers, showing unu.sual 
development and ripeness for age. In size, symmetry, and distribution 
of meat in the best cuts, they would pay the butcher the most profit, and 
furnish the consumer with the best quality of first-class meat. 

The first premium steer was red in color, had the best back and loin of 
the three steers, and showed the greatest development for age. Was the 
smoothest steer, with smaller head and lighter in horn ; small, neat, short 
neck, with the widest and deepest breast ; better in width of back and 



CATTLE, HEAVY WEIGHTS. (il3 

thickei' in loin. This steer was smooth and free from bunches, with tirm, 
solid and mellow flesh. The quarters were heavy and well pi'opoi'tioned 
and well tilled down to knee and gambrel joint. The shortness in leg 
and the fineness of bone is worthy of special mention. 

The second premium steer was a rich roan, not as evenly fatted as the 
first premium steer — more uneven top and bottom Kne than the first 
premium steer. 

STEERS THREE AND UNDER FOUR YEARS. 

[TABLE 4]. 



1 Age in Weight Average 
No. 1 EXHIBITOR. days. Nov. 10, 1 gain per day 
1 1879. 1 since birth. 


1.1 John Sherman 1 1,311 1 2,019 1 1..53 

2. 1 J. il. Graves | 1,3.S5 | 2 060 145 


1 1 1 1 

1 Averao'e | 1 3'6 ] 2 039 1531-2 





The committee's report on this ring is as follows : 

"This ring consisted of two very superior, well-developed and evenlj'- 
matched steers in point of age and weight. 

The superior quality of the flesh and the proper distribution of the 
meat in the best parts of the carcass was particularly noticeable in both 
steers. 

The first premium steer, a light roan, was perfectly smooth and free 
from bunches, and a good handler. He was straighter on the back than 
his competitor, with better hind-quarters. This steer was a low block}', 
heavy-set steer, short in leg, fine bone, neat head, well cut up under 
throat, shoit neck, broad and deep in brisket, broad, straight back, 
heavy loin, with thick round, well meated down to the knee and gambrel 
joint. 

The meat was firmer and more solid than on the first premium animal, 
which was fatter, and from all appearances would cut to better advantage 
and furnish meat of a superior qualit}'. 

The second premium steer was an extra well fatted red steer of great 
merit ; was rather more leggy and coarser in head and bone than the 
other steer." 

Profit in Early Maturity. 

In the foregoing reports it will be noticed that the best gain was in 
steer one year old and under two ; the next best gain was in steer 
two year old and under three, 1.93 pounds per day; the next best gain 
was in steer three years old and under four, 1.54 pounds per day. Then 



fil4 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

in following the gain in cows over three years old, the average will be a 
diminishing quantity, until in the case of the cow ten years old, table 2, 
No. 12, the daily gain is but 0.52 of a pound; and in the case of the 
oldest steer, nearly six years old, table 1, No. 2, the daily gain was 1.13 
pounds per day. These great results were arrived at by warm shelter, 
careful feeding, and as careful care from bii-th — most potent factors in 
any case when money is to be made in cattle, cither for beef or the dairy. 

As a rule, a yearling, as it is ordinarily wintered, will weigh much less 
in the Spring than in the previous Autumn. The next Spring and Sum- 
mer it must first regain the flesh lost, and then add to growth and weight. 
The next Winter it again loses flesh, and at two years old often will not 
weigh as much as it did at eight months old. So it goes on gaining a 
little in Summer and losing as consitantly in Winter, until at the end of 
the fourth year the animal will weigh 1,000 pounds — less than the same 
animal would have been made to weigh at eighteen months old with good 
common shelter and feed. There are cases in new countries where feed- 
ing, except hay, cannot be had ; where this is plenty, and the range good, 
cattle may be raised at a minimum cost — simply salting and herding in 
Summer, and feeding in Winter. Here again the question of shelter must 
be considered and will be found to pay, and without which no j)rofit can 
be reaUzed. 

This'system of feeding, however, is no longer feasible except in limited 
areas. The great West is fast settling up and increasing in wealth. 
Herds are yearly improving through attention to breeding and feeding — 
the result of the cultivation of vast areas in corn, the seeding of meadows 
and pastures, and in superior buildings for wintering stock. The history 
of the thickly settled portions must be the history of the newer regions 
in the future. The profits, in farming in the West, are in the stock sold. 
Pastures and meadows are the groundwork of good farming everywhere. 
Thus verifying the Belgian maxim : No pasture no -cattle ; no cattle no 
manure ; no manure no crops. 

Make Beef Young. 

The time has gone by when it would be believed that an animal nmst 
reach the age of four or five years before it could make good beef. The 
time has also passed when the mere tallow in an animal would sell it. 
The reason why we have so little beef fit for export to the English market, 
and which will bring in Western markets from five to six cents per pound 
gross weight, is that very few western farmers have adopted the English 
standard of forcing a calf from the time it is born until it is killed, the 
age never exceeding three years. This tendency of English breeders and 



CATTLE, HEAVY WEIGHTS, ETC. 615 

feeders has been the growth of years. They had tirst to combat the idea 
that beef must have age before it could be healthy meat. First, they 
comj)romised on three years ; the beef was pronounced good. Then the 
cattle were pronounced at thirty months fully as good and ripe : they also 
found that they got enhanced profits from this manner of feeding. Then 
two-year olds were forced to the same weight that had previousl}' been 
attained at three years. Last year beef from eleven to twenty months 
was sold, and from an article prepared by Mr. Henry Evershed, for the 
Royal Agricultural Journal, in which the experience of some eminent 
farmers given, we find interesting matter in relation to very young beef, 
or, as they term it, 

Baby Beef. 

Among others, Mr. Stanford, of Charlton Court, is credited with 
having sold the following heifers and steers in 1878, the animals being 
high-grade Short-Horns, at ages and prices given below : 

Return per month 

Price. from birth. 

One el<'VPii-month9-olfl steer $ 74 00 $6 73 

One thirteoii-in<>iiths-i)lil steer 101 64 7 82 

Thnn- Inurtcfii-inonths-ojJ heifers, average 92 40 6 60 

Three flrr<rii-in<)iilh^-i)l(i heiters.avenige 101 64 6 77 

One sixtiiii-inonth~-o|il steer 102 30 6 39 

One eightein-rndiitlis-olil steer 11.5 50 6 42 

One eijfhte('i)-:iiii|-:i-|]:ilt-inonths-old stt-er 129 36 7 00 

Two eighteen-and-a-half-months old steers, avenge 122 10 6 60 

The weights of these, some of them were calves, is not given, but the 
price is stated at from l(j to 18 cents (our mone}') per pound, net weight 
— meaning, we suppose, the four quarters. The best Ki months old 
steer must have w-eighed something like 1,200 lbs. alive, allowing the 
quarters to have been 65 per cent, of the whole weight — a not very large 
allowance for such young cattle. In the last Chicago Fat Stock Show, 
the best steer, 28 months old, weighed 1,636 lbs. The best steer one 
year old and under two 1,838 lbs., showing that our best feeders not only 
show fully as early maturity as English feeders, but likewise as wonder- 
fully good weights. 

In relation to the English animals mentioned above, ^Ir. Evershed 
writes : 

"The above figures show that tolerably-bred Short-Hin-ns will return 
7.S'. a week from birth on this system, at from 13 to 18 months old. 
Those Short-Horns which afforded the least return were bought in the 
market, and those which gave the highest were by Mr. Stanford's pedigree 
bull, out of his well bred, but not pedigree cows. The best feeders of 



<!]() ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

couiitry-bred cattle in Sussex and Surrey inform me that they consider a 
fair average weight for animals, well fed from birth, 100 Smithfield stone 
at one hundred weeks, giving a return of one stone (8 lbs. dressed 
weight) per week, or 65. ($1.32) per week." 

Our authority mentions a steer killed that dressed 132 stone at one 
hundred weeks, equivalent to 1,760 lbs. live weight. Some sixteen 
months steers dressed, in the quarters, 600 lbs., having 120 lbs. of rough 
fat, and a very small proportion of offal. He states that the best feeders 
are able. to reach an average of $1.43 per week at sixteen to twenty 
months, from a Short-Horn cross on common cows. 

Feeding— Cost in England. 

The English feeder is content with the manure resulting from this 
manner of feeding stock, if indeed he can get tiiis for his trouble. As 
to the cost of making what is termed a "baby bullock" of seventy-one 
weeks, the follomng is given, reduced to our standard of dollars and 
cents : 

Purchase of calf. $ S 88 

Four weeks' new milk, Gquarts daily, at 2d per quart G 16 

Eight weeks' skimmed milk, 6 quarts daily, at l-2d per quart, and 2 lbs. of meal at 

l-4d per lb 5 68 

Seventeen weeks in June, July, August and September, on a daily diet of 2 lbs. of 

linseed cake, 2 lbs. bean meal, mang-el, hay, grass, clover, etc 17 57 

Twenty-six weeks to end of March— 5 lbs. of cake and meal daily, 3 4 bushel of 

roots, hay and straw for fodder 30 27 

Sixteen weeks to harvest — 8 lbs. of cake and meal daily, mangel, grass, clover — total, 

$1 59 per week 25 44 

Attendance, 71 weeks at 11 cents 7 81 

Insurance, interest, and rent of shed 5 54 

Total $107 35 

Our authority estimates the value of the maimre at 20 j)er cent, of 
the cost of the food, $8,5.12, or value of manure $17.02. His account 
stands thus : 

DR. 

A bollock 71 week.s old $107 35 

Profit 17 69 

Total $125 04 

CR. 

A bullock sold at 71 weeks old $108 02 

Value of manure 17 02 

Total $125 04 

Let any feeder take a calf at five dollars at birth, figure the cost of 
everything fed in raising, new milk, skim milk, oil-cake, and ground food 
if raised by hand, or the interest on the cow if allowed to run, care. 



CATTLE, HEAVV WEIGHTS, ETC. 617 

insurance, etc., it will, if ciu'cfiilly inaiiagod, show figures on the rio^ht 
side of the ledger. Unfortunately there is no data to show, but our best 
feeders for early maturity seem perfectly satisfied with the outcome on 
steers of from two to three years of age, and jjrobaljly nn'ght be so with 
younger ones if it were not the fact that animals do so well until three 
years of age that they dislike to kill them ^-ounger ; besides, in the West it 
is found cheaper to grow the cattle rather slowly and give them somewhat 
longer time. It is a question of cheap food as against labor in the care 
of cattle in stables, in Winter, and soiling; that is, feeding in stables on 
grass and other food, artificially prepared, in Summer. 

From what we have shown, the reader will come to the conclusion that 
we are a firm believer in shelter and humane treatment. The facts we 
have given will, we think, fulh' substantiate the correctness of these 
premises. No sensible person will, we think, doul)t the soundness of 
the proposition that the animal should be kept growing during the cold 
season, when both feeding and shelter are necessary. The object ^ith 
any feeder is to get the greatest net gain for the food consumed, and in 
the shortest time. 

Under this system of feeding the i)rofit was seen. The humanity lies 
in the fact that the animals had during their lives the greate.st enjoyment 
that brutes are capable of — that of feeding and quiet I'e.st. The omier 
has his reward both in a pecuniary and conscientious sense. 

Summer Feeding. 

It is only within the last few years that our best feeders have supple- 
mented pasturage in Summer with grain. In England this has been done 
for years. The rational of the matter is this. To keep animals in the 
highest possible condition, the pastures must be flush, that is, they must 
produce full feed at all times. Every master-feeder knows this is not 
practicable during some of the Summer months. The July and August 
pastures will not carry what the May and June pastures will. Gradually 
they began to adopt the practice of fully stocking the pastures and giving 
the animals what grain they would eat in connection witii grass. At times 
they will eat ver^' little, especially when pastures are in their full succulence 
of young greenness : but a little meal will be eaten every day. The sys- 
tems of the cattle thus remain in better average condition than when fed 
on grass only, in Summer, and on hay and grain in Winter. Animals 
when (111 succulent pastures require some dry food ; they will often eat 
iiay at such times. The meal or soaked corn, if animals are used to it, 
modifies the succulence of the grass and clover, containing as they do 
from seventy to eighty per cent, of water. Full grain feeding, with hay 



618 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOU. 

in only .small quantitie^i, tends to the creation of unnatural heat and fever. 
Food ground, and fed moist with corLadcrable hay, obviates this tendency 
somewhat, and the more the stomach is distended with fodder the less 
the tendency to fever. 

Natural per cent, of Water in Food. 

The proportion of water to flesh-forming and fat-forming substance in 
natural food, (herbage), will range from seventy to eighty per cent. 
The proportion of water necessary with dry feed may be stated at about 
sixty per cent, in Winter, and more in Summer, varying with the heat 
and iiuiiiidity of tlie atmosphere. Upon succulent herbage in Summer 
the animal tissues will contain more fluid than in Winter, on dry food ; 
hence the necessity and economy in Winter-feeding to keep the animals 
fuU}^ supplied with water, so that certain portions of their systems will 
not be ol)liged to abstract the natural fluids from other parts of the liody. 
Upon turning cattle to pasture in Spring they often seem to fatten sud- 
denly. Mucli of this is due to increased assimilation of water in the 
tissues. The advantage of pasturage in Summer is that it tends to ameli- 
orate the condition of the animal by reducing the feverish state of the 
system, acquired during the Winter feeding on dry food. Hence the 
value of roots, where easily and cheaply raised — turnips in England ; 
turnips, carrots, and beets, in the Eastern States ; and beets and carrots 
in the West. In the West, roots are not given so much for their fattening 
quality : but when these are fed at the rate of one quarter bushel or less 
per day, they act as a digestive element to the other food, causing more 
perfect assimilation. When these are not to be had, bran should consti- 
tute a portion of the food given. 

Animal Waste. 

It is generally considered as true that about two-thirds of the food 
consumed goes to supply the animal heat and waste. All grass-feeding 
animals that have to sustain themselves for long periods in the wild state, 
on scanty food, accunmlate lai-ge masses of fat in the Summer months. 
During the Winter this is gradually dissipated (consumed) in the effort 
to keep up the animal heat, and by Spring the animals are thin and weak. 
Precisely the same thing oct'urs in the ordinary way of wintering stock on 
hay out-of-doors. They become thin, often emaciated, and sometimes 
die, in the effort of the owner to see upon how little food he can bring 
them through alive. Not only all the food given has been consumed, 
burned up, in the effort to kee]) warm, but also all the fat, M'here accumu- 
lated in masses about the body. Not only this ; before the animal Anally 



CATTLE, KIND TREATMENT. 619 

succumbs, the fat mingled with the muscles and other heat-forming sul>- 
stances, Avill have been consumed. Yet many jDersons who consider them- 
selves humane and Christian men, follow this plan year after year. It is 
true they suffer in purse and in vexation. Is it possible to be supposed 
that their depleted pockets will compensate for the suffering of the poor 
brutes under their care? It is hardly a supposable case that it should 
be so. 

Animal Heat. 

The natural temperature of the body is 100 degrees. If the tempera- 
ture go above that it indicates fever ; if below it is a chill ; either condi- 
tion, if not counteracted, will be fatal to life. The advantage and 
economy of full feeding in Summer, as well as in Winter, will be under- 
stood when we remember, that, whatever the temperature of the air, the 
animal heat will be 100. When the temperature will average 60 to (5.5 
degrees, as it will during the season of pasturage, it will require only food 
enough to raise this temperature by 35 to 40 degrees to bring it to 100. 
All else the animal eats goes to make weight. If during the Winter the 
average temperature be 30 degrees, it will require food enough to be 
eateir to raise the temperature l)y 70 degrees to reach blood heat and 
keep up the animal integrity. Here again all food taken in e-vcess of the 
animal waste is gain. But another integer here steps in. It requires less 
l)ropoi"tionate food to keep the animal force intact with a high thermome- 
ter than with a low one ; that is, it reijuires more than double to supply 
the waste with the thermometer at 20 than it does with the thei-mom- 
eter at fiO. 

There is a limit of cold beyond wliicii ncitlier animal nor plant can 
endure. In other words, when tlic cold becomes so intense that the 
capacity of the stomach to digest is counteracted by the animal waste, 
death ensues. Thus we often hear of whole dioves being dcstroved, 
where exposed to'tlie force of strong chilling winds, as the "Blizzards" 
of Minnesota, "Northwesters" of the plains, and "Northers" of Texas. 
In a still atmosphere the animals would have withstood a much greater 
degree of cold, for the reason that they would have carried an atmosphere 
of heat about them. In the wind the heat was blown away, and in the 
attempt to supply heat as fast as destroyed the animal economy gave way 
and refused longer to exert itself. 

Advantages of Pull Summer and Winter Feeding. 

From what ^ve have written the reader will have learned that there is 
no economy in scant feeding of animals either in Summer or Winter. 
40 



(i20 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

The facts are, those feeders make the most mone}' who not only give the 
warmest shelter iii Winter, with liberal feeding, Ijut who carry their 
stock fully up to the feeding point in Summer. Where corn is as easily' 
raised as it is in the West, many of our best farmers will tell you they 
can produce an aci-e of corn for less than an acre of hay. We have cul- 
tivated 65 acres to the hand in a field of 1,500 acres, and at a cost of one 
and one-third days' work for team and man per acre, up to the time of, 
but not including, the husking. 

One advantage of feeding grain the 3'ear round is that you may stock 
your pastures so fully that the gi-ass will be kejit evenly grazed, thus 
enabling you to carry more cattle in Summer on a given area of pasture, 
and enabling you to produce more corn for Winter feeding. Another 
advantage is, the animals become fatter, and thus do not lose so nmch 
animal heat in Winter. Still another advantage is, you hasten maturity, 
and thus save interest on capital, insurance and other items of cost. 

These facts should be enough to con\ance the sensible man of the value 
of high feeding in connection with shelter, aside from the animus of this 
cliapter, that the humane feeder — he who treats his animals most kindly 
and feeds best — is really the one who makes the most money. 



CHAPTER VII. 



HOW TO BUY AND HOW TO SELL. 



THE VALUE OP GOOD CARE. ESTISIATING WEIGHT. ESTIMATING BY MEAS- 
UREMENT. BUYING TO FEED. HOW TO BUY BREEDEltS. WHERE GOOD 

BEEF LIES. BUYING FEEDING STOCK. ANALYZING THE CARCASS. 

PROPER SHAPE OF WELL-BRED FATTENING STOCK. HOW TO BUY. BUY- 
ING MILCH COWS. BUYING DAIRY MILKERS. MILK MIRRORS. THE 

TRUE VALUE OF MILK MIRRORS. VALUE OF ESCUTCHEON MARKS. MILK- 
ERS IN ALL BREEDS. HEREDITY. DIGESTION. RESPIRATION. SYM- 
METRY. 

The Value of Good Care. 

There are very many farmers who, hy care and attention to details in 
feeding their stock, and by kindly treatment, have done so M-ith protit to 
themselves. They have raised them from ealfhood. Let them under- 
take to buy cattle for feedinji their surplus grain and fodder, and they 
are very apt to overrate the weight and true value of the cattle purchased. 
One point should always be kept steadily in mind : Never bu}^ an old 
steer or cow for fattening. They never repay the cost and trouble they 
give. Thin cattle, ready for grass, if healthy, may give good returns on 
flush Summer pasture, if bought at the price per pound that you expect 
to get in the Fall. You will not only get the price of the flesh put on, 
but the cattle being thin and the muscles dry, your profits will be added 
to in the fluids al)sorbed, and the loss will lie with the former owner in 
making mere frames to be built upon. So animals bought in the Fall in 
common grass flesh, will increase wonderfully with good feeding and 
shelter. If you buy at $2.50 per 100 lbs., and so add 200 lbs. in flesh, 
and sell at $4 per 100 lbs., you not only get $8 for the flesh put on, but 
the difference between $2. .50 and $4, or $1.50 per 100 lbs. on the orig- 
inal weight. That is, you buy steers at 1,000 lbs. each, feed 50 bushels 



622 ILLUSTRATED STOCK UOCTOK. 

of foni per head, and sell them weighing 1,200 lbs. average. They cost 
$25 and sell for $48, leaving $23 as the value of the corn fed and care 
given. The manure in any country will pay for the care taken ; so, your 
corn will have netted you near forty-six cents per bushel. From this, 
knowing the cost and price expected when fat, it will be easy to figure on 
profits, fluctuations and accidents excepted. 

Estimating Weight. 

An expert judge will estimate from seeing and handling steers often 
within ten pounds of their live weight. The buyer will always underes- 
timate weight, and in nine cases out of ten convince the inexpert owner 
that the guess is right ; in fact, more than half the time the seller will be 
convinced that he has the best of the bargain. The only safe way in 
such cases is for the seller to weigh. Ever}' man w ho makes a business 
of fattening cattle should own a proper scale. He may save the cost in 
a single year. The merchant, the manufacturer and the builder, who 
work by guess, always end in bankruptcy. The only reason why farmers 
do not, is, they have that generous bank, mother earth, which never fails 
to respond, even to indifferent managers. 

In weighing cattle note carefully why certain ones Meigh out of pro- 
portion to others, and study whether the weight is in the prime parts, a 
bi'oad loin andhips, and good barrel, or in heavy fore-quarters, with thick 
neck and big head and horns. Study carefully the i)oints as given in 
detail elsewhere in this l)ook, and as carefully remember them for future 
use. Thus you may in time become 3'ourself an expert judge of stock. 
If an animal is to be killed, estimate his weight alive, how much he will 
shrink in offal and hide. When the quarters are weighed, if the record 
is not as you expect, examine carefully wherein the discrepancy lies. It 
is an especially interesting study for the young man, who ex-jDects himself 
to become a breeder and feeder of cattle. If a breeder, he must know 
how to sell ; and if a feeder, he must know both how to buy and sell. 

Estimating by Measurement. 

Manv breeders have rules of estimating the weight by measurements. 
There is no rule that comes nearer than good guessing, and all guessing 
should be avoided, especially when the guessing is to lie on the part of 
the buver ; that is, the seller should avoid trusting to the guess of the 
buyer, based upon measurement. No two animals will weigh alike 
according to measurement. 

One rule, perhaps as good as any and for this reason given, is to find 
the superficial feet by multiplying the girth, just behind the shoulder- 



CATTLE, HOW TO BUY AND SELL. 023 

blade, by the leugth from the fore part of the shoulder-l)Uide to the root 
of tlie tail. Thus an ox girthing 7 feet 9 inches and measuring 6 feet in 
length would contain 7 3-4 times 6, or 4G 1-2 superficial feet. For cattle 
"■rass fat the following is given as the weight i)er superficial foot : 

Girth )r>> than 3 leet 11 pounds. 

^^ to 6 feet IG " 

5 to 7 feet 23 " 

7 to 9 leet 31 

'J'hus tiie steer as per above measurements should weigh Ai'^Jyi) by 31, 
or 1,441 lbs. gross. Under this rule it is usual to deduct one pound in 
twenty on half-fatted cattle, from 15 to 20 lbs. on a cow having had 
calves, and if not fat an equal amount. The rule as above stated is of 
little or no value, except to those having no other means. In taking 
account of stock, this may come somewhat near the weight. For buy- 
ing or selling the scale is the onl}^ true standard. 

Buying to Feed. 

In buying cattle either to graze or to feed fat, choose cattle that are 
young, that is, that will not have become mature before ready for sale. 
If to -Jae kept a year, three year old past to four year old for natives 
and Devons, and one year less for Short-Horns or Hereford grades. 
Buy no overgrown, leggy animals ; they are hard feeders. Neither 
should they be undersized, as this indicates want of thrift. The cattle 
for money, whatever their breed, are compact, smooth, fine boned, 
meek-eyed, soft haired steers, with skin of medium thickness ; thick 
through the heart, round barreled, well ribbed, with broad rump, and 
the twist well down to the hock. Such cattle, whatever their breed, will 
fatten kindly and the meat ^dll be of excellent quality. So far as age is 
concerned, the teeth must be the test. In this no person can err who 
has carefully studied the chart of the teeth in another part of this work. 

How to Buy Breeders. 

If the intention is to raise beef cattle the same rule will apply as in 
l)uying steers. In no case should the cow be more than three years old, 
and it is better that she never had a calf. In breeding for beef, milk is 
not the first essential. It is necessary, however, that the dam give a fair 
amount of milk, since the proper sustenance of the calf is what lays the 
foundation of the future value of the steer. No calf starved when 
young can make a valuable cow to breed from, and as is the dam so 
naturally will be the produce. Whatever is to be the outcome, avoid at 



624 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



aii>- price u vicious cow, or one with a wild eye or having a dished face. 
Her progeny will be sure to give you trouble, and will not give you cattle 
that will fatten to the standard of the picture we give you of Earl 




Spencer's prize ox ; given not only as showing what Short-Horns were 
fifty years ago but as illustrating the terms to be used in desi'ribing the 
various l)eef points and other outward portions of the !)ullock. 



CATTLE, HOW TO HIY AM) SELL. (j25 

Explanation, — A — Forehead. B — Face. U — Cheek. 1) — Muzzle 
C — Neck. F — Neck-veiu. G — yhoulder-point. H — Arm. / — 
Gambrel or hock. K — Elhow . L — Brisket, I wsom or breast. JV— 
Crops. C — Loin. P — Hip. Q — Kimip. Ji — l*iii-bone. ^S' — Round- 
bone, thurl or whirl. T— Buttock. r—Thiiih, or gasket. T"— Flank. 
^—Plates. A'— Back, or chine. F— Throat. Z— Chest. 

Where Gord Beef Lies. 

The prime parts of the ox lie, as shown in cut, from A^to i?, thence to 
S, and back to A". Between P, Q and V i\rc the primest parts. The 
second best are between M, >S, T, V, W, and A'. Between »S^ and t^are' 
valuable pieces for smoked or dried meat. The ribs between M, and 6',- 
the flanks V, W, and thence to the brisket K are good corning pieces. It 
will be seen that this animal has a very small proportion of offal, and a 
very large proportion of valuable meat, being full and broad in the loin, 
thick ribbed, with the i-uinp massive, square behind, and carrying beef 
below the twist, or junction of the thighs, well down to the hocks. 

Buying Feeding Stock. 

The novice in bu\'ing stock should carefully note the shape and make 
up. -■ To the superficial eye the superior animals when thin will appear 
worse than the inferior ones ; the ])ony parts will appear more prominent, 
and for this reason their i)readth, when thin, will seem to be exaggerated ; 
this, however, is only apparently so. An animal of no particular character 
may seem fairlv smooth to the eye. Those accustomed to handling stock 
will know that superficial observation goes for little. The touch is what 
decides the value of an animal. The well-bred a'nimal carries softer, 
smoother, and finer hair than the ill-bred one : its breadth from the shoul- 
der to the rump gives it a bony appearance when thin, that in the scrub 
steer is partty concealed by the higher backbone and coarser hair. We 
are now .speaking of no particular breed, but of all breeds and crosses 
that have characteristic points enabling them to lay on flesh. The scale 
of points for Short-Horns will make a good study. The illustrations of 
fat cattle show what they should be when fat. The picture of the Devon 
ox will show what a good feeder should look like off of good grass, and 
may be taken as the type for our best native cattle. 

A.nalyzing the Carcass. 

In all first-class steers every part of the animal, except the bones, hide, 
tallow, and offal, will be good consumable flesh. The roasts, steaks, and 
corning pieces will be of the best, so that when the four quarters are hung 



f)2() 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



up tlicre will he no loss except bone. Let us now see what such an ox 
as we have shown will give. In the first jjlace, his quarters will dress 
sixty-five per cent, of his gross weight. The loin above P and from 
thence to the top of the shoulder above ISf will give most superior steak 
and roasting-pieces. The shoulder-point or neck-vein back of Tand the 
•thigh at -6' make the best smoking-pieces. The plates TF'will make the 
richest of corned beef, while R, 8, and L (the rump, round and brisket) 
make the best pieces for packing — good thick, juicy meat, and in large 
quantities. In fact such an animal will convert the food he cats into 
good beef, and plenty of it. 

Proper Shape of Well-bred Fattening Stock. 

Cut off the head, neck, legs, and tail, and well-bred beef cattle will 
present the appearance of an oblong square. Thus there is ample room 




OUTLINE OF PRIZE FAT BULLOCKS. 



for the legs and \iscera through the width of the bosom and spring of 
the ribs, and this carries corresponding breadth behind, giving a broad 
loin and massive rump. Such an animal mil feed heartily and kindly, 
satisfy the butcher when brought to the l)lock, and be profitable to the 
feeder. Above we give four outlines showing animals made very fat, and 



CATTLK, HOW TO lU'Y AXD SELL. 627 

cut square to show the shape. There is no profit, however, to the feeder 
in cattle fattened to obese or immense weights ; they are mere mountains 
of fat, and contain no more lean meat than animals fattened fairh- ripe. 
There are few people w'ho do not like well-fattened beef. Few, however, 
care to eat any but the lean. An animal, therefore, that is fattened just 
ripe is the heaviest in muscle, well marbled with fat. This is what the 
consumer wants, and what the feeder should seek to make. Smooth, fine- 
horned, medium cattle, according to the breed selected, are what give 
profits in this respect. 

How to Buy. 

In l)uying ordinary (that is native) cattle for pasturing and feeding fat 
during the Summer and Fall, always buy in the Spring. If the grass is 
good at the time of purchase, as it should be, no matter how thin the stock, 
if healthy and hearty. The thin stock will weigh less, and you will have 
to pay less for it. The loss will be with the farmer who grudges his 
animals sufficient to eat in Winter, rather than with the buyer. Gener- 
ally all this class will sell cheaper in the Spring than in the Fall, and as 
a rule yearlings may be bought for less money in the Spring than the 
same calves would have brought in the Fall. If they have been fairly 
wintered they will be profitable to feed ; if badly wintered, it will be 
questionable, unless the price paid is low enough to warrant the purchase. 
In any event the feeder must usually depend upon buying steers off of 
common keep. Good feeders are not apt to sell half-grown steers, nor 
those that one more season's keep v.-\\\ make ripe. The best money- 
making friends of the sagacious buyer are, after all, those who never 
read, and will not believe that anything in print relating to agriculture in 
any of its various departments can be of value. They do not know that 
as great advances have been made in agricultural art within the last thirty 
years as in any other industry, and that the best practical talent in 
Europe, and within the last few years in America, have been earnestly 
engaged in elucidating and applying practical science to agriculture. 

In selecting milking cows the following doggerel verses from an old 
English magazine are as true now as M'hcn written as to what constitutes 
a cow for both milk and beef : 

She's long in her face, she's fine in her horn, 
She"ll quickly get fat without cake or corn ; 
She's clean in her jaws, and full in her chine. 
She's hf^avy in flank, and wide in her loin. 

She's broad in her ribs, and long in her rump ; 
A straight and flat back, without e'er a hump ; 
She's wide in her hips, and calm in her eves ; 
She's fine in her shoulders, and lliin in her thiffhs. 



628 ILHISTKATKl) STOCK DOCTOU. 

She's light ill Iut neck, ami siiiall in licr tnil ; 
She's wide in lior breast, and good at tlio pail ; 
She's line in her bone, anvl silky of skin — 
She's a grazier's withont, and a butcher's within. 

Buying Milch Cows. 

In select ill"' eows for milk, or iu'ifers from which to breed milkiiiji' stock 
the breeder must be <iuided by the same general principles as in buying 
beef-making steers. That is to say, the animals must be tine, with 
mellow though rather thin skin, and mossy hair; the head small, but face 
straigiit and rather long ; the horns should be tine, short, and if some- 
what curved it is a good indication. Tiie eye must be bright and yet 
placid. The barrel, pelvis, rumi) and thighs should be roomy; and, for 
obvious reasons, avoid a dish-faced, and especially a -wild-eyed cow, or 
one with a dull, heavy eye. The first shows viciousness, the last stupidity 
— both dangerous and l)oth unprolit.il)le. 

In buying for milk, the object being to breed vour stock, select heifers 
of three years old ready to come in, i)rovidcd the stock bulls were 
suitable ; if not, have nothing to do with them. In this case buy heifers 
of two years old that have never been bred. Then, by attention to 
what we have said upon breeding, you cannot go amiss. 

Buying Dairy Milkers. 

When the buyer is selecting cows simply to wear out in the dairy, and 
without any reference to retaining or imi)roving the breed, all he has to 
look to is ail animal that will give a good flow of milk, and hold the flow 
for a long period. Many cows will start out with large messes, and at 
the end of three months will hardly give enough to keep a calf ; others 
will continue in milk for six months ; others, again, will continue in milk 
well up to the time for again dropping a calf. These latter are the cows 
to l)uv. Select them according to the rules heretofore given, and of from 
tiuee to five years old, but not unless they are well along in calf. A 
dairy cow will continue to improve in her milking qualities until she is 
six years old, sometimes until she is seven (U- eight ; they will continue 
to give ample returns until ten years old, and often until eleven or twelve. 

Milk Mirrors, 

Besides the rules ah'eady laid down, there is an infallible sign in the 
milk mirror — or •' escutcheon," as it is now called — in cows, heifers, 
calves, and also shown (listinctly in the l)iills of milking breeds. We 
have studied and bretl by it since its first publication in the United States. 
It is the result of years of study by M. Francois (luenon, a practical 



CAiri.K, now in lU Y AM) SKLL. fi29 

fanner of LilH)uriu', Fniiui', :iik1 lir«t reduced to a sy.steni in 1822. In 
1828, at a public test and careful examination by the Agricultural Society 
of Bordeaux, the connnittee made an absolute and exhaustive report, in 
wiiic^h they used this strong language : " 77/ /.s- sijMem we do not fear to 
say is in/alliOle." 

The society decreed Mr. (iiicnon a gold medal, dc him a member of 

the society, ordered fifty copies of his worU, and distributed one Ihousand 
copies of their full report among all the agricultural societies of France. 

Tliis system was tirst made known in the United States, if we remem- 
ber arigiit, between IH.'W and 1«4(), and has been studied, believed, and 
acted on hy many pi'actical men ; yet, curiously encmgh, il has never 
attracted general attention until within the last f(nv yeai's, since which 
time dairying and the breeding of dairy cows has come to b(! a regular 
professicm. While we should not rely entirely upon the numy classes 
and their variations, including a bastard escutcheon to each cla.ss, the 
signs as given by the author are most valuable in connection with other 
matters which are given. In the Guenon theory there are twonty-.seven 
cuts or diagrams to illustrate his idea, varying from the fullest develop- 
ment in the growth of hair turned upward, to as near nothing, as is ever 
shown in the cow, but all having more or less of this peculiar develop- 
ment of hair on the parts nam<'d ; this hair, to indicate a good milker, 
siiould turn upwaril, be short, tine and close;; the skin easily raisc^d, and 
with peculiar oval marks and scurf spots. 

The True Value of Milk Mirrors. 

So far as we have studied tlic^se signs, we iiave found Ukmu wliil(! not 
constant marks by which the ipiality and How of milk could l)e accurately 
judged, yet most valuable in connection with other characteristic signs 
and configurations, w hiih \\c have given forjudging aci iir.itely what should 
constitute a good dairy cow. We have found it a most valuable aid in 
judging the milking (jualitics and time of continuance; in milk. That in 
itself it does not constitute an infallible test is no proof of its Ijcing an 
unsound theory. That it is correct, as a rule, is sufficient to cause it to 
be given careful study and attention. 

We do not hesitate to say that he who will study carefully the illusf la- 
tions we give, and the stat(!ments made, while he will find many varying 
signs, will not only be; convinced of the accui'acy of the system, but will 
be able, either in the cow or calf to select with judgment, '{"lie milk sign 
also follows in the l)ulls as we shall show. 

Mr. Charles L. Shar|)less, of I'cimsylvania, a close observer and good 



630 



ii.i.isi'it A'l'Ki) STOCK Docroi;. 



brerdiT, in I'chitioii to tlic viiliic of tim (•.scutclicoii, ;is seen in Jersey cuttle, 
gives liis ex|)eri<'nce, \\ liicii we condense lis follows : 

There is no point in judginjr !i cow so little understood as the escutcheon. 
The ('onclusion of almost every one is, that her escutcheon is fjood, if there 
be a broad band of n|)-runnin,n- liair from tiic udder to the vulva, and 
around it. 




MII.K MIRROR OV .IKRSKVS 



'i'liese cows with tlic broad vert ic;d cscutclicnn arc ncarh' always parallel 
cows ; that is, witii bodies loiiii' but not larii'c, ami with the undci- line par- 
allel with tlic ba(!<. Their tiiijihs arc thin, and the tlii<:h escutcheon shows 
on the inside of the tlii<;h r;ithcr than on its rear. 

Next cdnu's the wediic-shapcd cow. witii tlic body shorter but ver_v 
lai'iTc, deep in the Hank, and very capacious. This form docs not usually 



CATTLE, HOW TO lU V AM) SKLL. 631 

exhil)it tlie vertii'ul esculrhcon ruiininj; up to tlie vulva, l)ut with a broader 
thigli may exhibit a tliij;:ii escutcheon, whieii is prcferal)!© to the other, 
thus — see Fig. 2. — Mili< niiirorof ricrseys. 

In botii vcnlical and tiiigii mirrors, where the hair runs down, intruding 
on the udder (as low as above the dotted lines) as in Figs. 'A and 4, it 
damages the escutcheon. If you find a cow with the hair all running 
down, and between the thighs — that is, with no up-ininning hair — stamp 
her as a cipher for yielding inilU. 

There are times when the udder of a cow with an escutcheon like Fig. 
4 will be enlarged by non-milking, for the purpose of deception. It is 
always safer to judge by the escutcheon rather than by the large size of 
the udder. 

The escutcheons of the best cows — those yielding the most and con- 
tinuing the longest — will be found to be those which conform to Fig. 2. 

The vertic'al escutcheon of Fig. 1 would not injure it ; but if that 
ornamental feature has to be at the expense of the tliigii cscutc!i(!on. Fig. 
2 is best as it is. 

Whenever an escutcheon is accompanied by a curl on each hind-ijuarter 
of the udder, it indicates a yield of the highest order. 

So far, we have noticed only the rear escutcheon, or tiial wliich rejjre- 
sents the two hind quarters of the udder. The two front (piarters are 
just as important, and should be capacious and run well forward under 
the body. If the udder in front be concave, or cut up, indicating small 
capacity, it represents reduced yield. 

This front or level escutcheon is distinctly marked in tiic young JK^ifer 
or bull, and can be seen by laying the animal on its back. The udder 
hair under the body all runs backward, commencing at the forward line 
of the escutcheon. This dividing line is very perceptible, from the faet 
that the hair in front of it all runs forward towards tlie head of the 
animal, while the escutcheon, or udder hair, all runs i)ackward, over the 
forward (juarters of the udtier, around and beyond the teats, and eeascs 
at the markings of the rear escutcheon on and between tlu; thighs. 

The breadtii and extent forward of this front escutcheon indicates the 
capacity, in the mature animal, of the front quartei-s of her udder. In 
some cases this front escutcheon will be found of twice the extent that it 
is in others, and is evidence of that much more yi(^ld. 

This examination cna))les one to see the size of the teats and their 
distance apart, and to test the looseness and softness of the udder skin. 
It is marked precisely the same in bulls, and can ]n' easily examined at 
any age between one and ten months. 



632 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



Main' think that the escutcheon of the bull is of little moment, so that 
he has a good look. So far is this from lieing the case, that a bull with 
a mirror like Fig. 4, or worse, will stamp iiis escutcheon on, and to that 
extent damage, his daughters out of cows with escutcheons as choice as 
Fig. 2. In this way the daughters of some of the best cows come very 
ordinar}', while, if you use a bull marked like Fig. 2, he will make a 
poor escutcheon better, and will improve the best. His injury or benefit 
will be doubled according to the escutcheon markings under the body in 
front of his scrotum. Hence the importance of the dam of a bull being 
unexceptionable in her udder and escutcheon. Her qualities inherited bv 
her son will be transmitted to his dauijiiters. 




GREAT MILK MIRRORS ON HOLSTEIN COW. 



While careful as to escutcheons, we must not neglect the other essential 
features of a good cow — the back, skin, hide, the rich colored skin, and 
the tine bone. Let the hair be soft and thickly set, and let the skin be 
mellow. This latter quality is easily determined by grasping between the 
thumb and forefinger the skin at the rear of the ribs, or the double thick- 
ness at the base of the flank that joins the stifle-joint to the body, or that 
on the inside of the rump-bone at the setting on of the tail. Let the 



CATTLE, HOW TO HUV -VXD SELL. 633 

teats be well apart ; let them yield a full and free stream, and be large 
enouo-h without the iiecessitv, in milking, of pulling them between the 
thumb and forefingern. And let us ever keep in mind that (Ite large 
yielder must be well fed. 

Prof. Magne, V. S., of the Veterinary School, Alfort, some thirty 
years ago, as to the relations below the escutcheons and the functions of 
the milky sjlands, and as differing from M. Guenon in some of the details, 
gives the following explicit information : 

"The direction of the hau- is subordinate to that of the arteries ; when 
a large plate of hair is directed from below, upwards, on the posterior 
face of the udder, and on the twist, it proves that the arteries that sup- 
ply the milky system are large, since they pass backwards be^^ond it, 
convey much blood, and consequently give activity to its functions. Up- 
per tufts, placed on the sides of the vulva, prove that the arteries of the 
generative organs are strongly developed, reach even to the skin, and 
give great activity to those organs. The consequence is, that after a cow 
is again with calf, it draws off the blood which was flowing to the milky 
glands, lessens, and even stops the secretions of milk. 

" In the bull, the arteries, corresponding to the mammary arteries of 
the cow, being intended only for coverings of the testicles, are very slightly 
dev^oped; and there, accordingly, the escutcheons are of small extent.^'' 

Value of Escutcheon Marks. 

After the explanation, which accords verj^ well with all that has been 
observed, it is easy to comprehend the value of the escutcheons. The 
more the lower ones are developed, the greater the quantity of milk ; but 
shape is of consequence. 

Still, whatever be the cause of the relations existing between the pro- 
duction of milk and the escutcheons, these marks cannot furnish data so 
certain as some have affirmed them to be. 

In fact, the quantity of milk, and its quality, do not depend sf)lely on 
the form and size of the escutcheon ; they depend on the food, the par- 
ticular management, the climate, the season, the temperament, the size 
and energy of the principal internal organs, the capacity of the chest, the 
influence of the generative system, etc. All these circumstances cause 
the (juantit}' of milk to vary, wnthout making any change on the extent 
of the escutcheon ; consequently, it is impossible that the same relation 
can always exist between the escutcheons and the quantities of milk. We 
often see cows equally well shaped, having exactly the same escutcheon, 
and placed under the same hygienic couditions,yet not giving equal quan- 



634 ILLUSTUATEI) STOCK DOCTOR. 

tities, or c(iual qualities of milk. It could not be otherwise. Assuming 
that a given tuft has the same value at birth, it cannot be the same in 
adult age ; since, during life, an infinite number of circumstances occur 
to diversify the activity of the milky glands, without changing the figure 
or size of Ihe tuft. 

Is it not sufficient to refer to the ine(iuality of milk given by the same 
cows, according as they have had one, two, or three calves, in order to 
make clear that M. Guenon has assigned too much value to the mark which 
he has discovered? 

It often happens that two horses, having exactly the same constructure, 
and the same external forms, have not the same energy, the same fitness 
for work. The difference is owing, evidently, to the temperament, and 
the activity of the principal external organs ; in other words, to conditions 
which it is often impossible to estimate by any direct method. 

Now, seeing that temperament has an influence on muscles and bones, 
the action of which, however, is partly mechanical, resembling that of a 
lever, and (?xerts this influence so powerfully as to render their movements 
uneijual in respect both of power and i)romptness, can we suppose that it 
has no influence on the entirely vital, or, at least, the entirely molecular 
working of the mammary gland ? 

It might, therefore, have been argued a priori that the mathematii'al 
precision assigned to a classification of cows is contrary to the most gen- 
eral laws of physiology ; to propose a mark indicating that a cow will give 
so nuich milk daily, and for so many days, is to deceive ourselves, or to 
attempt to deceive others : the study of the phenomena of life jjroves that 
the action of the organs depends not merely on the size and their form, 
but on the general condition of each individual 

We are able not only to oppose argument to the assertion of M. Guenon, 
but we can appeal to the difficulties hitherto experienced in applying his 
classification to practice, yi. Giif^iifm /las not yet found a sim/le pupil 
wortfii/ of Iiim. And among the thousands of persons who occupy them- 
selves with his method, is there a single one who has acquired sufficient 
skill to justify the claims which the author makes for it? 

It may be affirmed that, t« form jiupils an s\-illful as himself in judging 
of cows, M. Guenon would not only have to teach them that a certain fig- 
ure for the tuft corresponds to a certain number of pints of milk, but he 
would have, above all, to communicate to them his perspicuity, his talent 
for observation, and his great experience ; he would, in fine, have to fit 
them for estimating, in addition to the direction of the hair of the twist, 
the whole of the marks usually enqiloyed in making choice of milch cows. 

All the attempts made on the Guenon method, not excepting those of 



(ATTI.K, HOW TO lUV AND SELL. ()35 

the author liiiii.sclf, prove tlie .soundness of our opinion. The most slcill- 
ful, when eiilled to decide on the qualities of cows, whose yield of milk 
was well known, err^d seven times on eight cows, and tifteen times on 
twenty-one. And, lest these errors may be attributed to chance;, on ac- 
count of the small number of cows submitted for trial, we should mention 
that oth(!r estimates proved erroneous 1^)2 times on 174 cows, and 321 
times on 3r)2, and that the error amounted to 921 pints of milk on a total 
of 2,(i83 pints ; in other words, there was error in regard to almost all 
tiie cows ; and error amounting on an average, on each, to more than a 
third of tin; yield. On some individuals the estimates were wrong to the 
extent of from 17 1-2 to 21, and even from 26 to 28 pints a day. 

Such is the truth as to the perfect nicety claimed for the escutcheon 
system. The system cannot do more than furnish an approximate esti- 
mate of the quantity of milk, and that in regard not to all, but only to 
the majority of cows. 

What, then, has led so many persons to put confidence in M. Guenon's 
discovery ? The great talents and knowledge of the author. The svstcm 
has ol)tained the credit of results due to the experience of him who 
applied it. 

By his discovery M. Guenon has rendered great service to agriculture ; 
the escutcheon has the advantage of furnishing a mark which can be 
easily discerned, and estimated even by jjcrsons of no great experience 
in the selection of cows — a mark perceptible on very young animals, and 
on hulls as well as heifers — a mark which, when disencumbered of the 
complicated system in which it has been wrapped up will l)e in common 
use and facilitate the increase of good cows, Ijy not allowinir anv l)ut 
those of good jiromise to be reared. 

Milkers in all Breeds. 

Professor Magne also gives the following concise directions in relation 
to choosing a good cow, where he says : 

"We find good milkers in all breeds, but they ai-e rare in some and 
very common in others. It could not be otherwise. Milk properties, 
. depending on the conditions which determine the formation of l)reeds, 
are due partly to the climate, the soil, the air, and the plants of the 
countries where the breeds have originated ; and must therefore varv in 
our different breeds of horned cattle, with the hvgienic conditions 
peculiar to each locality. ■* 

"Milkers, and more especially animals intended for l)reeding, must be 
selected among breeds celelirated for al)undance of milk. Not that we 
can hope to import into our department, with a dry and warm climate, 
41 



tlJJti ILLUSTIIATKD STOCK DOCTOR. 

nil tilt' iiuiilities of the excellent milking breeds possessed bj countries in 
which the soil is fertile, the air moist, and the sky often cloudy ; but as 
the influence of climate, though very marked, takes effect only in the 
long run, the properties of the animals imported are maintained — though 
subject, doQbtless, to gradual deterioration — dui'ing a period which varies 
with the precaution taken to preserve them ; and for several generations 
the descendants of a good imi^orted breed give more milk than individuals 
l)elonging to a breed found on the spot, where hygienic circumstances 
are not favorable to milking properties. 

It is not to be forgotten, moreover, that under the influence of 
particular circumstances, which it is sometimes impossil)le to call into 
cxistcuce, animals manifest properties which we cannot produce directly. 
This explains why it is often more advantageous to import (jualities 
possessed by foreign stock than to try to develop them in native stock. 

As milking qualities are in a great measure dependent on structure and 
temperament, which are more or less hereditary, descent exercises a 
great influence. 

Heredity. 

In each breed, therefore, we should choose individuals belonging to 
the best stocks, and the offspring of parents remarkable for their milk- 
ing (pialities ; for it is certain that good milch cows produce others which 
resemble them. 

But it is especially necessary when selecting stock for the purpose of 
1 /reeding milch cows, that particular care should be taken to select indi- 
\ iduals belonging to good families. A cow of a bad milking family, or 
even breed, may occasionally be an excellent milker, and more than this 
i < not wanted when it is not meant to breed from her. The same cannot 
1)0 said when breeding is intended, because there would be little chance 
of her transmitting the accidental or exceptional qualities possessed by 
her : whereas the qualities forming the fixed and constant characters of 
the stock would almost to a certainty be transmitted to descendants. 

These remarks, with regard to breed and parentage, apply to the selec- 
tion of the liull, which, as experience demonstrates, acts like the cow in 
transmitting tlie milking qualities which distinguish the breed and stock. 

Digestion. 

The digestive organs have a great influence on the exercise of all the 
functions, and particularly on the secretion of the milk-glands. Where 
the dio-estive organs are defective, good milch cows are rarely met with. 

Good digestive organs are known by ii belly of moderate size, with 



CATTLE, HOW TO lU V AXU SELL. 637 

j'ielding sides, free from tiglituess, (in aged aiiiiimls tiie helh' is often 
large, though the organs which it contains are in good (condition) ; a kirge 
mouth, thick and strong lips, a good appetite, easy and quick digestion, 
glossy hair, supple skin, yet firm, and somewhat oily to the touch. An- 
imals possessing these characteristics may be expected to feed and drink 
heavily, and, if they are properly fed, make much blood, and yield large 
(juuntities of milk. 

Respiration. 

The respiratory organs conn)lete the s^'stem of nutrition. The lungs 
bring the air breathed into contact with the blood, and render the sys- 
tem of nourishment complete. Hence, a good form, quick digestion and 
a healthy condition of tiie lungs are necessary to the production of a 
large tlow of milk. 

Milk V'^ins. 

If the.veins which surround the udder are large, M^inding, and varicose 
(dilated at intervals), the}' show that the glands receive much blood, and, 
consequently, that their functions are active, and that the milk is aljundant. 
The'veius on the lateral pai'ts of the belly ai'c most easily observed, and 
all authors decide them to be among the best tests for asceitainiug the 
activit}- of the glands. 

These veins issue from the udder, in front, and at the outer angle, where 
they form, in veiy good cows, a considerable ^'aricose swelling. They 
proceed toward the front part of the body, forming angles, more or less 
distinct, often divide towards their anterior extremity, and sink into the 
body by several openings. 

We can make the size of the milk veins prominent by compressing them 
in their passage, by pressing them at the place where they penetrate into 
the body. If we press the thumb strongly into the opening through which 
the vein passes : the \\ndth of the opening rejjresents the diameter of the 
vein, and the thickness of the thumb which stops it, represents the volume 
of blood whose place it occupies. Sonietimes the veins are divided. It 
is then necessar}^ to examine all the openings by which they pass, in or- 
der to form a correct estimate. 

Veins of the Udder and Twist. 

The veins of the udder and twist are able to furnish valuable indica- 
tions. They should, in both cases, be highly developed, large and vari- 
cose ; that is, appear swollen and knotty. The veins of the udder have 



(i.'iS ILLUSTKATEI) STOCK DOCTOK. 

no (iciinitc dircclioii. Tlicy prcsont tluMusclves iiTi-gulurlj, with zigzag 
liiu's, ioioltcd. Mild iiioro or less ohiiciue. Tlu\y are never of very large 
size, except ill cows that give hirge (juantitios of milk. 

Tiie veins of the twist directed from above downward, formiiii,^ a wind- 
ing line, interspersed with knots, resemble those of the udder in not 
being visible either in heifers or in cows of only fair milking quality. We 
cannot ascei'tain their presence in any but very good cows. 

Of all tiie marks of abundant milk secretion, the best, and in fact the 
only iiifal!ii)le marks, are furnished by the veins of the twist and of the 
iiddcr. 'I'o estimate them correctly it is necessary to take into account 
the state of the cow in respect to tlesh, tiie thickness of skin, food, ability 
to staiul fatigue, heat ; all tlu^ circumstances, in fact, which cause vari- 
ations in the general states of the circulation, and in the dilation of the 
veins. It is necessary, moreover, to recollect that in both sexes all the 
veins are larger in the old than in the young ; that the veins which encir- 
cle tlu^ udder arc those which, if the cows are in milk, vary most accord- 
ing to the age of the animal. Small when the animal is young, the}' 
continue to increase in sizi' until after the cow has had several calves, 
when they come to their full development. 

This proportion between the size of the veins and the milk secreted, is 
observed in all females without exception. The size of the veins and 
their varicose state being due to the blood attracted by the increased 
activity of the milk-glands, is not only the sign, but also the measure, of 
tills activity — this connection. In fact, this connection is so close that, if 
the glands do not give an eijual quantity of milk, the larger veins are on 
the side of the udder which gives the largest quantity. 

The length of time during which milk is given corresponds with the 
activity of the organs which supply it. Cows which give most milk a 
day, also give it the longest ; and hence, if no special mark is perceived, 
we can judge much of the duration of milk by the marks -which determine 
its quantity. It may therefore 1)e accepted that as a rule an abundant 
milker may be expected to give a long continued flow of milk. 



CATTLE, now TO TKLL THE AGE. 639 

Judging Age by the Teeth. 

For the reason that tlic age of cattle can only he approximately judged 
hv the honi.s, and in consetjuence of the liahility to error, and especially 
the doctoring of the horns by the use of tiie tile, .sand paper and oil, we 
give a chart, sliowing from the cuts presented, the ages of cattle, from 
birth until they are five years' old, when the teeth are fully developed, 
and also the appearance of the teeth at ten years of age. Thus at birth, 
it will be seen, there will be but two central tenth, Jigure 1 ; at two weeks 
it will have four teeth, Jiriure 2 ; at three weeks it will have six teeth, 
Jiijurp 'A ; at a month old the jaw will contain eight incisors, and present 
the appearance as mjir/tire i. The mouth is then called full, as contain- 
ing the ultimate number of incisors. These are not permanent, but 
temporary, or milk teeth, as they are called. At six to eight months old 
the central teeth begin to be worn, and show smaller than the others, see 
Jif/ure 5. At ten months absorption and the widening of the jaw will 
have carried the two central teeth still farther away from each other, and 
two other teeth, one on each side, will have begun to diminish, in fact 
will have distinct spaces between them, s(H',Jif/ure (!. At twelve months 
absor[)tion will have continued to two more teeth, leaving intact only the 
two outside teeth, /iFf/»;-e 7. At tifteen months the whole of the teeth 
will present the appearance as seen in Jir/tive 8. At this time the true or 
permanent teeth will have been growing in the jaw, between and back of 
the milk teeth. Figure 9 shows the appearance at fifteen months of age, 
the two permanent central teeth appearing in the place of the two first 
milk teeth which have disappeared, and the other permanent teeth are 
shown in their several stages of gi'owth. Figures 10, 11 and 12 show 
the teeth at two, three and four years past. At the age of five 3'ears 
the animal will have a full mouth, as shown in figure 13, and at ten years 
the incisors will present the appearance as mjigure 14. 

Thus any person by the use of the chart, and by examination of the teeth 
of cows, of ages known to correspond therewith, may easily l)ecome an 
accurate and promjjt judge of the age of cattle, up to the age of four 
years. It will l)e seen, however, that in the four year old mouth, the 
two central pairs of teeth are beginning to be worn down at the edges, 
and in a flat direction, or inclining slightly to the inside ; yet the animal 
has not a full mouth — that is, the incisors are not all fully up until it is 
five years old. Seejigure 14. 

At five years old the teeth arc all fully gif)wn, and the peculiar mark 
on the teeth, called the cup, is shown in all. At the same time all will 
have become flattened, while on the two center ones there begiu'^ to be a 
distinct darker line in the middle, bounded by a line of harder bone. 
From this time on we may depend both on the incisors and the grinders. 



(iU> ii.i.rsrKATi'.n srorK nocroi;. 

At six yonrs old till' animal will liavo aciiiiircd the last ;zi'iiHiin<i- tooUi. 
'IMiis is till- sixth molar am.! is, from tlii' hojjiiiiiiiiii-, a permanent toutli. 
From this time until the oiglith >'oar, and indeed tlicroafter, in detorininini>- 
tlie age of llie animal, the nature of tlie soil upon wliieli it lias been fed 
must bo taluMi into ateount. (irittv, elose fed pastures will wear tlicin 
faster, and flush pastures slower. Thus in all the pasture rejiions of the 
West, and Southwest, the wear will be light. As a general rule, but 
admitting of many exeeptions, at seven years old this line is beeoniing 
l>roatier iind more irregular in all of the teeth ; and a seeond and broader, 
and more eireular mark appeal's within the eenter of the former one, the 
most distinct in the eentral, or two central pairs — and which at eight 
years has spread over the six central incisors. 

At eight years, a change takes place which cannot be mistaken. The 
process of absorption has again commenced in the central incisors ; it is 
slow in jirogress, and is never carried to the extent seen in the milk teeth, 
but is suthciently plain, and the two central teeth are evidently smaller 
than their neighbors. A considerable change has also taken place on the 
surface of the teeth ; the two dark marks are worn into one in all but the 
corner teeth. 

At ten the four central incisors arc diminished in size, and the mark is 
becoming smaller and fainter, as shown in p'(jiire 14. The six eentral 
incisors are smaller, and at twelve, all of them are very considerably 
diminished; but not to the .same extent as in the young animal. The 
mark is now nearly obliterated, cxccjit in the corner teeth, and tiie inside 
edge is worn down to the gum. 

From this time on they continue to diminish in size, and it is difficult 
to accurately determine the age. In fact except in the case of valuable 
blooded cows, bulls, or extra trained wosk oxen, and occasionally extra 
milkers in the dairy, few steers are now kept in the West past six years 
old, and few cows over nine or ten yeai's of age. 



CHAPTER VIII. 



THE DAIRY. 



KUSHINfi INTO NEW INDUSTRIES. THE IMPORTANCE OF DAIRYING. ESTIMA- 

TKD PRODUCTION OF BUTTER AND CHEESE. CONDITIONS NECESSARY Ti> 

DAfRYING. HOW TO BUILD. SUB-EARTH VENTILATION. CARE OF MILK, 

TEMPERATURE. VARIOUS METHODS OK RAISING CREAM. MAKING DAIKY 

BUTTER. SALTIN''. BUTTER. WASHING OR WORKING BUTTER. PACKING 

BUTTER. PREPARING PACKAGES KIND OF SALT TO USE. CHEESE 

MAKING CHEDDAR CHEESE. CHESHIRE CHEESE. HOW TO SELL BUT- 

TE[l. UTILIZING WASTE PRODUCTS. 

Rushing Into New Industries. 

The inipclu.s given to dairy farmiiiir witliin the hist ten years, caused 
by the increasing export demand, and tiie hirge price which sui^erior i)r()- 
ducts both of butter and cheese l)rought in the markets at home and 
abroad, caused many persons all over the AVest to rush into the business, 
supposing that Hush pastures and cheap grain were the sole conditions of 
success. Unscrupulous persons also made cheese of skimmed milk adul- 
terated with oleo-margarine. Butter makers adulterated their products 
with oleo-margarine, and extensive factories East and "West, backed by 
large capital, entered into the manufacture of oleo-margarine ; vast (pian- 
tities of which were sold as butter. In addition to this many persons 
supposed it was only necessary to stock their farms with cows, milk them, 
secure the cream, churn it, salt the butter and thus get rich. The result 
was, the markets were glutted with grease butter and skim or grind-stone 
cheese, as they were aptly termed, causing tlie degradation of really good 
cheese of American make in the English market, for the reason that the 
markets being flooded with disjionest cheese, and the industry being in its 
infancy here, but few makers had established a reputation, considered 



fi42 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

•jood beyond doul)t in foroign nmrkets. During 1878, especiallj, the 
prit'o of cheese wont so h)w as to cause niueli money to be k)st in its man- 
ufacture. The consequence M'as, many, who went into the business hastily 
and witii few natural faciUties for the manufacture, or knowledge of the 
business, as hastily went out of it. In 1879 a reaction took place, and 
both butter and cheese during the latter half of the year again paid the 
manufacturers large profits. 

The Importance of Dairying. 

\\'ithin the last ten years, Ohio, Michigan, the northern half of Indiana 
and Illinois, southern and central Wisconsin, central Iowa, and later some 
portions of Missouri, Kansas, and Nebraska have become great butter and 
cheese i)roducing States, and the premiums awai'ded to Wisconsin, Iowa, 
and Illinois for dairy products at International and Inter-State fairs, show 
conclusively that there is plenty of territory in the West, where the con- 
ditions are of the highest order for the manufacture of first class butter 
and cheese. 

As showing the worth and importance of this industry in the West, Ave 
need only show the receipts and shipments, at two principal markets, 
Chicago and Milwaukee, the first for butter from 1869 to 1878, inclusive, 
and Milwaukee for butter and cheese for the year 1878. 'I'hat of Chicago 
was as follows : 

Receipts. Shipiaents- 

Years. His. Jbs. 

1S72 14,574,777 n,4!)7,537 

1873 22,283,765 12,851,303 

1874... 28.743.«06 IG.020,190 

1875 21.868.991 19,249.081 

1876 33.941,572 34,140,609 

1877 42.236,366 36.514.983 

1878, Aug. 24, 31,714.318 29,263,586 

For the regular butter season — May, June, July and to August 24, 1878, 
inclusive, the receipts have aggregated "21, 414, 520 pounds, against 16,- 
493,031 i)ounds for the same time 1877 — an increase of 4,921,489 pounds. 
The shipments for the same period — May to August 24th inclusive, aggre- 
gated 19,821,660 pounds, against 14, 49.'), 864 pounds for the corresponding 
time in 1877 — an increase of /),32r),79() pounds. 

In Milwaukee the receipts for 1878 were : 

Receipts of Batter 6.111.286 lbs. 

Shipments of Butter 5.739.041 " 

Receipts of Cheese 13 256.808 " 

Shipments of Cheese 12,865,110 " 



CATTLE, UAIRVING. 643 

The exports of butter and thccse from tho United States, and value, 
for 1877 and 1878 are given by the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics at 
Washinirton as follows : 

1878. 1877. 

Twelve months ending Dec. 31, butter, lbs 26,656,198 23.014.268 

' " •• •' cheese, lbs 139 249,276 112.567,354 

Estimated Production of Butter and Cheese. 

The value of land and cows in the United States employed in furnishing 
milk, butter, and cheese, is not less than $1,;^00,000,000, or the sum of 
nearly half the national debt at its highest point. Over three thou.sand 
factories are engaged in the manufacture of these articles. 

The production of cheese is estimated at ;3oU,000,000 lbs. per annum, 
and of butter about 1,5()0,()0(),0<)() ; of the former, 130,000,000 lbs. will 
be exported this year, and ia.OOO.OOO ll)s. of the latter. The value of 
the two is about $;^50,000,000 or $.")0,000,000 more than the wheat crop 
of the country : three times more than tlie oat crop ; four times more 
than the potato crop ; one-seventh more than the hay crf)p ; one-third 
more than the cotton crop, and but one-fifth less than the corn crop. 
The'number of cows in the United States is over 13,000,000, which is 
six times the number in Great Britain, over twice the number in France, 
two and a half times more than in Prussia, and more than in the countries 
of England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Denmark, Norwaj', Sweden, 
Russia, Finland, Austria, Hungary and Switzerland combined — although 
these countries together contain four times the population of the United 
States. The proportion of cows to tlie inhabitants here is twenty-three 
to each one hundred persons. 

The production of cheese and butter increased thirty-three per cent, 
in 1877 and the exi)orts have been in like proportion. 

The cheese and butter exjjorted in 1878 have paid freight to the amount 
of over $1,000,00(J to the ocean commerce, or a sum almost sufficient to 
support a line of ocean steamers. These articles pay to the railroad 
companies over |.">,000,000 annuall}- for transportation, and the article of 
milk pays nearly as much more. Loaded on railway cars, ten tons to 
each car, the butter and cheese produced in the United States in one year 
would fill 22,000 cars, and make a compact line 135 miles long. 

It is estimated that Great Britain, with a population of 32,000,000, 
consumes about 2(50,000,000 pounds of cheese annually, while the United 
States, \yith 50,000,000 inhabitants, consumes about 200,000,000 pounds 
annually. It is claimed that when only a good (jualitv is put into the 
home market Americans will become as srreat cheese eaters as Eufflishmen. 



644 IMJ .sl'IiAIKI) .S'I'OCK DOf^TOU. 

Conditions Necessary for Dairying. 

There are three natural conditions neccssarj' fen- tiio suceessful prose- 
eution of dairyinj; : ahundance of pure wat(>r, jjlenty of grass anil cheap 
firaiii. 'Phci'c ;irc also three essentials in lis ni;iiuifacturc M'ithout which 
IK) person can succeed. These are, good cows, proper buildings and 
lixdires, and absolute cleanliness, from the stable to the package in 
which il is sold". Of course^ a thorough knowledges of the business must 
be possessed or ac(|uired. If tiic dair^■ is conducted on the factory, 
associateel, or co-opcrati\-e system, only one person, the superintendent, 
need Ixs an expert. CoUl water is absoluteU- essential. In tlie West 
recourse nuist be. had to ici^ for cooling purposes, except for tiic family 
dairy, and it is better tliei'c. The great drawback to dairying in the West 
has been tlu^ absence of cold spi'ings and spring brooks. Deep wells, 
with windmill pumps, fully sup)ily this need when there is an abundant 
How beneath the surface, and when there is not, ici^ is used for cooling 
purposes. In fact, no large dairy, where butter is made, is conii)lete 
without an \vv house of sutlicient capacity, not only for cooling the milk, 
but also, to afford cold storage for butter. Whatever the size of the 
dairy, whether large or small, no |)erson can make money in the manufac- 
ture without facilities so that the temperature of {\\v milk and butter can 
bo kept at liO di\<;rccs or less. It is not our purpose to enter into details 
as to the minutia of dairy wovk on !i laige scale. The person under- 
taking the business nuist enii)loy a competent dairyman as supin-intendent. 
The owner will have plenty to do in attending to the farm, the business 
details of manufacturing, shipping, selling, etc. To enable those having 
good facilities for the business to get an idea of the l)uil(ling, we give an 
illustration showing ground plan of model creamcr\-. 

The cut gi\i'n is a model in every ri'spect , not only in arrangement, 
but in cheapness. Tlu' main building is two stories, ,'')2 by 2(i feet, with 
two aimexes as shown, and cost all told, including all the ti.xtures and 
apparatus, only $'2,r)00, tlie building itself costing $1,.S(K). The arrange- 
ments are made with special reference to economy of sjjace, lal)()r and 
travel; to securing an eeiuable temj)erature, ami to the isolation of the 
cream and butter frenn odor.s that nuiy arise in the manufacture or curing 
of ch(>ese. The walls have three air spaces, one between the clapboard- 
ing and sheathing, one iiel ween the sheathing and building paper, and one 
between the building pa|)er and jtlastering, thus luaking most perfect iso- 
lation. The windows arc double. The milk, as received and weighed, 
is sti-ained directly into the cheese vats, or into the deep cans, foi" the 
pool. This is about 20 inches dee]>. and is nuulis bv laving a brick wall 
to that height, and eemcuting il on the inside. It is sup|)licd with water 



rAiri.H, DAiiniNci. (!45 

from a well noar the rear of the buildiiifi', pipes hoino; so arranged that 
the stcaiu-puiMp can del'iNcr either hot or eold water or steam whei'e 
needed, lee is uswl for this pool as needed. The press-room joins the 
manufacturinir-room, and from tlu! door of this a stairway leads (o tiie 
curing-room, which occupies nearly all (he sci-oud (looi' ; the front slair- 
wa}' leading to an oflice anil to a bed-room for the attendant, in front of 
the euring-room, which is designed not only for the ehecsc made liere, 
but as a curing and storing-room for that from several factories in the 
vicinity. The cheese is delivered, as soM, from a door in tiie rear of (he 
<'urin<i-rooni. 




.IU)UiNJ> I'LAN OK MOIJKI. CItKAM i:i, V. 

Explanation — A — Milk receiving room. B — Cheese manufnctuiing room. 
C — Press room. D — Engine room. E — Pool. F — Cream and churning room. 
(^ — Butter working and delivering room. // — Refrigerator a a — Clieesc vals. 
6 — Curd sink, c c — Wash v.ats. d fZ— Chuins. e— Bultpr worker. /—Boiler. 
g — Engine. /t/(— Wliev drains. 



646 ILLUSTKATKI) STOCK DOCTOR. 

It ■will be seen that the eroaiu and cliuniiiiji-room F is a separate enclo- 
sure within the main buildinji, and whieii may he entirely enclosed from 
the main room, so that when the eream is placed it may he entirely iso- 
lated and kept so until churned and stored in the refrigerator. Those 
contemplating erecting a creamery cannot well improve upon this plan, 
one of the most modern known, except it be in some minor details to 
suit U)cal wants. 

How to Build. 

Where the drainage is good the lower story may (<onsist of a basement 
sunk tin-ee feet into the ground, of stone or brick, and it will be better if 
the whole building be of brick. The system of drainage should be 
mapped out, and a chart made. The drains should be laid in the most 
perfect manner, and with fall enough so they will not clog. Besides the 
factory drains leiuling to the waste vats, there should also be tile drains 
to carry off surface water. The foundation of the floor of the factory 
should, if possible, have a thin coating of tin shavings, or broken glass, 
say six inches thii'k well pounded down, and covered Avith Avater lime 
cement. Upon this a flooring of flags or bricks may be laid, covered 
with cement of water lime, which in time will become entirely hard, and 
the tin or glass below will prevent all burrowing of rats. The pipes, 
leading to and from the cisterns, etc., should be placed before the floor 
is laid, and the mortar carefully fitted to them. Tlie ice-house should 
be plastered with water-lime, and a little vacancy left between the ice 
and the bottom of tlu; house, to allow the water a small space. The top 
and side walls of the dairy-house should be finished with plaster, by 
which means a uniform temperature, indispensable to curing cheese, is 
more jierfectly secured. 

Sub-Earth Ventilation. 

Of late years Mr. ,1. Wilkinson has advocated a system of sub-earth 
ventilation, simply by a six-inch tile, laid six feet deep and ;^()0 or more 
feet long from the building. Two of this length, — or better, one of twice 
the length, with a wing, and vane connected with the out-door end, to 
catch air and convey it to the tile — will keej) the basement well ventilated, 
and of the earth temperature of the depth at which the tile is laid. 

Care of Milk. 

The first requisite is absolute and unqualified cJeanlinesit. We have 
already given directions as to cleaning animals before milking. The least 



CATTLE, DAIllYING. G47 

sloveuliiics.s in the help, in this respect, should be severely reprimanded, 
and if this does not avail, discharge him, or her, at once ; it is as necessary 
as kind treatment of the cows. 

If the milk is set in shallow pans, see that there is good ventilation to 
the dairy rooms, and that the pans are regularly scalded, and with hot, 
hiihhling water — slight scalding will not do. Wipe dry, and sun, when 
j)ossible. Allow no bad odors to accumulate near by from garbage or 
other causes. For this reason the family dairy should never l)e in the 
house, since the steam and odor from cooking, the dust from sweeping, 
etc., will taint the milk, cream and butter. English dairy women are 
many of them so particular that they will not allow the men who carry 
the milk from the yard to enter the dairy house. It is poured into a re- 
ceiver outside and conducted in through a pipe, regularly .scalded cac-li 
time used, and covered tight from dust. 

Modern Home Dairies. 

One i)lan of setting milk is by the "Hardin sj'stem." By this system 
the milk is strained, immediately after being drawn, into deep pails and 
covered with a well-litting lid, to exclude both air and water. It is then 
plnccd in a refrigerator, with ice above it. The drippings fall upon the 
pails of milk and form a pool of water, in which they are allowed to stand. 

WluMi a cold spring of running water can be had the milk may be im- 
mersed in deep open pails, in the cool waters. Unfortunately, in the 
West, springs are scarce. 

Another excellent plan for small dairies is that known as the Cooley 
system, setting the milk in deep cans ; a medium sized refrigerator box, 
containing space enough for from ten to twenty cows. These cans have 
<'losc titting covers, and are surrounded by ice cold water, and thus, if the 
heat and animal odor be expelled before ))utting in, there is no tainting 
or souring. The cream is taken perfectly sweet, in from twelve to 
twenty-four hours. It is very com])act, and may be economically used 
even in small family dairies, of from ten to twenty cows, if the farmer 
cares to pay the royalty, the system being patented. 

Animal Odor. 

Expelling the animal odor is most important. To do this the milk is 
poured into a receiver, in the bottom of which are a few small holes, 
through which the milk is allowed to drop into a tank, large enough and 
high enough to catch all without spatt^^ring. This tank stands in cold 
water nearly to its brim ; in this the milk may renjain about fifteen niin- 



(548 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

utes, when it may he set in any of tlie ways we have mentioned. An- 
other plan is to heat the millv to 100 or 110 degrees and then cool. 

Temperature. 

Good butter ean be made, if the temperature of the dairy-room does 
not go above (iO degrees. This is the proper temperature for olmrning 
and working the butter. The temperature for milk may be much lower ; 
it should not be higher from the time the milk is brought in until the 
butter is carried awa}'. So far as storing the Itutter is concerned, if the 
temperature be kept at 40 degrees, so much the better. This, however, 
cannot be done \Wthout ice. 

Various Methods of Raising Cream. 

G. C. Caldwell, Professor of Agricultural Chemistry, in Cornell Uni- 
versity, N. Y., in relation to some European methods, says : 

"Among the different systems prevalent in Europe, we notice the 
Dutch method in which the milk is cooled down to 60 degrees in a water 
tank, which requires usually from one and a half to tM'o hours, and the 
milk is then set to the depth of four or fiTe inches in a room where the 
temperature ranges from 54 to 60 degrees, and remains about twenty- 
four hours ; the Holstein method, in which the milk is set at al)out the 
same temperature, without being first cooled in water, to the depth of 
one and one-half to two and one-half inches ; the Devonshire method, 
described as long ago as 1784, where the milk is put in a cool room, 
standing at a depth not greater than from three to four inches for twelve 
hours ; the vessel containing it is then set over the fire and heated till 
blisters begin to appear in the cream, or to about 200 degrees, when it is 
set aside again for twelve hours ; the cream is very firm in consistency 
and can be made into butter by simple kneading, and has a sweet, pleas- 
ant taste. Mueller states that the skimmed milk does not retain more 
than one per cent, of cream ; the Gussander method makes no account 
of temperature, except that it shall not exceed 61 degrees, so that no milk 
cellar or but only a light, dry and airy room is required ; the milk is put 
in large shallow pans, filling them to the depth no more than from one to 
one and one-half inches ; the milk is skimmed after twenty-three hours ; 
in such a thin layer the milk is so well derated that it remains sweet to 
the end, and the creaiu is sweet and very rich in fat.'" 



CATTLK, i)Aii;vi.\"(;. (549 

Making D ury Butter. 

Mr. C. C. Buell, one of the makers of high-caste dairy butter in the 
West, stated his mode as reported by the Secretary of the Illinois Dairy- 
man's Association : 

"Cows were connuon stock — Durham grades and sprinkling of Jersey. 
Fed by running in fresh corn stalks during day time, on timothy and clo- 
ver at night ; in stable, with two messes of meal daily, consisting, by 
measure, of two parts coni and one part oats, together with the greater 
part of the sour milk and buttermilk from the dairy room. Number of 
cows, fort}'. The milk was strained through an iron strainer into deep 
pails, as soon as drawn, standing in open air until the milking was tin- 
ishcd. It was then strained again into the same pails through a double 
thickness cloth strainer. The milk was set in a room without fire, tem- 
perature being between 40 and 50 degrees, Fahrenheit. During a 
part of the time, the temperature being above 50 degrees, the milk Mas 
set in water for twelve hours. The milk was skimmed after standing 
twelve to forty-eight hours, it being considered desirable to mix the 
newer and older cream, for the sake of flavor ; but the whole stood jnixed 
together from two to four hours after the last skimming and during the 
proogss of warming to proper temperature for churning. Most of the 
milk was skimmed a second time, the cream being included in succeeding 
churning. The churn (a dash churn with solid dasher, surface under- 
neath concave), was started at a temperature of (J2 degrees ; as the but- 
termilk began to appear a couple of gallons of tolerably strong brine was 
added at a temi)erature of 58 degrees, and the churn stopped a moment 
afterward, — as with the addition of the brine, at the proper temperature, 
the butter separates verA^ rapidl}-. As much brine as necessary was used 
in washing down sides of churn, cover and dasher. The butter was then 
dipped into a bath of not more than two gallons of brine ; a churning of 
forty or fifty pounds being washed in four parts, in the same brine. Re- 
moved to a worker with rolling lever ; the butter was so handled as to 
mix Avith the proper amount of salt with the least working possible. It 
was then placed in a tub slightly packed, covered ^vith In-ine and allowed 
to stand three or four hours, M'hen it stas again placed on the M'orker, 
lightly worked and packed for market." 

Care of Milk. 

We have given the modes of some of the best liuttor-makers in the 
world. Now the principal points to be oljserved arc : warm shelter, per- 
fect quiet, for the animals, absolute cleanliness in all operations connected 



650 ILLUSTKATKD STOCK DOCTOR. 

witli the milk, from the time it is drawn until it is made into butter. 
Just as the butter is forming in little granules, suddenly reduce the tem- 
perature to 5G or 58 degrees, so the butter will not mass together. It 
jhould never take less than half an hour to churn ; quicker churning 
causes the l)utter to come salvy. 

Coloring Butter. 

The best coloring for butter is plenty of succulent grass in Summer, 
and rich feed in Winter. For home consumption we should never color 
butter. For sale it may be advisable. If so, use an}' of the pure prep- 
arations of annotto. It is perfectly harmless. If used, stir it in the 
cream. As to quantity, this cannot l)e stated. It will var}' with the 
season. Every person must experiment, only do not use too much. 

Salting Butter. 

Take the butter from the churn in its granular state, and salt at the 
rate of two-thirds of an ounce to the pound of butter. Do not work it 
more than enough to fairly distribute the salt; and this by folding and 
pressing; let the grains of salt dissolve. It may stand from 12 to 24 
liours l)efore lieing wf)rkcd the last time. Butter, through all the time 
and process of working, from the time it is churned until packed, should 
be kept in a pliable, waxy condition, about GO degrees Farenheit is right, 
so as to work easily, and the salt all the time be in a dissolving condition. 
It is utterly impossible to work butter well that is operated upon while 
either too warm or too cold, or that is allowed to become so between 
times of working. The benefit derived by standing after the first salting, 
awaiting the second working, is to dissolve the salt l)y the moisture in 
the butter, and so set the butter-milk free, that it maybe the more easily 
pressed out. The amount should not be more than will dissolve entirely, 
and this moisture should be wl! worked out before adding more. After 
this add salt sutHcient to season to your taste, working to mix it evenly 
through the butter; then leave it there to cure and preserve. 

A good average is about one ounce of salt to a pound of ))uttcr ; some 
tastes prefer less and some more. Thrce-foin-ths of an ounce to the 
pound is light salting, while one and one-fourth ounces to the pound is 
heavy salting. We use to the first salting just two-thirds of the amount, 
and after the second working add the balance. Never go by guess, but 
use the scales, and in this wa}' insure uniformity. No one can acquire a 
reputation for good butter, who does not make a uniform article. It 
never yet was made by guessing. If on a churning of butter you guess 



TATTLK, DAIHYIXG. (J51 

it three pounds less than it is, and on the salt three ounces more than 
it is, you will make it far too salt. There should be a slight allowance of 
salt made for the condition of the butter, for when it comes soft it 
usually contains more butter-milk than when it comes hard, and a greater 
percentage of the salt will l)c carried oft' in the extra whey. 

Washing vs. Working. 

Equally good results can be obtained by washing or working the milk 
from butter, when skillfully done under favorable circumstances. In 
either case the only object is to free the butter from the milk, with as little 
injury to the flavor or grain of the butter as possible. In washing butter, 
the danger is mostly in injuring the flavor by introducing foreign matter 
in the water, while in the other case, there is more danger in over-working 
and so injuring the grain. In localities where pure water cannot be ob- 
tained, Avashing should not be resorted to, for butter is always sure to 
take up the impurities contained, as it will the taint of any decaying veg- 
etable or animal matter that maybe near. Many wells and springs which 
the owners of, or users from, believe to be pure and good, have in them 
decaying substances which render them entirely unfit for any use, much 
lessiijto wash butter with. Decaying organic matter so introduced into 
butter acts very much like yeast in dough ; at least, it starts a fermenta- 
tion, so to speak, which soon destroys the Itutter. Allow no surface water 
to get into spring or well, or any filth to remain in them, and if they are 
not highl}' charged mth lime, mineral or salts of any kind, tlierc is no 
better or easier method than to wash the milk out quickly and thoroughly 
before salting. 

Packing Butter. 

If for sale pack in good, strong, oak packages, whatever the size that 
may be decided on, and let them be uniform, clean, and nice looking. A 
good package will not sell poor butter, but a slovenW package will often 
condemn the best. Never use the round wooden boxes, with handles, 
they are an abomination. In packing have the butter still at GO degrees, 
it is then firm and yet not hard. First rub the package, bottom and sides, 
with salt, just what will adhere. Put a quantity of butter in the middle 
of the package, and [U'ess down firmly — do not rub, but press, thus caus- 
ing a perpendicular and lateral pressure : thus you make all firm and exclude 
air. Then what brine remains in the butter will M'ork to the sides and 
with the salt jirevent it from sticking to the wood. So continue until the 
butter is within an inch of the top. Lay on a cloth cut half an inch larger 
42 



()52 ILLUSTRATED STOCK UOCTOR. 

than llui package, and wet with brine, working the edges down smooth, 
cover with a (juurter incli of salt, cut another cloth an inch larger than 
the package, lay this on the salt, working smooth, as before. Head tight, 
bore a small hole through the head, fill full with brine, cork tight, and if 
kei)t level, and the butter has been properly made, it will come out all 
right when wanted. 

Preparing Packages. 

Use nothing but white oak ; scrub them thoroughly inside and out 
with hot water and a clean brush ; till with clean, pure water ; let them 
stand forty-eight hours in a cool place ; turn out, scrub again with hot 
water, rinse thoroughly with cold water, and, while wet, sprinkle with 
salt, what will adhere. It is then ready for use. 

What Kind of Salt to Use. 

None but absolutely pure dairy salt should be used. So far as the 
manufacture is concerned there seems little to choose between the best 
American or English make. There is one thing about English goods, if 
warranted good they are so — laws against adulteration being very strict 
in England while they are very lax in the United States. At a butter 
test some years ago before a committee of experts to decide if it could 
be discovered whether the samples were salted with English or American 
salt, the committee were very much at sea, guessing sometimes one way 
and sometimes another. Price being equal, we should use the best 
English dairy salt. Yet in all the best dairy salt, whether English or 
American, the impurities are so slight that in the salting of either 
butter or cheese there could be no taste whatever. If the impurity be 
sulphate of lime it would amount to nothing. It requires 400 times its 
weight to dissolve it, and there is almost no moisture in good butter. 
Another impurity is sulphate of magnesia, (Epsom Salts) which if 
present in sufficient quantity would give butter a i^eculiar but not a bad 
taste. Chloride of calcium would give butter a sharp, pungent taste, 
and which would seriously depreciate the value Ijoth of the butter and 
cheese in which it was used. 

Cheese Making. 

The making of butter is both chemical and mechanical. It has this 
advantage, that any ])erson can make butter as good as the best if abso- 
lute cleanliness is used ; if there are no foul odors about the premises ; if 



CATTLE, DAIRYING. ' fi/)3 

the temperature of the dairy he kept equal, and if pure water he used. 
This is all that is ixH^uiied, besides attention to a few simple rules. 
These we have given, and there leave the subject. 

The making of cheese depends almost entirely upon chemical action. 
Unless the conditions are right, good and uniform cheese cannot be made. 
These conditions can hardly be obtained in a farm house. Hence cheese 
so made is never uniform, except in rare instances now and then in the 
hands of a perfect cheese maker. Such, if this strikes their view, 
should lose no time in building a factory, or engaging one already built. 
Hence it would be a waste of space to enter into the details of cheese 
making even in a general way. Yet many will want to make some cheese 
and we append an account of the process of some celebrated English 
brands from the pen of Mr. John Chalmers Morton, of England, who 
has written upon the subject in the folhnving concise yet comprehensive 
manner : 

Cheddar Cheese. 

" The Cheddar cheese shall be described as it was carried on upon the 
farm of the late Mr. Harding, of Marksbury, Somersetshire, who was 
one of the best makers in England, and who did good work for cheese- 
making in Ayrshire and other counties and districts which he and Mrs. 
Harding visited on the invitation of agricultural societies and others' for 
the purpose of giN'ing instruction in the manufacture of this kind of 
cheese. 

"The morning's and evening's milk are together brought to a temper- 
ature of 80 degrees Fahr. If the night has been M'arm, a temperature 
of 78 degrees will give as great effectiveness to a given quantity of 
rennet as one of 82 or 84 deg. would give if the milk had been at a 
lower temperature for some hours of a cold night. The evening's milk 
having been placed in shallow vessels during the night to cool, and having 
been stirred at intervals during the evening is skimmed in the morning, 
and the cream, with a portion of the milk, is heated up to 100 deg. by 
floating it in tin vessels on the boiler. The whole of it is then poured 
through a proper sieve into the tub — into which the morning's milk is 
being also strained as it amves — so as to raise the whole, as I have said, 
to from 78 to 82 deg. Fahr. This tub may be a large tin vessel, capable 
of holding 1.50 gallons, and provided with false bottom and sides, 
enabling hot or cold water to be passed under and around its contents. 
The rennet, made from two or three dozen veils, in as many quarts of 
salt water, and allowed to stand three weeks, is added — half a pint to 
100 gallons — and the curd sets in about half an hour. The small veils of 



(j54 Illustrated stock doctor. 

Irish calves, which are killed at about a week old, are preferred, and they 
should be eighteen months old before use. The eurd is slowly cut with a 
single long blade to and fro throughout its depth, in lines forming a 4-inch 
mesh upon the surface, and the whole mass is gently turned over from 
the bottom with a skinnning dish and the hand. The whole is then again 
worked throughout with a "shovel breaker," a four-lingered paddle with 
wires across the lingers — great care being taken to do it gently, so that 
the whey shall not become too white. The curd is thus broken up into 
pieces not much larger than peas, and at least half an hour is taken in 
the process. Hot water is then let into the space around and below the 
cheese tub, and the whole is raised to 100 deg. Fahr. ; and this, too, is 
done gradually, so as to raise the \vhole by degrees, not heating any 
portion to excess. This also takes half an hour. The hot water is then 
drawn off, and the curd is stirred by the hand and a skimming dish for 
another half hour in the midst of its hot whe}-, being at last reduced to 
a mass of separate bits the size of small peas. The whey, after settling 
for half an hour, is then removed — ladled, sj'phoned, or drawn — to its 
vat, where it stands al)out six inches deep, and is skimmed next day, 
yielding a butter, which should not exceed in quantity six to eight ounces 
per cow per week. 

The curd stands half an hour after the whey is drawn off, and it is then 
cut in four or five pieces, turned over and left for half an hour, after which 
it is again cut and left for a quarter of an hour. After this, it should be 
in the slightest degree acid to the taste. If allowed to become too acid, 
it will not press into a solid, well-shaped cheese, but will be apt to sink 
broad misshapen. It is now torn into pieces by hand and left to cool : 
and thereafter it is jiacked in successive thin layers in the A'at — a cylindrical 
or wooden vessel twelve inches or more wide and twelve inches deep — 
whence, after being pressed for half an hour, it is taken out (it is then 
probably midday,) and broken up by hand, and allowed again to cool. 
Then, when cool, and hard, and sour, and dry, and tough enough, (all 
this, of course, being left to the judgment of the maker), it is ground up 
in the curd mill ; two pounds of salt are added to the cwt. of curd, and 
the M'hole is allowed to cool, and as soon as cold, it is put in the vat, and 
taken to press. It is then probabh' 3 p. m. The pressure on the cheese 
may be 18 cwt. The cloth is changed next morning. A calico coating is 
laced on it the second day, and the third day the cheese may be taken 
from the press, placed in the cheese room, bandaged, and turned daih', 
and afterwards less frequently. The cheese room should be kept at nearly 
(55 degrees Fahr. The cheese will not be ready for sale for three months. 

The process lasts nearly all the day, but it is believed to produce the 
best cheese in the world ; and its use is everywhere extending. Taking 



CATTLE, DAIRYING. (i55 

its name from ii single parish, il no\v prevails all over North Somerset- 
shire, and is gradually extending into Wiltshire. Many dairies in 
Gloucestershire adopt the system ; and some of its characteristic details 
are followed in Cheshire ; and it is well known in Lancashire, Ayrshire, 
and Galloway. 

The Cheddar cheese is made of various sizes, generally twelve inches 
wide aud a foot high, but sometimes larger in both dimentions, and from 
70 to 100 pounds in weight ; the object being to make all the milk of one 
day on a farm of thirty to forty cows into a single cheese. 

Cheshire Cheese. 

Cheshire cheese, like the Cheddar, is made only once a day. The 
evening's milk is placed, not more than six to seven inches deep, in tin 
vessels to cool during the night, on the floor of the dairy ; it is skimmed 
in the morning, and a certain portion is kept for butter — in earl}' Summer, 
only enough, perhaps, for the use of the house, but in Autumn more, and 
in some dairies at least, nearly all the morning's cream is thus taken for 
churning. The skimmed cream, with a portion of milk, is heated up to 
130 deg. Fahr. by floating the tins which hold it, on the boiler — sufficient 
quantity being taken to raise the whole of the evening's and morning's 
milk together to 90 deg. or thereabouts. The rennet is made the day 
before it is used ; 12 or 14 square inches of "veil" (rennet skin) standing 
in a pint of salt water, kept in a warm place, making rennet enough for 
100 gallons of milk. The Irish veil (rennet skin) is used, as it is ol)tained 
from very young and milk-fed calves. 

The curd is set about 50 minutes ; it is then cut with the usual curd- 
breaker, a sieve-shaped cutter, veiy slowly. The whey is syphoned, 
pumped, or lifted out as soon as possil)le ; but before it is all removed a 
portion is (on some farms where the Cheddar system is followed), heated 
and returned to the tub, and the curd is left in this hot whey for half an 
hour. The whey is then drained away and the curd is left to get firm. 
When firm enough to stand on the hand in cubes of about a pound weight 
— this is an intelligent indication — without breaking asunder, it is lifted 
out on the drainer ( a false bottom of rods ) , in a long tub with a stop-cock 
to it, and there left covered up for 4.5 minutes, after which it is broken 
up and well mixed w\th the hand with 3 1-2 to 4 1-2 lbs. of salt per cwt. 
It is then allowed to stand with a light weight upon it for about three- 
quarters of an hour longer, and is turned over once or twice during the 
time, being cut for the purpose into squares with a knife. It is then twice 
passed through the curd mill, and at length put into the vat. a cloth being 
first pressed into place by a tin hoop, and the salted curd being packed 



(;,")(> ILLUSTRATED STOCK UOCTOK. 

gently by hand within it. Tlie vats will hold a cheese of 70 or 80 up to 
100 lbs; and tin hoops, placed within them, are used to eke them out, 
and give capacity' for a larger (juantity of curd if necessar}-. After stand- 
ing in the vat, with a weight upon it, from one to two hours, according 
to the weather, it is turned over and put, still in its vat, into the oven, — 
a warm chamber in or near the brickwork of the dairy chimney — where it 
remains at a temperature of 90 deg. to 100 deg. dui'ing the night. Both 
when in the press and here the cheese is skewered, skewers being thrust 
into it through holes in the vat and every now and then withdrawn, so as 
to facilitate the drainage of the whey. The cheese is taken out of the 
vat in the morning and turned upside down in a fresh cloth. It is in the 
press three da3'S, and it is turned in the press twice a day, being dry- 
clothed each time. It is then taken out dry-clothed, bandaged, and re- 
moved to the cheese room, where it is turned daily, and at length only 
occasionally, until it is ready for sale. In some dairies all skewering is 
dispensed with, and no pressure is used at the time of making, nor for 
two daj's afterwards, but the whey is allowed to run out of its own accord. 
Cheese manufactured in this way recjuires from 5 to 7 days in drynig, but 
afterwards matures more (juickly for market. 

The cheese varies considerably in quality throughout the year, the 
earlier make of March and April being considerably less valual)le than 
that of Summer and early Autumn. Some of this varying quality is 
owing to the quality of the milk, the cows being house-fed ; but more of 
it is, in all probability, owing to the necessity of holding a portion of 
curd over from day to day, when the quantity is insufficient to make even 
one, or it may be two, full-sized cheeses daily. In such cases it is com- 
mon to make one full-sized cheese, and hold the remainder of the curd 
over till the next day, keeping it wrapped up on the drainer or pan, and 
iirinding it up in the curd-mill along with the curd of the next morning. 

How to Sell Butter. 

There is never any difficulty in selling good butter at a liberal price in 
any market, however low grease butter may be. The maker of prime 
butter need never be in a hurry to sell. The butter once made, will 
KEEP. But it will not be necessary to keep it. There are always partic- 
ular people in every town, however small, who are ready to take good 
butter at good pi'ices. Thus it is usual for makers to contract to supply 
during the year at a stipulated price. During the flush season of grass, 
butter is packed down, to be drawn on when needed. Thus the manu- 
facturer always has a supply on hand, and the customer is more than satis- 
tied to have a good, sweet lump of butter on his table every day in the 



CATTLE, 1)AIKYIX(}. 657 

year, and does not grudge the extra Hve eents above what he would have 
to pay the grocer, for what those who do not know the difference might 
suppose was good. 

If a hirger quantity is made than will supply the family trade of the 
villao-e, the large markets are always open, and there good butter will 
always bring a good price. All that is wanted to know is that the butter 
is made by one whose reputation is established and who would not sell a 
bad article, and all that can be made will be eagerly taken. It is simply 
a question of cleanliness, attractive package, careful attention to the de- 
tails in making, and as careful a determination never to ship when there 
is danger of the thermometer going below fiO degrees. The rest is all 
plain, clear sailing, with large profits accruing. To insure large profits 
from dairying, the master must be about early and late, night and day, 
and Sundays as well. 

Utilizing Waste Products. 

The skim milk, buttermilk, and whey, must be fed either to calves or 
hogs. As far as whey is concerned, there is not much good in it for the 
nourishment of calves, unless it be supplemented largely %vith meal and 
oil-ca-ke. A shoat will fatten on the waste products of the dairy, one to 
each cow, by using a very little corn. Some dairymen prefer to feed the 
waste to the cows. This is probably not the best use to which it could 
be put. Skim milk and buttermilk is worth more to feed to calves, we 
believe, than disposed of in any other way. Here again we will give the 
experience of Mr. I. H. "VVanzer, of Illinois, who believes with us that to 
make dairying permanently profitable, the raising of dairy cows must be 
a part of the business. To close the chapter we append his statement : 

I tried the experiment, last season (1875), of raising calves upon the 
skimmed milk from my creamery ; and as the result of this experiment 
may interest some of you, I will give you a few figures kept in connec- 
tion with the experiment, from which you may draw conclusions as to 
whether it pays to raise calves in connection with a creamery or not. 

Number of calves put in, 120, at $4.00 each $ 4S0 00 

Number of gallons of milk fed, 67,200, at 1 l-2c. per gallon 1,008 00 

Oats fed, 840 bushels, at 30c 2.'52 00 

Cost of labor in feeding 255 00 

Pasturage, stabling, etc 100 00 

Total $2,005 00 

These calves sold at an average of $21. .50 each, at an average of seven 

months old 2,580 00 

Leaving a profit of. $485 00 



t)r)8 IM,lISTItATKI) STOCK DOCTOR. 

This mnounl passed lo the credit of the milk would bring it up to two 
cents per gallon, wliicli is e<|ual to six cents |)cr pound for cheese, and 
this kintl of cheese would not have hrouglil three cents jw-r ])ouikI at the 
season 1 fed it, for it will hi' renienil)ered that this milk set thirtv-six to 
forty-eight lioui's, and all the cream was taken out. 

I am so much (Micoiiragcd in this way of raising calves that I expect to 
stock again llie coming season. I lia\-c now iifty-live young calves and 
ten older ones. .M.my of my neighbors and patrons are l)ringing their 
best heifer cal\-es (o nie. and marking them, oxi)ecting to bid them in at 
my sale next Fall, 1 paying the market i)rice for them when received 



PART IV. 
Diseases of Cattle; 

THEIR C A[;SES AND PKE\T3NTI0X ; HOW TO K:N"0W 
THEM; WHAT TO DO. 



DISEASES OE CATTLE. 



THEIR CAUSES; HOW TO KNOW THEM; WHAT TO DO. 



CHAPTER I. 



Diseases in General— Recognizing and Distinguishing Them. 

FARMERS SHOULD UNDERSTAND SYMPTOMS OF DISEASES IN GENERAL. USE 

, COMMON SENSE GRADUATION OF DOSES. FREQUENCY OF ADMINISTER- 
ING. FORMS OF DOSES. HOW TO GIVE MEDICINE. INJECTIONS. 

VAPORS, SPRAYING AND FUMIGATION. AN.ESTHETICS. TO DEPRIVE OF 

SENSATION. BLISTERING. FIRING. SETONS. ROWELS. SEWING 

UP WOUNDS. FO.MENTATIONS. OPERATION OF BLEEDING." —RECOGNIZ- 
ING AND DISTINGUISHING DISEASES. THE PULSE. THE BREATHING. 

THE ANIMAL HEAT. THE SKIN AND HAIR. THE POSTURE. INDICA- 
TIONS OF PAIN. SPECIAL SIGNS IN CATTLE. 

Introductory. 

The immense value of the stock interests of the United States and the 
frequent outbreak of introduced contagious plagues, and of enzootic, 
epizootic and various epidemic diseases, that at intervals have visited 
localities or sM'ept over whole continents, would seem to call for special 
training in veterinary science and art in every agricultural college in the 
United States ; vet, until within the last few years, but little attention 
has been paid to this profession, and to-day the subject is not given that 
attention its importance demands, except in a few instances. Veterinary 
surgery has heretofore been flippantly termed "horse doctoring" by 
professors and heads of too many of the colleges, endowed with the 
people's money "to teach such branches as relate to agriculture and the 
mechanic arts." 



662 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

Of late, however, a more enlightened course has been pursued. Many 
of the agricultural colleges are paying attention to this important stud}', 
especially since the violent outbreak of splenic fever over the West and 
East from the introduction of Texas cattle, and still more lately from 
the outbreak and spread of contagious pleuro-pneumonia in a number of 
the Atlantic States. Owing to the low state of veterinary science gen- 
erally, and the disdain with which the few highly educated and thoroughly 
scientific investigators in the United States — mostl}^ French and German 
graduates — have been looked down upon by those who should have been 
too glad to welcome them to the profession of medicine, and the esteem 
ill which mere quacks and leeches have been regarded hy the community two 
notaljle facts are made patent : First, the exclusiveness of certain puffed 
up "college Dons," who suppose that all knowledge must come from 
classic soui'ces. Second, that the people at large, farmers and stock 
raisers, who from their habits and training could not be supposed to 
understand surgery or medicine, except in its simplest forms, have been 
thrown into the clutches of mere pretenders to anatomical knowledge 
and the treatment of diseases. Of late there have been many honorable 
exceptions, until now nearly or quite all of these people's colleges, forced 
thus in many instances by public outcry, are taking strong means to 
foster veterinary science, and make it what it should be, and really long 
has been in other enlightened countries, an important, as it is an honorable 
branch of human science. 

There are many valuable works extant in A^arious languages, upon 
veterinary science and practice. They will be of little value to farmers 
and stockmen ; all that this class can deal with must necessarily be only 
those symptoms that can readily be discerned, and remedies so simple in 
their nature that they can be easily procured and applied. In fact great 
care and attention should be given to first symptoms, as also to good 
nursing. Discai'd all strong physics, and heroic treatment by purging, 
bleeding, and the surgery of main strength. Good care and nursing in 
the treatment of animals is now regarded (as it is in the treatment of 
human patients ) as among the most important means of cure. Indeed 
with animals it is of the greatest importance, since brutes are only able 
to indicate the region of pain and disease by mute signs, entirely unin- 
telligible in the majority of cases to the ordinary observer. 

Of Diseases in General. 

In the description of symptoms, and the treatment of diseases, it 
would be out of place here to go into learned discussions on the nature 
and pathology of diseases ; so also it would be futile to dilate upon the 



CATTLE, TIIF;IH DISEASES. (i()3 

symptoms and treatment of diseases. Onh' those most common, or 
fatal, will he specially noted. Fortunately veterinary art is congenial 
with the medical treatment of the human family, and the same paths that 
lead to a knowledge of human diseases will indicate to anj' intelligent 
local physician the means to be used with brutes. Humane physicians, 
now-a-days, — to their credit be it said, — are not slow in coming to the 
relief of the farmer and stockman in prescribing and giving advice in the 
absence of regular veterinary surgeons. Such are veritable benefactors, 
inasmuch as they greatly alleviate distress and do much to discourage 
quackery; and when found, they should be freely consulted- This devi- 
ation from the regular medical practice, owing to the sparsely settled 
nature of many portions of the country, seems ver}' necessary and 
even imperative. 

In the prescriptions for cattle, we shall use the most simple formulas 
possible, wherever found, and whatever simple medicines will avail, 
especially those compounded of herbs, as better adapted to the treatment 
of domestic animals. In connection with these, other agents, both min- 
eral and mechanical, must 1)c employed. In short, what we have aimed 
at is to state symptoms and remedies for such diseases as may be treated 
without the advice of a regular veterinary surgeon, and in such language 
as any intelligent person may understand. 

In this, while we shall not attempt originality, except it may lie in the 
matter of presentation in some instances, we shall use and quote from the 
very latest authorities in veterinary science in the United States, Eng- 
land, France, Germany, Austria, Belgium, Holland, Sweden, Italy, and 
other minor i-ountries, where veterinary science has been accorded that 
respectability which should accrue to a labor having for its aims the sav- 
ing of life, and the amelioration of suffering, in a direction second in 
importance only to that of the human family ; and in preventing loss, so 
far as it may be possible, of live stock, the raising of which is of greater 
importance to mankind than an}' other single human industry. Thus, in 
presenting sj^mptoms, we shall use and quote freely from the latest works 
in reformed practice. What we pi'esent will not be as seeking so much 
to aid the veterinary practitioner, as the farmer himself ; not a work to 
supersede other authorities, but a substitute, in a limited sense, as to the 
treatment of certain diseases, so that the intelligent reader mny compre- 
hend ; advising, in every case, when the operator does not understand 
the sj'mptoms clearly, to seek the advice of the professional veterinarian, 
if such may be had. If such he not within reach, then consult the best 
physician in the neighborhood. 



(i(',4 ILLU.STKATED JSTOCK DOCTOR. 

Use Common Sense. 

Why, in the sickness of animals, the owner should try random remedies, 
and go from one to another, at the suggestion of each different adviser, 
as the matter may seem to strike them, is inexplicable. In nine cases 
out of ten, with proper nursing and care the animal will recover, simply 
by keeping the bowels moderately open by mild physics and injections 
(which will be indicated) when costiveness and impaction is, present; or 
(if sedatives, stimulants and astringents when the reverse is exhibited. 
Such conditions as are often fiital during the gravid state of female 
animals, and succeeding delivery, abortion, false presentation, etc., and 
til' means of relief; contagious and epidemic diseases — these from their 
special importance will receive due prominence. Of the non-contagious 
and local diseases every farmer should seek to make himself familiar 
with the symptoms, so that ready means may be u. od for the relief of 
suffering animals. In all this the operator must be guided by intelligence 
and use the least possil)le exhibition of force. It may be necessary to 
hamper an animal for the performance of some operation. When 
necessary, it is not merciful to use half-way measures. The humane 
man, however, will do so with as little pain to the animal as possilile. If 
necessity should re(|uirc killing as the best means of dealing with the 
ailment, the humane man will be actuated by no sentimentality about 
taking the life of an animal. He will kill promptly and surely, as the best 
means of alleviating the suffering of the animal, or of preventing the 
.spread of infectious and contagious diseases. 

Graduation of Doses. 

As a rule cattle require one and a half times as much as horses ; sheep 
and pigs require one-third as much. Professor James Law, of Cornell 
University, in his work. Veterinary Adviser, has presented the manner 
of graduation, frequency, and form of administering doses, in the 
following concise language : 

The doses given may be held applicable to full-grown animals of 
medium size, therefore some allowance must be made in any cases iu 
which the patient exceeds or comes short of the average of his kind. A 
similar modification must be made as regards young animals, not only on 
account of their smaller size but also of their gi'eater susceptibility. The 
following table may serve as a guide : 



CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES. 
[TABLE OF DOSES FOK DIFFERENT ANIMALS]. 



665 



Horses, etc 


Cattle. 


Sheep. 


Swine. 




3 3'ears. 


2 j-ears. 


1 1-2 years. 


15 months. 


1 part. 


1 1-4—3 years. 


1-2 '■ 


9-18 months. 


8-15 " 


1-2 part. 


9-18 mouths. 


6-12 months. 


5-9 


6-8 " 


14 '• 


5-9 


3-6 


3-5 


3-6 " 


1-8 ' 


1-5 


1-3 


1-3 


1-3 " 


1-16 " 



Allowtiiicc must also be made for a nervous temperament, which usually 
renders an animal more impi-essible ; for habit, or continued use, which 
tends to decrease the susceptibility for individual drugs ; for idiosyncrasy, 
which can only be discovered by ol)serving the action of the agent on the 
particular subject, and for the influence of disease when that is likely to 
affect the action. Thus, in most diseases of the brain and spinal cord, 
and in some impactions of the stomach, double the usual quantities of 
purgative medicine will be necessary : while in influenza, and other low 
fevers, half the usual doses may prove fatal. In acute congestion of the 
brain, stimulating narcotics (opium, Ijelladonna, hyoscyaunus) would 
aggravate the symptoms, etc. 

Frequency of Administering. 

Anodynes, antispasmodics, narcotics, sedatives, and stimulants, may 
generally be repeated once in four or six hours in order to maintain their 
effect. Alteratives, diaphoretics, febrifuges, refrigerants, and tonics, 
may be administered twice daily. Purgatives should only be given when 
necessary, and should never be repeated until from the lapse of time we 
are assui'ed that the first dose remains inoperative. Thus, unless in urgent 
need, a horse should not take a second dose of physic under thirty-six 
hours after the exhibition of the first ; and in all cases, until the medicine 
has worked off, he should be kept at rest and allowed only warm bran 
mashes and water %dth the chill taken off. In ruminants a second dose 
may be ventured on in twelve or sixteen hours, and in carnivora (dogs, 
etc.) and omnivora (swine, etc,) in from seven to ten hours. Emetics 
should be given in full doses, and repeated in five or ten minutes if they 
fail to take effect, their action l)eing further provoked by copious draughts 
of tepid water and tickling the roof of the mouth with a feather. 

Forms of Doses. 

Drugs may often he given as powder or solution in the food or water ; 
they may be made into a soft solid with syrup and linseed meal, rolled 
into a short cylinder and covered with soft paper ; they may be converted 
into an infusion with warm or cold water, or into a decoction by boiling ; 



(;()() ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

or they ma}' be powdered and suspended in thick gniel or mucilage. 
They mnv be given, in a liquid form, from a horn or bottle ; or, as a 
short cylinder or pill, which ma}' be lodged over the middle of the root 
of the tongue ; or, as a stick}' mass, they may be smeared on the back 
of the tongue ; may be given as an injection into the rectum ; or, finally, 
in the case of certain powerful and non-irritating agents, they may be 
injected under the skin. 

No agent should be given until sufficiently diluted to prevent irritation, 
if retained a few minutes in the mouth, and irritants that will not mix 
with water (oil of turpentine, Croton oil, etc.,) should be given in a bland 
oil, in milk, or in eggs after being thoroughly mixed. 

How to Give Medicine. 

Few things are so awkwardly done, as a rule, as giving medicine to 
farm animals. In the hands of a careful and expert person, a strong- 
glass bottle is good. A better instrument is a flattened bottle of block 
tin, which for cattle should hold two quarts. The most usual instrument, 
and on the whole the best for ordinary operations, is the horn. Select 
one of which the point turns down and the large end up ; form this of the 
proper size and fashion so the opening will be oblique. 

Drenches should always be thoroughly mixed, and well shaken bc^fore 
they are given. If a fit of coughing ensues, free the animal at once and 
until it be ended. In operating with cattle do not irritate the animal un- 
duly. Always operate from the right or off side. Pass the left hand 
over the hctid, and in front of the horn, seize the upper jaw firmly in 
front of the grinders, turn the head firmly back, the operator standing 
well liraced, the back firm against, and as well foi'ward of the shoulders 
as possil)le. Thus having the animal with one side against a wall, or the 
side of the stall, it must be a very vicious cow or bull that a strong, expert 
man cannot handle. If, however, the operator does not stand well for- 
ward and well braced, he may be severely kicked, since an ox, like a 
deer, can reach well forward with their hind feet. The usual quantity 
for an ox is from one to two (juarts at a dose, if liquid, of ordinary de- 
coctions and solutions. 

Injections, or Clysters. 

A large number of medicines, both li(|uid and solid, may be as easily 
administered per rectum as by the mouth. In administering injections, 
it is not necessary that much i)ressui'c be used. The intestinal canal of 
animals is lower than the opening. Thus fluid substances will fall by 



CATTLE, THEIK DISEASES. 



667 



their gravity. A good instrument for use may be a pail, witli a tube 
extending from the bottom connecting with a half-inch rubber hose, of 
suitable length, so that the pail may hang just high enough above the 
animal to l)e out of their reach in moving al)out. Oil the end to be in- 
serted into tiie rectum, and the fluid may Ije passed into the gut, as much 
or as little as nuiy be desired, and with much better effect than when 
stronc pressure is brought to bear on the fluid. 

When solid substances are administered per rectum, they arc called 
suppositories. They are often useful and simple, as in the case of a 
small cylinder of soap, for young calves, to encourage the action of the 
bowels and ducts : and in the case of cows, in the use of disinfectants, 
to purify the discharges and lessen the danger of puerperal fever; sup- 
positories are made into form by means of soap, starch, lard, etc. 

Vapors, Spraying and Fumigation. 

These are medicaments drawn in with the ])reath. Chloroform and 
ether may be administered l)y means of a sponge tilled with the agent and 




APPLICATION OF STEAM TO THE NOSTRILS. 



held to the nose. Vapors are easilv jiroduced from liquid substances by 
means of an atomizer, sold by all drugofists. 

Steaming is often of great benefit. Hot water, either plain or medi- 
cated, may be held under the animal's nose, and the vSteam strongly 
driven off by plunging a hot iron into it at intervals. A hot bran mash, 
in a nose bag, readily gives off steam. Abetter form for steamino- the 
nostrils would be that given above. 
48 



(ifi8 



ILLIJSTHATKI) STOCK l)()(T<)|{. 



For tlic promotion of ili,scliiir<>c of tlie iio.stril.s, the nose-bag will Im" 
iiidiciitcd ; its form and fasliinings are shown in the annexed eut. 

Powders for easing the expulsion 
of the secretions (jf the nostrils, or 
for local application to diseases of the 
inner surface of the nose, ma}' he a 
simple tube of tin in two ijai-ts, which 
may he tai<cu apart and put together 
like the joints of a stove-pipe, with a 
rubber tube on one (;nd and a mouth- 
piece on the other. Charge with the 
powder, and blow with sufficient force 
to cniiy llie agent where wanted. 

\\'iicii an amesthetic is used, it 
should not l)e held to the nose contin- 
uously, since, if undiluted with air, 
it is fatal. Watch cai-efully iiiid sus- 
of (he ana'sthelic as soon as unconsc-iousncss is pro- 
duced, to b(! r(!newed from time to time as may be necessary. 'I'hey 
should not l)e used unless under tiie a<lvi(!(i of a surgeon or physician, 
since tii(^ need can haidiy l>c expected except for the performance of 
some intricate, surgical operation. The following is endorsed by high 
vetei'inarv authority : 




NOSK IlAli I'OU .STKAMINd, 



|)end the use 



1 Ox. alcohol, 

2 <)z, cliloroform, 
.•t ()/.. ether. 



Shai\c liic l)otlh' well befoi-e using it; pour a tcaspoonful or more at a 
time on a sponge ; hold it to the nostrils, 'i'wo or three moments should 
be enough to o\-ci|i()wcr tiie strongest ox. 



Blistering. 

Blistering is a \aluablc remedy, when it is i-c(|uired to ease the absorp- 
tion of deposit, to stinnilatc tlie vessels to effect organic change, aw 
hastening tiie ripening of an abscess, or tlie reduction of an enlarged gland ; 
they should be ciilircU ((iiiliiied to cases wiicre the acute inllammator}'^ 
symptoms ha\e ceased. Blisters do no good in dee])-seated iiiHanimations. 
^'et the (|uacl<, if he xiisjx'ct internal iiiHaimnation, claps on a blister, 
which (udy agonizes the dumb brute, and generally leaves a permanent 
blemish. AVhcii a l)lister is found necessary, before applying, always as 



f'Arn.i:, rirKiit diskases. t;i\() 

Hii ointment or fluid, and never as a pla.ster, cut or shave tlu; iiair from 
the part, wash and dry thoi'oufiiily, and apply with stronj; friction for 
several inintif es. The follo\viii<r, if thorouglily applied, will raise a I)lister, 
and will not lea\'e a blemish : 

No. 2. 1 Oz. I'owilorcd Cantharides, 

12 i)x. Lard heated to 212 deg. Fahr. 
Mix well togctlier and tttii' until cool. 

A swcatinii' blister of medium stren^'^lh to he used to pro(lu(^e irritation 
and a watery diseharfre without raisin<r a full blister, and wdiich msiy l»e 
applied se))arately to the same s])ot and without removing tin; hair, is 
made as follows : 

No. 3. I <>■/.. I'owdcied Cantharides, 

1 ri. Alcohol. 

Add neither eoirosive sublinnito, arsenic, acids, nor turpentine to blis- 
t(!rin<r agents. 'I'licy arc not useful, are often injurious, and always give 
unnece.s.sary pain. 

As a rule, sutlicicmt irritation can be produced on cattle by mustard and 
Imt watei', w(^ll rub})ed in, and tiiis foi'm should he used except in partic- 
ular cases. The following rules should be carefully remembered : 

1. — Never blister more than one or two spots at the same time. 

2. — Be careful about blistering in hot weather. 

ii. — Never blist<^r an inllamed i)art when there ar(^ symptoms of 
mortification. 

4. — There is always danger of pi'oducing strangury in horses from 
blistering. 

•"). — When a blister causes great nervous irritability, loss of a|)petite, 
or ditticult urination, wash the blistered surface with strong soapsuds of 
soft soap, dress it with sweet oil, and give a full dose of o])inni. 

<). — 'i'lie second day after a blister has been ap|)lied, foment the part 
with warm water, and dress it with lard or oil. 

7. — An animal that has l)een blistered should be prevented from bitin", 
i-iibbing, or otherwise irritating the blistered part. 

Firing. 

• 

'I'lie actual cautery is most valuable in bone diseases, or chronic laniencss. 

In cci-tain diseases it cainiot be successfully rephn-ed by any other counter- 

irj-itant. The iron should be iit a full red or white heat, and used with a 

light hand, so that a distinct impression is made. More; than one leg 



(570 ILLl'STUATEI) STOCK UO('TOR. 

should not be operated on at one time. It should never be perforned by 
inexpert hands. The hair mu.st be closely shaved, and the animal securely 
fastened. A better way for the novice is to cut a piece of bacon rind 
with some of the fat attached. The iron, which should be flat or slightly 
hollowed, is to be heated to a dull red heat. Place the bacon rind on the 
sprain or tumor, and apply the iron tirmly for two or three minutes, and 
afterwards more lightly, until the rind is dried or burned. This may be 
reiieated at intervals of two or three days. The influence will be potent, 
and will leave no scar. It should never be used on cattle, except in the 
case of a tumor, where the animal is valuable. 

Setons. 

Setons are used in cases of bone diseases, in the healing of old tistulas, 
by producing a new and healthy inflammation in its sides. They should 
be inserted the whole length of the canal. 

Setons are composed of tapes, threads, or fine wires, pushed just 
underneath the skin by means of a seton needle, entering at one point 
and coming out at another. Fasten the ends, to prevent dropping out, 
smear with irritant salve and turn every day or two to keep up a constant 
irritation and discharge. The following will be found good ointments 
for smearing the setons : 

Jfo. 4. 1 Part powdered cantharides, 

8 Parts oil of turpentine, 
8 Parts Canada balsam. 

Put the two first in a bottle and keep warm for two days and add the 
balsam 

A simple ointment would be : 

No. 5. 3 Parts citrine ointment, 

• 1 Part oil of turpentine. 
Mix. 

Rowels. 

These are wounds made \\ith rowel scissors or a bistoury, and kept 
open with a pledget of tow or other substance, smeared with ointment, as 
used for setons. They are rarely used now by good surgeons, and are 
not to be reconnnended, since their action is that of the seton. 

Sewing up Wounds. 

The bleeding of wounds having been checked and properly cleaned, 
the edges are brought together and held in position by means of stitches 



CATTLP:, TIIKU! DISKA.SKS. (i71 

or sutures. The interrupted suture is nmde by csirrjing a suture needle 
armed with white silk or white linen thread, through the two edges of 
the wound and cutting off, leaving aliout tliree-inch ends on each side of 
the cut : bring together and tie. So proceed until you have the wound 
nicely closed, the lips of the wound or skin being carefully l)rought 
together. 

The twisted suture is better in inexpert hands when it can be used. 
Bring the edges of the wound together, pass a strong pin through to 
hold in place, and twist a fine wire or lace a strong thi-ead across the 
prcftruding ends of the pin to liold the edges of the wound firmly 
together. So proceed at intervals of three-eights of an inch until the 
wound is closed. 

The wound thus sewed, dress with a plaster or ointment and bandage 
to prevent threads or pins from being torn out. Remove them as soon 
as the surfaces have united, which should be in four or live days. 

Fomentations. 

These are applied by wrapping the part to lie treated with flannel 
bandages or woolen cloths, and keep the wrappings constantly wet with 
hof or cold water, or mixed with any appropriate addition as vinegar, 
laudanum, etc. Thej' are used to cleanse or soothe irritable wounds, to 
reduce internal inflaunuation, or relieve external inflammation. I'nless 
persistently used for hours and kept constantly wet, they had better not 
be attempted. After the operation is finished, rub dry and clothe warmly, 
to prevent chill, which will surely occur. As an additional precaution, 
a little mustard rubbed in would be beneficial. When it can be applied, 
a sheepskin with the wool on, wrung out of hot water, makes a good 
agent for fomentation. 

The Operation of Bleeding. 

There is no operation in veterinary i)ractice that has been more al)used 
by quacks and other persons ignoi-ant of the true necessity, than l)leed- 
ing. It should never be performed except by those who have been 
instructed in the operation, and only in those cases where l)v common 
consent of the profession it is allowed. If a decided impression is to be 
made, as in apoplexy, from five to seven (juarts should be taken from an 
ox, according to the conditions. If the jugulai- vein is pressed upon just 
below where the incision is to be made, it will soon show prominently. 
Use a thumb lancet in preference to a fleam. When sufficient has l)een 
taken, raise the two lips of the wound, and bring them tooether between 



672 ILLl'STKATEl) STOCK DOCTOR. 

till' thuiiil) and tinger, pass a coniiiioii small pin through the edges and 
weave thread across and over to kvop all in })laee. 

Recognizing and Distinguishing Diseases. 

The following explicit and detailed rules for recognizing diseases in an- 
imals, should be carefully studied : Anyone who would become exjiert in 
recognizing diseases in animals, must study them carefully in the healthy 
.state, and nuike himself thoroughly familiar with their habits, appearance 
and general physiolog>'. He must practice feeling their pulse and the 
heart, listening to the sounds of their lungs in breathing, and taking their 
temperature, by feeling the skin and also by using a properly constructed 
thermometer. He should watch the appearances of the eye and tongue, 
and note the positions assumed when asleep and awake. He should ob- 
serve the character and freciuency of their appetite. For it is in the 
variations from health in these particulars that the veterinarian discovers 
the guides which lead him to the recognition of the particular disease he 
has to treat. We will examine eac^h of these items separately, and assure 
our readers that if they will verify our statements by practice on the liv- 
ing animals, they will soon be in a ])()sition to take charge of them when 
sick, quite as well and often a great deaf better than the average farrier, 
as he is to be found in this cQuntry- 

The Pulse. 

The pulse differs very much in the domestic animals. In the full 
grown horse at rest, its beats are about forty per minute ; in the ox from 
fifty to fifty-five ; and in the sheep and pig, about as in man, that is, 
averaging seventy to eighty beats in the minute. In calves and colts, 
and in animals well advanced in years, the pulse increases, in health, to 
about twice these figures ; and it is also increased by hot, close stables, 
fuU feeding, and the condition of pregnancy. 

The i)u]se mav be felt wherever a considerable artery passes over a 
bone. It is usually examined in the horse on the cord which runs over 
the bone of the lower jaw, just in front of its curved portion ; or on the 
bony ridge extending upward from the eye, or inside the elbow. In cattle 
.■onveniently readied over the middle of the first rib, or beneath the tail. 
There is a marked difference of force in the pulse of the two .species ; 
that of the horse being full and rather tense, Avhile in the ox it is soft 
and rolling. 

"When the pulse differs materially from these conditions in any direc- 
tion, it is a sian of disease. If rapid, full and hard, there is high fever 



CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES. 673 

or acute iiiHamniation ; if rapid, .small and weak there is low fever, loss 
of blood, or weakness. If very slow we may suspect brain disease ; if 
irregular, now fast and in a few seconds slow, we should look for a 
diseased condition of the heart. 

Ill the sheep, the pulse if felt by placing the hand on the left side, 
where the beatings of the heart can be felt ; or at about the middle of 
the inside of the thigh, where the femoral artery passes obliquely across 
the bone. 

The Breathing. 

The breathing is next in importance. If the ear is applied to the throat 
of a Jiealthy horse or ox the air will be heard passing through the 
windpipe with a regular, steady, blowing sound ; if applied to the chest 
a soft rustling murmur will be heard, like a gentle breeze in the tree 
tops, caused by the air passing in and out of the fine tubes and vessels 
of the lungs. But where the lung or throat is diseased, these sounds are 
very much changed and in many directions, which it is not necessary to 
dwell on here, but which will at once indicate the presence of something 
amiss with these important organs. 

"If the forefinger of the the left hand is placed firmly on the chest and 
smartly tapped with the ends of the three first fingers of the right hand, 
the sound will be noticed to be more resonant and clear than when the 
same procedure is practiced on the solid thigh. This is liecause the lungs 
are not solid, but are always in health well expanded with air. But in 
various diseases, as pneumonia and pleurisy, the}' fill up with fiuid and 
become solid, then the sound given out, by thus percussing them, as 
it is called, is like that on any other solid part of the animal. Hence 
this is another very important indication of disease. 

By practice on healthy animals the character and boundaries of these 
sounds can be learned so closely that any variation from them will be at 
once detected, and will sometimes reveal the presence of an unsound 
condition when nothing else will. 

The rapidity with which the act of breathing is performed can easily 
be counted by the heaving of the chest. In health in the adult horse at 
rest it is from eight to twelve times a minute, and in the ox a little faster. 
Any great increase without obvious cause, is a positive sign of diseased 
condition. 

The Animal Heat. 

The temperature of animals can be ascertained, to a slight extent, by 



()74 TLLUSTKATF.D STOCK DOCTOR. 

the feel of the skin, the etus, and the lejrs. A liot, dry skin in a horse 
generally accompanies a feverish condition. Cold ears and legs are a 
sign of serious disease. But the only scientilic, that is, accurate plan, is 
to use what is called a "clinical thermometer;" that is, one, the bulb of 
which can be bared and inserted into the rectum. After it has remained 
there two or three minutes, the mercury will accuratel}- indicate the tem- 
j)erature of the hlooil. This in health is 98 degrees, and an}' deviation 
from this, even of a few degrees, is a certain sign of disease. Those vet- 
erinarians who have practiced sufficiently with this histrument to become 
skilled in its use, declare it invaluable in their business, as affording them 
grounds for opinions about diseases which no other symptoms could. . 

Thus it has been found that every disease has its own degree, a* tem- 
perature at which it is either favorable or fatal. For example, if in that 
sometimes jirevalent epidemic among horses, cerebro-spinal meningitis, 
the thermometer rises as high as 104 degrees, it is a certain indication 
that the horse will shortly die ; M'hile in such a disease as inflammation of 
the lungs, the mercury will register 108 degrees, or 109 degrees, and the 
horse recover. If in gastric or typhoid fever the heat has been 103 de- 
grees, and falls to 100 degrees, and then suddenly rises again to its previous 
figure, the chances are terriblj' against the patient, no matter what the 
other appearances may seem to say. These few examjiles M'ill serve to 
show how ^'alual)le the instrument may become in the liands of an intelli- 
gent person. 

The Skin and Hair. 

The skin in its general feeling and appearance is an important guide to 
the condition of an animal. A dry, scurfy appearance is a s^'stem of in- 
digestion, iind liability to joint affections. What is called "hide bound" 
is a .symptom of a general state of })oor nutrition, arising from indiges- 
tion, im])roper food, worms, or a want of proper exercise. The skin 
feels stretched and hard, as if too small for the body. The condition 
known as "staring coat," when the hairs stand out like bristles, is often 
the only symptom of a low state of health. Whenever an animal is dis- 
posed to shivei', witli siicdding of the coat, wiicn exposed to moderate 
cold, or without such exposure, it is on the edge of some disease. A 
persistently staling coat, without other symptoms of disease, often indi- 
cates the a]ii)roach of an atta<'k of farcy or glanders ; and when with this 
are repeated shivers or chills, we may expect the strangles, weed, (M' other 
diseases with sup])uration. AVhen in an attack of disease the skin Ix-comes 
covered with a cold sweat, the life of the animal is in great danger. 



CATTLE, TIIEIU DISEASES. 075 

The Posture. 

The position of an animal, its mode of standing and lying down, are all 
significant. Lying persistently on one side, or obstinately maintaining one 
position, shows that any other is painful. Horses stand as long as they 
possibly can, as they l)reathe much easier in the upright position ; and if 
they once lie down, they soon despair and die. Hence the rule is with a 
horse to sling him up, in various ailments. With cattle it is different, 
and it is much less important to keep them erect. When animals cannot 
rise, it may be from weakness, or from palsied limbs, or from severe 
injuries or sprains. 

Indication of Fain. 

The feeling of pain in animals is indicated by their flinching when the 
painful jjart is touched ; by the care which they take in lying down, walk- 
ing or standing to "favor" the part, and by the appearance of the eye. 
Distress and suffering are generally i)lainly apparent in the face of sick 
horses and cattle. 

> Special Signs in Cattle. 

In cattle, the horn at its root yields, by the sensation it imparts to the 
hand, a rough idea of the temperature of the blood, and the cow-leech 
generall}' feels it as the doctor does the [nilse, as a part of the indispens- 
able programme of a professional visit. If the temi)crature is natural, 
he concludes there is no fever ; if cold, and the tips of the ears also cold, 
it is a sign of sonn^ serious internal congestion ; the blood no longer cir- 
culating in natural force through the extremities. 

The muzzle is another part lie takes note of. In health this is moist, 
covered with "dew," as the saying is ; but in disease, especially fever, it 
is dry, hotter or colder than natural, and sometimes changed in color, 
paler or injected with blood. By looking at the flanks, the regulaiity of 
the respiration is noted, rapid and irregular heaving there betraying the 
disturbance of tlie important function of l)reathing. In ruminants also, 
the second mastication of the food is among the flrst of the vital pro- 
cesses to become disturbed in disease. When a cow or an ox "loses the 
cud," as it is called by herdsmen, that is, ceases to ruminate without 
apparent cause, there is sure to be a feeling of sickness about the animal 
wliich is thus interfering with one of its processes of digestion. 



<iiAi"rKi{ II. 



GESTATION, DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS THEREOF. 



I'LUUAI, ANI> Mtll/niM.K CICSTATION. TIIHATMKNT lHJItlNU GESTATION. UIRTII. 

PIlOI-ONdKD I.AHOK. LAItni!: I'KICSHNTATIDN. UNNATUUAI, POSITIONS 

Oil" Til K CAI,1''. FLOODING. PRESKNTATION Ol'' AFTER-BIKTH. INVKK- 

8I0N Of 'rilH WOMB. LAN<iUII) LAIiOIt. IllKITABlLIXy AND STHAININC. 

TISMPOKAIIY PAItAI.ySIS. AHOKTION. ISOLATION. 

Plural and Multiple Gestation. 

l*'l('iiiinjf, in liis wofU on \'('t('i'iii;ir\' Ohslctrics, jrivcs ;i lucid .•iiid ;iccui';i1<' 
nccount <tf sinj^lc, pliinil, iiiul iniilli|)l(^ ^cslatioii in jiniiiials. 

Amoiijf llic (|{)ni('sti(^ !iiiini;ils tlicrc are species wliicli jifc niiliiniily iiiii- 
pnroiis — produce only one ut a hirtli ; and others wiiicii, in a normal oi- 
|)liysi()lo'iical manner, liriufr fortli two, three, or more, at a time, and are 
tlierofore desi<fnate(l ijonfUipdrnun or mnlfi pannis i^'cstation, l>einu' known 
ii.s doiilth", triph', <|uadniple, i\i<'. 

It is seldom thai Iwins are produced hy the larfr<'i' domesticated animals, 
.'iiid p.'irticularly liy (lie mare and ass, thouiili instances are recorded of 
these : \\inl<> in tiie cow , sliei'p, and n'oat, I lie occnri'cnce of twins, tfiplets, 
or ex'en more yoMnii' ci-eatnres at a liirlli, are not so scarce. 

The causes of mull i piiril 1/ aic not well iisocrtailicd. It. may lie due to 
sininllaneons rip<'nini;- of two or nioic (iraafi.'in vosieies, which, rupturinji' 
at the same time, .iliow the escape of IIk' ovules they contain, and which 
may liecomc impi-e<rnated at a sinjile '■m'/iis. Or a Graafian vesicle nuiy 
contain two or more ovules, as Hrisehoff has witnessed in women; and 
these arri\ iiiir to^'ether in the nieiiis, may he fecundated at one time. Or 
it maycNcn happen that tiie vitelline memhrane contains two\'olks, as 
sometimes occurs in the fowl's ei;i;' ; and as the \itelline mass is the essen- 



flATTI.K, rrfKIli UrHKAKKH. ()77 

tial part of the cgir, it i;^ cvidiTit tliat when thin (•ontairiH two of tlioHC 
masKOs, tli«!V ouj^lit, if fccuiidatr-d, to produce two eiriltryoH. 

Ill thf! first r-a.sc, uh .Saint Cyr points out, each fa;tUH haw ordinarily all 
its annexes distinct and coinpjelely inde|)endent ; or it may he that the 
two charionH are fused to<rether, in which cinuinsfancc! the two fo'tuHCH 
will then have a common envelope. In the second hypothesis, this fusion 
of the charions appears to he the rul<;, altliou;.4i the envelo|)es may also 
be independent; and in the third case — that of the two vitelluses contained 
in the same vitelline membrane! — not ordy the envelopes but also the 
fwtusifs may bertonic united mort^ or less closely and thus j.'ive rise to 
double monsters. 

F'inallv, it is also j)ossible that two ovules may become deta(;hed from 
the ovarian cluster, thoujrh not simultaneously, but successively, and he 
f(!iundated, one after anothr^r, at twf) successive copulations within a 
brief period. Occurrences of this kind are by no means rare, yet have 
been wronj;l\- ;idduccd as instances of supcrfo-tiition. 

What to Do During Gestation. 

As a rule the cow should be dried al)out the sixth or seventh month 
when stock breeding; is the obje<'t. When milk and nf)t calves is the 
object tlie flow may \tc c-ontimied to within. six w«!eks of calvin;^. 

Grazinj^ should always be allowed as nmch as |)ossif>le, the Jixereise 
and grass both being favorable to healthy gestation. In Winter the food 
given should be nutritive, (!xsy of fligestion, cooling, and of such <|ualily 
as not to induce either constipation or undue laxity. Water should be 
especially pure and plentiful, and not excessively cold ; in fact, all frozen 
food is U) be avoided. Cleanliness is essential. Harsh or cruel treat- 
ment, running by dogs, all danger of fright must be avoided. Surgical 
operations and severe medication is to be avoided, especially drastics. 
Suitable diet is to be u.sed as a regulatoi" of the bowels; powerful 
narcotics, sedatives, and other strong physics, if they do not impair the 
dam may imjieril the life of the fotus. The veterinary' anomalies in 
gestation arc fully treated in Fleming's wf)rk on Veterinary Obstetrics, 
to which wc arc inilcbtcd foi- rnucfi valualile information. 



As a rule in natural parturition there is nothing gained by undue hast<i. 
The animal should have (pjiet and b(' left to itself so long as ev(!rvthing 
is going on tolerably well. In the majority of cases nature will assist 
herself to a safe delivery. A roomy stall, in Winter well warmed, should 



678 ILLU8TKATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

be provided with rather thin but comixict bedding. In Summer, or other 
mild weather, let the cow be out-of-door.s by all mean.s ; in a small grass 
lot is best. 

Prolonged Labor. 

When the labor is ]irolonged from excessive size of the foetus, and 
this is suspected beforehand, or if time do not press and there is no 
special excitement in the cow, and there is delay in the descent of the 
calf, oil the hand and arm and feel for the neck of the Avomb in the 
vagina. If it be rigid carry extract of ])elladonna up the vagina and 
smear the neck of the womb for a few times. This should cause relax- 
ation of the parts. If the time is passing carry a narrow-bladed, 
blunt-pointed knife in the hand in the vagina ; find the mouth of the 
womb with the forefinger, slip the knife along the finger until it enters 
the neck of the womb about a quarter of an inch, and make a slight 
cut in all four sides of the neck by turning the knife. A slight nicking 
will sutfice, since the mouth once loosened in its contraction, the neck 
will give way, and the bag of water will accomplish the rest. 

Large Presentation. 

Sometimes the calf is so large that the muscular efforts of the cow 
can not force the mass forward. In this case do not resort to strong 
means until all others fail. Let a small-handed man introduce both 
hands, well oiled, up the vagina, carefully working forward beside the 
calf, gradually pressing apart the orifice ; pass closely to the calf with 
the hands, and as the pains commence, pull forward as strongly by 
pressure against the foetus. When a main effort is made pull forward, 
and at the same time slip the hands slowly back, and the calf will often 
follow. Repeat this again and again as the pains are renewed. We 
have never failed in but one case in so delivering the calf, and in this 
case the calf had to be dissected in the body. This no person unskilled 
in surgery should attempt. 

Unnatural Positions of the Calf. 

These-are various, and, except in the six cases Ave mention, and in the 
order of their fre(iuency, resort should be had to a veterinary surgeon. 
The following manner of relief is endorsed by various reliable and well- 
known uutiioritit's : 



CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES. fi79 

Unnatural Positions of the calf. — The natural po.sition of the calf on 
its exit from the womb, is with its head and fore-feet tirst, the head be- 
tween the feet and the back upwards. Six unnatural positions are 
enumerated b}' writers, which demand the assistance of the sui'geon. We 
give them in the order of their frc(juency, with the appropriate treatment 
they rciiuirc. 

First — Position with tail tirst. Press the haunches Imck witJi the palm 
of the hand, take hold f)f the bend of the hough of one leg, pull at it and 
reach the foot ; seize the other foot in the same manner, bring them foi'th 
and deli\er the body. 

Second — Position with fore-feet appearing without the head. Push the 
feet back until the head can be seized either by the jaw or nose, and pull 
it down between the feet. No further aid m ill be required. This needs 
a long arm, and prompt action between the pains. 

Third — Position with belly upward, head oyer one shoulder, fore-legs 
hrst. Gently push the calf back between the pains, and bring the head 
down between the legs. 

Fourth — Fore-feet fii'st, with head under the lirisket. Push the calf 
l)ack, find the head, and draw it down between the fore-feet. 

Fifth — Head alone, or only one fore-foot with it. Push the calf back 
anTl search for the fore-feet, or foot, under the belly ; when found, bring 
forward one at a time, by placing the hand under the knee and using 
gentle pressure. 

Sixth — Belly upwards, the fore-legs folded and against the mother's 
back, the head, side or hind-leg appearing. If the hind-leg appear, put 
it l)ack ; seek for the head, and if possible turn the calf, to bring the 
fore-feet and head to the mouth. When this fails, throw the cow, put 
her on her back, and with a rope and pulley, or two or three stout assist- 
ants, raise her hind-cjuarters consideral)h' higher than her shoulders. In 
this position the calf can be easily pushed back in the uterus, so that it can 
be turned and brought to the natural position. 

Many surgeons make it a rule to fasten the part presenting with a cord 
and slip-knot before going in search of the part they desire to bring to 
the mouth. The cord is held by an assistant, and serves as a guide. 

The principal ol)stetric instrument in the cow is the hook. This is 
made of wrought iron, four inches long, with a loop for the cord at the 
straight end. When by no other means the calf can be delivered, or 
when removing a dead foetus, this hook is fastened in the socket of an 
eye, under the jaw or in an ear, and by gentle and steady traction the 
resistance is overcome. 

Finally, the foetus may have to be taken out piece-meal, an operation 
which requires considerable .skill on the part of the operator, to avoid 
wounding the womb and vagina -^vhen he is dissecting the calf. 



680 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

Ill all such operations certain general rules should hv observed, as 
follows : 

First — Thoroughly anoint the hand with lard, or oil, heforo introduc- 
ing it into the vagina. 

Second — Make the examinations while the cow is standing, and between 
the pains. 

Third — In pulling at the feet, enclose the claws in the hollow of the 
palm, so that they will not tear the delicate coats of the womb. 

Flooding. 

Sometimes after a natural birth which has been rapid, and often after 
an abortion which has been brought on by violence, there is a severe at- 
tack of "flooding," or bleeding from the womb. It may escape from 
the vagina, or it may be indicated by paleness of the mouth and nose, 
weak pulse, great weakness and coldness of the surface, and the womb 
be found to be tilled with clotted blood. 

Treatment. — The hand should be introduced into the womb, the clots 
and any remaining portion of the after-birth seized and extracted, and a 
sponge dipped in hot vinegar and water, or very hot or very cold water 
alone, be wrung out in the uterus. A full dose of fresh ergot of rye, one 
to two ounces, should be given without delay. 

If these measures fail, a piece of ice the size of a walnut should be car- 
ried into the womb and left there ; or a tea-spoonful of powdered alum 
should be stirred in a tea-cupful of milk, and a sponge of this be sciueezed 
out in the womb. Internally, Prof. Gangee recommends, for cither the 
mare or cow, 

No. fi 3 Oz. Compound tincture of cinnamon, 

5 Oz. Diluted sulphuric acid. 

Mix and give two table-spoonfuls for a dose every one or two hours, in a 
(juart of water. 

Retention of After-birth. 

There are many causes leading to this. The mo.st common of these 
are hurried deliveries, adherence of the after-birth to the walls of the 
womb, and poverty of the animal. Retention for two or even three days 
under ordinary circumstances is not especially serious. If left to putrify, 
fetid discharges will exhaust the animal. The blood is poi.^oned, and the 
animal either dies or remains unhealthy for life. After forty-eight hours, 
if trouble still exists, the hand and arm well oiled should be introduced, 



CATTLK. TIlKIi; DISEASES. (iSl 

and the after-biith careful!}' 8eparated from the walls of the woiub by 
picking with the fingers and nails, and gradual but tirm pulling. The 
whole having been completely removed, sj'ringe the vagina thoroughly 
witli the following : 

No. 7. 1 Oz. Chloride of lime, 

1 Qt. Soft water. 

Give the following as a physic : 

No. 8. 8 Oz. Epsom salts, 

^ Oz. Ginger pulverized, 
. u Oz. Caraway seed pulverized, 
2. Drachms Copavia. 

Give as a drench. If there is a tendency to bleeding, give the follomng .- 

No. 9. 2. Oz. Ergot of rye, powdered. 

Inversion of the Womb. 

This occurs from long-continued and excessive straining, and there 
hangs from the birthplace a large red or violet colored bag. Clean the 




TO PREVENT INVERSION OF THE VAGINA. 



bag thoroughly by the free use of warm water. If it is much swollen 
and enlarged, puncture slightly with the lance in several places to let out 
engorged blood. Wlien sufficiently reduced, stop the effusion with cold 
water. Stand the cow so that her head will be permanently lowest in the 
stall. Let two assistants place a cloth underneath the liag and raise it 
to the level of the vagina. The operator with his right hand well oiled, 



(582 ILLUSTKATKU STOCK DOCTOK. 

nfter oiling the surface of the bag, (jhices his hand against the point or 
how of the bag farthest fr<'Ui the vagina, presses it steadily but gently 
l)aek, and as far up the vagina as possible. AVith the left hand, also oiled, 
he now j)resses in the dependent portions in and up in a similar manner. 
The assistants follow the retracting bag until it is restored. A l)all of 
low is introduced to keep it in place, and a harness (as shown in the 
foregoing cut), which includes a raised stall. In any event tlie bowels 
should l)e restrained for a day or two by doses of laudanum. After 
twenty-four hours, if the jjains have ceased and the animal is (juiet, the 
ball of tow may be removed, and later the harness. A simplification of 
the harness will easily suggest itsvlf to tlic operator. 

Languid Labor. 

If the presentation is all right and there is no obstruction, and the 
mouth of the woml) is dilated but the labor pains are infrequent and 
weak, careful mechanical assistance should be given with the hands as 
heretofore stated, or try first full doses of ergot (f rye, one to two 
ounces. It is often inefficient in cows and must be given in large doses. 

Irritability and Straining. 

If this is seen after birth, unless it sul)sides promptly, or if it show 
itself by repeated spasms and convulsions, give the following in a (piart 
of warm milk : Chloroform and laudanum, each half an ounce. If the 
muzzle is dry and the horns hot, showing tendency to fever, the following 
will be better : 

No. 10. 2 Oz. sweet spirits of nitre, 

2 Oz. laudanum, 
i Oz. solution ol iicetate of ammonia. 

This dose to be given in a (|uart of tei)itl milk every hour until relieved. 

Temporary Paralysis. 

Cows are fretjuently paralyzed in their limbs before parturition. If 
they does not regain the use of their limbs soon, or if they improve 
slowly, give the following : 

No. 11. 2 Drachms powdered uux vomica, 

2 Drachms sulphate ol iron. 

Give in a pint or two of gruel twice a day. Avoid all so-called cleans- 
ing drinks ; the}' are generally injurious. When there is unusual debility 
the foilowiii'T will be indicated : 



CATTLE, THEIK DISEASES. 683 

No. 12. 1 Ox. powdered anise seed, 

1 Oz. '• myrrh, 

1 ( >■/.. " allspice, 

1 Oz. " cummin seed. 

To be .stirred in a (juart of wiinii gruel a.s a drench. 

If constipation is stronjr and persistent give : 

No. 13. ,'2 I.li. sulphate of magnesia, 

1 Oz. ground ani.se .seed, 
li Oz. olive oil. 

Give in a pint of gruel, and repeat daily if needed. 

If there is strong rela.xation with continued diarrhea, the following 
will be indicated : 

No. 14. 2 Drachms powdered catechu, 

1 Oz. " ginger, 

30 Drops sulphuric acid, 

1 Oz. laudanum. 

Give in a (juart of gruel, ale <n- weak whisky and water. 

Or, 

% No. 15. 1 Oz. powdered ginger, 

1 Oz. bicarbonate of soda, 
1 Oz. laudanum, 
1 Oz. decoction of oak bark. 
Give several times a day in gruel or ale. Half this do.se sulfices for six 
months' calves, in similar conditions of the bowels. 

Antiseptic washes for cleansing the vagina when the discharge is foul : 

No. 16. 1 Quart clean wood tar, 

2 (Quarts boiling rainwater. 
Stir, settle and pour off. 

Another, 

No. 17. 1 Lb. chloride of lime, 

2 Gallons cool soft water. 

Let it settle and pour oif clear. A pint or two of either may l)e injec- 
ted twice a day. 

Abortion. 

Abortion may be said to take place in cows when the foetus is expelled 
thirty-five days before the normal period. It may occur from a variety 
44 



684 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

of reasons, and is much more common during the first half of the normal 
period than in the latter. It may be sporadic, that is, induced by acci- 
dental or local causes, as atmospherical iuHuences, such as bad weather, 
and irregular seasons — severe suddenly succeeding mild weather. Cold 
storms, etc., are especially to be guarded against. As external causes, 
access by the male, explorations in vagina, surgical operations, throwing 
the animal down, bleeding, and bad or improper food, are among the 
most connnon of external causes. Excitement, fear, surprise, certain 
odors, contagion, are credited with playing an active part in this dis- 
ability. Various diseases are also active parties in this direction. When 
cases occur simultaneously over wide extents of counti'y and without 
known causation, it may be enzootic or epizootic. Ravages of this kind 
are not uncommon, and have even attracted the special attention of 
veterinarians. 

Isolatiou- 

When aliortion is about to occur in a stable, at the very first symptom 
the animal should be entirely separated from the others, and the stall 
thoroughly disinfected with carbolic acid. In relation to measures pre- 
ventive and remedial, these will be found in the list of properly labeled 
drugs to be kept for that purpose ; they may be referred to at will. Iso- 
lation, however, is of absolute importance, lest the cause extend to other 
or perhaps all the cows in the stable. Ergot or other fungus spores in 
the food may be the cause. All possible causes should be carefully ex- 
amined and remedied. A thorough cleansing of the stables should be 
made, and disinfectants and fumigants used. The following in the form 
of powder is good : 

No. 18. 1 Bushel air-slacked lime, 

1 Pound copperas, 
a Pound carbolic acid. 
Mix. 

A liquid form : 

No. 19. 1 yi Pounds ctiloride of aluminum, 

1 Gallon water. 

Dissolve. This is not poisonous. 



CHAPTER III. 



INFECTIOUS, CONTAGIOUS AND EPIDEMIC DISEASES. 



PNEUMONIA. HISTORY. ITS MALIGNANT CONTAGIOUSNESS. DEFINITION. 

HOW THE INFECTION ENTERS THE SYSTEM. HOW LONG IS A DISEASED AN- 
IMAL INFECTIOUS. HOW TO KNOW IT. WHAT TO DO. TEXAS FEVER. 

HOW TO KNOW IT. BLOODY MURRAIN. ITS MALIGNANT CHARACTER. 

PREVENTIVES. WHAT TO DO. FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. CON- 

-> TAGIOUS PLEURA. 

Infectious, Contagious and Epidemic Diseases. 

Aiiioiig the most terrible of the diseases ever imported into the United 
States is pleuro jxneumoma contagiosa known scientifically by a large 
number of names, but now generally designated as Bovine Pneumonia 
Plague, and the Lung Plague in cattle ; Texas Fever, known also as 
Spanish Fever and Texas Cattle Disease, and scientificalh^ as Splenic 
Fever; Bloody Murrain, also known as "Black Quarter" (Quatran) and 
"Quarter Ail," is known among veterinarians by its French name 
C h a rbo II, and a\so as Contagious Anthrax. Thus these will be all that 
it will be necessary to treat at considerable length as among contagious 
diseases. 

Contagious Pleuro-pneumonia. 

This disease which has lately excited so much attention in the United 
States from its violent outbi'eak in the Atlantic States, and the well 
gi'ounded fear that for the lack of national legislation it might overrun 
the whole country, is the most malignant with which the farmers of the 
country have had to deal. Once fairly established in the West there 



()8(l ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

will be no possible means of eradic-uting it. It will remain a fixtm-e 
forever. 

History. 

This disease has been known in Europe and Asia from the remotest 
civilization, and has been treated since the first gathering together of 
cattle in large herds. Aristotle, evidently writing of this disease three 
hundred years before Christ, describes the symptoms accurately, inas- 
much as he says: "The cattle tohich live in herds are subject to a 
malady during which the breathing becomes hot and frequent ; the ears 
droop and they cannot eat. They die rapidly, and the lungs are found 
spoiled." Greek and Roman writers also descril)e what appears to be 
the same disease, and Valentine particularizes a f:ital lung plague which 
evidently corresponds to this malignant and terril)le scourge. 

Its Malignant Contagiousness. 

Unfortunately veterinary science has never yet discovered a remedy. 
Its attack is so insidious, and often occupies so long a time in the stage 
of incubation, that a whole herd may be infected almost before it is 
known. As in the case of all German plagues, nothing is known of its 
origin ; h\it just as soon as it is apparent that a case is being well devel- 
oped, the only safe plan is prompt killing, deep burying of the carcass, 
skin and all, and the free use of quick-lime (a barrel to the carcass) 
before being covered up. 

Definition. 

This disease is defined as follows : 

A specific contagious disease peculiar to cattle, and manifested by a 
long period of incubation (ten days to three months) by a slow insidious 
onset, by a low type of fever, and by the occurrence of infiammation in 
the air-passages, lungs and their coverings, with an extensive exudation 
into the lungs and pleursv. 

That the infection is carried by the animals wherever they go is certain. 
That it is t-arried in the air to a very considerably extent seems altogether 
probable. That it is carried by inoculation is well demonstrated ; and 
also by contact of diseased portions of an animal M'ith the membranes of 
a well one, is as certain as that the contagion is carried by attendants on 
sick animals and is proved almost beyond controversy. That the conta- 
gion will hold in stables for months even after being thoroughly cleaned 
and washed with disinfectant liquids, is proved just as clearly as that it 



CATTLE, THEIK DISEASES. R87 

may be carried by the many. That it may be taiieii in pastures and \vith 
fodder is too well authenticated to leave room for doubt. 

Vitality of the Virus. 

There is much difference of opinion with regard to the power of the 
\'irus to resist ordinary destructive influences. In many cases the free 
exjjosure of an infected i)lace for three or four months to the action of 
the air has purifled it so that fresh stock ha^'e been introduced with 
impunity. On the other hand, instances can be adduced in which cattle 
have been infected by being placed in stables in which cattle had not 
been kept at least four months previousl}-. Other things being equal, it 
will be preserved longest where it has been dried up and covered from 
the free access of the air. Thus in very dry and close buildings, in those 
having rotten wood-work, or deep dust-tilled cracks in the masonry, and 
in those with a closed space beneath a wooden floor, it clings with the 
greatest tenacity. Again, when the buildings contain piles of lumber, 
litter, hay, fodder, or clothing, the virus is covered up, secreted and 
preserved for a much longer time than if left quite empt}'. In these 
last it is preserved just as it is in woolen or other textile fa1)rics, and 
cawied from place to place by human beings. 

As carried through the air, the distance at which the virus retains its 
infecting properties varies much with varying conditions. The author 
has seen a sick herd separated from a healthy one by not more than 
fifteen vards and a moderately close board fence of seven feet high, and 
iu the absence of all inter-communication of attendants, the exposed 
herd kept perfectly sound for six months in succession. On the other 
hand, infection will sometimes take jjlace at a much greater distance 
without any known means of conveyance on solid objects. Roll quotes 
50 to 100 feet, while others claim to have seen infection at a distance of 
200 and 300 feet. But it may well be questioned whether in such cases 
the virus had not been dried up on light olijects, like feathers, paper, 
straw, or hay, which could be borne on the wind. This, from being in 
thicker laj^ers, would escape the destruction that would have befallen it 
had it been carried in the air only as invisil)le particles. 

How the Infection Enters the System. 

The seat of the disease, its progress, and the result of all attempts at 
inoculation, favor the presumption that the virus is usually taken in with 
the air breathed. Not only are the lesions concentrated in the lungs, 
but they begin with cloudiness and swelling of the smaller air-tubes and 
surroundinij connective tissues. 



ggy ILLCSTRATEl) STOCK DOCTOR. 

The exudation into the iuterIol>ul!ir ti.'^sue, tlie congestion of the lung 
tissue itself, and the iinplieation of the lung covering, are secondary phe- 
nomena. In other words, the disease begins where the inspired air must 
lodge the germs. Thus the inoculation of the virulent lung products on 
distant parts of the liody of a sound Ijeast rarely determines the character- 
istic lesions in the lungs, in lieu of which it induces in the seat of inoculation 
an exudation less abundant, as might be expected from the greater density 
and resistance of the integument, but which cau, like the morbid lung 
products, be inoculated on sound animals with protective effect. It seems 
probable that the poison is multiplied in both cases, but that the special 
loose and susceptible texture of the lung renders its production incompar- 
ably more abundant, as the continuous ingress and egress of air through 
the diseased organ renders it immeasurably more infecting. 

How Long a Diseased Animal is Infectious. 

Proof is wanting as to the infectious nature of the disease during the 
incubative stage. If negative evidence were of any value in a case like 
.this, it would be easy to adduce cases in which the removal of an animal 
as soon as it showed symptoms of the plague had apparently sa^ed the 
rest of the herd. In other cases, the malady has been eradicated from a 
herd l)y careful watching, and the promjjt removal of everv animal as 
soon as sickness appeared. The period of greatest virulence is that at 
which tiie fever runs highest and when the lung is being loaded with the 
morl)id exudation. 

But.it must not be inferred that with the sub.sidence of the fever the 
danger is removed. It is a matter of every day observation that animals 
which have passed through the fever, that are now thriving well, or giving 
a free supply of milk, and to ordinary observers would appear in perfect 
health, retain the power of transmitting the disease to others. This may 
continue for three, six, nine, twelve, or, according to some, even tifteen 
months after all signs of acute illness have disappeared. This is easily 
explained. The tendency of the disease is to interrupt the circulation in 
the most severel}' affected parts of the lungs ; the exudation around this 
becomes developed into a tough tibrous envelope, which closes off the 
dead mass from the adjacent lung and from all communication with the 
external air. The dead and imprisoned mass now undergoes a process of 
breaking down, liquefaction, and absorption, commencing at the surface, 
and slowly advancing towards the centre. The encysted portion of the 
dead lung is one mass of infecting material, and as it luidergoes no change 
excei)t that of liquefaction, and exhales at no time any putrid odor, it re- 
mains infectious so long as it retains the solid form. At the outset more 
than half a luu": mav be thus encvstcd, and live or six months after allesed 



CATTLE, TUEIU UISEASEfi. (iK<) 

recovei'v we still find masses of from one to two pounds weight waiting 
for the slow iwocess of solution. Whenever there are indications of the 
existence of such encysted masses, the animal should be looked on as in- 
fectious, and disposed of as summarily as if in the acute stages of the 
disease. Mr. Law gives the following rules when the disease is suspected : 

1. Remove all litter, manure, feed and fodder from the stables ; scra])e 
the walls and tioor — wash them if necessary; remove all rotten wood. 

2. Take chloride of lime one-half lb., crude carbolic acid, 4 ozs., and 
water, 1 gal ; add freshly-l)urncd quick-lime till thick enough to make a 
good whitewash ; whitewash with this the walls, roof, floors, posts, man- 
gers, drains and other fixtures in the cow stables. 

3. Wash so as to thoroughly cleanse all pails, buckets, stools, forks, 
shovels, brooms and other movable articles used in the buildings ; then 
wet them all over with a solution of carbolic acid 1-2 lb., water 1 gal. 

4. When the empty building has been cleansed and disinfected as 
above, close the doors and windows, place in the center of the building a 
metallic dish holding 1 lb. flowers of sulphur ; set fire to this and let the 
cow-shed stand closed until filled with the fumes for at least two hours. 
The above should sufiice for a close stable capable of holding twelve cows. 
For larger, or very open buildings, more M'ill be required. 

5. The manure from a stable where sick cattle have been kept, must 
be turned over and mixed with (|ui(klime, two bushels to eveiy load ; 
then hauled by horses to fields to which no cattle have access, and at 
once plowed under l)y horses. 

(j. The pits, where the manure has Iteen, nmst be cleansed and washed 
with the disinfectant fluid ordered for the building. 

7. The surviving herd should be shut up in a close building for half 
an hour, once or twice a day, and made to breathe the fumes of burning 
sulphur. Close doors and windows, place a piece of paper on a clean 
shovel, lay a few pinches of flowers of suljjhur upon it, and set it on fire ; 
adding more sulphur, pinch by pinch, as long as the cattle can stand it 
without coughing. Continue for a month. 

8. Give two drachms powdered copperas (gi'een vitriol) daily to each 
cow in meal or grains ; or, divide 1 lb. copperas into 50 powders, and 
give one daily to each adult animal. 

9. Do not use for the surviving cattle any feed, fodder or litter that 
has been in the same stables with the sick. They may safely l)e used for 
horses and sheep. 

What to Do. 

There is only one remedy — entire isolation of the herd infected. The 
prompt killing and slashing of the hides of diseased animals, deep burial. 



(>J)() II.MSTKATKI) STOCK DOCTOR. 

iiiui covorinjT tlio bodies with quiek-liinc. Tt may be stumped out only 
by the free use of the poll-axc, and tlie liioroiiirli disinfcftion by the 
most severe means of tlie premises, utensils and attendants. It is one 
of those cases where heroic treatment is of supreme value. 

How to Know It. 

The symptom mos( easily known in tiie early stay'e is an increased tem- 
perature of the body. If a I'linical thermometer be introduced into the 
rectmn of a beast in an infected district, and an abnornuU heat is ascer- 
tained, it is safe to suspei't the disease ; therefore send for a veterinarian 
at once. Next a slioht cough will show itsi-lf ; the iiair will be erected 
along the back; there may be shivering and always tenderness of the 
back when pinched : tlie breathing and pulse is accelerated ; the bowels 
are eostiv<', rnniinalion is irregular. The urine is scant \' anil high eol- 
ered, the api)etile fails, the inilk-tlow is diminished, the nose will be alter- 
nately nu)ist and dry. Tiie horns and other extremities will be alternately 
hot and cold. In the Held, the sick animals will separate from the herd. 
.VU the symptoms becouu^ more and nuire apparent until the aninnil 
renuiins in a fixed posture, the head rigidly extended, the mouth open, at 
every inspiration a moan, xmtil at length the animal succumbs, a loath- 
some and noxious mass of contagion. 

What to Do. 

A resort to renu'dies should not be had unless th(> animals are taken 
early in hand, and can lie isolated in a bniUling far from any herd. It 
will not i)ay except in the case of thorough-bred oi- otlu'rwise valuable 
stoi'k. This is es|)ecially the case in the ^Vest, if that section should 1)0 
unfoitunate enough to import the disease. Prof, (iamgee.who made an 
elaborate report for the (io\-ernment in 1S7 1 , strongU' andwisch- con- 
demns purgatives an<l bleeding, Imt bciie\es the disease may be checked, 
if tak(>n in time, by isolating the whole herd, and depending on active 
internal astringi>nts. He atlvises daily doses of sulphate of iron, (inc-half 
to one ilrachm to the bullock, mixed with an (Mpial weight of linseed and 
coriander seeds, given in bran to disguise it : this he has found to miti- 
gate the cough, followed by the disappearance of the disease. 

In the second stage of the disease, he advises light but nutritious food, 
copious Marm water injet-tions, and tlie following stimulant : 

No. 20. )i Oz carboimto of auiiiionia, 

1 Qt. linsecil oil. 



CATTLK, THRU! DISEASES. 691 

Mix, and give this dose two or tliioo times a day. When only one 
hjn<r is involved, recovery occasionally takes place ; when hoth an; in- 
volved, there is little or no hope. For coiifrh and debility durin<; con- 
valescence, he advises the following tonic : 

No. 21. )i Oz. oxide of magnesia, 

Ji i.y/.. iron fllingH, line, 
Ui Oz. tincture ot gentian, 
1 Pt. water. 
To be given daily. 

Another prescription is recommended — 

No. 23. 1 Draclim carbolic acid, 

1 Pint water 
To be given as a dose three times a day. 

The reader will sec, upon a careful .study of the foregoing, that hut 
one prescription — killing — is the only safe plan. 

Texas Fever. 

This disease;, now called Splenic Fever, resembles in some of its phases 
th^ terrible Rinderpest of Asiatic Russia, but it is far less malignant and 
less contagious. It also disappears with the first frost, being effectually 
stamped out during the A\'intci-, not to be again seen until again reintro- 
duced by the passage of Texas cattle. So again it is not given by our 
Northern cattle to other beasts. The disease has its home on the coast 
of Texas, but how it originated is not clearly known. After death the 
spleen is found greatly enlarged and softened, the kidneys Ijroken, dung 
and the blood fluid. 

How to Know It. 

The period of incubation extends over four or five weeks after the poi- 
son has been introduced. The fever will at first be moderate, the tem- 
perature as shown by a clinical thermometer, introduced into the rectum, 
will be 103 to 107 degrees. Then follows dullness, cough, trembling, 
jerking of the muscles, drooping of the head, arching of the })ack. The 
horns are hot, rumination ceases, and the appetite not good.' The eyes 
become glas.sy and watery, the urine deep red or black fnmi the blood 
contained ; the dung is hard and coated with blood ; the mouth and rec- 
tum will be a dark red or copper color ; and the animal dies in a stupor 
or convulsions. 

Gamgce always found present in the cxaniiniition of nearly .^»,000 
animals that th(; fourtii stomach was distinctly inflamed and the spleen 



692 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

always enlarged and of a ijuqjlish color — on cutting the pulp oozing out 
soft like currant jelly. Hence the name, " Splenic Fever." 

What to Do. 

Put tlie animal in a roomy stable with good ventilation, and give soft 
food. As an internal remedy give 

No. 23. }i Oz. chlorate of potash, 

1 Oz. tincture of chloride of iron, 
1 Quart water. 
Mix and give as a dose to to be followed two or three times a day. 

The most dangerous symptoms being passed, give plentiful food and 
the following tonic. 

No. 24. a Oz. sulphate of iron, 

1 Oz. tincture of ginger, 
1 Qt. water. 
This amount twice daily. 

Professor Gamgee does not regard medical treatment as being liopeful. 
In addition he advises that the limbs be well rubbed, and the bowels 
moved I)y injections. During the first two or three days he recommends 
ounce doses of laudanum, and later as a stimulant the following: 

No. 24. K Oz. sulphuric ether, 

4 Oz. of acetate of ammonia. 

Give in a quart of linseed tea three times a day. 

Bloody Murrain. 

Contagious Anthrax, known also as charbon, l)lack leg, black (|uarter, 
black tongue — is so called because the parts attacked turn black, 
owing to decomposition of the blood. It arises undoubtedly from con- 
tagion, eating bad food, pasturing on swamp lands in summer, drinking 
stagnant water, etc. Whatever the poison, certain it is it has wonderful 
tenacity of life ; every part of the animal will carry it, even the excre- 
ment. Flies will carrj' it, a yoke worn )\y a diseased ox retains it. Even 
alcohol is said not be able to kill the poison. Fortunatel}' it rarely occurs 
in its truly malignant form. There are many types of the disease 
attacking particular parts. In the tongue it is known as black tongue, or 
blain ; in the throat as putrid sore throat. When it attacks the bowels 
it is called bloody murrain. 



CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES. {U»S 

Its Malignant Character. 

In this disease it must be remembered that in its malignant form it 
attacks not only cattle and horses, but all the herbivora, swine and birds. 
It is communicable to other and different animals by inoculation, showing 
itself in different forms, but all characterized by the breaking down of 
the blood glol)ules, rupture of tissues and letting out blood and albumin- 
ous fluids, M'ith gangrene, 3'ellow or brown mucous membrane, enlargement 
and sometimes rupture of the spleen, and a very high death rate. Immense 
numbers of human beings have died first and last from eating the flesh 
of diseased animals. This is especially the case among the Tartars, who 
do not refrain from eating even the flesh of antiirax horses. As many 
as a thousand persons are recorded as having died in six weeks in Sau 
Domingo from eating the flesh of such diseased animals. Mosquitoes, 
and other biting insects are supposed to cause breaking out of the malig- 
nant pustule in man, from the fact of its always arising on exposed 
portions of the body. In relation to the viirious manifestations of the 
malignant anthrax Professor Law says : 

" Malignant anthrax may be manifested by external disease, or swelling 
or without such appearances. To the first class belong the carbuncular, 
erysipelas, of sheep and swine, malignant sore throat of hogs, gloss- 
anthrax or black tongue, black quarter or bloody murrain, the boiled 
plague of Siberia, and the malignant pustule of man. To the second 
belong all those forms of disease in which there are the specific changes 
in blood, with engorgement of the spleen, blood-staining, and exudations 
into internal organs onlv. 

Preventives. 

Upon the first intimation of the disease the well animals of the herd 
should be removed to clean, new pasture, where there is pure water. 
Avoid all bleeding, purging, and lowering medicines. The animals must 
be kejjt up. So all local applications to the swellings seem useless. A 
seton, composed of a yard of broad coarse tape, inserted in the dewlap 
turned every day and smeared with irritating ointment might prove ben- 
eficial. This should remain in from four to six weeks. 

Youatt and otiiers advise the following : 

No. 25. 2 to 4 Drachms chloride of lime, 

1 Oz. prepared chalk, 

2 Drachms lauibnum. 

Mix and give in a pint of warm gruel every two or threq hours. 

Recent French authors, in treating the malignant form of the disease, 



694 ILLUSTRATRD STOCK DOCTOR. 

recommend quinine, one or two draclims, repeated every two or three 
hours in severe cases. Also hypodermic injections of a solution of iodine 
as follows : 

No. 26. 2 Grains iodine, 

5 Grains iodide of potassium, 
1 Oz. water. 

Use a .syriugeful every hour in severe cases. In extreme ones, it is ad- 
vised that this be thrown directly into the veins : also that the strength be 
kept up I)y stimulants ; among those recommended most strongly is car- 
bonate of ammonia. 

Blain. 

When bloody murrain attacks the tongue it is called blain. In the case 
of blain it is recommended to open the pustule freely from end to end, 
with a sharp lancet, before the poison has been absorbed. Treat the 
same surface freely with the following : 

No. 27. 20 Grains chloride of lime, 

1 Oz. water. 

Mop the parts freely. 

Sulphuric or nitric acid, nitrate of mercuiy, lunar caustic, and other 
strong caustics, are equally good. When it may l)e accomplished, burn- 
ing with a hot iron is advised. 

Foot and Mouth Disease. 

One other contagious disease will be necessary to be treated of here, 
as beginning to be of common occurrence, having prevailed more or less 
since its introduction into the United States in 1869. This is epizootic 
aptha, generally known as foot and mouth disease. Although a contagious 
febrile disease occurring in cattle and sheep, and communicable by trans- 
mission to swine and even man, it is fortunately rarely fatal, and is 
characterized in animals by an eruption of small blisters in the mouth, 
and between the clefts of the hoofs, and along the upper margin of the 
coronet. It is a specitic poison of obscure origin, remaining in the system 
from one to four days before producing its characteristic symptoms. 

How to Know It. 

There is an increase of temperature in the l)ody, followed by an erup- 
tion of small blisters, of the size of a dime, situated on the tongue, the 
roof of the mouth, inside the lips, and occasionallv on the udder. The 



CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES. 



r)95 



blisters in tiie cleft of the hoofs and around the coronet and heels, are 
indentical with the others, Vjut smaller. 

Malignant Catarrh- 
Caused hy feeding in damp, cold situations, and feeding on marshes in 
peculiar seasons. Low, wet river bottoms are most subject to give it to 
stock. The disease somewhat resembles the Russian cattle plague, but 
is not usually contagious. Professor James Law gives symptoms and 
treatment as sollows : 

A slight diarrhoea may be followed by costiveness, the dung being black, 
firm and scanty. The hair is rough and erect ; shivering ensues ; the head 
is depressed ; the roots of the horns and forehead hot ; eyes sunken, red, 
watery, with turbidity in the interior and intolerance of light ; muzzle dry 
and hot ; mouth hot with much saliva ; the membranes, mouth, nose and 




MALIGNANT CATARRH — SECOND OR SLOUGHING STAGE. 



vagina bluish-red ; pulse rapid ; impulse of the heart weak ; breathing 
hurried ; cough ; urine scanty and high colored, and surface of the body 
alternately hot and cold. In twenty-four hours all the symptoms are ag- 
gravated ; the nose discharges a slimy fluid ; forehead is warmer and duller 
on percussion ; the mouth covered with dark red blotches, from which the 
cuticle soon peels off, leaving raw sores ; appetite is completely lost ; dung 
and urine passed with much pain and straining, and there is generally 
stiffness and indisposition to move. From the fourth to the sixth day 
ulcers appear on the nose and muzzle, swellings take place beneath the 
jaws, chest and abdomen, and on the legs the skin may even slough off 



696 



ILLUSTRATED 8TOCK DOCTOR. 



in [jiitches ; a foetid saliva drivels from the moutli and a stinking diarrhoea 
succeeds the costiveness. Deatli usually ensues from the eighth to the 
tenth du}', preceded perhaps by convulsions or signs of suffocation. 
The treatment is to clean the bowels with the following : 

No. 28. 1 Pint olive oil, 

1 Oz. luuduuum. 
Mix. 

In eight or ten hours, if it do not operate, give another. Follow this 
with diuretics, sweet spirits of nitre in half-ouuce doses, and also with 
antiseptics, potassa chlorate, in doses of one-quarter drachm. Wet cloths 
should be kept on the head ; the mouth and nose sponged with ([uitc a 
weak solution of carbolic acid. Give as food only soft mashes. 



CHAPTER IV. 



MEDICINES AND INSTRUKLENTS— WHAT TO KEEP. 



DISSECTION. II. ACTION OP MEDICINES. III. MEDICINES TO BE KEPT, AND DOSES. 

IV'. SIMPLE AND VALUABLE RECIPES. V. FORMS OP CLYSTERS. VI. INFUSIONS. 

VII. ANTI-SPASMODICS. VIII. FOMENTATIONS. IX. MUCILAGES. X. WASHES. 

XI. POULTICES. XII. FUMIGATIONS. SIU. TINCTURE FOR WOUNDS. 



I. Dissection. 



In the dissection of cattle the axe and meat .saw, and butcher's knife 
must be largely depended on, in the hands of farmers, since all that is 
necessary is to get at the diseased parts to note their appearance and the 
seat of the disease, the symptoms ha\dng been previously carefully noted. 
This matter has been treated of in diseases of the horse, chapter XIX., 
article Dissection, to which the reader is referred. 

II. Action of Medicines. 

The action of medicines, doses for horse, ox, sheep and swine is also 
treated of in chapter XIX., of the horse, together with much other val- 
uable matter applicable to animals generally. 

III. Medicines to be Kept, and Doses. 

It will not be necessary to keep more than a small stock of the medi- 
cines in most common use, or such as may be required in an emergency. 
Those adapted to the horse, will, as a rule be also adapted to other stock. 
In chapter XIX. a pretty full list will be found, with the appropriate 
doses for cattle, sheep and swine, as well as the horse ; also the proper 
proportionate dose for animals of various ages up to the adult. It will 
not be necessary to repeat them here. 



698 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



For the purpose of enabling our readers to become familiar with the 
bony structure of cattle we give an illustration of the skeleton of the ox 
with the correct names of the various parts as known in veterinary sci- 
ence. It will be found valuable for reference, not only to the student in 
veterinary art, but also to every one who proposes to keep and breed 
cattle. 




SKELETON OP THE OX. 



Explanation of Cut. — A — Cervical Vertebrae. B B — Dorsal Vertebrae. 
C — Lumbar Vertebrae. D — Sacrum. E E — Concygeal Bones. FF 
— Ribs. O — Ccstal Cartilages. H — Scapula. / — Humerus. K K — 
Radius. L — Ulna. M — Carpus or Knee. 1 — Scaphoid. 2 — Semilunar. 
3 — Cuneiform. 4 — Trapezium. 5 — Trapezoid. 6 — Os Magnum. 7 — 
Unceiform. 8 — Pisiform. N JV — Large Metacarpel or Cannon. O — 
Small Metecarpel. P P — Sesamoid Bones. Q Q — Phalanges. 1 — Os 
Suffraginis or Pastern Bone. 2 — Os Coronae. 3 — Os Pedis. R — Pelvis. 
1— Illium. 2— Pubi.s. 3— Ischium. *S'— Femur. T— Patella. U— 
Tibia. T"— Fibula, ir— Hocks. 1— Os Calcis. 2— Ostragulus. 3— 
Cuneiform Magnum. 4 — Cuneiform Median. 5 — Cuneiform Parvum. 
<) — Cuboid. A" — Large Metatarsal. 1, 2. 3 — Phalanges. Y — Small 
Metatarsal. Z — Head. 1 — Inferior Maxilla. 2 — Superior Maxilla. 3 — 
Anterior Maxilla. 4 — Nasal Bone. T) — Molar, (i — Frontal. 7 — Parietal. 
8 — Occipital. 9 — Lachrymal. 10 — Squamous. 11 — Petrous. 



CATTLE, THKIK DISEASES. ()!»!:( 

Ill conipariiiii the skeleton of the ox with that of the horse, we emi 
readily i)erc-eive the difference in the length of the limb and neck pos- 
sessed by the latter. Speed seems to have been an object at the creation, 
and as the body was elevated the neck needed proportionate length in 
order to feed. The body of the horse corresponds to a square, while 
that of the ox to a long rectangle. The limbs of the oxarestraighterthan 
those of the horse, much less speed being demanded. The ril)s of the 
former are both longer and larger than those of the latter, greater pro- 
tection with sluggardness of movement being required. In the head of 
the ox we find the two plates or tables noticed in the horse ; in the latter, 
however, they lie close together, while in the former, as in all horned 
animals, there is considerable space between them. This diversitv creates 
a number of cells, having bony ridges passing from the inner to the outer 
plate, which secures the tirmness of the parts. These cells form roomy 
and strong sockets for the horns. The cavity containing the brain of the 
ox is about one-fourth the size of the other parts of the skull ; the organs 
of mastication and those of smell taking up the remaining portions. In 
cattle the frontal bones extend from the nose to the superior ridge of the 
skull, presenting a flat, irregular surface, totally bare of any muscular or 
fleshy covering. The wcajion of defense and offense employed by cattle 
is tlie horn and nature lias securely based it and rendered it effective by 
this expanse of the frontal bone. There is the same division in the 
center of the frontal sinuses as in the horse, but the perfection of divis- 
ion between the nostrils is wanting. Commencing about half way up the 
nose, the septum is wanting at the lower part, and the two nostrils are, 
as it were, thrown into one ; the frontal sinuses connect with the nasal, 
thus forming a continuous cavity from the muzzle to the horn, and from 
one muzzle to the other. In polled cattle the frontal bone holds the 
same situation — reaching from the nasal bones to the parietal ridge — l)ut 
as they were not designed for the base of horns, they naiTOW off towaids 
the poll. The temporal bones in cattle are small, deep in the temporal 
fossa and destitute of ihe squamous structure. The occipital bone is, 
in the ox, deprived of almost all the importance attached to it in ti;c 
conformation of the horse. The sphemoid and ithmoid liones are in the 
same relative position. 

IV. Simple and Valuable Medical Recipes for Cattle. 

Dr. G. H. Dadd, M.D., Y S., a medical practi'tioner of repute, and 
celebrated as a veterinary surgcu;;. uji to the time of his death, some 
fifteen years ago, attributed nmch of his success to not lieing bound by 
any rigid rules of practice. Thus he, while having been bred under the 
Allopathic .system of medicine, used largely of botanical agents, as in 
45 



700 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

fiU't do all our best physk-iiiiis now, more largely than formerly. In the 
a')i)('ndix to his work on the diseases of eatfle ho gives a series of reeipes 
under appropriate headings, which we reproduce in a soniewhat different 
and condensed form, as lieing at the same time simple and efficacious. 
In his oi)servations on tlie action of medicine, and external agents on the 
animal bod}', he says, that warmth and moisture always expand it, and 
l)ayberry bark, tannin, and gum catechu always contract it ; and that 
these agents Inive these effects at all times (provided, however, there be 
sutKcient vitality in the part to manifest these peculiar changes) and under 
all cirvumstanecs. If a blister be applied to the external surface of an 
animal, and it produces irritation, it always has a tendency to produce 
that effect, whatever part of the living organism it nniy be api)lied to. 
80 alcohol always has a tendency to stimulate, whether given by the 
mouth or rubbed on the external surface, it will produce an excitement 
of nerves, heart and arteries, and of course the muscles partake of the 
influence. Again, marsh mallows, gum acacia, slipjiery elm, etc., always 
lubricate the nmcous surfaces, quiet irritation, and relieve inflammatory 
symptoms. 

It follows, of course, 1st. That when any other effects than those just 
named are seen to follow the administration of these articles, they must 
be attributed to the morbid state of the parts to which they are applied ; 
2d. That a medicine which is good to promote a given effect in one form 
of disease, will be equally good for the same purpose in another form of 
disease in the same tissue. Thus, if an infusion of mallows is good for 
inflammation of the stomach, and will lubricate the surface, and allay 
irritation in that organ, then it is ecpially good for the same purpose in 
inflammation of tiie bowels and l)ladder. What we wish the reader to 
understand is this : that a medicine used for any particular symptom in 
one form of disease, if it be a sanative agent, is ctiually good for the 
same symi)tom in every form. 

The medicines we recommend owe their diuretic, astringent, diaphoretic 
and cathartic powers to their aromatic, relaxing, antispasmodic, lubricating 
and irritating properties ; and if we give them with a view of producing 
a certain result, and they do not act just as we wish, it is no proof that 
thev have not done good. The fact is, all our medicines act on the parts 
where nature is making the greatest efforts to restore equilibrium ; hence 
they relieve the constitution, whatever may be the nature of their results. 



Laxative clyster : 



V. Forms of Clysters. 



3 or i (Juarts warm water, 

8 Ounces linseed oil, 

1 Table-spoonful common salt (tinel. 



CATTl.K, THKlIt DISEASES. 701 



Another : 



No. :!0. 4 Qiuins warm water, 

1 Gill solt soap, 

>s Table-spoonful Bile salt. 

Useful ill ohstiiKite coiistiijation, " stoppage^" or wlieuever the excre- 
ment is liurd and dark eohjred. 
Einoliient clyster : 

No. ;il. 2 Ounces slippery elm bark, 

2 Quarts boiling water. 

Siuinier over the lire u few minutes, strain through a fine sieve, and 
inject, when nearly cool. The following articles may be sub.stituted for 
elm : flaxseed, lily roots, gum arable, poplar bark, Iceland moss. 

Unf. — In all cases of irritation and inflammation of the intestines and 
bhuhlcr. 

Stimulating clyster: * 

No. 3'i. 3 Quarts of thin mucilage of slippery elm or linseed tea, 

1 Teaspoonful African cayenne, pure. 

Another : 

No. 33. y. Table-spoonful powdered ginger, 

'A Quarts boiling water. 
When cool, inject. 

line. — In all cases when the rectum and small intestines ai"e inactive 
and loaded witii excrement, or gas. 
Anodyne clyster : 

No. 34. 1 Ounce lady's slipper (cypripedium), 

1 Ounce camomile flowers, 
.'! (Juarts boiling water. 

Let the mixture stand a short time, tiien strain through a tine sieve 

when it will be fit for use. 

f/ise. — To relieve pain and relax spasms. 
Diuretic clyster : 

No. .35. 3 (Juarts linseed tea, 

1 Table-spoonful oil of juniper. 

Or, substitute for the latter, cream of tartar, half an ounce. 

Use. — This form of clyster may be used with decided advantage in all 
acute diseases of the urinary organs. This injection is useful in cases of 
red water, botii in cattle and sheep ; and when the malady is supposed to 



71)2 ll.l.l SlKATKl) ST(i('lv UOCTOU. 

rcsiill from j^oiieral or local debility, tlic addition of tonics (golden seal 
orgeiUian) will he indicated. Their active properties maybe extracted 
by infusion. 

Astringent clyster: 

'ral<e an infusion of hardhack, strain, and add a table-spoonful of 
tinely-pulvcrizcd charcoal to every tiu'ee (juarts of lluiti. 

.Vnotlier is an infusion of witch hazel. 

Anollicr : 

No. ;i(i. 1 Table-spoonful powdered biiylicrry biirk, 

;i (iiiiirts boiling water. 

Wiien cool, it is tit for u.se. 

(\<p. — Astringent injections are used in all cases where it is desired to 
contract the living tibre, as in scouring, dysentery, scouring rot, diarihea, 
bloody flux, falling of the womb, fundament, etc. 

Nourishing clysters : • 

Noni'isliing clysters are composed of thin gruel made from flour, etc. 

Injection for worms : 

Make an infusion of pomegranate (rind of the fruit), and inject every 
night for a few days. This will rid the animal of worms that infest the 
rectum : but if the animal is infested with the long, round worm (feres), 
then half a i)int of the above infusion nmst be given for a few mornings, 
b(>fore feeding. 

Another for worms : 

No. 37. 1 Ounce powdered lobelia, 

1 Handful wood ashes, 
S (Juarts boiling water. 

When cool, it. is fit for use. 

VI. Infusions. 

These are made by steeping herbs, roots^ and other medical substances 
in boiling water. No ])articular rules can be laid down as to the quantity 
of each article recjuired. It will, however, serve as some sort of a guide, 
that we generally use from one to two otuices of the aromatic herbs and 
roots to every (|uart of fluid. A bitter infusion such as wormwood or 
camomile reciuires less of the herb. All kinds of infusions can 1)e rcMi- 
dered palatable by the addition of a suiall (juantity of honey or molasses. 
As a general rule, the hiunan palate is a good criterion ; for if an infu- 
sion be too strong or unpalatable for a man, it is unfit for cattle or sheep. 

An infusion of either of the following articles is valuable in colic, both 
flatulent and spasmodic, in all classes of animals: caraway, peppermint, 



CATTLE, THEIK DISEASES. 703 

spearniiiit, fennel seed, angclic-a, hcrirtunot, snake root, anise seed, 
ginseng, etc. 

VII. Anti-spa.^modica. 

By anti-spasmodics are meant those articles that assist, through their 
physiological action in ix-la.xing the nervous and muscular .systems. 

VIII. Fomentations. 

This class of remedies is usuall}' composed of relaxants, etc., of seve- 
ral kinds, c()ml)ined with tonics, stimulants, and anodynes. They are 
very useful to relieve pain, to remove rigidit}', to re.store tone, and to 
stimulate the parts to which they are applied. 

Conmion fomentation : 

NO. 38. 1 Part wormwood, 

1 Part tansy, 
1 Part hop.s. 

Moisten them with equal parts of boiling water and vinegar, and apply 
when blood warm. 

Use. — For all kinds of tjruises and sprains. They should be confined 
to the injured paits, and kept moist with the superabundant fluid. Where 
it is not practicable to confine a fomentation to the injured parts, as in 
shoulder or hip lameness, constant bathing with the decoction will iinswer 
the same purpose. 

Anodyne fomentation : 

No. 39. 1 Handful of hops, 

1 Ounce white poppy heads. 
Equal parts water and vinegar. 

Simmer a few minutes. 

Use. — In all painful bruises. 

Relaxing fomentation : 

No. 40. 2 Ounces powdered lobelia, 

2 Quarts boiling water. 

Simmer for a few minutes, and when sufficiently cool, bathe the parts 
with a soft sponge. 

Use. — In all cases of stiff joints, and rigidity of the muscles. 

Cedar buds, or boughs, any (luantity, to which add a small quantity of 
red pepper and ginger, with boiling water sufficient. 



704 ILLUSTRATED STOCK UOCTOK. 

Use. — Etficiicious in chronic UnuMicss and paralysis, for putrid sore 
throat, and when the gUmds are enhirged from cold and catarrh. 

IX. Mucilages. 

Mucilages are soft, bland substances, made by dissohing gum arable 
in liot water ; or by boiling marsh mallows, slippery elm, or lily roots, 
until their mucilaginous jiroperties arc extracted. A table-spoonful of 
either of the above articles, when powdered, wmU generally suffice for a 
quart of water. 

Use. — In all eases of catarrh, diarrha^a, inflammation of the kidneys, 
womb, bladder, and intestines. They shield the mucous membranes, 
and defend them from the action of poisons and drastic cathartics. 

X. Washes. 

Washes generally contain some medical agent, and are principally used 
externally. 

Wasli for diseases of the feet : 

No. 41. 4 Ounces pyroligenous acid, ' 

8 Ounces water. 

Uxe — This wash excels any other in point of efficacy, and removes rot 
and its kindred diseases sooner than any other. 
Cooling wash for the eye : 

No. 4-2. 1 Pint rain water, 

20 Drops acetic seed. 

Use. — In ophthalmia. 

Tonic and anti-si)asinodic wash : 

No. 43. >,' Ounce camomile flowers, 

1 Pint boiling water 

AVhen cool, strain through tine linen. 

f/isr. — In chronic diseases of the eye, and when a weeping remains 
after an acute attack. 

Wash for unhealthy or ulcerated sores : 

A weak solution of soda or wood ashes. 

Wash for diseases of the skin : 

Take one ounce of finely-i)u]verizcd cluircoul, pour on it one ounce of 
pyroligenous acid, then add a pint of water. Bottle, and keep it well 
corked. It may be applied to the skin by means of a sponge. It is also 
an e.Kcellent rt'me(l\- for ill-conditioned ulcers. 



CATTLE, THEIU DISEASES. 705 



Physic foi" cattle : 



No. 44. K Ounce extract of butternut (juglans cinerea), 

1 Tea-spoonful cream of tartar, 

2 Quarts boiling water. 

Mi.x. When cool, adiniiiister. 
Another : 

No. 45. H Ounce extract of blackroot (leptandra virginica), 

1 Ounce Rochelle salts, 
H Tea-spoonful powdered ginger. 

Dissolve in two quarts of warm water. 
Another : 

No. 46. 1 Table-spoonful powdered mandrake, 

1 Tea-spoonful cream of tartar 

2 Quarts hot water. 

Here are three different forms of physic for cattle, which do not de- 
bilitate the system, like aloes and salts, because they determine to the 
surface as well as the bowels. They may be given in all cases where 
purges are necessary. One-third of the above forms will suffice for sheep. 

Mild physic for cattle : 

No. 47. 2 Ounces syrup of buckthorn, 

>2 Table-spoonful sulphur, 
}2 Tea-spoonful ginger, 
2 Quarts hot water. 



Aperient : 



No. 48. 1 Pint linseed oil. 

Yolks of 2 eggs. 



Mix. 

Another 



Mix. 



No. 49 ] Pint sweet oil, 

>i Tea-spoonful powdered cayenne. 



A sheep will require about one-half of the above. 
Stimulating tincture : 

No. 50. 1 Pint boiling vinegar, 

2 Ounces tincture of myrrh, 

2 Teaspoonfuls powdered capsicum. 

Use. — For exi:ernal application in putrid sore throat. 
Another : 



706 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

So. 61. 4 uuiices tincture of campbor. 

>i Ounce oil ot ceilar, 
4 Ounces tincture of cupsicum (hot drops). 

To be rul)bed around throat night and morning. 

ytimuhiting tincture for chronic rheumatism : 

No. .VJ. 4 Ounces tincture of capsicum, 

1 Ounce oil of cedar, 
1 Ounce oil of wormwood, 
a Pint vinegar, 
1 Gill goose grease. 

Mix. To he a])plied night and morning. The mixture should be kept 
in a well corked bottle, and shaken before being used. 

XI. Poultices. 

If a foreign substance enters the flesh the formation of matter is a 
part of the i)rocess by which nature rids the system of the enemy. A 
poultice relaxing and lubricating will then be indicated. If, however, the 
foreign body shall have entered at a point where it is impossible to con- 
tine a poultice, then the suppurative stage may be shortened b}' the 
application of relaxing fomentations, and lastly by stimulants. 

Mr. Cobbett says of marsh mallow plant : It is among the most valua- 
ble that ever grew. Its leaves stewed, and applied w^et, will cure, and 
almost instantly ease, any cut, or bruise, or wound of any sort. Poul-. 
tices made of it will cure .sprains ; fomenting with it will remove swellings ; 
applications made of it will cure chafes made l)v saddle and harness ; and 
its operation, in all cases, is so quick that it is hardly to be believed. 
Those who have this weed at hand need not put themselves to the trouble 
and expense of sending to doctors and farriers on trifling occasions. 

If the use of this weed was generally adopted the art and mystery of 
healing wounds, and of curing sprains, swellings, and other external 
maladies, would very quickly be reduced to an uiiprotital)le trade. 

Lubricating and healing poultices .- 

No. 53. 1 Part powdered marsh mallow roots, 

1 Part marsh mallow leaves. 

Moisten with boiling water, and ai)ply. 
Use. — In ragged cuts, wounds and bruises. 
Stimulating poultice : 

No. 54. 1 Part Indian meal, 

1 Part slippery elm. 

Mix them together, and add sutficient boiling water to moisten the 



CATTLE, TIIEIH DISEASES. 707 

mass. Spread it on a cloth, and .sprinkle a small quantity of powdered 
cayenne on its sui'face. 

Use. — To stimulate ill-conditioned ulcers to healthy action. Where 
there is danger of putrescence add a small quantity of powdered charcoal. 

Poultice for hruises : 

Nothinsi' makes so good a poultice for recent bruises as boiled carrots 
or marsh mallows. 

Poultice to promote suppuration : 

No. 55 A sufflcient quantity of Indian meal, 

1 Haudfiil of linseed, 
1 Teaspoouful ot cayenne. 

To be moistened with vinegar and applied at the usual temperature. 

Styptics to arrest bleeding : . 

Witch hazel, (Winter bloom,) hark or leaves, 2 ounces. 

Make a decoction with the smallest possible quantity of water, and if 
the l)Ieeding is from the nose, throw it up by means of a syringe ; if 
from the stomach, lungs, or bowels, add more water, and let the animal 
drink it, and give some by injection. 

Styptic to arrest external Ijlecding: 
-Wet a piece of lint with tincture of Miuriatc of iron, and bind it on 
the part. 

There are various other styptics, such as alum water, strong tincture 
of nutgalls, l)loodroot, common salt, tine Hour, etc. 

At)sorbents : 

Absorbents are composed of materials partaking of an alkaline charac- 
ter, and are used for the purpose of neutralizing acid matter. The form- 
ation of an acid in the stomach arises from some derangement of the 
digestive organs, sometimes l)rought on l)y the improper quantity or 
quality of the food. It is useless, therefore, to give absorbents, with a 
view of neutralizing acid, unless the former are combined with tonics, or 
agents that are capable of restoring the stomach to a healthy state. 

A mixture of chalk, salaratus, and soda is often given by farmei's ; yet 
they do not afford permanent relief. They do some good by correcting 
the acidity of the stomach, but the animals are often affected with 
diarrhea or costiveness, loss of appetite, colic, and convulsions. Atten- 
tion to the diet would probabl}' do more good than all the medicine in the 
world. Yet, if they do get sick, something must be done. The best 
forms of absorbents are the following ; thej^ restore healthy action to 
the lost function, at the same time that they neutralize the gas: 

Forms of absorbents : 



lOH ILLUSTHATEU STOCK DOCTOR. 

No. 56. 1 Table-spoonful powdered cbarcoal, 

>^ Table-spoouful powdered snakeroot, 
1 Tea-spoonful powdered caraways, 
1 Quart hot water. 

Mix. To be given at one do.se for a cow ; half the quantity, or indeed 
one-third, is .sufficient for a calf, shecj) or pig. 
Another : 

No. 57. 1 Table-spoonful powdered charcoal. 

To l)c given in thoroughwort tea, to which may be added a very small 
j)ortion of vinegar. 

Another, adapted to city use : 

No. 58. ■ 1 Tea-spoonful sub-carbonate of soda, 

1 Ounce tincture of gentian, 

1 Pint Infusion of spearmint. 

Mix. Give a cow the whole at a dose, and repeat daily, for a short 
time, if necessary. One-half the (|uaiitity will suffice for a smaller 
animal. 

Drink for coughs : 

No. 59. a Ounce balm of Gilead buds, 

2 Table-spoonfuls honey, 
1 Wine-glassful vinegar, 
1 Pint water. 

Set the mixture on the fire, in an earthen vessel ; let it simmer a few 
minutes. When cool, strain, and it is fit for use. Dose, a wine-glassful 
twice a day. 

Another : 

No. GO. 1 Ounce balsam copaiba, 

1 Ounce powdered licorice, 

2 Table-spoonfuls honey, 
1 Quart boiling water. 

Kub the copailja, licorice and honey together in a mortar ; after they 
arc well mixed, add the water. Dose, lialf a j)int, night and morning. 
Another : 

No. 61. i-i Ounce balsam nf Tolu. 

1 Ounce powdered marshmallow roots, 
M Gill honey. 

2 (^-unrts boiling water. 



Mix. Dose, half a pint, niglit and morning. 



CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES. 709 

Drink for a cow after calving : 

No. 62. 1 Ounce bethwort, 

1 Ounce marshmallows. 

First make an infusion of l)ctlnvort by simmering it in a quart of 
water. When cool, strain, and stir in the mallows. Dose, half a pint, 
every two hours. 

Diuretic : 

Bearberrv {uva ursi), is a popular diuretic, and is useful when com- 
bined with raurshmallows. When the urine is thick and deficient in 
quantity, or voided with difliculty, it may be given in the following form : 

No. 63. I Ounce powdered bearberry, 

2 Ounces powdered marsbmallows, 
2 Pounds Indian mcul. 

Mix. Dose, half a pouud daily, in the cow's feed. 

Eruption wash : 

Borax is a valuable remedy for eruptive diseases of the tongue and 
mouth. Powdei'ed and dissolved in water, it forms an astringent, anti- 
septic wash. The usual form is : 

No. 64. a Ounce powdered borax, 

2 Ounces honey. 
Mix. 

XII. Fumigations. 

For foul barns and stables, take. 

No. 65. 4 Ounces common salt, 

I'j Ounce manganese. 

Let these be well mixed, and placed in shallow carthern vessel ; then 
pour on the mixture, gradually, sulphuric acid, lour ounces. The inha- 
lation of the gas which arises from this mixture is highly injurious ; 
therefore, as soon as the acid is poured on, all persons should leave the 
building, which should immediately be shut, and not opened again for 
several hours. Dr. White, V.S., sa^'s, "When glanderous or infectious 
matter is exposed to it a short time, it is rendered perfectly harmless." 

Ulceration of the mouth : 

A strong infusion of goldthread (coptis fn'foNa), makes a valuable 
application for eruptions and ulcerations of the mouth. We use it in 
the following form : 



710 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

No. 66. 1 Ounce goldthread, 

1 Pint boiling water. 

Set the mixture aside to fooi ; then strain, and add a table-spoonful of 
lioney, and bathe the parts twice a day. 

Astringent : 

Kino is a powerful astringent, and may be used in diarrhea, dysentery, 
and red water, after the inflammatoiy symptoms have subsided. We occa- 
sionally use it in the following form for red water and chronic d^'sentery : 

No. 67. 20 Grains powdered kino, 

1 Quart thin flour gruel. 

To be given at a dose, and repeated night and morning, as occasion 
requires. 

Simple cough remedy : 

The following makes an excellent cough remedy : 

Ne. G8. 1 Ounce powdered licorice, 

1 Tea-spoonful balsam of Tolu, 

1 Quart boiling water. 

To be given at a dose. 

Antacid for hoven : 

Lime water is used in diarrhoea, and when the discharge of urine is 
excessive. Being an antacid, it is very usefully employed when cattle 
ai'e hoven or blown. It is unsafe to administer alone, as it often de- 
ranges the digestive organs ; it is therefore very properly combined with 
tonics. The following will serve as an example : 

No. 69. 2 Ounces lime water, 

2 Quarts infusion of snakehead (balmony), 

Dose, a quart, night and morning. 

XIII. Tincture for Wounds. 

Myrrh makes an excellent tincture for wounds, prepared as follows : 

No. 70. 2 Ounces powdered myrrh, 

1 Pint proof spirits. 

Set in a close covered vessel for two weeks, then strain through a tine 
seive, and bottle for use. It should be always kept on hand. 

Opodeldoc : 

Used for strains and bruises, after the inflammatory action has some- 
what subsided. 



CATTLE, THKIH DISEASES. 711 

Liquid opodeldoc : 

No. 71. 6 Ounces soft soap, 

1 >a Pints New England rum, 
)-i Pint vinegar, 
•J Ounces oil of lavender. 

Tiie oil of lavender should first 1)0 di.s.solved in an equal quantity of 
alcohol, and then added to the mixture. 

Mucilages for catarrh, etc. : 

We have given pleurisy root, {asdejna.s tuberosa), a fair trial in cattle 
practice, and find it to be invaluable in the treatment of catarrh, bron- 
chitis pleurisy, pneumonia and consumption. Take : 

No. 72. y^ Table-spoonful powdered pleurisy root, 

1 Ounce powdered marshmallow roots. 

Boiling water sufficient to niake a thin mucilage. The addition of a 
small quantity of honey increases its diaphoretic properties. 

For eruptive diseases : 

The bark of sassafras root is stimulant, and possesses alterative prop- 
erties. Used in connection with sulphur, for eruptive diseases, and for 
measles in swine, in the following proportion.;, it will be found valuable : 

No. 73. 1 Oiuice powdered .sassafras, 

1-2 Table-spoonful powderf d sulphur. 

Mix, and divide into four parts, one of which may be given night and 
morning, in a hot mash. 



PART V. 

Sheep and Sheep Husbandry. 

ORIGIN, breeds, characteristics 
AND MANAGEMENT. 



SHEEP AND SHEEP HUSBANDRY. 



CHAPTER I. 



OBIGIN, PRINCIPAL BREEDS AND CHARACTERISTICS. 



COSMOPOLITAN NATURE OF SHEEP. I.ONG-WOOLED SHEEP. 1. LEICESTER. 

II. BORDER LEICESTER. III. COTSWOLD. GOOD QUALITIES OP COTSWOLDS. 

COTSWOLDS IN THE WEST. IV. LINCOLN SHEEP. V. NEW OXFORDSHIRE 

SHEEP. VI. MIDDLE WOOLED SHEEP. VII. CHEVIOT SHEEP. VIII. 

WHITE-FACED HIGHLAND SHEEP. IX DORSET SHEEP. — X. SOUTHDOWNS. 

XI. HAMPSHFKE DOWNS. XII. SHROPSHIRE DOWNS. XIII. OXFORD 

DOWNS. FINE WOOLED SHEEP. XIV. AMERICAN MICRINOS. THE 

FLEECE. THE HEAD. THE BODY. THE MOST PROFITABLE SHEEP. 

DIVISIONS (IF WOOL. 

Cosmopolitan Nature of Sheep. 

Where sheep originated is a question dithcult to answer. They are the 
first of the animals domesticated 1)V man, and reasona])ly so, since they 
supply the two principal wants of the barliarian, food and clothing. 
They are found in eveiy inhabited country, not entirely savage, from the 
Arctic to the Torrid zone. 

To show the great diversitv in character of sheep, it is only necessary 
to quote the classification of Linnaeus, which is : The Hornless, Horned, 
Black-faced, Spanish, Many-horned, African, Guinea, Broad-tailed, Fat- 
rumped, Bucharian. Long-tailed, Cap-bearded, and Bovant. To these 
may be added the Siberian sheep of Asia, found also in Corsica and 
4(i 



716 



ILLUSTliATKl) tSTOCK DOCTOK. 



Barhary and the Cretan .sheep of the Grecian Lslands, Hunuary, and 
some portions of Austria, and we have about all the priueipal species. 




POINTS OF SHEEP. 



Explanation — ^1— Face. iJ— Muzzle. C — Neck. D — Shoulder. E — Point 
of the Shoulder. F — Breast. G — Girth-place. H — Back. / — Loin. K — 
Rump, i— Thigh. Jf— Hip. ^— Root of tail. 



Notwithstanding the fact that sheep are anion<r the principal sources of 
wealth of all peoples, it is onl}' among enlightened nations that they have 
readied their highest development ; and among these, Spain, France, 
(icrniany. Great Britain and her colonies, and the United States may l)e 
mentioned as those where systematic breeding have produced the most 
])iactical results. In no country lias this been attained in the jjroduction 
of tine wool, to a more excellent degree than among what are now known 
as American merinoes, the result of scientitic breeding of the Spanish 
sheep. From j)reseut appearances, it will be but a few years before we 
shall e.xccl in the production of long-wooled, and mutton sheep. The 
United States has of course, no native sheep, if we except the Oris 
Montana, which really is a sheep and not a goat (Capra) as many per- 
sons suppose. It inhabits the highest ranges of the Eocky Mountains from 
well north down to New Mexico. The hair, for it is not woo], althougii 
it is crimix'd, resembles the hair of the elk — is coarse, but soft to the 
touch, and slightly crimped throughout its length : about two inches long 
on its back, and on the sides one and a half inches. We believe they 
have never been bred in confinement. In jiassing it may be interesting to 
our read'-rs to know that at the Paris Exhibition of l«ti5 there were 
exhibited the wild sheep of Barbary, Ovi.'< Trac/dapm, more resembling 



SHEEP. nif'FEHENT BREEDS. 



717 



a goat than our wild species. There were also shown there the Punjaub 
wild sheep, Ovis Ci/cloceras, a native of Northern India, and the Euro- 
|)ean moufflon. Oris Masinioit, belonging to Corsica and Sardinia, liut 




both bred in continement. As illustrating something of the eharacteristics 
of the wild siieep, as well as to illustrate points the cut we give on 
preceding page ma}' serve as an example. 



718 



ILLUSTKATKI) STOt'K DOCTOR. 



Long-wooled Sheep. 

There are hut a few kiiid.s of loiig-wooled sheep that have held their own 
in the iinproveiuent of the race for the hist lUU j'ears, sufficiently to be 
widely disseminated in the United States. These are the Leicester, Cots- 
wold, Lincoln and Roniney Marsh. Of these, Leicester, as improved liy 
Bakewell and succeeding bleeders, has perhaps exercised a more potent 
effect in crossing than any other of the long-wooled varieties. The_y fat- 
ten very kindly, and the best wethers will weigh at twelve to fifteen 
months old from 20 to 25 pounds ])er quarter, and at two years old from 
'iM) to 38 pounds per quarter. The fleeces are valuable as long combing 
wool, and will weigh from 7 to >< |)ounds each. 




S^/i|/VTa/ '^ '-' 



;■««(] -vuv'"''^"' 





LEICESTER RAM. 



I. Leicesters. 

This breed is pure white, tolerably hardy, without horns, the head 
small and clean, eyes bright, neck and shoulders square and deep, the 
back straight, carcass full, hind-quarters tapering to the tail, legs clean, 
with fine bone, flesh succulent in (luality, not the best, being nmch too 
fat for American palates ; nevertheless, the grades make good meat with 
the single exception of possessing too much outside fat. Leicesters 
requirethe best of care and shelter, and of course good feeding. The 
ewes are not the best of mothers, and the young lambs re(iuire si)ecial 
attention. The wool is among the most valuable of any, being in especial 



SHEEP, DIFFERENT BREEX)S. 719 

request for comliing, and will average seven pounds per head in good 
flocks. 

The Leicesters are well thought of in many parts of the West, and are 
Inereasing in popularity. The true type of the breed is as follows: The 
head should he hornless, long, small, tapering toward the muzzle, and 
projecting horizontally forward. The eves prominent, but with a (juiet 
expression. The ears thin, rather long, and directed backward. The 
neck full and broad at its base, where it proceeds from the chest, so that 
there is, with the slightest possible elevation, one continued horizontal 
line from the rump to {he poll. The breast broad and round, and no un- 
even or angular foi'ination where the shoulders join either the neck or the 
back : particularly no rising of the withers, or hollow behind the situation 
of these bones. The arm fleshy through its whole extent, and even down 
to the knee. The bones of the leg small, standing wide apart ; no loose- 
ness of skin about them, and comparatively bare of wool. The chest and 
barrel at once deep and round, the ribs forming a considerable arch from 
the spine, so as in some cases, and especially when the animal is in good 
condition, to make the apparent width of the chest even greater than the 
dei)th. The barrel ribbed well home ; no irregularity of line on the back 
or belly, but on the sides ; the carcass ver}' gradualh' diminishing in 
"vvidth toward the rump. The quarters long and full, and, as A\Hth the 
fore-legs, the muscles extending do^\ai to the hock ; the thighs also wide 
and full. The legs of a moderate length ; the skin also moderately thin, 
but soft and elastic, and covered with a good quantity of white wool. 

n. Border Leicester. 

The infusion of the blood, of the Disliley, or new Leicester as they 
were called, but which are now classitied simply as Leicester sheep, upon 
the border flocks of England, gave rise to a sub-family, known as Border 
Leicester, and which have won a distinct position in English show vards. 
Their good and l)ad characteristics are as follow s : The most marked 
feature in their structure, is the smallness of their heads, and of their 
bones generally, as contrasted with the weight of carcass. The}- are clean 
in the jaws, with a full eye, thin ears, and placid countenance. Their 
backs are straight, broad and flat ; the ribs arched, the belly carried very 
light, so that they present nearly as straight a line below as above ; the 
chest wide, the skin very mellow, and covered with a beautiful fleece of 
long, soft wool, which weighs, on the average, from six to seven pounds. 
On good soils, and under careful treatment, the sheej) are usually brought 

to weigh from eighteen to twenty pounds a quarter at fourteen months 



720 



ILLUSTIiATEl) STOCK DOCTOR. 



old, at which a<re they are now generally slaughtered. At this age then- 
flesh is tendei- and juicy, but when carried on until they are older and 
heavier, fat accumulates so unduly in proportion to the lean meat as to 
detract from its palatahleness and market value. This fat accumulation 
on nuiture animals is ))retty constant in all tlic large and improved breeds. 




III. Cotswold S'.icep 



The Cotswolds were imported into the United States about 1«;^2, since 
which time thcv have been reinforced from time to time iiy successive 



8HEE1', DIFFERENT BREEDS. 



721 



iiuportations. and now stand in the West, in the frf)nt rank of long- 
wooled shee|). 

This is one of the hirgest English breeds, though the improved race is 
smaller than the originals, on account of the influence of the Leicester 
element in its amelioration. As a bi-eed, it is of great antiquity. It has 
gained in fleece and form, and come.s to maturity earlier; is more proliflc 
than the Leicester, and has greater strength of constitution ; is often fat- 
tened at fourteen months, yielding tifteen to twenty pounds of mutton 
per (juarter, and twenty' to tliirt}', if kept till two years old. The}^ have 
a large head, but well set on, a broad chest, a well-rounded barrel, and a 
straight liack. They are often used for crossing upon other breeds, and 
for obtaining earlier market-lambs, both in this country and in Europe. 
They are more widely disseminated in this country than any other long- 
wooled breed, and preserve well the popularity which they have attained 
here. Some imported sheep of this breed have borne fleeces in this 
country of eighteen pounds. A great weight when we remember that the 
wool shrinks comparatively little in washing. 




SHEARED COT>.W.iLD KAM. 



The Cotswolds have Iiecn extensively crossed with Leicester sheep in 
England, by which their size has been somewhat diminished, but their 
carcass notaiily improved, and in addition, earlier maturity has been 
attained. The m^ooI is strong, mellow and of good color, though rather 
coarse, 6 to 8 inches in length, and from 7 to 8 pounds per fleece. 

Good Qualities of Cotswolds. 

The superior hardihood of the improved Cotswold over the Leicester, 



722 



ILU'STRATED 8TOCK DOCTOR. 



and their adiiptatiou to coinmoii treatment, together with the prolific 
nature of the ewes, and their abundance of milk, have rendered them in 
many places rivals of the new Leicester, and has obtained for them of late 
years, more attention to their selection and general treatment, under 
which management still further im[)rovement appears very probable. The 
quality of the nmtton is superior to that of the Leicester, the tallow being 
less abundant, with a larger development of nmsjcle or flesh. The ewes 
are prolific, and good mothers and nurses. 




SHEARED COTSWOLD EUE. 



Cotswolds in the West. 



Throughout the entire West, the C'otswold has become a most favorite 
breed, and this not only on account of their long, handsome fleeces, 
specially adapted to the purpose of conil)ing wool, but from the kindli- 
ness with which they take to our keep and climate. For this reason we 
have given this breed special prominence in our illustrations. It is not 
our province to go into long dissertations or detailed description, it would 
take too much space, and be productive of no good end. The illustra- 
tions we give will furnish a better index of value and characteristics. 
The cut on next page will show the appearance at one year old. 

Li relation to the adaptability of this breed South, a prominent Clark 
county, Virginia, farmer says : It is far more profitable to keep the dif- 
ferent varieties of mutton breeds, than the fine wools, or Merino breed in 
this portion of Virginia. I say tliis from my own experience, and that 
of many intelligent gentlemen with whom I have conversed. The Cots- 
wold sheep, and its crosses, with the Southdown are less liable to diseases 



SHEEP, DIFFERENT BREEDS. 



723 



of all kinds ; they arc more prolitic, better nurses, and less liable to lose 
their lambs than the Merino. The lambs are more vigorous and hardy ; 




-U '"-'€ 



YEARLING COTSWOLD. 



then add their early maturity, their titness for market at IS months old, 
and their almost double value when in market, and you have advantaoes 



4i^ ^ 












ii/t> 



<^/ 



COTSWOLD EWES. 



which far outweigh the additional amount of food whieh the mutton 
sheep may consume in proptn'tion to his size. There is one thina' in con- 



724 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



nec'tion with all the long-wooled and large breeds of sheep that may be 
appropriately mentioned here : they cannot be kept in large Hocks, like 
the smaller and tine-wooled l)reeds. Merinoes are often kept in flocks of 
1,000 or more iu the far West. The long-wooled, the middle-wools and 
the mutton breeds are especially adapted for farmers, when both mutton 
and wool ai'e the considerations, and are seldom herded together in fields 
exceeding one hundred. 

Thus in all the better settled portions of the West and JSouth, where 
pasture and grain are abundant, and where the nearness to market affords 
sale for the mutton, the long wools are increasing in numbers from year 
to ^■ear, and with profit to the breeders and feeders, as well as in the just 
a|)preciution of those who consume the flesh. 

IV. Lincoln Sheep. 

The Lincf)ln slu'ej) ai'c both larger and heavier than either the Leicester 
or Cotswold, and are bred to a limited extent in the United States. The 
first importation was made in 1S3.T. They are hardy, large feeders, 
prolific, yield fleeces of from (! to 10 pounds each, and the carcasses have 
been known to dress 12.") ])ounds. 

V. New Osfordsbire Sheep. 











\W ()XI(>lM)sinHK )-.\\ I 



This breed should not lie toiifoundcd with the Oxford Downs, a cross 
breed between Cotswold and Hampshire Downs, and whicli liave dark 
faces. Thev are less iiardv than flic Cotswolds, and have not made much 



SHEEP, DIFFERENT HKEEDS. 



725 



progress in the United States. They are the result of a cross between 
the New Leicester and Cotswold, the hitter blood being in excess. 
However they niay be regarded in England, and they are regarded highly, 
they have not become popular in the West, as against the Cotswold. 
On the preceding page, we give a cut of a New Oxfordshire ewe. to 
close the subject of improved long wools in the United States as em- 
bracing the more prominent breeds. 

VI. Middle-Wooled Sheep. 

The Black-faced Scotch Highland sheej) are small, active and docile 
when we consider that they are a [jurcly mountain race. They stand 
great hardship, and work kindly in large flocks, subsisting on scanty fare 
when necessary. Hence they may be valuable in cold and mountain 
regions of the United States, for ci'ossing on other lireeds. They have 
open hairy fleeces, and black faces, weigh to average (35 pounds, and will 
shear about 3 pounds of clean wool. Their mutton is of most excellent 
quality, and crossed on larger breeds their fleeces will go to (i or 8 pounds 
and their live weight to Ills jxxmds for wethers. 




BLACK-FACEU HUillLAM) .-UKE1>. 



VII. Cheviot Sheep. 



This is another mountain breed that has been introduced, to a small 
extent in the United States. Their fleeces however, are too coarse for 
carding wool. They are less hardy than the black-faced highlands, but 



726 



ILLL'STKATKO .STOCK DOCTOK. 



are (luict and docile, easily nuiiiaaed, giving fleeces averaain"- about 3 1-2 
pounds, furnishing good mutton, weighing 12 to 18 pounds per quarter, 
at thi'ee years old. 

VIII. White- faced Highland Sheep. 




HTGHUM) SHKEP. 



This is a siiecp of grctit liardincss, furnishing good mutton, hut not a 
wool of much vahu'. Mild is .intioduccd only as necessary to illustrate a 
breed adapted to sterile regions, where better breeds would not survive. 



IX Dorset Sheep. 

Dorsetshire has a breed peculiar to itself. .Strong, active, and well 
aide to take care of itself: heavier in every i-espect than the highlands, 
and like this lireed. :■ sti'ong horned race. On this account, neither of 
these breeds would b,' considered vahial)le, except in regions where the 
better fleeced breeds would not Vwo. The cut is given like that of the 
highland long horned family, as affording jiossilile value in Alpine regions. 
Fortunately there is but little country of this nature in the West. 



SHEEP, DIFFERENT BREEDS. 727 

Short-wooled English Breeds. 
Of the mutton hiccds, tlic Downs )in(l(iiil>tfMlly stiind at tlio head in 

r ^^ \i 




DORSET RAM. 



botli England and America. Tliey are all compaot, hardy, docile, horn- 
less, and of early niaturity in feeding ; and with Hesh of most excellent 
quality, that always coinniaiids the hcst price in any market. 




SOUTHDOWN RAM. 

X. Southdowns. 



These are without (loul)t the most superior, taken as a whole, of any 
of the mutton l)reeds, and have for many years been bred with the greatest 



~-'^<5 ILLl'STRATEl) STOCK DOCTOR. 

care in both Enghiiid and America. Their faces and legs are dark brown, 
the fore (juarters wide and deep, the back and loin broad, with round 
bodies, and scjuare and full hind (juarters. 

The ewes are prolific, producing from 120 to 140 lambs, to the flock of 
1()() ewes. The staple of the wool is line and curled, with spiral ends well 
adapted to carding, and will. shear on yeiU'ling rams and wethers, from 6 
to 9 pounds. In the. neighborhood of large cities, where there is a demand 
for uuitton, they are most valuable as a distinct breed, or for crossing 
with the connnon sheep of the country. 




HAMPSHIRE DOWN. 



XI. Hampshire Downs. 



This breed had its rise in Hampsliiie, through an infusion of Soutlidown 
blood, followed later with Cotswold, and of course, since the Cotswold 
have an infusion of Leicester, they have this blood also. It has given 
them incretused size, more wool, and at the same time they have preserved 
their great hardiness of constitution. For numy years they have been 
bred pure, and so far as introduced into the United States, they have 
given satisfaction, esj)ecially in the South, where, before the war, they 
were in good repute. Those who have used them, claim that they are 
more hardy than Southdowns. It is also claimed that they have been 
crossed upon Cotswold and Leicester grades, with benefit to both, and 
this we do not doubt, where mutton was to be the object. 



XII. Shropshire Downs. 

Of late years this breed has grown into rcj)ute in the West, and in 
Canada. They are heavy sheep, nearly as large as the Cotswold, yield 



SHEK1% UIFKEHEXT HHEEUS 



729 



nearly as much wool, with thick conipact Heecos, are hardy and healthy, 
have even, compact, uniformly synnnctrical liodie.s, with dark lirown 
faces and limbs, and arc ai)out one tliii-il heavier tiian Southdowns. 

XIII. Oxford Downs 

This comparatively new filmily, which has come into prominence in the 
United States within the last twenty years, was originally made hy cross- 
iii<r the Hamphire or Southdown ewe with a C'otswold ram. The Hamp- 
shire-Cotswold origin is due to the original breeding of a Mr. IIit<-hman, 
in England. A few years later Messrs. Druce, father and son, used the 
Soutiidown-Cotswold cross. From these, by constant care in selection, 
a sul)-faniilv was produced, pf)ssessing great uniformity, hardiness and 
a large frame ; they are easy fattening sheep, producing mutton of supe- 
rior quality, with Heece> of H to 10 pounds for ewes and 1'2 to K-? i)ounds 
for rams, and in length from seven to eight inches ; a wool of good lus- 
ter, neither hairy nor harsh. 




•^^ifes^; 



- ■ 1-: if¥'§^f(?//f/0P'f- 



SHKARLING OXFORD nowN. 

In reality the only reason why these sheep should be called Downs, is, 
from their dark legs and fac('s. They really are not a short-wooled 
breed, in fact, as we have shown, they are a long-wooled race, and the 
characteristic has been carefully cultivated by breeders of this variety of 
sheep. In color, they are much lighter than the Southdown, their faces 
and legs being gray, instead of brown. The ewes are prolific, producing 
with good care, 150 lambs to the 100 ewes. Thev herd c-lose toirether. 



730 



ILLU.STHATEU STOCK UOCTOK. 



are not particular about their feed; they mature early, and upon hill 
pastures protluce nuitton of high (pialit}'. 

XIV. Fine-Wooled Sheep.— American Merinos. 

In treating of line-wooled sheep, it will not he neoessar}' to go into their 
history. It is enough to su}' that Spain and France have contributed 
from time to time their best specimens, which, under sui'h management 
as that given by Mr. Jarvis, — selecting from five families of Spanish 
sheep, the I'aulars predominating, — produced what was known as the 
mixed Leonese or Jarvis Merinos. In 1813 Mr. Atwood connnenced the 
breeding of pure Merinos, from what was then known as tlie IIum])hrey 
stock. About 1844, Edwin Hammond, of Middlebury, N'ermont, com- 
menced i)reeding, taking for his stock selections from the Atwood family. 
To the judgment and skill of Mr. Atwood, and later followed by Mr. 
Hammond and other American breeders, we have seen i)roduced what 
have been known distinctly as Ameri<'nii Merinos : perfect in all that 




GKOUr t)F AMERICAN MERINOS. 

goes to constitute lengtli and thickness of wool, evenness and fineness of 
.staple, tliat looseness of skin which, while it lies in low, rounded, soft 
ridges over the body, offers no obstruction to file shears. These were 
the points sought, and for the la.st twenty years well met and sustained 
by the best breeders. East and West ; so that we now have as thoroughly 
established, the descendants of the Infantado — large and of good length, 
and the desc(>ndants of the Paulars, a smaller breed, originally estaldished 
in the Fnifed States by Mr. Silas Rich and liis son, of Shoreham, Ver- 
mont. Thus making two well marked families, which if is altogether 
probable would be injured by the infusion of foreign blood, wherever it 
could be olifaincd. 



SHEEP, UIFFEliENT BKEEU.S. 73 J 

The Fleece. 

The fleece is the inii)ort:mt ))oint in Merinos ; they are not mutton 
sheep, iind their earciiss is of secondary importance. Dr. Randall, nearly 
twenty years ago, in his work entitled "The Practical Shepherd," in 
writing of American Merinos, as they then were, says: "The greatest 
attainable combination of length and thickness of wool, of given quality, is 
tlic tirst to 1)e regarded in a market where all lengths are in equal demand. 
And tile more evenly this length and thickness extend over every covered 
part, unless below the knees and hocks, the higher the excellence of the 
animals." 

It is in this point especially that the modern breeder has improved on 
his predecessors ; and it is this, in a very considerable degree, which gives 
the improved American Merino its vast superiority in weight of fleece, 
over all other tine sheep, of the same size, in the world. 

Wool of full' length below the knees and hocks would hardly be 
desirable, on account of its liability to become fllthy : but a thick short- 
ish coat, particularly on the hind legs — making them appear as large "as 
a man's arm" — is regarded l)y many as a flne, showy point, though it 
does not add nuich to the value of th'« fleece. 



The wool should extend in an unl)roken and undivided mass from the 
l)ack of the neck over the top of the head and down the face for an inch 
or two below the eyes, and there abruptly terminate in a square or 
rounded shape ; it should cover the lower side of the jaws nearly to the 
mouth, and rise on the cheeks so as to leave only the front face bare, 
terminating abruptly like the forehead wool. The cheek and forehead 
wool should meet unbroken, immediately over the eye, between it and the 
ear. But it must by no means U7iite under the eye — though its outside 
ends may touch there for a little way. The eye should have just naked 
space enough about it to leave the sight unimpeded, without anv resort 
to the scissors. 

The nose should be covered with short, soft, thick, perfectly white 
hair. Pale, tan-colored spots or "freckles" about the mouth, and the 
same color on the outer half of the ear are not ol)jected to by the breed- 
ers of the Paulars — but Infantando bi'eeders usually prefer j)ure white. 
Wool on the lower part of the face, as is often seen on the French 
Merinos, whether short or long, is regarded as decidedly objectionable, 
and anj^ \vool which obstructs the sight in any degree, is a fault. 

Those who grow such fleeces now need not be ashamed to exhibit 
to-day in the best show rings of the country. 
47 



73:> 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOIi. 

The Body. 



The fnime up(ju which the wool is to grow is important, for upon form 
and constitutional vigor depends the value of the animal. Below we 
give an illustration of a ram that would leave little to l)e desired, so far 
as ability to produce the best wool is concerned. 




MERINO RAM. 



INIedium size, for the family, will hold in sheep as well as in other 
animals. An overgrowu animal is not protituble in any breed. The 
body should be round, deep, of moderate length, the head and neck 
short and thick, back straight and broad, the legs short, straight, but 
well ai)art and strong, giving a deep full bosom and buttock. The fore- 
arm ample, and the junction of the thighs well down the hocks. The 
skin should be rather thin than thick ; mellow, elastic, and loose on the 
carcass. If it be thick and rigid, it will be an evidence of a bad feeder, 
and consequently inferior wool. 

The Most Profitable Sheep. 

Of all the breeds of sheep ever introduced into the United States, the 
Merino has more than held its own in the e.stimation of breeders every- 



SHEEP, DIFFERENT lUtEED.S. 



733 



where. Even in the neighborhood of our lursre cities, to-d;iy, there are 
more grade Merinos sold for mutton, than of all the mutton breeds, dis- 
tineti^'ely. It is only near our great cities that the breeding and feeding 
of Cotswold, Leicester, and the Downs, could be made profitable, and 
this has mainly come about through the change in wearing apparel. Since 
the fashion came about among both ladies and gentlemen, of wearing 
garments of medium wool, a strong impetus has been given to the breed- 
inir of the Downs, and long wooled breeds. They are more tender and 




MERI.SO KWE. 



delicate in their constitution, cannot stand extremes of cold and heat, as 
the Merinos ; cannot shift for themselves as well, and for the reason that 
they cannot be kept in large flocks, are only suitable to small farms, in 
thickly settled districts, where good shelter and succulent food may be 
obtained. Thus the Merinos, and their grades and crosses will always be 
found the most profitable in all that great region West and Southwest, 
and in much of the country South, where the flocks to be profltalile must 
number from one tliousand to nianv thousands. 



Division of Wools. 



Most persons suppose that the wool of a sheep is uniform in quality. 
Such, however, is not the fact. As showing divisions and quality of wool, 
we give a cut of sheep with divisions accurately numbered, which shows 
points in the pure Merino and Saxon, and where the different qualities of 



734 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK OOCTOR. 



tlic wool arc found. Some grades of sheep will often exhibit seven or 
eight <iualities in the same fleece, whereas unalloyed breeds show l)ut four 
qualities. The refi'iui, or pick wool, (1) begins at the withers, and 
extends along the back, to the setting on of the tail. It reaches only a 
little way down on the quarters, but dipping down at the flanks, takes in 
all the superior part of the chest, and the middle of the side of the neck 
to tlie angle of the lower jaw. The /?'««, (2) a valuable wool, but 




DINiSION OK WOOL. 



not so deeply secreted, or possessing so many curves as the rejina, occu- 
pies the belly, and the quarters and thighs, down to the stifle joint ; 
(3) is found on the head, the throat, the lower part of the neck, and 
the shoulders, terminating at the elbow , fore legs, and reaching from the 
stifle to a little below the hock; (4) is procured from the tuft that 
grows on the forehead and cheeks, from the tail, and from the legs below 
the hock. 



CHAPTEE 11 



BEEEDING AND MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP. 



WATCHFULNESS NECESSARY. HOW TO BREED. TIME FOR BREEDING. 

COUPLINU. KEEPING THE RECORD —THE MANAGEMENT OF RAMS. 

TRAINING RAMS PASTURING SHEEP. SHADE IN PASTURES. WATER. 

DO-!ING SHEEP.' FALL PASTURAGE AND FEEDING. SHEEP BARNS. 

SPECIAL WINTER FOOD. MANAGEMENT OF LAMBS. DOCKING LAMBS. 

CASTRATION. WEANING. THE NURSERY. 

Watchfulness Necessary. 

The fecundity of .sheep soon enables the breeder to gather a flock. 
To kee]! them healthy is one of the most diflicult problems of the breeder, 
since they are generally kept in large flocks, and herding closely together 
as they do, if an epidemic or contagious disease gets among them, it 
surely goes through the whole flock unless the shepherd is ever vigilant. 
The lack of care and vigilance causes more than half the losses in sheep, 
and hence, no person should undertake sheep l)reeding unless he make 
up his mind that they are to have not only gentle treatment but daily 
care and watchfulness, even in the Summer. 

How to Breed. 

The ewe may be bred to the buck at the age of eighteen months, and 
the buck will be fit for service at the same age. If the object be to breed 
grades, it will be found to Ije money squandered to buy an inferior buck, 



736 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

whatever his blood may be. So, if to save a few dollars, the breeder se- 
lect a grade buek for breeding purposes, the money is as good as thrown 
away. One l)uck if properly kept will serve one hundred ewes, so that 
the cost per lamb is really light. Thus in breeding grades, jjursue the 
same course as advised for cattle. Select a good staunch ram, of \\ell 
known purity of blood, avoiding the excessively high priced animals that 
are simply the licst breeders of pure bloods. Such an one may be bred 
to the common stock of the countrv, and to his own progeny, to the third 
generation. As a rule the sire will give the leading characteristics of 
form, size, length and density of fleece and its yolkiness, he will do this 
eminently in projjortion to the purit}^ of his blood. The fineness and 
principal characteristics will be probably controlled In' the dam. Hence 
the importance of none but the best sires. 

In crossing, the Merino may be bred upon the common ewes of the 
country, always with Ijenefit to the fleece, and never at the expense of the 
carcass. So the Southdown will improve them in mutton and wool. The 
Cotswold and Leicester will give increased size, early maturity and length 
of staple. To breed Merinos on any of the long wooled varieties would 
be useless. It would detract from the valuable qualities of the wool of 
either, reduce the value of the mutton, the size, propensity to fatten, and 
prolific qualities of the long wool. In the West the sheep for money are 
either pure Merinos, or pure Merino rams bred unto the common sheep 
of the country, with the exception before stated, where farms are small 
and near markets where prime mutton is in demand. 

Time for Breeding. 

The average period of gestation in the sheep does not vary much from 
one hundred and fifty-two days. They usually carry a male longer than 
a female, the period of gestation vai'ying a week and sometimes two 
weeks. Therefore the shepherd can easily calculate when to have his 
ewes served l)y knowing when he wants his lambs in the Spring. This as 
a rule should \h- at the time of new grass in the Spring. Allowing that 
this occurs the first of April the ewes should begin to be served about 
the middle of September, and the season will then probably continue to 
the middle of October. If lambs for slaughter be the object then the 
ewes should be served fully a month earlier than usual, and extra shelter, 
warmed with fire heat provided for lambing time. This always pays. 
It is the early lambs that connnand the high prices in the important mar- 
kets of the countrv. 



SHEEP, BKEEDIXU AXO MANAGEMENT. 737 

Coupling. 

We do not advise the use of teasers — that is, common rams aproned to 
show the rutting ewes. The better M'ay is to drive the flock up to the 
yard twice a day and let the ram out with the flock. Immediately he has 
served a ewe catch and separate her from the flock. Keep all served ewes 
together, and under no consideration allow but one service. If they 
come again in heat it will be from the fourteenth to the seventeenth day. 
Thus they may be again returned to the ram after the thirteenth day, 
and if not in heat it may be set doM-n that they have been properly 
served. 

Keeping the Record. 

In breeding grades it is only necessary to keep a correct record of the 
time of coupling, to correspond to the mark on the ewe. Where jjure 
sheep are bred it will also be necessary to keep a record of the ram used. 
In the first case it is necessary to know when each ewe -will drop her 
lamb. In the case of pure bred sheep it is imperative that a full and 
accurate record be kept, else confusion will ensue and the breeder will 
have lost all that ^\'as gained before hinf, and no breeder of pure sheep 
will buy from his flock. In order to bring the ewes into season at a 
specitio time in seasons of drouth, or scant pasture, the ewes should have 
extra feed for three weeks before they are rccjuired to take the ram'. 

The Management of Rams. 

The rams should never l)e allowed to run with the ewes at any season 
of the year. They are brutal always in their teasing, and if allowed so 
to run they not only exhaust themselves, but the ewes drop their lambs 
out of season. His separate enclosui'e should be dry and comfortable, 
and kept strictly clean, and be entirely away from the sight and hearing 
of the ewes, except when admitted to them. His feed nmst be the best 
of hay, or fresh grass, with what oats he will eat cleau daily, begiiming 
six weeks before the season with half a pound daily, and increasing the 
feed gradually to two pounds daily, if he will eat so much. Some flock 
masters sow oats and peas together, two bushels of the former to three 
pecks of the latter. This when threshed and ground together and fed, 
gradually increasing to a quart a day, makes most excellent feed for a 
hard-worked ram. On such feed, with pure water within reach at all 
times, a ram may be expected to properly serve cue hundred to one 



738 ILLlSTHATEl) STOCK UOCTOK. 

hundred and fifty cwos, and l)ut few of them should conio hack the 
second time. 

Never keep two rams in the same enclosure. They are essentially pug- 
nacious, and very often a valual)le ram is thus sacrificed, through the 
mistaken economy of the owner. In the heginuiug of the season, a ram 
should not be allowed to serve more than two or at most three ewes a 
day. This may he gradually increased to five, and again towards the 
close of the season, he may lie again only alloM'ed two or three. To do 
justice and retain full power of fecundation, he must have a good amount 
of e.xercise. To insure this, if inclined to he inactive, he should be driven 
about the yard for an hour every day. As a last word of caution we add : 
Keep the rams awa}' from the ewes in Winter. They often seriously in- 
jure them, and by their teasing are a cause of aboi'tion, to say nothing of 
other serious injuries they may inflict. 

Training Bams. 

It is (juite necessary that rams should be made to understand that any 
vice will be severely punished. They should be early trained to stand 
quietly when tied, to lead at the end of the halter. They should never 
be tied with a rope about the ro(fts of the horns. It is apt to gall, and 
make lodgment for maggots. Fasten polled sheep by a strap about the 
neck, and horned breeds in the same manner while they are young. 
When their horns are large enough, drill a hole through the left horn, 
near the tip and put in a bolt with eye and t\vo inch ring, the whole fas- 
tened with a nut. Never tease, or allow a ram to be teased. It is sure 
to make them vicious. Haiulle kindly and gently> yet with a firm hand. 
If inclined to be vicious, punish them severely and until they are 
thoroughly cowed. A vicious old ram is dangerous at all times. Some- 
times they become incorrigible ; when this is the case geld them at once. 

Pasturing Sheep. 

The Hock should go in tlie pasture as early in Summer as possible, but 
should be housed nights, and during cold storms. They should be regu- 
larly salted, at least every other day, and when salted should be counted 
and examined for any ailment that may occur. The best shepherds count 
every day, and salt every day, graduating the doses so the sheep will eat 
it entirely clean ; and once or twice a week, giving a larger (plant ily. 



.SHEEP, BKEEDING AND MANAdEMEXT. 739 

Sheep are eager for shade in warm weather. We do not believe in 
shading pastures with trees. It is better and cheaper to have sheds, 
open on all sides, and of anii)le size to shelter the flock. The covering 
may be of boughs, or anything that is cheap. We have used connnon 
factory muslin, stretched on a light frame, double pitched roof, with a 
two foot space at the peak, for the escape of wind ; the shed twelve feet 
wide and running north and south. This gives free ventilation, and is 
the coolest shade \vc know. 

Water. 

Water is not generally considered an absolute necessity to sheep when 
on pasture. Where they are allowed to graze when the dew is on the 
grass, or the gi-ass is succulent, they seem to get along pretty well. We 
like them, however, to have a chance at water once a day. In the case 
of ewes suckling lambs it is necessary that they have water in plenty. 
Absolute purity of water however is always indispensable. Sheep ol)ject 
to drinking foul water, and their instinct ought to satisfy any jierson that 
it is not fit for them. Many serious disorders to stock of all kinds are 
occasioned by drinking impure water. 

Dosing Sheep. 

Wet, low, or mucky pastures are not fit for sheep. It is an entirely 
true adage that the sheejj's foot must be kept dry : nevertheless there 
are many sheep kept other than among firm, dry, hill pastures. Some 
shepherds are continually dosing with salt and alum, salt and sulphur, 
and various other comi^ounds under the supposition that it tends to health. 
Give them what salt they need, always, and examine them often for 
disease. When they are well, however, let well enough alone. 

Fall Pasturage and Feeding. 

In the Autumn, as the sca'son advances, sheep should have some 
fodder. It is the time of year when, if allowed to fail in flesh a mis- 
chief is done that cannot be remedied. There is a peculiarity about wool 
that one shepherd in twenty knows nothing about. To have a uniform 
growth, and of ecjual strength, the wool nmst gi-ow steadily, as the 
season advances. If the .sheep are allowed to fall suddenly away, the 
growth of wool ceases. When gi-owth again commences, the wool, in- 
.stead of continuing even in texture will have what is termed a joint. 
This is often .so weak that very slight force will break it. The microscope 
will reveal every period of starvation and subsequent good feeding that 
sheep niav have experienced in the course of the year's- gro\\i;h of wool. 



740 



II.I.ISTIIA'IT.D STOCK DOCTOi;. 



Tlius tin- slicphcrd wild wuuld do well t'of liiiiiscU' iimst do wrll I'or Ins 
Hock. lie imisl mil oiilv fwd miuI w.-ilcr well, ;iiid iiltciid In llic iicncral 
lu-altli of III.' slucp, ImiI lit' iiiiist hoiis,. well. 

Shoop Barns. 

'IMu'sr lu't'd not lie fxpiMisivc stnifUirt's, luil \hv\ iiiiisl |ii'ci|ccl (linr- 
oiiuiilv ;ii^;iiiist wind and drit'liiiii- snow, and al (In- same lime lie well 
vcniilalfd. Tlic liarn is to Ik' cnlircly enclosed willi doors and windows, 
wliich, it' iiKuU' (o slide, will serve foi- venlilalion. .Vlonii' llie |icak 




^\ I:MK,NT FKKDINU TKOlUill KOll 81lKKr. 



should he slatted cliinmevs of wood to assist ventilation. The staldo 
should 1)0 divided into suitahle pons to eoiitaiii fi-oiu twentv to titty sluH'p 
oaeh. aeconlinii' to the size of the tloek, Mith dixirs from one to the other, 
racks for feedinj!- liay. and trou<:hs for j^rain, and for water also, if the 
sheep are to !>(> wintered in the harn. There should .also he suitahh' pa.s- 
sajre ways for feedin*;-, etc. The .-irraneenient of these racks, trouiihs 
and other conveniences, will readih' suii'ii'est thenisehcs, hy referring' to 
the plan for feedinj;- cattle in harns. There is to he no tying- up, of 



SHEKI', IJIKI-KKKNT UKKKIiS. 



741 



course, but the name geiieiiil iu raiigomoiil may ho followed, uiid wlieii llie 
baweiiieiit of a harii in to lie uiscfd, the hay, grain, ete., may be handled in 
the HaiiK! maniHa- as tlicMe given. There i« one thing, however, indiHpen- 
Kahle : As an aUaclinicnt to every sheep barn, each pen should iiuve a 
Vard in wiiich the sheep may Ix; turned out in pheasant vveatlier, for air 
and exercise. 'I'iiey may also be fed here in pleasant weather. 

'J'Ik! ann(!xed cut will show a good and substantial rack foi' outside 
feeding. 

Special Winter Food. 

While it is the fact that sheep may b<- fairly wintered on hay, it is not 
the most economical food in all the regions of tlu? West and .South, where 
corn and cereal grains are cheaply raised. Many shepherds object to 
corn as btnng too heating. We have never found any difficulty when it 
was fed with hay, ;ind with a small feed of roots daily. It sc(;ms almost 
necessary to tin; health of sheep, that they have succulent food. In all 
the West, turnips are out of the fiuestion. Our hot .Summers, and dry 
Autumns arc not suited to this crop. Swedish turnips do better, sin<'e 
they may be sown late in May, or early in June and get root, so they 








\ i 






ALLOW Kl) TO Sill I- 1 lOlt ITSKM'. 



WIVTKKKI) WITH fiOOl) HIIKI.TKK AM> VV.VA). 



will stand and produce good crops late in Autumn. They are also easil}' 
saved by keeping them nearly down to the frt^ezing point in the winter 
pits. Sugar beets or mangel wurzel ma\' also b(! raised at a cost — placed 
in the pits or cellai- — that need not exceed two dollars a ton. Carrots and 
parsnips may lie raised at a cost not exceeding thrc;e dollars |)er ton. 
With carrots, l)r>ets and parsnips so that each shee)) may have eveis half 
a i)ound weight of root food once a day, they may be kept in admirable 
health, corn and hay IxMiig the only other food. Not only tliis, but we 
have wintered lambs in this way, and had them come out 8|)ring after 
S))ring, in the most admirable condition. Kept in this manner, they will 



742 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

look like the A-oung buck, shown at the right hand side of the page Al- 
lowed to shift for themselves as best they may, they will resemble the 
sheep shown on the left side of the page. AVhich would you choose? 

There is one thing that should be observed in feeding roots. Carrots 
may be fed at all times. In feeding other roots, feed the Swedisii tur- 
nips tirst, and after the}- arc gone, the beets. Beets fed early in the 
Winter I have not found profitable. They have an acrid quality, that 
after the new year seems to be lost. Parsnips may be kept in the ground 
until Spring, and ^\'ill be found, in connection with grain, most excellent 
for ewes, after lambing. Until lambing time we prefer to feed carrots, 
and corn, with enough bran mixed to keep the bowels fairly open. Thus 
fed, the fleeces wiU be heavy and even in texture. Tlie sheep M'ill not 
shed their wool when put on to grass, and the shepherd, if he has attended 
to the general health of the flock, will find tliat sheep really pay twice ; 
once in the fleece, and once in the carcass. 

Management of Lambs. 

It is absolutely necessary', when early lambs are expected, that a 
warm place be provided for the ewe at lambing time. The room need 
not be large, and may be divided into pens suitable for each ewe when 
there are a number to lamb at one time. Heat the room by means of a 
stove, and if the ewes are healthy and hearty they will take care of 
themselves as a rule. But the shepherd should be present in case the 
young lambs want assistance, and here will be found the advantage in 
having made the sheep perfectly familiar with and relying on the keeper, 
for thus there will be no fear displayed. If the lamb appear weak and 
disinclined to suck, handle it carefully and hold it to the dam. A young 
lamb is at first the weakest and most foolish animal imaginable. Once it 
has got on its feet and sucked it is all right. 

Docking Lambs. 

This sliould Ijc performed as soon as fiic himl) is fairly strong and grow- 
ing ; say when a week old. Let an attendant jiick up thelamb, and holding 
his rum}) pretty firm against a post of suitable height, the sliepherd 
seizes the tail, and pressing the skin back toward the body, places a two 
inch I'iiisel at the point of separation, holding il firmly enough so that it 
will noi slip, when with a light blow of a mallet it is severed. Throw 
the tails of rams in one pile and those of ewes in another, and enter in 
the shepherd's book the sexes and numbers. It is well at the same time 
to place a paint mark on the rump for futui'e recognition. A jniicli of 



SIIEEr, liREEUING AND MANAGEMENT. 743 

powdered copperas on the end of the tail will stop bleeding. Occiisionallv 
a lanil) will l)leed severely. If so, tie a ligature tightly around the stump, 
to be removed in about ten hours, or a toueli of red hot iron will be 
moi'e effective. 

Castration. 

Many perform tliis operation immediately before docking. It has 
always been practiced by myself and I have never found any reason to 
discontinue the plan. In any event the sooner it is done the better for 
the lamb. I have docked and gelded at three days old, and with the best 
success. An attendant holds the lamb, rump down, and M'ith the back 
pressed against his own l)ody ; drawing the hind legs up, the l)ody is 
pressed strong enough to cause the belly to be forced between the thighs, 
and the scrotum is thus well exposed. Seizing the scrotum the operator 
cuts away one-third of it ; take each testicle in turn and sliding buck and 
off the enveloping membrane, with a quick jerk the whole cord and 
connecting tissues snap and come away. The object in cutting away a 
part of the scrotum is that it makes a better surface in shearing. This 
pulling away of the cord may seem cruel. It is not so ; there is almost 
no- l)leeding, and the violence of the rupture deadens the pain. It is 
sometimes necessary to geld an old ram. The best way is to tie a waxed 
linen cord as tightly as possil)le about the bag, being careful that it is tied 
entirely above the testicles, and that there shall be no possibility of 
slipping of the knot. Thus circulation is stopped and in a few days the 
strangulated part will drop away ; or the operation may be performed 
precisely as in the case of the horse. We have however never used any 
other means either with l)ulls or rams than that indicated above, and with 
success. 

Weaning. 

Spring lambs sliould be weaned early enough in the Fall so they may 
become fully accustomed to grass and to grain before Winter sets in. If 
a corn-tield has at the last cultivating l)een sown with rye, it will afford 
nice feed for lanil)s in the Fall, and in the following Spring it will be 
found most valuable for l)reeding ewes. If there is stubl)le ground, in 
which green oats or wheat have started, it makes excellent pasture for 
lambs, since they will also pick up some grain. In any event, they should 
be learned to eat grain by having their salt sprinkled on grain in a trough 
under cover, so they may learn to eat it. So far as Winter management 
is concerned, the same rule will apply as to other animals. Give them 



744 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

the l)est of the hay and a lil)eral (juantity of grain, to keep them growing 
right along. 

The Nursery. 

In all large Hocks there will always be some lambs that do not do well. 
These should always be separated from the others and have extra care. 
So in the older sheep — the flock should be graded as to age, size and sex. 
It is l)etter that the wethers aud the ewes be kept apart, and that in the 
sexes that very strong animals be not put Avith weak ones. If they do 
no other mischief, they rob tlie weak ones of their food, the very thing 
they most need. In fact, every farm should have a nursery, however 
small the flock, where weak ones and wethers may receive special atten- 
tion and care. Sheep upon farms suited to them are very profitable, but 
however suitable the farm, the profits will ])e in direct proportion to the 
intelligent care and attention the animals receive. 



PART VI. 
Diseases of Sheep. 

CAUSE, PREYE^^TIOX AND REMEDIES. 



CHAPTER I. 



ANATOMY AND DISEASES OP SHEEP. 



THE HBAD. THE TRUNK. THE FORE-LEG. THE HIND-LEG. IMPORTANCE 

OF THE HEAD TO BREEDERS. DISEASES OF THE HEAD AND BRAIN. 

THE TEETH. SWELLED HEAD VEGETABLE POISONING. INFLAMMA- 
TION OF THE EYE. SHEEP DISTEMPER. HOW TO KNOW IT. WHAT TO 

DO. GRUBS IN THE BEAD. HOW TO SAVE THE SHEEP. APOPLEXY. 

PREVENTION. INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN. TETANUS, OR LOCK- 
JAW. PALSY. RABIES. HYDATIDS ON THE BRAIN. PARASITES OF 

THE BODY AND SKIN. THE SCAB. HOW TO KNOW IT. WHAT TO DO. 

DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE AND URINARY ORGANS. DISEASES OF 

THE LIMBS AND HOOPS, FOOT ROT. HOW TO CURE IT. TOOLS, AND 

TRAVEL-SORE FEET. GRAVEL. THE BIFLEX CANAL. MAGGOTY SHEEP. 

LUNG WORMS. INTESTINAL WORMS. ROTTEN LIVER. COLIC. 




J ^ 



SKELETON OF LEICESTER SHEEP. 



The Head. 



Explanation. — l — The intermaxiUaiy bone. 2 — The nasal bones. 3 — The 
48 



748 ILLUSTRATEU STOCK DOCTOR. 

upper jaw. 4 — The union of the nasal and upper jaw bone. 5 — The union of 

the molar and lachrymal bones. 6 — The orbits of the eye. 7 — The frontal 

bone. 9 — The lower jaw. 10 — The incisor teeth or nippers. 11 — The molars 
or grinders. 

The Trunk. 

1, 1 — The ligament of the neck, supporting the head. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 — 
The seven vertebrae, or bones of the neck. 1 — 13 — The thirteen vertebric, or 
bones of the back. 1 — 6 — The six vertebra of the loins. 7 — The sacral bone. 
8 — The bones of the tail, varying in different breeds from twelve to twenty -one. 
9 — The haunch and pelvis. 1 — 8 — The eight true ribs with their cartilages. 
9- — 13 — The five false ribs, or those that are not attached to the breast bone. 
14 — The breast bone. 

The Fore-leg. 

1 — The scapula or shoulder-blade. 2 — The humerus, bone of the arm, or fower 
part of the shoulder. 3 — The radius, or bone of the forearm. 4— The ulna, or 
elbow. T) — Tlie knee, with its different bones. 6 — The metacarpal, or shank- 
bones ; the larger bones of the leg. 7 — A rudiment of the smaller metacarpal. 
8 — One of the sessamoid bones. 9 — The two first bones of the foot; the pas- 
terns. 10 — The proper bones of the foot. 

The Hind-leg 

1 — The thigh bone. 2 — The stifle joint and its bone, the patella. 3— The 
tibia, or bone of the upper part of the leg. 4 — The point of the hock. 5 — Ths 
other bones of the hock. 6 — The metatarsal bone, or bone of the hind-leg. 7 
— Rudiment of the small metatarsal. 8 — A sessamoid bone. 9 — The two first 
bones of the foot, the pasterns. 10 — The proper bone of the foot. 

The hones of the lohi.s hear a strong re.seinl)hinee to those in the back, 
hut ini5tead of springing from the sides, as do the ribs, they are fixed, 
))()ny processes, several inches in length, and their peculiar duty is to af- 
ford protection to the ahdonien. They are the timbers that support the 
roof, or covering' of tills part of the system. Next in position to the loin 
comes the sacrum, which is formed in young animals of separate bones, 
hut at maturity is consolidatcKl into one. At this point the passage for 
the spinal cord becomes very nmch diminished, and, at the end of the 
i)()ne, terminatos in several nerves, which continue their course into the 
tail. Th(! bones of tlie latter are numerous, hut not perforated. We 
pass now to the limhs, and find that the immher of joints are the same in 
the horse, ox, and sheep, hut in the latter animals, at the fetlock, these 
become divided and the four bones heiieath it ai"e thus doubled. 



SHEEl', TIIEIU DISEASES. 



749 




SKULL OP A POLLED SHEEP. 



The bone which forms the elbow-uhia does not support much of the 
weight of the animal, hut serves to attach the powerful muscles, so notic- 
■ihle in hones, with good fore-arms. The attachment of the ulna to the 
radius forms a lever. The carpas or knee is composed of seven distinct 
bones, placed in two rows. The upper low articulates with the radius ; 
the ni('tu<';irpus. 

Explanation — 1 — Occipital hone, depressed 
out of danger. 2 — The parietal bones, the 
suture having disappeared, and also out of 
danger. 3 — The scpiamous portions of the 
temporal bone — the buttress of the arch of 
the skull. 4 — The meatus auditorius, or 
bony opening into the ear. r> — 'J'he frontal 

bones. (i — The openings through which blood-vessels pass, to sup- 
ply the forehead. 7 — The bon}' orbits of the eve. >S — The zygo- 
matic or molar bones, very much develo23ed. 9, 10 — The bones of 
the nose. 11 — The upper jaw bone. 12 — The foramen, through 
which the nerve and iilood-vessels pass, to supply the lower part of the 
face. 13 — The nasal processes of the internui.xillary bones. 14 — The 
palatine processes. l."> — The intermaxillary bone, supporting the cartila- 
ginous pad. instead of containing teeth. 

Explanation — 1 — Nasall bone. 2 — 
Upper jaw bone. 3 — Intermaxillary 
bone supporting the pad, supplies the 
place of upper front teeth. 4, 4 — 
The frontal sinus. 5 — Cavity or sinus 
of the horn, communioating with the 
frontal sinus. It is here shown by re- 
moval of a section of the })ase of the 
horn. 7 — The frontal bone. H — Verti- 
cal section of the brain. 9 — Vertical section of the cerebellum, a — 
The cineritious portion of the brain. /; — The medullary portion of the 
brain. 10 — The ethmoid bone. 11 — The cril)iform f)r perforated plate 
of the ethmoid bone. 12 — The lower cell of the ethmoid bone. 13 
— The superior turfiinated bone. 14 — The inferior turbinated bone. 17 
—The sphenoid bone. 




HKAD OK SHEEP— VERTICAL SECTION. 



Importance of the Head to Breeders. 



The head of tlie sheep is one of the important points by which to e^i- 
mate the quality and profitableness of the animal. The frontal bone (1 ) 
projects Ixith forward and Int. 'rally, and gives to the sheep a peculiar 



750 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

appearance as regards breadth of forehead and prominence of the eye. 
This design of nature is intended for the base of the horns, though in 
breeds known as hornless, or polled, the same formation is observable. 
The room from eye to eye is occasioned by the fi'ontal bones (5, 5, of 
polled sheep) reaching as far below the range of vision as above it, and 
very materially shortening the nasal (10,10,) bones. These reach up- 
M'ard to the parietal bones (2 ) which latter constitute an important portion 
of the posterior, slanting portion of the skull, just below the junction of 
the frontal and parietal bones ; the head falls off in fullness — a l^ackward 
sloping, so to speak, and the part of the frontal bone most imi)ortant be- 
cause covering the brain, is removed from the danger resulting from 
concussion of the head in fighting. The form of the brain in the sheep, 
is similar to that of the horse and ox, but is longer in proportion to size, 
and broader in the back than in the front. The brain of the sheep so 
closely resembles, in its conformation and structure, that of aman, though 
smaller in proportion, that it furnishes the medical student %\'ith a good 
substitute for the human subject. The membrane covering the brain is 
technically called the pia mater. The dura 7nater Vmcs the skull, and be- 
tween the latter and the former is a delicate membrane called ternica 
arachmides. The nerves, of which ten pairs are connected with the brain, 
and thirty with the spinal cord, supply the sense of feeling, seeing, hear- 
ing, tasting, smelling, &c., and a portion conveying the voUtion of the 
brain to all parts of the body, are termed nerves of motion. 

Diseases of the Head and Brain. 

In Europe, and especially in Great Britain, sheep are subject to a long 
category of diseases. Fortunately, in this country sheep thus far have 
been subject to comparatively few diseases, and especially so in the West ; 
owing probably to the fact that, except in the Spring, and sometimes for 
a short period in the Autumn, the climate and the soil are dry. Mr. 
Spooner, the able English veterinary writer, remarks upon the rarity of 
inflannnatory diseases in American sheep. This he attributes to the 
muscular and vascular structure of the sheep, comparing the indifferently 
kept sheep of his day with highly fed British sheep. The real cause, 
however, of exemption from disease lies more in the climate than anything 
else. Another special reason probably is that our flock masters are, as a 
rule, men of intelligence, who trust but little to ignorant shepherds, as 
is not the case in Great Britain and on the continent. We shall therefore 
touch lightly upon many diseases specially treated of in foreign works, 
and pay more particular attention to that class of diseases most prevalent 
with us. 



SHEEP, THEIR DISEASES. 751 

The Teeth. 

The sheep has eight incisors in the lower jaw, and twelve grinders — 
six on a side in each jaw, — making in all thirty-two teeth. At birth the 
lanil) should have the two central incisors just pushing through. At a 
month old all the incisors should be up. At one year, sometimes not 
until fifteen months old, the two first milk incisors will be shed, and two 
new or permanent ones will appear. At two years old past, it will have 
two more permanent teeth, or four in all. At three years old past it 
will have six permanent incisors, and at four years old past the eight 
permanent teeth, or a full mouth, as it is called, will be shown. This 
will be an accurate test as to the age of sheep, up to four years, varied of 
course by care and keep ; highly fed sheep developing faster than illy 
kept ones. At six the incisors begin to decrease in breadth, and lose 
their fan shape, as seen at four 3'ears old. At seven they become longer 
and narrower, and each year this shrinkage continues, until at last they 
become quite slender, the middle ones long, and at ten years they loosen 
and begin to drop out. In the West few sheep are kept to the age of 
ten years, except in the case of valuable ewes and bucks. The principal 
care necessaiy with the teeth is, if decay is suspected, to examine, and 
extract the decayed ones, or pierce the nerve ^\^th a hot iron. 

Swelled Head. 

Sheep sometimes are bitten by venomous snakes, but this seldom 
occurs, and when so the animal is usually beyond help before being 
found. The bites of insects however, sometimes give trouble. ^Tien 
swelling from this cause is discovered, cut the wool from around the 
wound, wash with warm water, dry, rub thoroughly with lard oil, and if 
the insect may have been a venomous one, give the following dose each 
hour until relief is obtained : 

No. 1. yi Scruple hartshorn, 

1 Ounce rainwater. 

Vegetable Poisoning. 

The faces of the sheep sometimes become poisoned from feedins; near 
noxious plants. Bathe the sore place with warm water, and then moisten 
with the following : 

No. 2. 10 Grains acetate of lead, 

1 ( )unce water. 
Dissolve. 



752 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

This is also excellent for burns, bruises, irritable and moist ulcers, in- 
flamed tendons, moist skin diseases, and cracked and itching surfaces, 
and also for sore lips. 

Inflammation of the Eyes. 

Simple ophthalmy sometimes occurs in sheep. If there is serious in- 
flammation, l)leed slightly from the facial vein — the vein running down 
obliquely from the eye, and l)athe with the following : 

No. 3. 3 Grains sulphate of zinc, 

1 Ounce water, 
15 Drops laudanum 
Mix, and bathe lightly twice a day. 

Sheep Distemper. 

MaUgnant epizootic catarrh is an epidemic accompanied by severe con- 
gestion and inflammation of the lining membrane of the nasal cavities and 
sometimes extending into the stomach and bowels, is -as to its cause un- 
known, but has occasionally been very fatal, both East and West. 

How to Know It. 

There is depression, a sligiit watery discharge from the nostrils and the 
eyes, which are parti}' closed and paler than natural. There is more or 
less loss of appetite. The pulse is normal as to frequency, but is weaker 
than usual. Thefe is no cough, and the breathing is not changed unless 
the bronchial tubes are affected. The symptoms increase, until the end 
of a week the discharge from the nose is thick and glutinous, some- 
times tinged with blood ; eyes half closed, the lids gummed with a yellow 
secretion. The respiration is diflicult, emaciation and prostration great; 
the pulse ^-ery low, the appetite is gone, and in from ten to fifteen days 
the animal dies. 

What to Do. 

At the first symptoms, remove the sheep to a dry, well ventilated 
place, where they may be kept comfortably warm. Give them concen- 
trated and nourishing food and stimulants. If the bowels are costive, 
give them, say : 

No. 4. 8 Grains corrosive sublimate, 

1 Oz. rhubarb, 

2 Oz. ginger, 
2 Oz. gentian. 



SHEEP, THEIR DISEASES. 753 

Simmer the last three in a quart of water for ten or fifteen minutes ; 
strain, and add the first. Give two table-spoonfuls twice a day. In any 
case, avoid all strong purging or bleeding. An equable warmth, good 
feeding, nourishing drinks, and good nursing, is what will save, when 
possible, if taken early. If not well nursed the patient will be sure to die. 

Grubs in the Head. 

In July and August, if sheep are seen standing crowded together with 
the heads close to the ground, occasionally stamping violeritly, or striking 
with their fore feet, be sure the sheep gad-fly CEstrus Ovis, is attempting 
to deposit her eggs in the nostrils of the sheep. This fly is somewhat 
like the ox gad-fly, but smaller. The egg deposited, the maggot soon 
hatches, ascends the sinuses of the nose, causing nuich irritation. Then 
it grows during Winter, and in the Sjjring descends and falls on the 
ground, burrows therein, assumes the form of a chrysalis, to be again 
transformed into a perfect fly. 

How to Save the Sheep. 

Prevent the flies from laying their eggs. Plow a portion of the field 
into furrows of loose soil ; keep the sheep's noses smeared with tar, by 
tarring once a day through the season of the fly. I have caught them in 
a light bag net, such as boys use in catching insects. A reward of five 
cents for every fly caught would well repay the sheep owner. 

The maggots aflix themselves by tlieir strong hooks, and are not easily 
dislodged. Violent sneezing will sometimes dislodge them. Thus Scotch 
snuff may be blown up the nostrils. The infested sheep may be driven 
in a close place, and horn shavings or leather burned to irritate the 
membrane of the nostrils. A better way, when carefully done, is to 
secure the sheep, hold the head up, and pour into each nostril a teaspoon- 
ful of equal parts of sweet oil and turpentine, well shaken together. Be 
careful, however, that 'the sheep is not strangled by the mixture entering 
the lungs. The grubs are sometimes extracted by the surgeon. It is a 
nice operation, and as a rule will not pay its cost 

Apoplexy. 

This is a disease seldom seen in the United States, and confined to 
sheep of a plethoric habit, and is generally fatal if not taken early. The 
sheep leaps suddenly in the air, falls and dies in a few moments. The 
remedy is early and copious bleeding from the neck (jugular) vein, until 



754 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

the sheep shows signs of weakness. A pint of blood is sometimes taken 
from full-bodied, large sheep and less for smaller ones. 

Prevention. 

This is better than cure. If a sheep l)e dull, and apparently uncon- 
scious of what is going on ; if the membranes of the nose are deep red 
or violet, the nostrils and pupils of the eye dilated, the pulse hard, and 
the breathing stertorous, bleed immediately, and afterwards give two 
ounces of salt, to be followed by an ounce every six hours until a copious 
evacuation is produced. 

Inflammation of the Brain. 

This is a secondary effect of the causes which produce apoplexy. The 
animal is dull and inactive. The eyes are red and protruding, and at 
length the animal rushes about in the wildest delirium. The same remedy 
is prescribed as for apoplexy. 

Lock-jaw. 

This is produced from a variety of causes, among the more common, 
being inflammation of the membranes from improper gelding, injuring 
the hoofs, horns, etc. The animal is unable to walk, or only so with dif- 
ficulty ; the jaws are set, and death ensues in a short time. Warmth, 
quiet, and bleeding from the jugular vein, is recommended. We should 
omit the bleeding and give one-half to three-quarters of an ounce of 
castor oil, according to the age of the sheep, the disease being confined 
mostly to lambs, and sheep after gelding. Follow the dose of castor oil, 
in half an hour, with ten grains of opium, and at the end of an hour, 
give another ten grains of opium if a decided sedative effect is not pro- 
duced. Epilepsy is a kindred disease, in fact tetanus is considered to be 
an aggravated state of epilepsy. The remedial means will be the same. 

Palsy. 

This is the opposite of epilepsy. The sheep is unable to move its 
limbs. It is supposed to be produced by cold and improper treatment. 
It is rare in this country. Take the lamb to a warm place, give it warm 
gruel, with a little ginger mixed in it. If a purgative is indicated give 
the following : 

No. 5. 2 Oz. epsom salts, 

■ >a Drachm ginger. 

Mix in half pint of ale or water ; to l)e followed by two drachms of 
laudanum in an hour. 



SHEEP, THEIR DISEASES. 755 

Babies. 

Sheep are apt to be bitten by rabid dogs. The only preventive is to 
kill all stx'ange dogs. The remedy is to kill the sheep as soon as attacked. 

Hydatids on the Brain. 

This is a disease of rare occurrence in America, probably from the 
fact that range is greater and dogs fewer to the square mile. The disease 
once fixed, nothing, practically, can be done, at least except a thorough 
veterinary surgeon be called, since it involves a delicate surgical operation. 
The bladder worm or hydatid is a form of the tape worm of the dog, in 
an earlier stage of existance. The mature tape worm lives in the bowels 
of the dog, its eggs are voided with the excrement, and in close pasturage 
the sheep take the eggs while grazing ; hatching, they make their way to 
the brain, where they grow, and must remain until eaten by some other 
animal. Thus the dog eats the sheep's head, acquires the tape worm, 
and the insect agjiin goes its round of life. Allow no sheep's heads to be 
eaten without thorough cooking, kill .ill strange dogs, and give your shep- 
herd dogs a good vermifuge occasionally. 

One of the plans adopted to get rid of the hydatid when it can be loca- 
ted is to pierce the cyst with the needle of a strong hypodermic syringe, 
and inject into it half a tea-spoonful of the following : 

No. 6. 1 Grain iodine, 

5 Grains iodide of potash, 

1 Ounce water. 

Mix. 

Parasites of the Body and Skin. 

Sheep are infested with lice, three different forms of parasites which 
produce scab, also with ticks, intestinal worms, parasites of the liver, 
lungs, etc. 

The Scab. 

This is pi'oduced by a minute, almost microscopic insect, which bur- 
rows under the cuticle, producing intense irritation, the escape of serum, 
and which drying, brings off with it wool and all, and, spreading vsdth 
great rapidity, soon infests the whole flock. The tenacity of life of these 
insects is so great that a scaliby pasture has been said to spread the con- 
tagion after three years. The prevention of infection should be impera- 
tive with every flock master. 



756 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

How to Know It. 



The sheep is restless and constantly rultbinii' itself against posts and 
other objects it can get near. It bites itself with its teetii, and scratches 
itself with its hoofs. Soon the fleece becomes ragged and begins to fall 
out, and the animal appears wretched and unsightly, and at length dies. 




SK (IF SCAH. 



What to Do. 

The remedies are l)oth liquid and oily. A good dip, and one re- 
garded in England as most effective, is the following: 

No. 7. 3 Pounds arsenic, 

3 Pouuds pearl ash, 
3 Pounds sulphur, 
3 Pounds soft soap. 

Mix in ten gallons of boiling water, stir, but avoid the fumes, and add 
ninety gallons of cold water. Prepare a tank that will easily allow a 
sheep to be dipped, having a slanted, slatted drain at the side, tight bot- 
tom underneath to allow the drip to run back. Dip the sheep, back 
down, being careful not to allow the head to enter the poisonous mixture, 
letting the animal remain one minute. Lift on to the slats and rub and 
squeeze the wool, until pretty well drained, and place in a yard until 
dry. When dry, go over the flock again, as to the heads, with the fol- 
lowing : 

No. 8. 1 Pound mercurial ointment, 

6 Pounds lard, 

1 Pound rosin, 

>^ Pint oil of turpentine. 



SHEEP, THEIR DISEASES. 757 

Mix the mercurial ointiuent wita tlie lard by heating gently aud stii"- 
ring. Dissolve the resiii in the turpentine and rub all together when the 
lard is cold. Part the wool on the head between the ears, on the fore- 
head, along the neck and under the jaws, and rub in the ointment. 

In the United States, tobacco is often used in the place of arsenic ; if 
used, substitute ten pounds of strong tobacco leaves for the arsenic in the 
formula as given above. 

A formula in great repute among Australian shepherds, is the fol- 
lowing : 

No. 9. 1 Pound tobacco leaves, 

1 Pound sulphur, 
5 Gallons water. 
Boil ttie tobacco in the water, then add the sulphur. 

The sheep is dipped in this solution while quite hot, and retained in it 
four or five minutes, its head being from time to time thrust under so 
as not to enter the eyes, nose, or mouth, and the wool pressed and 
dried as before stated. 

Diseases of the Generative and Urinary Organs. 

Use the remedies prescribed for cattle, noting the doses as given for 
sheep in the list of medicines for animals. 

Diseases of the Limbs and Hoofs— Foot Rot. 

This is an infectious disease often aggravated by grit and dirt increas- 
ing the inflammation. The indications of rot are described minutely 
by Dr. Randall : 

The first symptom is the disappearance of the naturally, smooth, dry, 
pale condition of the skin at the top of the cleft, over the heels. It 
becomes somewhat red, warm and moist, and slightly rough or chafed. 
Next, the moisture increases to a discharge, and an ulcer is formed which 
extends down to the upper portion of the inner wall of the hoof. These 
walls are then attacked, become disorganized, and the disease penetrates 
between the fleshy sole and the bottom of the hoof. The hoof is thick- 
ened at the heel by an unnatural dei)osition of horn. The crack between 
it and the fleshy sole poui-s out an offensive and purulent matter. Soon 
all parts of the foot are penetrated by the burrowing ulceration, the horny 
sole is disorganized, and the fleshy sole becomes a black and swollen mass 
of corruption, shapeless, spongy, and often filled with maggots. The 
fore-feet are usually first attacked ; lameness is early noticed and soon 



758 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

becomes complete ; the appetite is lost, and the animal dies from exhaus- 
tion. Tlie offensive odor of the true foot rot is characteristic, and once 
made familiar will serve as a certain guide in recognizing the disease. 
The disease may present itself in a malignant and rapid form, or in a 
mild one. The first attack on a flock is generally of the severe charac- 
ter. When it is kept under the first year, its appearance the next Sum- 
mer will be mild ; and the third season still milder. 

How to Cure Rot. 

Every part of the diseased structure must be cut away, cleaning the 
knife from time to time. This thoroughly accomplished, prepare a tank, 
which is to be filled to a depth of four inches, with a strong, saturated 
solution of sulphate of copper, blue \'itriol; let each sheep stand in this, 
heated as hot as they can bear, for tenor more minutes, keeping the whole 
hot by occasionally plashing a piece of heated iron in it, or adding a 
quantity of the solution boiling hot. It is also well to cover the hoof 
with chloride of lime, and fill the cleft of the hoof with a piece of tow 
long enough so the ends can be twisted into a cord to be fast(Mied around 
the fetlock. This makes a good bandage. The hoofs should be exam- 
ined daily for sometime and the chloride renewed if necessary. Keep 
the sheep in a dry, well-littered yard, or on a dry, short pasture, and feed 
well. If the case is bad, the following tonic given internally will be 
necessary : 

No. 10. 2 Drachms common salt, 

^ Drachm sulpliute of iron, 
>i Drachm nitrate of potash. 
Mix as a powder and give daily. 

Fouls and Travel-sore. 

These may be cured, the first by washing the cleft of the hoof with 
warm water and applying a strong solution of blue vitriol, and the latter 
by touching the thin places in the hoofs with a feather dipped in oil of 
vitriol, and smearing over with tar. Or better, prepare the following: 

No. 11. 1 Part solution of chloride of antimony, 

1 Part compound tincture of myrrh. 

Gravel. 

Sheep often become graveled. If lame in the least examine them, and 
cut the horn of the hoof to expose the gravel ; extract it and cover the 
Avound with tar. 



SHEEP, THEIR DISEASES. 759 

The Biflex Canal. 

The issue as it is called (biilcx canal) in the front and upper part of 
the hoof, sometimes becomes irritated and swollen. Do not follow the 
advice of ignorant persons and "cut out the worm." If anything is 
enil)edded therein, extract it. If simply swollen and inflamed, and 
perhaps ulcerated, lance it in two or three places slightly and dress with 
compound tincture of myrrh. 

Maggoty Sheep. 

Often in hot weather, from one cause or another, flies will lay their 
eggs, either in a wound, or, if the sheep is dirty, in the accumulated dung 
about the thighs. The prevention is cleanliness. Keep the sheep well 
tagged, that is shear the wool from under the sides of the tail, and 
diagonally thence some ways down the thighs. If maggots exist they 
must be taken out, and the wounds touched with 

No. 12. 1 Part creosote, 

4 Parts alcohol. 

And afterwards bathed daily, until relieved, with tincture of myrrh. 

Other Diseases.— Lung-Worms 

This disease is caused by the presence of worms, the sfronr/ulus fiJaria, 
which sometimes make their way into the lungs, but are usually found in 
the windpipe and bronchial tubes and bowels of sheep. If there is 
dysentery, with fetid stools, examine the evacuations and the mucu^ of 
the mouth and throat for indications of the worms. If there is a husky 
cough and (juickened breathing ; if the sheep rubs its nose on the ground ; 
if it lose its appetite and flesh prepare the following : 

No. 13. 6 Oz. sulphate of magnesia, 

4 Oz. nitrate of potash. 

Pour on these three pints boiling water, and when the solution is milk 
warm add : 

No. 14. 4 Oz. oil of turpentine, 

hi Oz. bole armeniac. 
Mix well and give two or three tablespoon fuls every other day. 

When the worms are supposed to prevail, the following may be made 
into twelve doses, one to be given once in two weeks, as a preventive : 

No. 15. 2 Oz. oil of turpentine, 

2 Oz. powdered gentian, 
2 Oz. laudanum. 

Dissolve in a quart of lime water. 
This is enough for twelve shccj). 



760 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

Intestinal Worms. 

The presence of intestinal worms and other parasite affections may be 
often found if shepherds would take the trouble to dissect a dead sheep. 
When found in one, the presumption is good that many are affected, for 
these parasites seldom appear in individual cases only. As a preventive, 
when feared, plenty of salt should l)e allowed, and the following in-epared 
to be given once in two weeks. 

Ko. 16. 2 Lbs. common salt, 

1 Lb. sulphate of magnesia, 
hi Lb. sulphate of iron, 
K Lb. powdered gentian, 
Mix : 

This is sufficient for 80 to 100 sheep to be given in ground feed. 

Dr. Tellor says: Ordinary wood soot, as it can be collected from the 
chinniey is a very efficient vermifuge, often used, both in children and 
the lower animals. It may be mixed with salt, or sprinkled on the fodder. 
Another cheap and useful vermifuge, in the form of a drink, is — 

No. 17. 1 Lb. quick lime, 

5 Oz. sulphate of iron. 
Mix with iive gallons of water, and give a pint twice a week. 

As a vermifuge in round and thread- worms, the shepherd may use — 

No. 18. 2 Oz. linseed oil, 

■i Oz. »il of turpentine. 

For a drench. 

For tape worm, the following: — 

No. 19. ^ to 1 Drachm, powdered areca nut, 

10 to 20 Drops, oil of small fern. 
Give in molasses and water, and follow next day with a purge. 

The Rot. or Liver-Fluke. 

This is a disease caused by flat worms, {Fasciola hepatioa,) in the 
liver. If by rubbing the skin of a sheep backward and forward at the 
small of the back as taken between the thumb and lingers, it is soft and 
tlabby and there is a crackling feeling in the fingers, as if there were water 
underneath : if there is weakness and tenderness about the loins ; if the 
bell}' swells, and the eye becomes jaundiced ; if there is a diarrhea, a weak 
heart and general stupor, and no veterinarian is near, isolate the animals 
in a high dry pasture, give abundant and nutritious food and prepare the 
following : 



SHEEP, THEIR DISEASES. 761 

No. 20. >2 Lb. sulphate of magnesia, 

3 Drachms oil of tuipentine; 
jVIix for a drench, and give every two days, one-third of the quantity 
at a dose. 

The following is an English remedy and said to be very effective : 

No. 21. l>j Di'.ichras yellow resiu, 

1 Oz. oil ol turpentine, 
10 Grains calomel, 
30 Drops tincture of iodine. 
For three doses, one to be given every morning for three days, in gruel. 

Colic. 

The best preventive is to keep sheep off of pastures liable to inundation, 
since the worm passes one stage of its existance in shell fish and water 
insects, which are carried into such pastures by floods, and the sheep get 
the germs with the grass. 

Lush pasture to hungry sheep, ergot in fodder, musty or blighted 
grain, will produce colic or hoven in sheep as in cattle. The presence of 
gas is sometimes so strong as to rupture the walls of the rumen or third 
stomach. If the case is not serious, press and knead the st®mach, and 
give the following : 

No. 22. 2 Drachms sulphate of potash, 

1 Oz. common salt, 
1 Oz. sweet oil. 
Mix in a wine glass full of water. 

If the inflation is great, get a rubber tube, of half inch calibre, fasten 
a pledget of wool over the end to prevent clogging, oil thoroughly and 
introduce gently down the throat to the stomach. If this means fail and 
the swelling continues, remove the wool froni the most prominent part 
and plunge a trocar into the stomach. If a trocar is not to be had use a 
common sharp pointed pen knife, and keep the orifice open by inserting 
a goose quill. 



PART VII. 

SWINE. 



HISTORY, BREEDS, CHARACTERISTICS 
AND MANAGEMENT. 



49 



SWINE. 

History, Breeds and Characteristics. 



CHAPTER I. 



HISTORY AND BREEDS. 



ORItilN OF THE HOG. TEETH OF THE HOG. IMPORTANCE OF SWINE TO MAN. 

1. IMPROVED BREEDS OP SWINE. — ENGLISH BREEDS. II. THE BERKSHIRES. 

ESTABLISHING THE IMPROVED BERKSHIRE. STANDARD CHARACTERIS- 
TICS OP BERKSHIRES III. NEAPOLITAN HOGS. IV. ESSEX BREED. V. 

YORKSHIRE HOG. — VI. SUPFOLKS. — VII. LANCASHIRE HOGS. VIII. LANCASHIRE 

MIDDLE-BREED. IX. LARGE LANCASHIRE AMERICAN BREEDS. X. POLAND 

CHINA. — -XI. CHESTER WHITES XII. JEliSElf REDS. — CHESHIRES. XIII. CHARAC- 
TERISTICS. RECAPITULATION OF BREEDS. 

Origin of the Hog. 

The great antiquity of the hog, .■^us scrofa of Liniipeus, is fixed from 
the fact that remains of several fossil species have been fomid in the 
tertiary and diluvial deposits of Europe, and allied species in India. The 
wild hogs, from which the domestic ])reeds have taken their rise, are 
native of Europe, Asia and Africa, and are found wherever the climate 
is mild enough to afford sustenance in Winter, and in a domestic state 
wherever civilization has been extended. The fact of the origin of the 
domestic hog is well established from the fact that it will interbreed and 
continue entirely fertile, the succeeding fertility of the offspring, to the 
remotest generations, proving the homogeneity of the species. 



7(i() ILLUSTKATED STOCK IKJOTOR. 

Ill Aiiicrica, in Aiistriiliii and in Wir I'oiyiR'sian groui), hogs were un- 
knou'ii until introclurt-d. In Kiighiiid tlie wild species has long been 
extiiut. In France the}' are nearly so, hut in some parts of Germany, 
Denmark, Italy, (Ireeee, and in Asia Minor they are still met witii. hi 
America swine are said to have been introduced into Ilispauiohi by 
Columbus in 14!K5 ; into Florida l)y De Soto in ir);38 ; into Nova Scotia 
and Newt'oundland in 151'y.i, into Canada in l(i08, and into Virginia in 
Ido;). So great was the fecundity of swine in Virginian forests, that in 
eighteen years after their introduction the inluibitants of Jamestown had 
to palisade the town to keep them cmt. 

Teeth of the Hog. 

The domestic hog has, when full grown, forty-four permanent teeth, 
twenty-eight of which are preceded by temporary, or milk teeth. The 
teeth are elassilied as follows : Twelve incisors or front teeth, six in the 
upper and six in tlu^ lowci' jaw. The incisors in each jaw arc divided 
e(iually, tlirc<' on cacli side of the nicdiiin line, of whicii the fore- 
most are cailcHl the nippers ; the next outside of these, intermediary 
incisors, and the remainder, outside of these are called corner incisors. 
Next in order are the four tusks, one on each upper and one in each 
under jaw on each side. The true grinders or molars are six in number, 
not including the so-called "wolf teeth," four in number, but which are 
now classed with the molars, making really seven on a side in each jaw. 
Each of the three hindmost molars in the four rows are permanent t(^eth, 
or not preceded l)y milk teeth. The three next in front of these appear 
soon after birth, one after another, and are called milk teetli(or premolars) 
and in the course of time ai"e shod one after another, in the order in 
which they appeared, to give place for the permanent molars. These six 
niolais arc counted from the hindmost one forward. The seventh molar 
(ootli, or tiic fourth premolar, apjjcars later, in the space between the 
third i)reiiiolar and the tusk. This small, apparently sui)ernumerary 
tooth is sometimes called a wolf's tooth, and was once considered as an 
independent tooth, not l)elongiiig to the molars. It is now classed with the 
molars, to which it undoubtedly l)elongs. It is a permanent tooth, and 
is sometimes very small and imi)erfect, which is accounted foi' by the 
near proximity of the large and strong tusk. 

The teeth of the hog may therefore be represented by the following 
formula : Incisors, six upi)er six lower ; canines, one ujjjier one lower on 
each side; wolf teeth, so-called, now determined to l)e molars, one upper 
one lower on each side ; molars, six upper six lower on each side ; in all 
44 teeth. 



SWIXE, HISTORY AND BKEEDS. 767 

To Tell the Age of Swine. 

Furstciihurg, a well known German authoi'ity, has given the following 
sunnnarv for determining the age of swine : 

The animal is Ixirn witli eight teetli — four eorner ineisors and four 
tusks. 

On the eightii or tenth day appears the seeond or third temijorar}' 
molar. 

At four weeks okl tlie four nippers appear — two in tlie uj)per and two 
in the lower jaw. 

At the fifth or sixth week tJie foremost temporary molars iijipear in 
the upper and lower jaw. 

At the age of three months the intermediary ineisors have appeared 
ahove the gums. 

At the sixtii monlii the so-called wolf's teetii will have appeared : and 
at the same age appear the third permanent molars. 

At the ninth month the following teeth will iiave ap|)eare<l : namely 
the permanent corner ineisors, the permanent tusks, and also the seeond 
permanent molai's. 

At the twelfth month the pernument nippers will ])e in view. 

With the twelfth and thirteenth months the three temjjorary molars 
will have been shed, and their permanent substitutes, whieh, at fifteen 
months of age, will have fully appeai'ed, are now just eutting through 
the gums. 

With the eighteenth month the permanent intermediary incisors and 
the hindmost permanent 'molar will have made their appearance ; and, 
with the twenty-first month, tlu'v will be fully developed. 

Importance of Swine to Man. 

Next to cattle, swine are the most important to man as an article of 
food. In the adaptability of pork for sueeessfnlly standing long voyages, 
either barreled or smoked, in the value of lard for various culinary, lubri- 
cating and burning purposes, its place could not easily be supplied now. 

As showing the importance of swine lirceding in th(^ United States, 
the following table is given,, extending from ls71 to ISTS inclusiye: 

1X71—29,457,500, ls7r)_28,0(;2,200, 

1,S72— .Sl,7J)(i,300, 1S7(;— 25,72(i,.SO0, 

1873—32,682,050, 1x77—28,077,100, 

1874— 3!t,8(;(),<)00, 187.S— 32.3(;2,500. 

In the year 1878 the three greatest hog ])r()ducing States were Iowa, 



708 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



Ohio and Illinois ; of these Iowa contained 2,244,800 ; Ohio, 2,341,411 ; 
and Illinois. 3,355,500 hogs. In 1878 there were packed in Chicago 
alone over 5,00(»,000 swine, or one-sixth the whole number raised in the 
United States. 

I. Improved Breeds of Swine. 

To the India hog, the Chinese and the Neapolitan is due more than to 
any other, the improvement in English breeds, and from those introduced 
into the United States are due our own American breeds, that have now 
become unexcelled in any quarter of the globe for the purpose for which 
they are intended ; early maturity, aptitude to fatten at any age, and 
ultimate weight of the mature animal. Of these the Chinese hog has 
given great fattening proi)ensities. 




OLD CHINA BOAR. 



The illustration we give will show first, the appearance of the boar as 
known years ago, and on the next page the sow. This l)reed has had a 
very mai'ked influence as one of the l)ases of. the Poland-China breed of 
the present day. and is .said to have lieen introduced in the West, in Ohio, 
in 1816. 

Civilization in China antedates that of all other nations. Hence 
it is ciuite probable that the S3'stematic breeding of swine among that 
people antedates that of other ancient nations. This again is proved by 
the j)repotency of the blood of this hog. It has formed the ba.sis of im- 



SWINE, HISTORY AND BREEDS. 



769 



provement in all our modern breeds, both in England and America. In 
England its prepotency has been strongly felt in all the breeds and has 
transferred the long-legged, coarse-boned, elephant-eared, and big-headed 
swine of Old England into the deep-bodied, broad-necked, short-nosed, 
compact, and early-maturing Berkshire, Essex, Suffolk, Small Yorkshire 
and other representative breeds, which have been further improved by the 




CHINA ,SOW. 

infusion of Neapolitan blood, reducing the hair, hide and bone until now 
but little moi-e is to be desired. And in our o^vn country it has given us 
the Poland-China, Chester whites, improved Cheshires and New Jersey 
reds,' — breeds which may compete most favorably with any others in 
the United States. 



English Breeds— The Berkshires. 

This now magnificent breed has been bred in Berkshire, England and 
in adjacent countries from a very early day. Their origin is thus report- 
ed : The family of hogs in Berkshire. England, which was the foundation 
of the present improved breed, was of a sandy or buff color, al)out equally 
spotted with black ; was of a liirge size, a slow feeder, and did not fully 
mature till two and a half or three years old. But as such it was very 
highly esteemed for the proportion of lean to fat in its meat, and for 
the superior weight of its hams and shoulders, thus rendering the whole 
carcass peculiarly fitted for smokiug, for which purpose it was said to 



770 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

excel all other English breeds. The iinprovement is reported to have 
commenced sometime during the last century', through the importation 
and crossing on the females of a Siamese boar. This breed was, in color 
from a jet black to a dark slate, or rich plum color ; of medium size, 
quick to mature ; very fine in all points, with short, small legs and head; 
thin joM'ls ; a dished face ; slender, erect ears ; broad, dee}), compact liody, 
well ribbed up ; extra heavy hams and shoulders ; a slender tail ; thin skin, 
and firm, elastic flesh. 

Establishing the Improved Berkshire. 

After using the Siamese boar in Berkshire to the old style of females 
as long as it was considered best, he was discarded, and the cross pigs 
then bred together. In 1838 as we and others bred this swine in Illinois, 
they were in color a deep, rich plum, with a slight flecking on the body, 
of white, or buff, or a mixture of the two ; having a small blaze iu the 
face ; two to four white feet, and more or less white hair on the tail. 
The plum color was preferred to the black'or slate, because it carried 
rather higher style and higher points with it, and a superior quality of 
flesh, softer hair, and finer skin. Since that time the Berkshires have 
been much improved in style and compactness, but probal)ly not in excel- 
lent meat points. In lean meat in the liacon pieces, and in superior hams 
and shoulders, they excel all other breeds. It must be acknowledged, 
however, they were always somewhat harder feeders thaii the best of the 
very fat breeds. 

Standard Characteristics of Berkshires. 

The following may be accepted as a standard of characteristics and 
marks : Color black, white on feet, face, tip of tail, and occasional 
splash of white on the arm. While a small spot of white on some other 
part of the body does not argue an impurity of blood, yet it is to be 
discouraged, to the end that uniformity of color may be attained by 
breeders. Wliite upon the ear, or a bronze or copper spot on some i^art 
of the body argues no impurity, but rather a reappearing of original 
colors, by reversion. Markings of white other than those named above, 
are suspicious, and a pig so marked should be rejected. Face short, 
fine and well dished ; broad between the eyes ; ears generally almost 
erect, sometimes inclined forward with advancing age, always small, 
thin, soft and showing veins ; jowl full ; neck short and thick ; shoulder 
short from neck but moderately deep from back down ; liack broad and 
straight, or very little arched ; ril)s long and well sprung, giving rotundity 



SAVINE, HISTORY AND BREEDS. 



771 



of body; short ribs of good k'ngth, giving breadth and levelness of loin; 
hips good length from joint of hips to rump ; hams tliick, romid and 
deep, holding their thickness well back and down to the hocks ; tail fine 
and small, set on high up ; legs short and tine, l)Ut straight and very 




strong, with hoofs erect and legs set wide apart; size medium; length 
medium, since extremes are to be avoided ; bone fine and compact ; offal 
very light ; hair fine and soft ; no bristles ; skin pliable. 



772 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

III. Neapolitan Hoga. 

Sidney, in writing of the Neapolitan pig, says : "The Neapolitan pig is 
black, or rather brown, without bristles, consequently delicate when first 
introduced into our noilhcrn climate. The flesh is of fine grain, and the 
fat is said to I)e free from the rankness of the coarser tril)es." Referring 
to the supposed descent of the breed from the wild boar of Europe, he 
adds : "It is more prol)able that the Neapolitans are the descendants of 
the dark Eastern swine imported by early Italian voyagers and cultivated 
to perfection by the favorable clinuite and welcome food." Neapolitan 
pio-s have been for many years frequently taken to England. Martin 
credits the great improvement in English swine, M-hicli has taken place 
within thirty years, chiefly to the agency of the Neapolitan and Chinese 
breeds, conjointly, or to either alone. He names especially the Essex, 
Hampshire, Berkshire aoid Yorkshire, and to these Youatt adds the 
Wiltshire, and enforces Martin's statement as to the Berkshire and Essex. 
Their earliest introduction into the United States was in 1840-41. They 
seem, however, not to have been well bred specimens. About 1X50 a 
Mr. Chamberlain of Red Hook, New York, made an importation direct 
from Sorrento. They were all of a dark slate color, and their pigs were 
like themselves and none M'ith white, ash or drab color on them. The 
following may be accepted us a perfect descri[)ti()n of this ))reed and 
their points : 

Head small : forehead bony and flat ;' face slightly dishing : snout rather 
long and very slender; ears small, thin, standing forward nearl}- horizon- 
tally, and quite lively ; jowls very full ; neck short, lu'oad and heavy 
above ; trunk long, cylindrical and well ribbed back ; back flat, and ribs 
arching, even in low flesh ; belly horizontal on the lower line ; hind-quar- 
ters higher than the fore, but not very much so ; legs very fine, the bones 
and joints being smaller than those of any other breed ; hams and shoul- 
ders well developed and meaty ; tail fine, curled, flat at the extremity, 
and fringed with hair on each side ; general color slaty, or bluish plum 
color, with a cast of coppery red ; skin soft and fine, nearly free from 
hair, which, when found upon the sides of the head and liehind the fore- 
legs, is black and soft, and rather long ; flesh firm and elastic to the touch. 

IV. The Essex Breed. 

It is well known that the Neapolitan was a prime integer in the improve- 
ment of the Essex breed of swine. In comparing specimens of the two 
breeds one can see plainly the cross of a broad, deeji, gross feeder with 
an animal of great delicacy and refinement — the cross proving, when es- 



SWINE, HISTORY AND BREEDS. 



773 



tiil)lished, to combine those qualities which are of greatest value in the 
parent breeds, and being capable of imparting them to crosses with breeds 
less finely organized. 




ESSEX BOAR. 



The Essex originated in the south of England and are entirely black. 
They ai-e small to medium in size, and are extensively used in England as 
crosses on the large coarse swine, with a view to improving their fattening 
qualities. The best specimens may I)e known b}' being Ijlack in color ; 
face short and dishing ; ears small and soft, standing erect while young, 
coming down somewhat with age ; carcass long, broad, straight and deep ; 
hams heav}', and well let down ; bone fine, and carcass when fattened, 
mainly composed of lard ; hair generally rather thin ; fattening qualities 
superior. The black color of the Essex, as is the case with all the im- 
proved black swine, is only confined to the epidermis or scarf skin ; when 
dressed the skin is beautifully white and clean. The cut we have given 
of the Essex boar, will very well represent the Neapolitan with the excep- 
tion that the Essex is a comparatively well haired breed. 

V. The Yorkshire Hog. 



The Yorkshires are among the best of the pure bred swine of England, 
and have stamped their impress upon nearly all the modern white ])reeds. 
Their good qualities are : They are of a size, shape and flesh that are 
desirable for the family or the packer's use. They are hardy and vigorous 
in constitution, have a good coat of hair, protecting the skin so well either 
in extreme cold or heat that it rarely chills or blisters. They are very 
prolific and good mothers ; the young do not vary in color, and so little 
in shape that their form when matured may be determined in advance by 
an inspection of the sire and dam. 

The Yorkshire, medium or middle breed, says Mr. Sydney, is a modern 



774 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

invention of Yorkshire pig breeders, and perhaps tlic most useful and 
popular of the white breeds, as it unites, in a striking degree, the good 
qualities of the large and small. It has been produced by a cross of the 
large and the small York and Cumberland, whieh is larger than the small 
York Like the large whites, they often have a few pale blue spots on 
the skin, the hair on these spots bemg white. All white breeds have these 
spots more or less, and they often increase in number as the animal grows 
older. 

It was not until 1851 that the merits of this breed were fully recog- 
nized, when at a meeting of the Keighley Agricultural Societjs the judges 
having called the attention of the stewards to the fact that several supe- 
rior sows, which were evidently closely allied to the small breed, had 
been exhibited in the large breed class, the aspiring intruders were, by 
official authority, withdrawn. 

The middle Yorkshire breed are about the same size as the Berkshire 
breed, but have smaller heads, and are much lighter in the Ijone. They 
are better feeders than the small whites, but not so good as the large 
whites ; in fact, they occujjy a position in every respect between these 
two breeds. 

The Cumberland, a middle breed Yorkshire, are not distributed 
throughout the West, but when thoroughbred specimens have been 
introduced they are held in great esteem, as well for an animal for 
exhibition purposes as for family use. They are especial favorites with 
packers who buy their stock on foot for the reason that they vield larger 
proportionate net weights than any other hogs which grow large enough 
for their use. They are small in bone but large in flesh, of the very best 
quality, evenly and proportionately distributed over the whole frame. 

VI. The SufiFolks. 

The Suffolks owe nearij'^ all their good qualities probably to the infu- 
sion of Yorkshire blood. 

Mr. Sidney says that Yorkshire stands in the first rank as a pig feeding 
couuty, possessing the largest white breeds in England, as well as excel- 
lent medium and small breeds, all white, the latter of which, transplanted 
into the south has figured and won prizes under the name of divers 
noblemen and gentlemen, and under the name of more than one county. 
The Yorkshires are closelj^ allied to the Cuml)erland breeds, and have been 
so much intermixed, that, with the exception of the very largest breeds 
it is difficult to determine precisely where the Cumberland begins and the 
Yorkshire ends. The Manchester boar, the improved Suffolk, the im- 
proved Middlesex, the Caleshill and the Prince Alberts or Windsors were 



SWINE, HISTORY AXU BREEDS. 775 

all formed on Yorkshire-Cumberland stock, and some of them are nearly 
pure Yorkshires, transplanted and re-christened Speaking of the pio-s 
kept in the dairy district of Cheshire, he sa^'s that white pigs have not 
found favor with the dairymen of Cheshire, and the white ones most used 
are the Manchester boars, another name for the Yorkshire-Cumberland 
breed. All the writers who have followed him down to the latest work 
pul)lished on the subject, occupy space in describing various county pigs 
which have long ceased to possess, if they ever did possess any merit 
worthy of the attention of the breeder. Thus the Norfolk, the Suffolk, 
the Bedford and the Cheshire have each separate notice, of which the 
Suffolk alone is worthy of cultivation, and the Suffolk is only another 
name for a small Yorkshire i)ig. 

We sulnnit also a brief description of the Suffolk's "points:" Head 
small, very short ; cheeks prominent :uid full ; face dished ; snout small 
and very short ; jowl tine ; ears small, thin, upright, soft and silky ; neck 
very short and thick, the head appearing almost as if set on front of 
shoulders ; no arching of crest : crest wide and deep ; elbows standing- 
out ; lirisket wide, but not deep ; shoulders and crop-shoulders thick, 
rather upright, rounding outward from top to elboM's ; crops wide and 
full. Sides and flanks — ribs well arched out from back, good length 
betwi'di shoulder and ham ; flank well filled out and coming well down at 
ham. Back broad, level and straight from crest to tail, not falling off or 
down at tail ; hams wide and full, well rounded out ; twist very wide and 
full all the way down. Legs and feet — legs small and very short, 
standing wide apart, in sows just keeping the belly from the ground ; 
bone line; feet small, hoofs rather .spreading; tail small, long and 
tapering. Skin, hair and color — skin thin, of a pinkish shade, free from 
color ; hair fine and silky, not too thick ; color of hair pale yellowish 
white, perfectly free from an}' spots or other color. Size small to 
medium. 

VII. Lancashire Hogs. 

There are three breeds in Lancashire, England, that have attained celeb- 
rity, namely, the short-face, the middle breed, and the large Lancashire 
white. On next page we give an illu.stration of the short-faced breed. 

This breed of swine may be known by the following characteristics : 
The shortness of the face from the eyes to the end of the snout ; prick 
ears ; small bones ; a good coat of white hair ; cubic in form, with broad 
back and broad hams, well let down. The skin, as well as the hair, is 
white, although an occasional one may be found with a few dark blue 
spots in the skin, but never dark or black hairs. The small breed hogs 



776 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



must have small I)oiies ; a short face ; silky hair ; line, small, upright ears ; 
a comparatively square form ; must have good s(juare hams, the most 
valuable part of the hog ; must carry the meat near the ground ; flat on 
the back ; straight and cubic in form. 

VIII. Lancashire Middle Breed. 




This breed is one which partakes of the quality of the small breed and 
the size of the large breed. Middle bred hogs are got hy crossing large 
bred sows with small bred boars, but all attempts to attain the same results 
by reversing the operation, and putting large bred boars to small bred 
sows, have i)roved failures. The largest of the middle bred sows are used 



SWINE, HISTORY AND BREEDS. 777 

to improve the large breed. A middle bred hog must have a short face, 
and all other good qualities of the small breed, except that they may be 
longer in proportion to their width ; must have thicker legs and longer 
bones to carry the greater size ; should be well haired ( fattening to full 
form often causes the hair to fall off, which must be allowed for.) As 
good a nhorl rule as can l)c adopted to judge them by is as follows : The 
best middle bred hog should have the greatest possible share of all the 
qualities of the small l)reed, with the length, and, in a measure, the larger 
bones of the large lireed. 

IX. Large Lancashire. 

This variety of swine have large bones, of great height and length, and 
are the largest breed of swine known. They are a true breed, their qual- 
ities have descended from generation to generation — the quality being 
improved by judicious selection. They must be of large size ; great 
length ; flat back, with large square hams, and When fattened, must carry 
their width of back along over the hams ; must have deep and tolerably 
straight sides ; large feet and leg bones ; hair short ; may have a long face, 
but it had better be short, as they fatten better ; may have a large, droop- 
ing ear, but other quality and size being equal, an upright, smaller ear is 
preferred. They usually have a long, thick, strong tail. They nmst be 
of great weight when fattened. 

American Breeds. 

Sagacious breeders in the United States nearly fifty years ago, saw the 
necessity of establishing l)reeds of swine that should be eminently adapted 
to the especial requirements where Indian corn and grass must necessarily 
form the princi|)al food of the swine from weaning time until slaughtered. 
Then and until the last twenty years, mere fat was the important product 
in swine, as it was in a degree in cattle. Since that time the universal 
introduction of petroleum has reduced the value of lard and tallow to a 
mmimum. Improvements in the art of preserving food fresh has made 
barreled pork, a less necessary product even for long voj^ages, and the 
attention of the breeders was again turned to the production of as much 
lean meat in their hogs as possiljle. This naturally led to a reduction in 
the M'eight of the hog, or at least, if the animal should be capable of 
reaching a heavy weight at maturity, it must also possess the important 
quality of fattening at any age. This has now been fairly met in the 
best English and American breeds. If we were asked to choose the breeds 
from each which would produce the most lean meat for the carcass, we 
should say the Berkshire of English breeds, and the Poland of American 
breeds. 



778 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR 

X. Poland China. 



Over the history and characteristics of this breed there has been much 




controversy. Individual breeders have sought to taivc undue credit to 
themselves in th(^ estnl)lishnient of the breed, and have souaiit undue 



SWINE, HISTORY AND BREEDS. 779 

prominence by attachins>; their own names to the swine of their breeding. 
The facts are, tiie name Poland-Cliina is a misnomer so far as Poland is 
concerned, for there is not a particle of evidence that a distinctly Polish 
breed of hogs ever gave an infusion of blood. The nearest evidence — 
and this traditionary — to this effect, is, that long ago a sow was bought 
of a Polander, which, proving an excellent breeder, it went by the name 
of the Polander sow. The breed is now largely indebted to the Chinas 
and Berkshircs, for their good qualities. Although they certainly have 
an infusion. of so called Irish grazier in them. Why this breed should 
have been called grazier, one can only surmise. They certainly were any- 
thing but grass eaters, but the name made them popular for a time in the 
then far West where grain at that time was scarce. The facts are, the 
Chinese hogs, imported into Ohio in 1816, and bred upon the best native 
stock of the countiy are the basis of the breed. In 1835 the Berkshire 
M^as introduced, and in 1839 or 1840 the Irish grazier. These were ex- 
tensively used by the best breeders, on the best descendants of the China 
crosses. Since 1842, there is good evidence to show that new blood has 
not been introduced, but by careful selection, and judicious breeding, in 
Ohio and the West, or, by occasional judicious infusion of Berkshire 
blood, they now leave little to be desired, as a heavy, well meated breed, 
that will fatten kindly at any age. 

Characteristics of Poland-China. 

The best specimens have good length, short legs, broad, straight backs, 
deep sides, flanking well down on the leg, very broad, full, square hams 
and shoulders, drooping ears, short heads, wide between the eyes, of 
spotted or dark color ; are hardy, vigorous and prolific, and when fat are 
models, combining the excellences of both large and small breeds. 

XI. Chester Whites. 

The Chester Whites originated in Chester county, Pennsylvania, about 
1818, through the importation of a pair of fine pigs from Bedfordshire, 
England, by Captain James Jeffries. These were inter-bred with the 
best stock then existing in that county, and by careful selections a per- 
manent strain of large, easily fattened, (juiet hogs were produced, which 
continued to breed with great uniformity. Something like thirty years 
ago some attempts were made to cross the Suffolk and Berkshire upon 
them, but it was discontinued as not being considered an improvement, 
and the best specimens to-day should be pure white, Avith no black about 
them whatever. 

50 



780 



ILI.USTUATKI) STOCK DOCTOIi. 



Ill the West this breed heeuine very iiopuhir some years ago, and still 
is ill iiKUiy parts of the Northwest. Farther south, however, in the true 
corn zone, pure white hogs of any breed are not favored. They are 
thouo-ht not to stand out-door usage so well as bhu-k or nearly black 
swine. Where great weights are required the Chesters will always be 
liked. 




I he following may be given as the characteristics of these hogs : Head 
short and broad between the eves; ears thin, projecting forward and 
lopping at the point ; neck sliort and thick ; jowl large ; body lengthy 
and deep ; back broad ; hams full and deep ; legs short and well set 
under the body ; coat thin, white and straiglit : (if a little wavy it is no 
objection). The tail should be small and witii no bristles. 



SWINE, HIXTOUV AM) BHEED8. 707 

XII. Jersey Beds. 

Tliis large and rather coarse breed of hogs have been somewhat 
disseiniiiatod in tlie \\'e.st. Thoy arc certainly a iiardy i)reed, and well 
adapted to new countries where tiiere is good I'angc antl mast. '^I'licir 
history seeni.s to l)c a.s follows : 

The positive origin of this fMniily of swine is unknown. 'I'iicv have 
been bred in portions of the Slate of Mew Jersey for ujjwards of fiftv 
years, and with man}- farnicis arc considered to be a most valuable faniih'. 
They are of large size and cajiahle of making heavy growth, .')()() and titX) 
pounds' weight being connnon. Thc\' are now extensiveh^ bred in the 
middle and soutlnu'n portions of New Jersey. In some; neighborhoods 
they are bred (|uite uniform, being of dark red color; whih' in other 
sections they arc more sandy and often patched with white. They are 
prol^ably descended from the old importations of Herkshires, as there is 
no record of tin^ Tannvorth, the i-ed hog of England, ever having been 
brought into this country, nor is tliis likely, as the 'J'ainworth was not 
considered a valuable breed, and was contined to a limited area. The 
Keds resemble the old Berkshires in many respects, but arc now much 
coarser than the improved swine of this breed. 

A good specimen of Jersey Red should be red in color, with a snout of 
moderate length, large top ears, small head in proportion to the si/.(' and 
length of the body, standing high and rangy on their legs ; bone coarse, 
having tail and I)rush and hair coarse, inclining to bristles on the back. 

XIII. Cheshires. 

This is a comparatively luoiici-ii hi-ccd, if iiideed it is yet full_\ cn<nigh 
establisiicd to be called a breed. It has been somewhat disseminated in 
various i)arts of the United States, and for villagers and small farmers, 
possesses about all the good qualities of the Suffolk, without some of their 
disabilities. They are .said to have originated in .Jefferson county, New 
York, from a jjair of pigs sent from Albany under the name of Cheshire. 
It was probably a pet name for an exceptionally good jiair of pigs. 
Since then they have been crossed with Yorkshires and othei- pure wiihc 
breeds, until of late years by selection they have become uniform in thcii' 
make up. 

The so-called Cheshires are pure white in coloi-, with little hair. They 
are not uniform in this respect, as ]>igs in the same littci' differ widely in 
the amount of hair. The snout is often long, but vcr}' slender and (inc. 
The jowls are plump, and the ear erect, fine and thin. The shoulders are 
wide and the hams full. The flesh of these hogs is fine-grained, and 



782 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



they arc coinnicnded on account of the extra amount of mess pork in 
proportion to the amount of offal- The tails of the pigs frequently drop 
off when voung. 




IMPROVED CHESHIRE. 



Recapitulation of Breeds. 



The princii)al English breeds are as they wore known twenty years ago, 
the Berkshire, the Essex and the Yorkshire. The Berkshire is a medium 
breed weighing at full maturity uj) to 500 pounds. There are large and 
small Berkshire, but the medium family is the most valuable. The}' are 
now bred entirely l)lack excei)t a dash of white in the face and white feet. 

Tiie Essex is all l)lack, or rather a blue black, and will weigh up to 4.")0 
pounds at maturity. They are one of the most stylish of the small 
English breeds, as they are the largest of the small breeds, and to our 
mind the best of the small breeds for the West — quite good feeders, hand- 
some and making good pork. 

The Yorkshires are divided into three classes, small Yorkshires, medium 
Yorkshires, and large Yorkshires. The so called Prince Albert Suffolks 
are small Yorkshires, and the best of the small white breeds. All the 
Yorkshii'es have occasional dark spots on the skin. The hair, however, 
is white, and these dark spots are not iniiications of impurity of blood 
but rather the reverse. 

The American breeds, in the best repute, are first, the Poland-China, 



SWINE, HISTORY AND 15UKKU.S. 7g3 

sometimes called, m Ohio, Magie. Twenty years ago they were coarse 
black and white hogs, with occasional sandy markings. Of late years 
they have been, through careful breeding and selection, refined, and are 
now bred in the West, nearly black, the white, in the most appro^'ed 
strains, being distributed pretty ei^ually over the head and body in flecks 
and irregular j^atches. They arc the most widely distributed of anv 
American breed in the West, and fully deserve all that is claimed for 
them, as large, quiet, early matured, and kindly feeding hogs. 

The Jefferson county. New York, so called Cheshires, are, as before 
stated, but modified Yorkshires, but in every respect stylish hogs, feeding 
well and making good pork, and are well adapted for small farms and 
for feeding in pens. The so called Hospital breed, or Morgan county 
hog of Illinois, which some years ago gained consideraV>le repute, are un- 
doubtedly, modified Yorkshires, and in no respect superior to that well 
known breed. They were produced by crossing the Suffolk on the best 
white hogs of that county. Within the last five years they have ceased 
to attract attention. 



CHAPTER II. 



BREEDING AND MANAGEMENT. 



IMPORTANCK OF SWINE. A BACK WOODS HOG. FTXING AND HOLDING THE 

CHARACTERISTICS. SELECTION ALWAYS IMPORTANT BREEDING AGE OF 

SWINE. CARE OF BREEDING SOWS. WEANING. MANAGEMENT OF 

SWINE. ABSOLUTE CLEANLINESS NECESSARY. SUMMARY. 

Importance of Swine. 

The Ijreediiiii Jiml management of swine constitutes one of the most 
important agricultui'al interests in tlie West, and should do so in the 
South. To be successful none but the best breeds should be allowed on 
the farm. The fecundity of swine leaves no excuse for holding on to 
land pikes and the descendants of semi-wild breeds that must be run 
down by dog and rifle, in order, when they are killed to get a small 
quantity of inferior meat. A boar of any of the improved breeds will 
be sufficient for six or eight sows, and the increase is so astonishing when 
there is no epidemic disease, that it would from a single pair take but 
three years to stock the largest farm. It should he unnecessaiy to pursue 
this matter further. There is no class of farm stock that pays better, as 
between indifferent and good breeds, than hogs, and the wonder is that in 
some sections of the country farmers still cling to a breed of grunters 
that will always greet you with a snort and a boh-o-o, and which no 
feeding ciin fill — in fact animals like those shown on the following page — 
fully a match- for the average dog, always hungry, ready to eat anything 
that falls in their way, even to half grown children occasionally, but 
which when wanted for meat are nowhere within shooting distance. 



SWINE, HREEIJING AND MANAGEMENT. 



785 



The very first re<iui.site, however, in keeping any improved breeds, or 
in fact anv breed from whicli money is to l)e made, is the best of feeding, 
and that dailv, from the time they arc l)orn until tiiey are slaughtered. 




A BACK WOODS Hllf; 



The hog is simply a machine for making what is to be converted into 
lard, bacon, salt pork and hams. The average daily gain is a gradually 
decreasing quantity from month to month, until after a certain time 
nothing more can be gained in weight. This ought to be sufficient to be 
said upon this point. You can neither breed, nor keep a breed profitably 
by starving or allowing them to shift for themselves. 

Fixing and Holding the Characteristics. 

In breeding swine, however good or jjerfect the breed, they will surely 
degenerate unless the greatest care in selection is pursued. Many persons 
wonder why it is that from the prolific nature of swine, the country is 
not soon stocked with none but the most superior animals. The simple 
reason is, the want of accurate judgment and care in selection ; the error 
will be plainly seen by noting what we say failher ou. 



7gg ILM'KTHATKI) srO(M{ IXH'TOU. 

Soleotion Always Important. 

In aniniiils usually lia\nnf>: but ono ymirifj at a time, the projiony prottj' 
uniformly j)artaU(> of llio nature of holli parents, and arc lircd with toler- 
ably uniform results. In animals produeinj;- a nunilierof younji" at a lime, 
the profiony will bo found to vary very eonsideral>ly in the same litter. 
Thus the selection of tho.se ,spceimei\s that jiartake of uniform and ehar- 
uetcM'istie cxeelloueo beeomes of the first importance, since luiwise 
selections will result in carryinj;' the l)reeder farther and farther from tho 
excollcnt points to bo perpetuated. Again, heredity, that is throwinjjj 
back to an orifjinal t3'pe, or rather in the sens(i in which \\v use it , inher- 
itin<r certain tixablcs, as constitutional vigor, inclination to fat, etc., is 
shown tar more clearly in animals having many young at a time, than 
those having only ono young. Tho jn'ogeny will not only vary n\(>rc in 
parfii-ular aninnils, but certain characteristics will reappear by reversion 
after a greater number of genorations, in animals having many young at 
n time, and to a greater degree than in those usually having but ono. At 
least such is our experience. Ilonce, as wo have statinl, absolute noeossity 
of the strictest care, is not only neeossary in breeding, but in the seloetion 
of animals f(n' future breeding. 

In domestic animals it is a matter of co|nmoii obsiu'vation that (he t(>m- 
per and other peculiarities of individuals arc- determined by inluM'itani'c. 
Thus, virtually, cpiietness of disposition, or mildness, tractability or 
vieiousness, courage or timidity, are constantly shown. Now from the 
general law that like produces like, and tho well detorniinod law that 
variation is a constant integer in all cross bred animals, and from «)ur 
own observation that it is often intensitied in aninuvls having many young 
at a litter, the full force, as regards judgment in seloetion will bo appa- 
rent ; and tho fact that the ccnmtry is not so(m tilled up with superior 
broods of hogs is duo nniinly to the want of proper care in the selection 
of the brooding animals, and also from a lack of accurate knowledge and 
ability to nicely disciiminate by the breeder, in regard to form, constitu- 
tional vigor, and excellent j)oints in the young animals selected as breeders. 
Absolute accuracy in this respect is in fact j)ossessod by but few individ- 
uals in a generation. There nuist tirst be a natural tact inherently 
possessed and digested and matured by years of study and observation. 

Breeding Ago of Swine. 

The sow is capable of breeding at about seven months of ago, and the 
boar is tit for sorvii'c at the age of ono year. As a rule, however, the 
sow should not bo allowed to farrow under tho ago of fifteen months, and 
the boar is not tit for continued service until he is eighteen months old. 



HWIMC, HHKKDIN); AM> MA.N AOKMKNT. 7J^7 

The SOW may, uiidor cxcoijlioiiiil ciicuiiistiiiiecH, Fic inudo to hrt^cd three 
times ill a year, hul t\vr> littern an; all tiiat hhouid he allowed. Many of 
our hent hreodeiH do not allow hut one litter a year, where th(! produce 
Ih HJmply r<!(juired for making pork, and under certain circumHtancew thiw 

is not iii(oin|i:it ilili' with ecoiioinical nianag<'incnt. 

A Warm Farrowing Place Necessary. 

The youiif.' pig Ih even more f,('nd<!r than the new-horn lamh. If they 
get chilled hefore they nuck it is diiiicult to save th(!ni. Where t,licr(! are 
good eoiivenienccH for warming tli(! farrowing piiii, sows may have their 
firnt litter in March, and if put with the hoar the fourth day after farrow- 
ing they will generally receive liini. 'Ihis will firing the next litter in 
th(! Summer, a very good time for pigs to \)f wintered. If the how do 
not cat<;h the first time she will not come in heat until the pigs are 
weaned. Vcit this will not throw the next litter later than Septemher. If 
good facilities are not had for keeping the early litters warm, the? farrowing 
had hctter he deferred until May, or at the time of grass, aecording to 
the latitude. 

Qestation. 

Gestation continues Jihout foui- inonlliH. Three nionths, three wt^eks 
and three days is considered the averag<; time, and it is not far out of the 
way. A variation will sometimes l)e found of thirty days. Voung 
animals, and those of feehle constitutions (;arry their young for a shorter 
time than mature and stniiig iuriinals, and sows usually remain prolific 
for five or six years, and unless they gc^t overloaded with fat , old sows are 
more constant and careful motlieis than young ones. 

Care of Breeding Sows. 

The HOWS that naturally have a strong tendency to fatten may he hred 
at nine months old, and should he kc;pt hreeding pretty st<!adily, and he 
fed only sufficient to kecj) them strong and in fair flesh. During gestation 
the sows should he kept in good heart hut not fat. When potatoes are 
plenty they can fie sufiHtitut<;d hoiled, and in connection with milk will he 
most excellent feed. In any event they must have phuity of succulent 
food — clover, pig-weed, or other green food in Summiir, and roots (if 
some kind in Winter. We have always kept a patch of articliokes for 
Fall and \\nnter, when the ground was not frozen for them Ut root and 
amuse themselves in. The practice of lingiiig hreeding sows to keep 



788 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



them from rootiiijr is vicious in the extreme. We have never practiced it 
at all with any hotrs. To remain healthy they nmst root some. It is 
their natural instinct. If the pasture be clover, and in the rotation to be 
followed with other crops, the damace by rootin<r will he lisht in com- 
parison with the health of the swine. 

When the sow is near her time her food sliould be of such a nature as 
to keep up her strength and give due sustenance to the young liut not 
stimulating. When the pigs are three or live days old, and danger 
of inflammation is past, feed liberally, antl with rich slopjn' food to 
induce a good flow of milk. But under no circumstances feed so as to 
make the young pigs unduly fat. Skinimed milk and the mill refuse of 
wheat, what is known as mill feed, is best, but in the absence of this 
potatoes, pumpkins and other roots in the Fall, or boiled beets in the 
Siiring, with corn meal enough to keep the sow in good heart, makes 
admirable food When there is grass to be had, the sow should be 
allowed all she will eat. Thus you may get the very best results both in 
the health and continued usefulness of the sow, and the constitutional 
•rrowth and vigor of the young pigs. 

Weaning. 

The voung pig as we have shown is born ready for Mork. That is, it 
has teeth that in a short time are competent to grind and prepare food 
for the stomach. We should wean at six weeks old, allow all the skim- 
med milk and luitter-milk i)ossible to the growing pigs, and with it after 
the i)ig is two months old, a fair proportion of ground wheat skimmings, 
or light rye, barley, etc., ground and made into mush, to be mixed with 
the milk a.s a tolerably thin slop. Teach the pig early to eat grass, and 
at three months old he will take care of himself on good pasture with all 
the corn he will cat at night. 

At the age of two or three weeks the pigs should be gelded, so they 
may be well over tlic ditKculty before weaning time. Keep rings out of 
the noses of young pigs. They have been the means of spreading con- 
taofious diseases. We prefer slitting the cartilage of the nose, or cutting a 
notch in it at the time of gelding, if it is absolutely necessary that they 
do not root. At all events it is time enough to do the ringing the second 
year, if to be kept over. But by proper care if the litters of pigs come 
early, any of the better breeds may be turned off the next Christmas, and 
from this time until the first of February, become fat. and of as heavy 
weight as is ])rofitable in the markets. 



SWINE, BKEEDINCi AND MANAOEMENT. 

Management of. Swine. 



789 



Hogs are not succeptible to cold when fat. Nature in denying them 
much hair, has provided them with a thick layer of fat under the skin 
that acts in the same manner to the skin outside as a covering of hair in 
other animals. It !ias also given them the instinct of providing themselves 




warm beds in sheltered situations in which to lie, and, in addition, given 
them the inclination to lie together in considerable numb(!i-s ; and kept 
together, with insufficient shelter, they will pile together in such numbers 
as to over lie each other, by which the weaker ones are often smothered. 
We have known those who considered themselves sensible men, to get up 
in cold winter nights and go to the hog yard and separate the drove. 



790 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



when so piled. It is about on a par with the whipping and dogging of 
cattle about a yard at night to get up warmth. A more sensible and 
cheaper plan would be to provide conifortal)le quarters, where they 
might lie warm, and separate them into gangs, according to age and 
strength. Thus with plenty of fat next the skin, and good liberal feeding, 
very little difficulty will be experienced, in keeping them growing steadily, 
until of a Sufficient age for the slaughter pen. 

Absolute Cleanliness Necessary- 

Of all farm animals hogs especially must have plenty of water. It 
should also be pure. Swine breeders can not too soon disabuse them- 
selves of the idea that swine are dirty, or filthy feeders, or that they 
naturally incline to wallow in the mud. There are no farm animals nicer 
in the food they eat than swine if allowed to be. It is true, they are 




HAZEL-SPLIT IKIt. 



onniivorous feeders. So is man. Like man, although they eat fish, flesh, 
fowl, vegetables, roots, and grain, they like it fresh. If forced hy hunger 
they will eat disgusting substances, so again will man. The elephant, 
the rhinoceros, hippopotamus, and tapir, seek the water to clean and cool 
themselves in Summer, like all pachydermatous animals. The wild men 
like swine will cover themselves with mud to ward off the attacks of biting 
and stinging insects. In their wild state the nearest tree furnishes to 
swine the means of rubl)ing it off when dry, and the rubbing post fur- 
nishes them the means of cleaning their skins in a state of domesticity. 



SWINE, BREEDING AND MANAGEMENT. 791 

If kept from the attacks of flies, they will uot wallow in the mud but in 
the cleanest water they ean lind, and .stagnant water they will not drink 
at all, unless forced to do so, by dire necessity. 

The sagacious breeder and feeder will understands this ; they also 
understand the danger of malignant diseases attacking their swine when 
forced to wallow and drink impure water. Hence they strive by every 
means in their power that swine are kept away from these causes of 
disease and death, and thus such would be almost entirely exempt, except 
that there are always men enough of the shiftless type in a neighborhood 
whose stock take and spread contagion to their neighbors. We do not 
know how we can illustrate more forcibly the two tyi^es of breeders than 
by the cut given of a sow of an improved breed properly kept, and of a 
sow of the "hazel splitting" variety, improperly kept. The one in a 
dry, firm pasture, ^\nth plenty of pure water, the other on a half marsh» 
and apparently made to succumb from miasmatic influences. 

Summary. 

Hogs, and especially pigs in confinement often suffer for want of 
water. No matter how sloppy the food they should always have pure 
water within reach. If they can have a bathing place in Summer it Avill 
add much to their health, and assist much in fattening. Swine, in con- 
finement, should always have charcoal, bituminous coal, salt and wood 
ashes within reach. They often suffer from acidity of the stomach and 
the remedy being near the swine will alwa3's use it. 

Oil cake mixed with the feed of swine when suckling pigs, a gill a day, 
assists the milk secretion. It should not be given to pigs. As they 
begin to eat they should have a trough where they can go and feed but 
which the sow cannot get at. 

Bran is not valuable for swine. Where highl}' concentrated food is 
given it is well to have a little dry bran in a separate trough, so the hogs 
can take it when they want it. 

If ordinary diarrhoea attacks pigs give a porridge of sweet skimmed 
milk and flour. For constipation give two or three drachms of soap 
dissolved in an ordinary sized tumbler of water, and repeat if necessary 
in eight hours, or give as an injection. It is also a good diuretic and for 
acid stomach. 

Provide a strong scratching post. Bore inch and a half holes at inter- 
vals to accommodate hogs of different sizes, and drive in pins letting 
them project an inch and a half. 

Castrate pigs before they are weaned, say not later than two weeks 
before weaning time. 



CHAPTER III. 



FEEDING AND SHELTER. 



GOOD VS. BAD FOOD. SUMMER FEEDING. OTHER SUMMER FOODS, ROOTS. 

THE GRAINS. FEEDING SOUTH. MAST. FEEDING IN CONFINE 

MENT. HOG BARNS. A CROSS BARN. A SIMPLE PEN. SUMMARY. 

LIGHT VS. HEAVY HOGS. 

Good vs Bad Food. 

Vegetables and grain are the basis of success in the making of pork 
whatever the breed may be. Hogs kept about hirge stables or distillery 
yards, where they get only offal, or fed in butcher's yards, on the refuse 
offal of the slaughter house, are unfit for human food. They are liable 
to become infested with trichina, and, therefore, no breeder and es- 
pecially no feeder should buy animals from such localities. In fact there 
is only one redeeming featui-e among the disgusting filth and nastiness in 
which they are fed — they are generally provided with pure water, and 
warm shelter. 

Summer Feeding. 

Pasturage is of the first importance. This should be ample. In pas- 
turing swine, but few varieties of grass are required. Clover, both white 
and red, will be the main reliance. In all that region where red and 
white clover are not natural to the soil, and where alfalfa (lucerne) and 
other members of the pulse family do well, these may be substituted. 
Swine take kindly to blue grass, when it is young, and to orchard grass. 
They do not refuse timothy, but timothy has a bulbous root just at the 
surface of the earth. This swine eat, and thus destroy the grass. Rye 



SWINE, FEEDING AND SHELTER. 793 

and oats make frood pasturage for hogs. Rye grass and foul meadow 
grass are also well relished. In this respect the feeder should experiment 
with grasses, to be cut and given in the pen, and then feed to such varie- 
ties as do best, and are most eagerly eaten. (_)f weeds, purslain, (por(u- 
laca oleracea), lambs (juartcr, also called jiigweed, {chenapodium album) 
and the green amaranth, also called pigweed, (amaranfun hybridun) are 
the most common of our native and introductid weeds that are valuable 
as green food for swine. There is also a native weed growing in Illinois 
and along the alluvial banks of the Mississippi and northward ; the winged 
pigweed, {cycloma platuphyllium) that is much liked by swine. Yet the 
list of plants eaten by them is not large, about eighty species comprising 
the whole. 

Other Summer Foods. 

Besides clover, the grasses, and weeds, there are other plants that may 
come in durmgthe Hummer, and be used with profit. Oats and jjcas may 
be sown together, two Ijushels of oats -and one of peas, together, per 
acre, as early in the Spring as the ground is in fair condition for working. 
The swine may be turned into the field when the crop is ripe, l)eing con- 
fined to given space, by a hurdle fence, which is to be removed as they 
eat clean. A better way, however, is to harvest and thresh, and feed 
either soaked or dry. Later, Summer scjuashes and [jumpkins will come 
in, to be followed by artichokes in the Autumn. We do not advise any 
of these foods except grass on the score of economy. Corn and grass 
are the cheapest food in all the West, so far as mere cost of production 
is concerned. But unless the health of swine is retained, there is no 
profit. Hence the necessity of these additional foods. 



Rutabagas make an excellent Winter food for swine in connection 
with corn ; they are easily and cheaply raised, as we have already stated. 
Parsnips are also generally liked, either raw or cooked. Beets are also 
a good Winter feed boiled with meal. The tops are also occasionally rel- 
ished. C^abbage is a cheap and wholesome food ; they are not, however, 
cheaply kept over Winter. They may be used with profit up to the first 
of January. 

The Grains. 

These, after all, must be the main dependence, both in raising and fat- 
tening swine. The kind of grain fed will, of course, depend upon the 



794 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

climate and region where raised. Where corn is a sure crop, it must be 
relied on ahuost entirely. The assertions of theorists, that it is unlit for 
feeding, except during the short fattening season, although the merest 
twaddle, in the sense they intended it, will, from another point of view, 
be correct. The fattening season of swine should be from the time they 
are weaned until they are slaughtered. Swine for pork should never 
lose in condition from the time they were born until turned off for the 
butcher. Tlie feeding of all the corn they will eat in connection with 
grass and other food, to keep them liealthy, and which will apply with 
equal force, whatever the grain fed, will lie found not only the most 
economical throughout the West and Southwest, but in all that region of 
country where corn is natural to the soU and climate, or where it may be 
cheaply bought. 

Feeding South. 

In nearly all the country South, corn may be cheaply raised as a part 
of the rotation. Here corn niust be the main stay, supplemented by 
such grasses and plants as are natural to the region. The artichoke will 
do well much further south than is generally supposed, and some of the 
tuberous varieties may undoubtedly be found well down to the tropics. 
When it can be profitably cultivated, the Jerusalem artichoke should l)e 
used. The name Jerusalem is a corruption of the Italian name Glrasole, 
meaning sunflower, the botanical name being Ilelianthux fubemsus, or the 
tuberous rooted sunflower. 

Chafas, a tuberous rooted grass, (Cyperus), has become widely nat- 
uralized in the South, and is highly spoken of for feeding swine, since 
like artichokes, the hogs are left to gather them for 4:hemselves, and un- 
like the artichokes, they are most nutritious and fattening. They are 
exceedlnglv easy to cultivate, but are sometimes said to be diflicult to 
extirpate South. This, however, is probably incorrect, since from their 
very nature, a thorough Summer fallow will kill. North of thirty-nine 
degrees they do not survive the AYlnter. In fact, if frozen anvwhere, 
they are killed. 

Mast. 

In all the great timbered region South, tree seeds, acorns, beechimts, 
chestnuts, the softer shelled hlckorvnuts, and hazelnuts, form a most val- 
uable food for swine. Thcv should be utilized to their fullest extent. 
So papaws, persimmons, and the other wild fruits of the forests South, 
may be made available in the making of pork. Where hogs can have 



SWINE, FEEDING AND SHELTER. 795 

plenty of range, they will do very well with a little feeding, are generally 
entirely healthy, and upon being put up to fatten, a very little grain suf- 
fices, if only attention has been paid to get the proper breed. For the 
South, we believe the Berksiiire, or crosses of the Berkshire on the best 
native sows to be one of the most profitable breeds. The Poland-China 
of American breeds will be found most valua))le for the South. 

Feeding in Confinement. 

In all the great swine growing regions, where from twenty-five to five 
huTidred hogs are aimually fattened and sold from singlo rarras, the 
life of the animals must necessarily be passed out-of-doors. So far as 
the breeding stock, and the first few months of the life of the pigs are 
concerned this is always best, both from an economical and sanitary point 
of view. There are, however, many small farmers, who annually fatten, 
from what they require for family use, up to fifteen or twenty head a 
year, who find it most convenient and economical to feed and fatten both 
in Summer and Winter in pens. AH this large class must depend, first, 
on the skim milk, Ijuttcrmilk and whey, and upon the slop of the kitchen 
for feeding ; second, upon clover, cut and fed, weeds and other I'efuse 
matei'ial aliout the farm, and lastly and principally on corn either gi-ound 
or raw. It is better for all this class that the pens when built be planned 
so as to combine ease of handling with security and comfort of the 
animals. 

Hog Barns. 

The hog house need not be an exjiensive building. For a few hogs it 
may be in the form of a parallelogram , with a passage way in the middle 
five feet wide, with pens opening into roomy yards outside. Each pen 
should be provided with a swing door, hinged at the top, so the hogs in 
passing out and in may raise and lower it themselves. This they soon 
learn to do. The pens may be about eight feet by ten feet, which, if 
kept clean, will siccommodate three or four hogs each. Thus, a range of 
pens on each side ten feet deep and a five feet passage way between will 
require a building twenty-five feet wide. A square building of this size 
will feed twenty-four hogs. If a less number is required to be fed the 
building may be twenty-five feet one way, and, say sixteen feet the other 
way, allowing for pens. If fifty hogs are to be kept it will require six 
pens on a side and the building must be twenty-five by forty-eight feet. 
51 



796 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

A Cross Barn. 

If a large iiunihcr of hogs are to be kept it is better that there be a 
central building twcuty-tive feet scjuare, sixteen feet of which is to be 
used as a room for the boiler and for storing and preparing the food. 
Extensions from this on every side are to be built twenty-tive feet wide, 
and as long as necessary to accommodate any required number of hogs. 
A ti<'-ht box on four smiill iron wheels arranged so it will turn short 
corners will carry the food to every pen, which should of course be pro- 
vided with a good trough, into which the feed may be easily [)oured. 
This with extensions, each forty feet long and twenty-tive feet wide, will 
give you a cross barn, good for from 150 to ItiO full grown hogs ; and 
these extensions may be carried out to accommodate .")()(), if necessary, 
but if more than 100 hogs are to l)e kept the central building should be 
forty feet scjuare, three stories high, the upper stories used as a granary 
with corn cribs next the outside. Twenty feet square should be given up 
for the storage and stove room below, and the breeding pens placed next 
on account of the greater warmtii. In a l)uilding of this description near 
Chicago, we for years kept and fed, in connection with a large market 
garden, from 400 to .'iOO annually, the principal food used being the daily 
waste from large hotel kitchens, which we daily supplied with vegetables, 
the garden furnishing economically the necessary green vegetable food. 
We had no sickn(\ss or difficulty worth mentioning. The water supply 
was ample and pure ; the pens were daily I'leaned and washed in warm 
weather ; the drainage was carefully attended to ; salt and bituminous 
coal was supplied, so the hogs could take either at will, and we always 
had fat hogs to supply city butchers, anil the pigs were turned off at 
about eight or nine months old, weighing from 250 to 300 pounds each. 
This was about fifteen years ago, and the breeds then kept were Chester 
county sows, crossed with Yorkshire or Suffolk boars. 

A Simple Pen. 

WliiMi swine are only to l)e kept in piMis duiing the period of final fat- 
tening, and are allowed to run at large in the fields in the Summer, a pen 
fourteen feet wide, iuid of sufficient length to accommodate the number 
of hogs kei)t, will suffice. It should be floored tight, and one-half of the 
widtli iillowed for sle(>ping. These must be closed in and roofed, the 
feeding pen being open to tlie \ve:iliier, the whole being divided into com- 
partments or spaces, eigjit feet one way, or wide enough for four hogs 
to feed abreast. This also is a good form when not more than a dozen 
hogs are to t)e kept. 



SWINE, FEEDINC AM) SIIKLTEK. 



797 



Still another plan is to select a yard, in a dry, well drained place, 
allowing twenty feet square for each ten hogs ; thus a lot forty feet 
s<]uari' would accomodate twenty hogs. Along the middle of the pen, a 




BUEKUKK IN <J()01> FLUSH. 



bedding place is huilt, sixteen feet wide, with a partition in the middle, 
and divided the other way everv twenty feet by partitions. The feeding 
place should be floored, eiglit feet wide, and have a low trough twf) feet 
wide, along the side for iiokling ear corn. Unless the season is very 
wet and muddy, hogs do very well thus ke[)t. If wet, they must be kei)t 
out of the mud by means of hay and litter thi'owii into the yards from 
time to time, and the sleeping places must be kept well bedded, ivejit 
in either of the ways we have designated, your hogs will go to the butcher 
fat, and showing a profit on the right side of the ledger, and your l)reed- 
ing sows will look like the illusti-ation of a well-bred animal, which we 
give in ordinarily good breeding flesh, on this page. If on the othei- 
hand, you let your hogs shift for themselves, running wild over the 
prairie, or running about in the woods, they will, as the illustration on 
next page shows, come out pretty nmch like "Arkansas tooth-picks." 



7ua 



ILLUSTRATED .STOCK DOCTOR. 

Summary. 



In what we have said in relation to feeding in close pens, we are not to 
be understood as advising the practice on the farm. There should 
be plenty of pasture in Summer, and plenty of pure water always. With- 
out this no one can succeed. ' There nmst be protection from insects 
and heat in Sunmier. The first may l>e perfectly secured by jjroviding a 
dark place to which the hogs can retire at will. In Winter there nmst 
l)c warm, dry and otherwise comfortable shelter provided, and there mu.st 
also be plenty of good food, at all times. Of all animals the hog, at 
least, must not be allowed to lose flesh from the time it is born until it is 
killed. When fat, kill at once, unless the market happens so that it will 
pa}' to hold for a short time for a turn. As a hog becomes fat, it eats 




" ARKANSAS TOOTH-PICKS." 

less and less, and it also fattens more and more slowly. Nevertheless, 
the same daily animal waste goes on. Many good feeders are so partic- 
ular that they weigh their hogs every two weeks, and note the gain. 
Tiien they are able to determine just how much their stock is improving, 
and also as to the proper time for turning them off. If not ready, or the 
season and prices are not right, they increase the condition of the food 
given, so that the small (juantity taken shall make up in richness what it 
lacks in quantity. This class seldom sell stock over twelve months old, 
and many of our be.st feeders sell their hogs at ten months old. which 
will turn the scales at from three hundred to four hundred pounds each. 
Such feeders never keep hogs two Summers and one Winter, in order to 
get an average of two hundred pounds each. 



SWINE, FEEDING AND SHELTER. 799 

Light VS. Heavy Hogs. 

Years ago, when lai'd and .side pork were the principal hog products 
looked for, the heavier the hog, the better the price. We once sold a 
hog weighing 650 pounds for fifteen cents a pound. That was in war- 
times, and it brouglit one cent per pound over the price paid for light and 
well fattened hogs. The same animal to-day, would not bring within a 
cent a pound, of what nice young nine and ten months, well fattened pigs 
would, in any of our principal markets. To get the weight named, the 
hog was fed two years and a Iwilf . Take three pigs against this one. 
The difference in the first cost of the three sucklings as against the one, 
would not exceed three dollars. The three pigs will l)e fed nine months, 
and weigh 600 pounds, — (we have made pigs farrowed in March and 
killed the ne.xt January, weigh dressed, up to 380 pounds, and have more 
than once turned off such pigs at ten months old weighing alive over 300 
pounds average) the other must be fed almost three years, and you must 
be a good feeder if you make him weigh 600 pounds. In the first case, 
you have fed nine months each, or twenty-seven months on the three pigs 
for 600 pounds, and in the other case, you have fed thirty-six months for 
the same weight. The one big hog has eaten more corn than the three 
pigs, and 3'et the three pigs weighing the same as the one will bring about 
six dollars more, giving you three dollars on the original ])urchase, as be- 
tween the three and one, and a very considerable amount of corn on the 
credit side of your account book. You don't believe it? Examine the 
tables we have given on feeding and turning off cattle 3^oung, as against 
feeding until they were matui'e. We could show many instances fully as 
convincing as this, in the case of hogs ; but why pile up testimony after 
the argumeut is conclusively established beyond controversy. 



PART VIII. 
Diseases of Swine. 

CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND CURE. 



CHAPTER I. 



DISEASES OF SWINE. 

EXPLANATION OF CUT. DIFFICULTY IN ADMINISTERING MEDICINE. GOOD 

NURSING THE ESSENTIAL. MALIGNANT AND CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. MA- 
LIGNANT EPIZOOTIC CATARRH HOW TO KNOW IT. WHAT TO DO. 

INTESTINAL "HOG CHOLERA." HOW TO KNOW IT. CAUSES. TREAT- 
MENT. PREVENTION. CONTAGIOUS PNEUMO-ENTERITIS. ITS ORIGIN. 

THE ERYSIPELATOUS FORM. THE FORM MALIGNANT SORE THROAT. 

WHAT TO DO. MALIGNANT ANTHRAX, SPLENIC FEVER. TRUE CHARBON. 

CONTAGIOUS PNEUMO-ENTERITIS. INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. QUIN- 

SET, OR STRANGLES. RISING OF THE LIGHTS. PNEUMONIA. CATARRH 

IN THE HEAD. DISEASE OF THE SKIN. MEASLES. HOW TO KNOW IT. 

THE LARD WORM. WHAT TO DO. TRICHINA SPIRALIS. HOW TO 

CURE. LICE. DIARRHEA. SUMMARY. 




SKELETON OP THE HOG. 



Explanation — A — Cervical vertebrae. B, B — Dorsal vertebrae. C — Lumbar 
vertebrae. D — Sacrum. E, E — Coccygeal bones. F, F — Ribs. Q — Costal 
cartilages. H — Scapula. /—Humerus. JBT, K — Radius. L — Ulna. Jlf— Car- 
pus, or knee. 1. Scaphoid. 2. Semilunar. 3. Cuneiform. 4. Trapezium. 5. 
Trapezoid. 6. Os magnum. 7. Unciform. 8. Pisiform. N. N — Large meta- 



804 ILLl'STUATkl) STOCK DOCTOR. 

carpal, or cannon. O — Small metacarpal. P, P — Sesamoid bones. Q, Q — 
Phalanges. 1. Os suffraginis, or pastern bone. 2. Os coronal. 3. Os pedis. 
R — Pelvis. (Fore-leg of pig. Phalanges 1, 2,3). 1. Ileum. 2. Pubis. 3. 
Ischium. ,S— Femur. T— Patella. C7— Tibia. F— Fibula. IF— Hock. 1. 
Os calcis. 2. Astragalus. 3. Cuneiform magnum. 4. Cuneiform medium. 5. 
Cuneiform parvum. 6. Cuboid. 3,6. Cubo cuneiform. X — Large metatarsal 
(Hiud-legof pig. Phalanges 1, 2, 3). T— Small metatarsal. Z— Head. 1. 
Inferior maxilhi. 2. Superior maxilla. 3. Anterior maxilla. 4. Nasal bone. 
!} Molar. 6. Frontal. 7. Parietal. 8. Occipild. 9. Lachrymal. 10. Squa- 
mous-tempoid. 11. Petrous- tempoid. 

Difficulty in Administering Medicine. 

No class of farm animals are so difficult to treat in sickness as swine. 
The horse, the cow, and the sheej), ma}' have medicine administered to 
them by an intelligent operator with comparatively little ditiiculty. Not 
so swine. They resist every effort with their utmost strength, aud med- 
icine can only be forced down by main strength, the resistance itself, 
being, in nine cases out of ten more injurious, than the good the medicine 
may do. When it must be administered by the mouth, the best means 
we have ever found, is to place the hog in a narrow pen in which he can 
not turn round, })ut a slij) noose around the upper jaw, turn the medicine 
— in the case of a drench — down from a horn, or when it nuiy be admis- 
sible give it in the form of an injection. In the case of boluses they may 
be laid on the back of the tongue, next the i)alat(', and the animal thus 
made to swallow. 

Good Nursing the Essential. 

For the reason that medicine is so ditiicult to administer, it is always 
best, when the hog will eat or drink to disguise the dose in some food or 
drink it likes. In fact our practice has always been, if medicine could 
not be so administered, to let good nursing and care be the chief depend- 
ence in bringing the animal safely through. 

In the case of those malignant forms of ejudemic and contagious dis- 
eases which, under the common name of hog cholera, have so frequently 
scourged the West within tiie last few years, unless the affected animals 
are treated during the first or symptomatic stage, the only course to pur- 
sue is to isolate every diseased animal from the herd as soon as found, 
and remove the well animals to a separate place where they arc not in 
danger, and above all where they cannot come in contact with other hogs ; 
then with such medicine as they will eat in food or drink trust to nature 
and good care to bring them safely through. 



SWINE, THEIR DISEASES. 805 

So far there has been but little success attending the treatment of these 
diseases, probably from the fact that the incubative stage of the disease 
was passed and the animals beyond the reach of remedial means before 
the owners were aware that the animals were attacked. In the treatment 
of the diseases of swine, we shall first describe fully the three principal 
forms of those malignant diseases termed hog cholei'a, and for which 
there are so many specifics advertised — some of them by men so ignorant 
as to call all distempers hog cholera, and prescribe identical treatment 
for diseases that require entirely different remedies. 

Malignant and Contagious Diseases. 

There. are three principal forms of malignant diseases, called hog 
cholera. The first is malignant epizootic catarrh, which in 1875 and 
1876 swept over Illinois, Missouri, and neighboring States, desti'oying 
vast numbers of swine ; next the disease noticed by Professor Kline, of 
England, and described as contagious pneumo-enteritis ; the third, anthrax 
and splenic fever and a form of intestinal fever closely allied to the last 
if not identical, and which Dr. Law designates as intestinal fever or hog 
cholera. 

Malignant Epizootic Catarrh. 

This disease, if it does not originate in filthy yards and putrid pens, is 
amazingly developed there. The poison germs find a congenial home in 
the mucous membrane of such hogs, and in those whose skins are so 
dirty that the natural perspiratory acts cannot take place, so if perspira- 
tion be checked during the prevalence of this epidemic, or the swine be 
exposed to sudden changes or the chilly night air, it will surely predispose 
them to attacks. 

How to Know It. 

There is a short, hoarse cough, difiiculty of breathing, with panting of 
the flanks. The head is held in a stretched and drooping position ; there 
is fever, a stiff, tottering gait, sometimes running at the nose, often 
efforts to vomit, generally constipation, but at times diarrhoea. In this 
form the disease is shown in the dead animal by inflammation of the 
lining membrane of the nose and upper part of the throat, thence to the 
windpipe and lungs, which are more or less solidified. 

A second form of this disease has a short cough, not so pronounced as 
in the first form, and there is less oppression in breathing ; but there is 
more decided paralysis in the hind quarters and the gait is more tottering. 
There is at first constipation, followed by a profuse and fetid diarrhea. 



806 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

The disease is spending itself in the stomach and bowels. The animal 
arching its back and especially the loins from the intensity of the pain. 
The brain is often affected so there is partial or total blindness and 
aimless movements. So also the glands will be enlarged and sometimes 
scrofulous ulcers will show in different parts of the body. The dead ani- 
mal shows the lining membrane of the intestines inflamed and degenerated. 
The spleen enlarged, dark, and soft ; the liver diseased, and often water 
exudations in the chest and belly. The duration in either form is from 
five to fifteen days. 

What to Do. 

If the disease has progressed so as to show the latter symptoms we 
have described, kill, and bury the animal at once, and deeply. In any 
event separate the animals showing the slightest symptoms from the rest 
of the herd, and remove the well ones to comfortable and dry and well 
ventilated quarters, and give pure water and good, easil}' digested food. 
As soon as the first symptoms are discovered give an emetic as follows : 

No. 1. 15 to 20 Grains powdered white hellebore, 

^ Pint milk. 

Mix for a full-grown hog, and let it drink : if it will not, turn it down 
with a horn as previously described. This having vomited the hog, in a 
couple of hours after give two or three grains of tartar emetic, if the 
trouble is in the lungs ; if in the bowels, two or three grains of calomel ; 
either medicine to be given in the half of a roasted potato or apple if the 
animal will eat, or to be enveloped in tallow or lard and laid on the root 
of the tongue and the animal made to swallow. Repeat the dose twice a 
day until relief is obtained. According as the lungs or bowels are af- 
fected apply to the sore place the following blistering ointment, heating 
over a moderate fire, for half an hour and stirring to mix : 

No. 2. 1 Oz. powdered cantharides, 

4 Oz. olive oil. 

Rub in well and repeat the application if no blister is drawn. If the 
animal improves, give every day for a few days the following : 

No. 3. 20 Grains sulphate of iron, 

30 Grains carbonate of potash. 

This, when the lungs have been the seat of disease ; if in the bowels, 
omit the carbonate of potash. Professor Townsend thinks that in many 
cases the liver is torpid, and thus blood poisoning takes place. When 



SWINE, THEIR DISEASES. S07 

the attack commences with copious and dark discharges from the bowels, 
he recommends to give at once : 

No. 4. 20 Grains podophyllin. 

■z Drachms bicarbonate of soda. 

Or, if constipation be jjresent : 

No. 5. 1 Ounce castor oil, 

1 Urachm oil of turpentine. 

Both to be given in a pint o< millf or gruel. 

Intestinal "Hog Cholera." 

In relation to this disease, undoubtedly analogous to the one last de- 
scribed. Dr. James Law thinks it is a specific contagious fever of swine, 
attended by congestion, exudation, blood extravasation, and ulceration of 
the membrane of the stomach and bowels. That is, fetid diarrhoea, gen- 
eral heat and redness of the surface, and on the skin and mucous mem- 
brane spots and patches of a scarlet, purple or black color. It is fatal in 
from one to six days, or ends in a tedious, uncertain recovery. 

Howr to Kcow It. 

Incubation ranges from a week to a fortnight in cold weather, to three 
days in warm. It is followed by shivering, dullness, prostration, hiding 
under the litter, unwillingness to rise, hot, dry snout, sunken eyes, un- 
.steady gait behind, impaired or lost appetite, ardent thirst, increased 
temperature (103 degrees to 105 degrees F.), and pulse. With the oc- 
currence of heat and soreness of the skin, it is suffused with red patches 
and black spots, the former disappearing on pressure, the latter not. 
The tongue is thickly furred, the pulse small, weak and rapid, the breath- 
ing accelerated and a hard, dry cough is frequent. Sickness and vomiting 
ma}' be present, the animal grunts or screams if the belly is handled, the 
bowels may be costive throughout, but more commonly they become 
relaxed about the third day and an exhausting f(i^tid diarrhoea ensues. 
Lymph and blood may ])ass with the dung. Before death the patient 
loses control of the hind limbs, and is often sunk in complete stupor, mth 
muscular trembling, jerking, and involuntary motions of the bowels. 



It is mainly pi'opagated by contagion, though faults in diet and man- 
agement serve to develop it. The infection is virulent, and may, it 



808 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

is supposed, be communicated by the wind, and is with difficulty de- 
stroyed in hogrpens, fodder, bedding and other articles of contact. 

What to Do. 

Treatment should not l)e permissible, unless in a constantly disinfected 
atmosphere. Feed barley or rye, or in case these raise the fever, corn 
starch made with boiling water ; give to drink fresh cool water, slightly 
acidulated with sulphuric acid. For the early constipation give a mild 
laxative (castor oil, rhubarb), and injections of warm water, to be fol- 
lowed up with nitrate of potassa and bisulphate of soda, of each 20 grains 
at a dose. If the patient survives the first few days and shows signs of 
ulceration of the bowels, by bloody dung, or tenderness of the belly, give 
oil of turpentine fifteen to twenty drops night and morning. Follow up 
with tonics and careful, soft feeding. 

Prevention. 

Kill and bury the diseased ; thoroughly disinfect all they have come in 
contact with ; watch the survivors for the first sign of illness, test all sus- 
picious subjects hy means of a clinical thermometer introduced in the 
rectum, and separate from the herd if it shows 103 or more degrees Far- 
anheit. And as soon as distinct signs of the disease are shown kill and 
bury deep. Feed vegetable or animal chnrcoal, bisulpliate of soda, car- 
bolic acid or sulphate of iron to the healthy swine, and avoid all suspected 
food or places, or even water which has run near a diseased herd. All 
newly pui'chased pigs should be placed at a safe distance in quarantine, 
under separate attendants, until their health has been surely established 
as sound. 

Contagious Pneumo-enteritis. 

This disease known commonly also as "hog cholera," "purple," "blue 
disease, "etc., is a contagious inflammation of the lungs and bowels, accom- 
panied with red and purple blotches of the skin, the last described l)eing 
one of relative forms of this disease. 

Its Origin. 

It is supposed to be caused by extremes of temperature and wet seasons, 
feeding on low or swampy soils, impure water, filthy feeding pens. 
Whether these causes originate the disease or not they incline the system 
to infections from the subtle poison which Dr. Klein, an eminent English 



SWINE, THEIH DISEASES. 809 

veterinarian, has proved to be due to a minute vegetable organism, 
(baci//us) found in the serous fluids, and tissues of animals infected. 
M. Roche Lubin, a French veterinary authority says the disease will dis- 
appear if proper sanitary means are used, protection from the sun and 
rain, well ventilated quarters, and clean bedding, often renewed, with 
pure water and wholesome food. We have been thus particular in quot- 
ing, to intensify what we have repeatedly said, cleanliness and care. 

How to Know It. 

There are two principal symptomatic forms which are important to be 
noticed, as follows : 

The Erysipelatous Form. 

The animal at first is dull, loses iiis appetite, lies down and moves 
unwillingly. He hangs his head, and sometimes makes efforts to vomit. 
The bowels at this time are generally constipated, the excrement being 
hard and dark colored ; cough and difficult urination. 

The next day or in a few hours, even, the characteristic symptom of 
the disease shows itself. This consists in the appearance of dark red or 
purple blotches, passing into a bluish-black color. Once seen, they 
cannot be mistaken. Their most frecjuent seats arc the ears, throat, 
neck, breast and inside the fore legs. If he is a white hog the discolora- 
tions are very visible. With these there is often a discharge from the 
nose of a dark purjile fluid. Soon his breathing becomes panting and 
labored ; he is palsied in his hind quarters, and if he is driven up runs 
reeling with his hind legs and his head dropped to the ground. At this 
stage a fetid diarriupa sometimes sets in. The fatal termination is reached 
in one or three days. 

The Form with Malignant Sore Throat. 

The general symptoms at the commencement are the same ; and the 
appearance of the throat has that same deep red, passing into dark purple 
hue, which we have just noticed in the erysipelatous variety. But the 
obstructions to the functions of l)reatliing and swallowing naturally pro- 
duce a train of characteristic symptoms not seen in the former case. 
There are attempts to vomit, difficulty in swallowing, and labored breath- 
ing from the first, the sensation of choking being so distressing that the 
animal will sit on its haunches, like a dog, gasping for breath, opening 
its mouth wide, and protruding a livid and swollen tongue. Sometimes 
the swelling about the larynx is so sudden and considerable that the ani- 



810 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

mal is choked to death in less than an hour, and before hardly any other 
symptom has had time to manifest itself (oedema of the larynx). 

What to Do. 

The cheapest remedy with animals distinctly attacked, is to kill at 
once, and bury deeply out of sight, to prevent contagion. If the animals 
are valuable, isolate them from all danger of spreading the contagion ; 
give two to three ounces of castor oil, and as soon as it operates, give 
twenty grains of nitrate of potash, and twenty grains nitrate of soda, — 
mixed for a dose — two or three times a day. Give also powdered char- 
coal in the drink, and if the bowels are swollen and tender give twenty 
drops of turpentine in a little gruel, as may be needed. The prescription 
of M. Lubin, and one of the most valuable known is : 

No. 6. 10 Grains powdered camphor, 

1 Drachm nitrate of potash, 
5 Grains calomel. 

Mix and give in a little gruel three times a day, omitting the calomel 
after the third dose. 

The local treatment should be attended to. Foment the swollen part 
with hot water saturated with copperas ( sulphate of iron). If there is 
gangrene, saturate the surrounding tissues with turpentine and sweet oil, 
and attend strictly to the general sanitary conditions of the hospital or 
place where the animals, both sick and well are kept. Professor Wil- 
liams advises the use of chlorate of potash as superior to all other medi- 
cines. His pi-escription is : 

No. 7. 2 Drachms chlorate of potash, 

*2 Pint water. 

Professor Turner, the well known Illinois scientist and extensive 
farmer, advises the following as having been successful with him as a 
preventive, and if taken in the early stages of the diarrhoea, as a cure : 

No. 8. 2 Lhs. flowers of sulphur, 

2 Lbs. sulphate of iron, 
2 Lbs. madder, 

>i Lb. black antimony, 
I,' Lb. nitrate of potash, 
2 Oz. arsenic. 

Mix with twelve gallons of .slop, and give a pint to each hog ; this quan- 
titv being for 100 hogs. 

Our best word of advice is, if the affected hogs cannot be made to take 
the remedies in their food or drink, since it is a question of profit and 



SWINE, THEIR DISEASES. 811 

loss simply, then kill, bury at once, and disinfect promptly. For the 
means of disinfecting, see chapters on contagious diseases in cattle. If 
we had simply said kill and bury, our readers would not have been satis- 
fied. Thus we have given much point to remedies ; yet it will again bear 
repeating: In all contagious diseases of animals, of a malignant type, it 
is cheapest and most humane to kill a^^d bury quickly and deeply. 
We have never found any remedy effective once it assumes a malignant 
form. Unfortunately, there are too many careless or penny wise persons 
who will not kill, and who constantly spread contagious diseases. 

Charbon, Malignant Anthrax. In Swine, Splenic Fever. 

It has been denied that this disease attacks swine. Since it is a blood 
poison known to attack various animals, and which may be communicated 
to man, there seems to be no good foundation for the assertion. In this 
country there has not been sufficient systematic investigation to separate 
the names of the true Anthrax from what is popularly known as hog 
cholera. The distinction between Anthrax (Charbon) and contagious 
pneumo-enteritis is stated explicitly by Dr. Klein as follows : 

TRUE CHARBON. CONTAGIOUS PNEUMO-ENTERITIS. 

Period of incubation, or latency. Period of incubation from two to 
from a few hours to three days. five days and more. 

Easily transmissible to other spe- Earely and with difficulty transmit- 
cies of animals. ted to other species. 

Spleen alwaj's enlarged, and often Spleen rarely enlarged or otherwise 
broken down. changed. 

Blood after death dark and fluid. Blood after death of ordinary ap- 
pearance. 
Bacillus anthracis in the blood. No bacillus anthracis in the blood, 

but numberless bacilly in the 
serum of the throax and abdomen. 
Lungs and bowels frequently not Lungs and bowels always both in- 
implicated. Cough may be present. flamed. Cough always present. 
The discoloration local, and of a The red or purple color diffused 
true carbuncular appearance. over the surface, and of an 

erysipelatous appearance. 

The most common form of anthrax in pigs is popularly called ' ' white 
bristle." There is a carbuncular swelling, usually on the throat, pre- 
senting the features of color already described. The bristles on the spot 
turn white and brittle, whence the name just given. The swelling extends 
52 



S 1 -2 



Sl'OCK IMtCI'OK. 



iiiwiiril, iiivolvinji llio wiinlpiiic ;iiul i;iillt'l. caiisiii^- diUiciilty of hreiithing 
iiiul switllowiiii;', iiiul 111 liMiiilli ilcatli in cuiix iilsioiis tlirouffh suffoentioii. 
OiTasioimllv tlio true apoploctic or s|ilciii<' \\<vm ol' cIimi'Iioii ajjpears, and 
also Ww variotv which altavks the toiiiiuo ami month, holli aouto and 
(juii'klv fatal, tho apoploi'lio form often killinii' almost instantly. Tito 
llt-sli (if all animals dyinii' of any form of this disoaso, as pri'vioiisly 
slalod. is poisonous, and tlu- hlooil and disfhari!,Ts capaliic not only of 
spioadini; tlu' disoasf amoni;- others of the sanio spooios, hut also, if in- 
ofulatcd into tlu- human system, of l>rin_<iinn' on that nioitai malady, 
••malifinant |)ustule." The treatment, if treatment for so fearful and 
fatal a disease mav he alloweti, should he essentially tho same as that 
preserilied in eouta^ioMs pneumo-eiiteritis. As a preventive the reeipe of 
I'rof. 'I'urner nia\ lie used. We advise to jiivc medieine if only oarly 
svmptoms he ol)ser\i-d, Imt if animals lie distinetly attiieked io kill imme- 
dialt'li/. I'liri/ mil nf' siijht, mid ihsimf.ct tiiokoi'ciii.y. 

Inflammatory Diseases. 

Swine ai-e from their nature, and the usual manner in whieli thov are 
kept, tpiite suhject to eoniihs, colds, quinsy, and intianunatory diseases, 
especially of the luni;s. 

Quinsy, or Strangles. 

This is a disease (juite con\mon and fatal. It is an indlammatioii of the 
li'lands of the throat, (tonsils) and often kills (piickly thronuh suffocation. 
If in feedinn' them there be fouiul ditliculty in swallowin;:, or protrusion 
of the touii'ue, and slaverinii' from tlii' mouth, and if there lie a swcllinji' 
nniler the neck and lower jaw, lose no time, cast the piy' so he nniy he 
held tirndv, and with a lancet or sharp knife, searifyinji" the skin of the 
throat deep enonjih to draw hlood freely. Foment the parts with elotlis 
wet with hot water ami partially wrun^- out, repeatedly apjilied to induce 
hleediui;-, and reduce the iutlannnation, while an assistant prepares the 
following injection : 

No. !). ■* Oz. suliiliiili' of majjiiesia, 

■i l>niolui)s oi\ ol tiirpontiiie, 
>j Pint soup siuis. 
Mix. 

With a feather fastened to a small rod. the liou's mouth lieing held open, 
swal) tho tonsils and inside of the throat as far as can ho reached, with 
equal parts of lard oil and turpentine, or if the hojr will eat, srivo doses 
of two tea-spoonfuls each in a pint of erucl. 



HWINK, TirKII; IMKKAHEK. 813 

Rising of the Lights. 

Thiis is the iiarno ajiplicd to ati ordinary rold. To cure this, keep the 
animal warm, f(^ed well, and rui) mustard, moistened with vinegar, on 
the throat and chest. If it does not yield, give an ounee of tar daily, by 
putting a sli|i noose over the snout, opening the mouth, and placing the 
tar well back on the tongue with a narrow wf)oden paddle. 

Pneumonia. 

Th(! symptoms of inflammation of the lungs are, quick and laborious 
breathing, loss of appetite, shivering of body and limbs, mon; or less 
severe cough ; and the animal will not eat. The remedy is to keep the 
animal thoroughly waini and quiet. Rub thr- j)reparation of nmstard and 
vinegar on the chest, and give internally, 

No. 10. 2 DrachniN nitrate of potaiib, 

2 UracbmH biHulphutu of Moda 
.Mix in a pijit of gruel if the animal will eat. If not tiirn down from a 
horn. 

Catarrh in the Head, 

Commonly called snutHcs. (rive the anirniil a clean, dry, warm |)cn, and 
f«'ed anii water well ; soft food licing |)r-cfcrabl(r. 

Disease of the Skin. 

Swine are I'ssentially liable to diseases of llie skin, when kept in con- 
finement, unless pains be taken to do for thr-m what they caniiol do foi- 
themselves, except where they have their liber-ty. 

Measles. 

M<!asles in swine have mitbing in cf)mmon witii the disease of the .same 
nami' in the human sui)jcct. The name is given to a parasitic affection, oc- 
casioned Ijy the hog taking the eggs of the tapeworm, either in grazing, 
where Ihey have been dropped with the excrement of the dog, or from 
feeding on pastui'es manurcid with human excrement. These eggs hatch 
and work their way into the tisfyies and become encysted, and if the pork 
of such animals is eaten, insufficiently cooked U> destroy them, by man, 
they transfer the tapeworm. In fMct, it is not certain that ordinary cook- 
ing does destroy all, thwcfnvit it is never safe to eat measly pork. The 
ajjpearance of tlx; pork is owing to the presence of minute cysts, the size 
of grains of baijcv, dislribiitcd tiironirli the nnjscular and other ti.ssues. 



81-4 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

How to Know It. 

There may or may not be, but generally is, a discharge from the nose, 
running of the eyes, weakness of the hind parts, and general ill health. 
By examining the skin, small watery pimples will be found of a pink or 
red color. The remedy is undoubtedly beyond 4lie reach of medicine, 
though a so-called specific is small doses of sulphur and saltpetre, given 
daily for weeks. The prevention is, to put no human excrement on graz- 
ing fields, to keep dogs clear of tapeworm by an occasional vermifuge, to 
bury all excrement of dogs found in the pastures, and to kill all stray and 
worthless curs. 

The Lard Worm. 

There is another parasite of the hog, the lard worm (Stephanarus Den- 
tatus), from one to one and three-quarters of an inch long, which is 
occasionally found in all parts of the body ;of swine is frequent in the 
liver, kidneys and fat around the ribs, and in various organs of the body, 
including the heart. AVhen preseiat in large numbers, especially in the 
kidneys, its eggs may sometimes be discovered in the urine, by means of 
the microscope. Another worm, Eustrongylus Gigas, also inhabits the 
kidneys ; both may produce weakness of the back, but it would not be 
safe to treat for these parasites, unless this was surely determined by 
the microscope. 

What to Do. 

Do nothing. Various remedies have been prescribed, such as small 
doses of sulphur and salt, given daily for several weeks, or small doses 
of salt and turpentine. Neither have certainly been knoAvn to do any 
good. Minute doses of arsenic, one-eighth of a grain, given daily for 
two or three weeks, so it may be taken up by the system, would be the 
proper course indicated. The better way is to prevent their getting 
measly, by keeping the diseased ones entirely from the well ones, and the 
young away from the old. 

Trichina Spiralis. 

This minute parasite is capable of infesting all domestic animals, includ- 
ing man. The mature and fertile wo^-m lives in the intestines of the 
animals, and the immature worm in cysts in the muscle. The eating of 
rats, and other vermin, and slaughter house offal is the prolific source 
from whence they come. The prevention is obvious. They are rarely 
found in western farm-raised, corn-fed hogs. There is no danger from 
eating pork infected with trichina, if it be thoroughly cooked. There is 



SWIXE, THEIR DISEASES. 815 

no means of discovering them in fiesli, except by the microscope. Eat 
none but corn-fed porl^, and that cooked done. Rare cooked pork in any 
form whatever, is an abomination, and pork fed in shiughter house yards 
and distilleries should warrant their owners Ijeing sent to the iJenitentiaiy. 

Mange, or Scab. 

This is caused In' the presence of a minute insect, sarcoptes suis, trans- 
missible to man, and should not be allowed in any herd of swine. 

What to Do. 

As soon as discovered, rub the infested animals thoroughly with soft 
soap, let it remain an hour, and Avash off M'ith warm water using a good 
brush, let the animals dry, and apply the following ointment : 

No 11. 1 Pint train oil, 

2 Drachms oil of tar, 
1 Drachm petroleum. 

Mi.K with sufficient flower of sulphur to make a thick paste. This 
should be well rubbed in, and remain on three days. Then wash thor- 
oughly ^\'ith strong soap suds, dry, and change to c^uarters perfectly clean, 
burn all bedding, and cleanse the quarters thoroughly with carbolic acid 
and water. The carbolic liquor of gas woi-ks is good, of which there 
should always be a barrel on the farm. It is cheap. Thin down slaked 
lime with it, and thoroughly paint all infected places. 

Ijice. 

If lice are found on swine, it is a sign that something is M'rong. We 
have never seen thein on well conditioned swine. "V\Tien they occur from 
any cause, sponge the animal freely with crude petroleum, or kerosene, 
and give a little sulphate of iron, (copperas) one quarter drachm a day, in 
the feed. Let the food also be ample and nourishing. Another efficient 
and safe remedy for killing lice is Scotch snuif , rubbed up with lard, and 
applied where the lice are found. 

Diarrhea. 

Diarrheal affections often attack young pigs during their sucking sea- 
son, generally in tlie first week of their life — and often causes their 
death. Usually the cause is due to diseased milk of the sow, either 
from bad food, or other causes. If so, change the food. In any case, 
the remedial means must be used with the sow. Place charcoal and salt 
where sow and pigs may get it, and prepare the following powder : 



816 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

>fo. 12. 2 Pounds fenugreek, powdered, 

2 Pounds anise seed, powdered, 

1 Pound gentian, powdered, 
2 Ounces carbonate of soda, 

2 Pounds chalk, powdered. 

Give a table-spoonful of this in the food, every time the sow is fed. 

Summary. 

From Avhat we have said the reader will easily perceive that we have 
not much faith in remedial means in contagious diseases of swine. The 
same holds good with any animal when once the disease is pronounced, 
and of a malignant tj'pe — unless the animal be so valuable that it will 
pay to call a veterinary surgeon. Even then in the malignant forms of 
the diseases described, and which are known under the popular misnomer 
of "Hog Cholera," killing and burjdng is the cheapest and altogether 
the most humane. The danger of spreading ; the difficulty of isolation ; 
and the next to impossibility of treating a hog too sick to eat, but never 
too sick to be contrary, or resist to the full extent of their power, and 
the ordinarily small cost of swine per head should be well considered in 
the treatment of swine. Use proper discretion in treating them, but 
do not hesitate a moment in killing, when the disease is malignant, and 
in ordinary cases remember that if the hog will not take his physic 
kindly in his gruel, better let nature and good nursing perfect the cure 
than to violently force medicine down. Please remember the value of 
good nursing in human patients. To reinforce this we may state the 
fact that in France, long continued experimeuts in hospitals, with many 
patients, treated under the various systems of medicine, a greater pro- 
portion recovered with tio medicine and good rare and nursing, than did 
under medication with ordinary hospital care and nursing. This 
may not haveTbeen comjjlimentary to the hospital management, yet in no 
country in the world are they better or more conscientiously managed. 

The necessity of good nur.sing in the case of swine is no less imperative 
than in that of imman beinss, and its good results are as manifest. 



PART IX. 

POULTRY. 

HISTORY; BREEDS, CHARACTERISTICS 
AND MANAGEMENT. 



POULTBY. 



CHAPTER I. 



HISTOBY AND WTLD TYPES. 




CRKVB COEUR COCK AND HEN. 



Origin of Domestic Fowls. 
The firbt domestication of the farm yard fowl is lost in the obscurity of 
the past. We have not even tradition to oruide us. There is a le<?end 



820 



ILLliSTKAIKI) STOCK DOCTOR. 




MKXICAN WILD TUBKBY, 



I'OLLTU^ , iiisi'oio, vvrc. 



821 



that Gomer, the son of Japliot, took hi.s naiiic from tho cock, and hence 
it has been inferred that hi^ was tho first to doinesticate the species. As 
well mi'rht some future liisloriaii attrihulc the domestication of variousi 




wild and domestic animals of our time to the savage Indian, whose fancy- 
leads him to accept the name of various wild beasts and birds as his own. 



822 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

The fact is, the domestication of wild fowls is exceedingly easy, as has 
been proved within the last three hundred years by the domestication of 
the wild turke}- of America, (^meleagris) of which there are but two spe- 
cies known, j\I. Occellata, a native of Mexico and Honduras, and M. 
Gallopavo, from which our common domestic varieties have descended. 
Later the American wild goose, (^anser canadensis), a disthict species from 
the gray legged goose of the North of Europe, and the supposed ancestor 
of the common M'hite or gray goose, and the Embden or Bremen goose. 

Besides Europe and America, Asia and Africa have furnished us with 
four sub-varieties of geese, three of which are called China geese, the 
fourth being the African or Hong Kong variety. 

Africa has also furnished us with the Guinea fowl, (^N'limidia meleagris) 
called Pintado by the Spanish. It is a native of Northern Africa, where 
it is still found wild in large numbers, in some parts. The Pea fowl, 
(Pavo cristatus) has also been known from the remotest antiquity and is 
often used by ancient writers as an emblem of pride antl arrogance, and 
it may be added, what is also true of the arrogant and strutting turkey, 
it is as cowardly as it is arrogant and cruel. 

The pheasant may here be noticed as a breed long half domesticated, 
and yet never brought perfectly under the domestication of man. The 
probable reason for this is that like the Peacock, they have always been 
considered more ornamental than useful. There are four or five distinct 
and beautiful species, that as ornamental breeds in pai'ks should be more 
extensively bred than they are. 

The Swan is another breed long known in history and yet which cannot 
be considered of special value, except as ornaments in artificial lakes in 
the parks and grounds of the wealthy. Their dying song is often quoted 
from classic literature ; so far no one has yet been charmed with its song 
in modern times, which may prove one of two conclusions, either the 
ancients were satisfied with a very low order of vocality, or else the mod- 
ern taste for musical sounds has become too refined to ai)preciate the 
notes of the swan either in health or sickness. 

The duck seems to have bLcu one of the most easily domesticated of 
fowls, and if the varieties are not excessively multiplied, it is because they 
are not considered a delicacy, and comparatively little used as food. 
Nevertheless, we think them underestimated. Some varieties are very 
beautiful in plumage ; they are handsome in the water, and their flesh is 
by no means to be despised. Among the most valuable varieties are the 
Avlesbury ducks, a prominent English breed, an illustration of which 
we ijive. 



POULTRY, HISTORY, ETC. 



823 



Of the progenitors of barn-yard fowls (Gallus), there are several wild 
species. Anionir these may be mentioned the Sonnerat fowl, discovered 
by the naturalist of that name in the Ghautes, which separates Malabar 
from Coraniandel, a thoroughly wild species never yet tamed. Sonnerat 
was probably mistaken in supposing they were the primitive type of our 




domestic tribe. Damphier had previously found wild cocks in the islands 
of the Indian Archipelago, that are now known to nearly approximate 
ours. The Bankiva species in Java, and the Kulm or gigantic cock of 



824 



ILLI.S'I'KATKI) iSTOC-K DOfHOK 



Sumatra and Soutliorn Asia — tlie jiiiij^le fowl of the continent of India, 
uiaj also lay claim to being the progenitors of our domestic fowls, as 
well as the species named after the egotistic Sonnerat. In India our 
farm fowls are believed to have sprung from the jungle cock and wild 
species of Malay and Chittagoney. 




GALI.US SO.NNERATII. 



Our Bantams are undoubtedly sprung from the Bankiva jungle fowl. 
Our large Asiatic from the great Malay and Chittagong races through 
long generations of breeding and selection in China. Whatever the races 
from M'hence they sprung, the wild types are now very scarce and diffi- 
cult to find, while domestic fowls, in their almost infinite varieties, are 
found not only in every farm-yai'd and village lot, but are bred exten- 
sively and successfully in our largest cities. 

But wild fowls, of the genus Gallus, are also natives of the Brazillian 
forests of America. Oliver de Sevres writes of them as follows : 

"In traveling over the gloomy and inextricable forests of Guiana, when 
the daAvn of day began to appear, amidst the innnense forests of lofty 
trees which fail under the stroke of time onlv, I often heard a crowing 



I'OILTKV, MISTOIiV, KTC. 



825 



similar to tliat of our cocli.s, but only weaker. The considerable distance 
which separated me from every inhabited place, could not allow one to 
think this crowing produced by domesticated birds ; and the natives of 
those parts, wht) were in company with me, assured nic it was the noise 
of wild cocks. Every one of the colony of Cayenne, who has gone very 
far up the country, gives the same account of these wild fowl. I have 
seen one myself. They have the same forms, the fleshy comb on the 
head, the gait of our fowls, only that they are smaller, being hardly 
larger than the common pigeon ; their plumage is brown oi' rufous. 



^// 




nV.Al) liF .SI.\(il.K \VAlll.i:l> HHAHM.V FOWL. 



IIKAI) <i]' liKKIiA. OK (;UELDRE. 



Before this the wild fowls of America had liccn mciif ioncd. The 
Spaniard, Acosla, provincial of the Jesuits of l\'ru, has po^iitivcly said 
that fowls existed there before the ariival of his countrymen, and that 
they were called in the language of the country, laljxt, and their eggs 
ponto. We are not aware that this species has ever been brought into a 
state of doniesti.city, or that the wild species has ever been taken and 
reared. The wilds of the great South American forests are yet as a 
sealed book, in many respects, to the naturalist. Under the regime of 
the present practical and scholarly Emperor, this, in Brazil, is being 
■ changed, and gradually this immense territory will be made to vicid not 
only increased stores to our ornithological knowledge, but mIso in othci- 
departments of practical art and science. 

Our domestic [Miultry may be divided into four groups, each of which 
will be separately considered. 



826 ILMISTItATKH HIOCK DOCTOR. 

1. Our ('Oininon IJurn-yiird fowls. 

t. Asiiiti(^ fowls. 

;5. (Jl:lllu^s, incliidiii;; (iiiiiic I'.iuiliiiiis 

\. I'd IJiUiliiiiis. 

Ill Ww llrst frroup we shall notice Kiifjlish, Aniericiin and continental 
families. In the second f^roup all Asiatic breeds. In the third {rroup all 
the more important (lanuis, and in the fourth jijroup all the better known 
small varieties of MaiitaniK, ex<'cpt (JauKss, both smooth and f(!athered 
legfred. 

On the pn^Hidinff l>a<;(^ we jrivc^ illustiations of two curious varieties 
in donusstic fowls, one in a sub-family of Brahmas, the other in a family 
of fowls of I)ut(;h oriffin. 



CHAPTER II. 



VARIETIES OP BARN- YARD FOWLS. 



I. DOKKINd I'OWLS. U. SII.VKK (IIIKY UOltKINOS. III, BLACK DORKINGS. IV. FAWN- 

COLOHKD IIOKKINGM. V. BOI.TON OllKYH. VI. nOMINIQUK FOWLS. VII. I'l.YM- 

OUTll UllCKd VIII. THB OSTIIICII FOWLS. IX. IIAMlltIRO FOWLS. X. BLACK 

HAMBUKdS. XI. I.KOHOKMS. ^XII. WIIITK LF.OIIOUNH. XIII. SI'ANISII FOWLS. 

XIV. FUKNCII FOWLS. XV. TIIK IKUIDANS. XVI. LA FLF.CIIK FOWLS. XVII. TIIK 

CRKVK COF.URS. XVIII. LAItOH ASIATIC BItKKDS. XIX. TIIF. CIlITTACiONOS. XX. 

BUFF COClIIS'Si XXI. FAItTIIIDOli COCHINS. XXII. WHITE COCHINS. XXIII. 

BRAHMA FOWLS. XXIV. LIOIIT IlEtAHMAS. XXV. FKI/,/LKD FOWLS. XXVI. SILK- 
IKS. XXVII. BRKUA, OR (lUKLDIiF. FOWLS. XXVIII. (lAMK FOWLS. 1. IlltOWN- 

BUKASriCO KI'.DS. 2. KAItLKHRIlY OAMH. H. I>UCK-WIN(1F.I> (lAMH. 1. WHITB 

GEOItOIAN (iAMK.. 5, (iAMK BANTAMS. (5. OTIIUR BANTAMS. 7. SKAIIUIUUT BAN- 
TAMS. S. .lAl'A.NKSK BANIAMS. 

I. Dorking Fowls. 

Of (lisliiicl I'jijilisli Iji-cuds tlid Dorkiiifif.s havo hccoiiit! llie iiio.st colc- 
l)iiit('(l. Of lluisc tlu! Wliitd Dorkiiifj; of Surrey is the typical fowl. It 
is, as coiiiiiarcd with Ihe .so-ciilicd duii<i;-hill fowls, large, often vvei<^hing, 
(he iii.duic cocks fully ton pounds, the hens eight to nine pounds, and at 
a ycai- old from six to eight pounds. They are of good .size, plump, 
compact, with strong heads, full wattled, and with single serrated comh, 
short necks, short white legs, with live toes, and full plump hriiast, tlu^ 
])lumage pun^ white; and without spot. Tliiiy are tolerahly hardy, good 
layers and most e.xci^llent mothers. The illustration on following page 
i.s a representative of this breed. 



828 



ILLUSTRATF.D STOCK DOCTOR. 



II. Silver Gray Dorking. 
This variet}' is considered to he a sport of the White Dorkiiisr perpetu- 
ated by careful l)reeding and selection. With stock from families that 
have been carefully bred by careful selection they may be kept to the 
standard. But they vary much in color, the dark varieties often producing 
silver gray chicks. 




WHITE DORKING COCK. 



The Gray Dorkings are rapid growers, and if well supplied with food 
are in condition for the table at any age, often before they fairly get 
their feathers. The distinguishing colors are: breast, tail aud larger tail 
feathers perfectly l)lack ; the head, neck, hackle, back, saddle, and wing 



POULTRY, DIKFEKKNT VAKIETIES. 



829 



bow a clear, pure, silvery white, and across the wings a well defined black 
bar in strikini;: contrast with tiie white outside web of the (juill feathers 
and the white hackle of the neck and saddle. The neck of the hen is 




C.HAV KXGLlSll UOHKINGS. 



silver}' white, the l)reast salmon-red, chansinir to li'rav near the thighs ; 
the ^vings silvery or slate gray, and without any tinge of red whatever. 
The tail should be dark gray, tlie inside nearly black. 
III. Black Dorkings. 
This sub-family are jet black in color, the neck feathers of some of 
the cocks tinged with gold, and of the hens tinged silvery. The comb 
may be either rose or single but usually double, short and sometimes 
cupped ; wattles quite small and very red near the head. The tail 
feathers shorter and broader than those of the white variety ; the legs 
black, short, and with the two under toes quite distinct and separate, 
sometimes sho^nng a rudimentary toe. They are hardy, the hens are 
good layers, good setters and careful nurses, and the eggs are of a 
large size. 

IV. Fawn-colored Dorkings. 

These are handsome birds of high carriage, said to have been produce I 
by a cross between the White Dorking and fawn-colored Turkish fowl. 



830 



ILLUSTKATl':!) STOCK l)()("K)K. 



Their tails un! shorter than any othiT variety of Dorkinjrs and the legs 
black. The cofks will weigh from eight to nine pounds and the hens 
from six to seven. 'Phey have remarkably fine Hesh and lay large eggs. 
In relation to the Dorkings as a elass, we have found them not well 
adapted to stand wet, cold weather. Yet with proper care they are the 
best of the distinct English breeds. 

V. Bolton Gray. 
This breed, sometimes called ('reole, used to be in good repute in 
England, and were bred with such nicety that individuals could scarcely 
be distinguished apart. They are great layers, but poor setters, and 
when carefully bred are one of the best breeds for the farm yard. They 
are a medium sized, ijlumj), short-legged fowl ; neck and body pure 
white thickly spotted with black, black bars at the extremity of the tail. 




DOMLNUJlK l''ll\\l,. 



The hens are constant layers, but the eggs, altiiough of goo<l ipiality, are 
rather small, weighing about one and a half ounces each. They are 
comparatively rare in the United States. 

VI. Dominique Fowls. 
The Dominique, a distinctly American breed, and for the ordinary 
farmer, where hardiness, fecundity, good laying propensity, and excel- 



I'OUI/ruV, DII'KKUKNT VARIETIES. 



831 



lence of flesh is concoriiud, is oik; of the very l)est in existence. They 
breed constant in color, niarkinfrs, constitution and vigor, and are always 
well able to take care of themselves. 

The true color of the Doniini(jue is a light ground undulated and 
l)enciled in the softest maimer witii slaty l>lue — almost black — forming 
bands all over the l)ody. The hens and cocks are shaded alike except 
that the plumage of the cock is more distinct, often with golden hackles, 
and bronzed wings. The comb of the cock may be either single or df)uble, 
but we prefer the single comb, as most indicative of the true typt;. The 
iris of the eye is a bright orange, and the bill and legs a bright yellow or 
l)uff color. They are s(juare built, broad breasted, rathcT short legged 
fowls, with little offal, an(J with high flavored and profitai)le Hesh ; elegant 
in plumage, and a hai-<iy, JicuMliy, profitable and ijrolific race of birds. 




I'l.Y.MlltlH Ul) 



VII. Plymouth Rocks. 

This is a modern Anicriiaii br('(>d oi-iginatcd by Dr. Y. C. Bemiett, and 
first shown at Boston in 1>S40. Said to have been produced by a cross of 
a Cochin-China cock, with a hen, herself a cross between the fawn-coiorc 1 



832 



ILLUSTKATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



Dorking, the large Malay, and the Wild Indian fowl. Fanciers becoming 
interested in this breed, it was very considerably disseminated, but failed 
to give satisfaction on account of the want of uniformity in the chickens 
either in marking or form. Much bitter controversy has ensued, 
which shows that there were several different origins, in which the Java, 
Cochin, Gray Chattagongs, Dominique, Gray Dorking, and even the com- 
mon dunghill fowl figured. Of late years fowls have been produced 
under the name of Improved Plymouth Rocks, the modern style show- 
ing excellent and uniform breeding. A fowl that gi'ows rapidly, fledges 
early, making flesh fast, and which in the hands of expert fanciers, com- 
])ines many of the most excellent qualities to be desired, either as layers 
or as table birds. 

VIII The Ostrich Fowls. 

This excellent breed originated in 
Bucks county. Pa., and were called 
Bucks county fowls. The cocks of 
this variety will average nine pounds. 
They are good la3'ers, sometimes pro- 
ducing forty or fift}' eggs before be- 
coming broody. The eggs are large 
and of good flavor; the flesh white, 
firm, and of excellent quality. The 
color of the cock is a dark blue- 
black ; the ends of the feathers tipped 
BUCKS couKTv, (PA.) FOWLS. \vith whltc ; wings a yellow or gold- 

en tinge ; hackle dark, glossy blue. A double rose comb surmounts 
the head with large wattles beneath. The carriage is bold and alert. 
The hen is similarly colored, but more sober in shade, with a plump, 
tbick body, a high serrate single comb, wattles large, and legs short and 
of a dark color. 

IX. Hamburg Fowls. 

The Hamburg fowls all have these characteristics : They have bright 
double combs, firndy fixed, and ending in a long point turned up behind. 
They are of medium size, of sprightly carriage ; tails large and held 
upright with long plume feathers ; of robust constitutions, great layers, 
seldom broody; in fact, almost never, when kept in confinement. The 
eggs are small l)ut of excellent flavor. 

X. Black Hamburgs. 

This is probably the best viiriety of the family for farmers, and in fact 
one of the very best of the black fowls. Possessing the two-fold value 




I'OULTKY, DlFFiSKENT VARIETIES. 



833 



of being alert, noble looking, handsome fowls , color deep black with a 
mctalic luster; hardy, oljust, and the hens constant layers. 




Penciltd Hamburgs. 
These are of two varieties, the Silver and Golden. In the Silvered 
sub-family, the ground color is silver-white, sometimes with a slight yel- 
low tinge, but every feather margined with the most glossy black. The 



834 Il-l,lSTKATi:0 STOCJK LiOCTOU. 

cocks of either variety exhibit the pciK'iling.s, as do the hens, but are 
white or brown in the Silvered or (joldcn ln-ceds rcspcctivolv. 

There are few, if any, more strii<in<r fowls liian tiu'.sc! in tlie hands of 
expert and (•arefui breeders, with their syinnietrical, jijay and upright 
carriage, tiicir wcll-chitincd deaf ears, elegant- combs and wattles, their 
ample, well-feathci'ed tails, and liue-boned, taper, lilue legs. 




GOI.DKN rKXCII-Kl) HAlUnUKGS. 

Th(^ liens ()(' bdl li \;n-ii'(ii'S iimst have lln' l)()ily clcnrlv and detlnitcly 
l)en('il('<l, and tlu^ hackles of both cocks ami hens must la; entirely free 
from dai'k marks. The eiiL;ra\ing wliicli wc give fully illustrates the 
characteristics of the several varieties. .Vs f;\n<'ier fowls they arc superb ; 
us farm fowls delicate. 

XI. Leghorns. 
This admirable brccul of European fowls has become widely dissem- 
inat(Hl in the United States, being Viilucd foi' liieir many good (|ualities, 
among which arc l)eanly and constant laying propensities. They are 
bred by fanciers of all colors from wliite to black. 
XII. Whi'o Leghorns. 
White Leghorns arc, we think, llie most valualilc to the farmer as they 



POULTUY, DIKFEUICNT VAKIETIES. 



835 



are the handsomest. The description of this variety will suffice for all, 
excepting color. 

The Whites are in size about that of the Spanish, and like the Spanish 
the combs of the i)est hens lop over on one side. The plumage is white 
with hackle feathers slightly golden tinged, the rest of the feathers pure 
white. They are coin])arativclv a hardy breed, standing extremes of 




cold and sudden changes fairly, except that their immense shigle combs 
are liable to freeze in Winter. The hens are persistent layers, and 
especially good Winter layers, when they are kept comfortably housed, 
and seldom incline to set. The legs and skin are yellow. The cocks 
have large single i)erfectly erect serrate combs, the divisions being in 



836 



ILLITSTIJATKI) STOCK DOCTOR. 



fact spiked. The wattles are full and large, with white or cream colored 
ear lobes, extending sometimes up on the face. The chicks are hardy, 
good foragers, feather early, and at the age of six to eight weeks are 
miniatui'c fowls, showing mucii of the stature and grace of the mature 
fowl. 




The cut Will show what would l)c considered prize fowls in any show 

ring. 

XIII. Spanish Fowls. 

The Spanish fowls in their several varieties have long beeo known and 
justly esteemed in the United States for their great la^nng and non-setting 
propensities. The M'holc race, however, are rather tender as far as cold 



POULTRY., DIFFERENT VARIETIES. 



837 



wet weather is concerned. But for the amateur who will srive ojood care 
and attention, they will amply repay their cost in the production of 
plenty of large, meaty eggs. In 
the South they are an admirable 
breed. In any locality they must 
be allowed plenty of liberty since 
they soon suffer from close con- 
finement. There are many vari- 
eties described besides the pure 
white and the pure black, as the 
red-faced black, or Minorca, the 
Ancona, Gray, or mottled breed, 
and the Blue or Andalusian. The 
cut which we give on the next 
page, of the Black Spanish and 
description of same, will suffice 
for all. 

The cock should carry himself 
erect and stately, the breast \n-()- 
jecting and the tail erect, and with 
si(^kle feathers fully developed. 
Tlic plumage should be jet ])lack, 
and without the least approach 
to white or any other colored 
spots, but with glossy reflec- 
tions in the sunlight. The fowl 

plump and compact ; the legs blue or dark lead color ; the comb large in 
both sexes, bright vermilion in color, deeply serrate or rather notched 
like a saw ; that of the cock entirely upright and without twist whatever, 
and extending well back of the head. The comb of the hen should fall 
completely over on one side ; the face must be quite white and without 
red specks, wide and deep and extending high over the eye, arched in 
shape, approaching the bottom of the comb, extending sideways to the 
ear lobes, meeting under the throat, and in texture entirely fine and 
smooth. The ears must be large and pendulous, and as white as the face. 

XIV. French Fowls. 

There are three principal l)reeds of French fowls that have within the 
last ten years acquired an excellent reputation wherever known. They 
are the Houdan, Creve-Coeur — both of which are quite well disseminated 
— and the La.Fleche. The first two Vn-eeds take their names from vil- 
lages of these names, and the latter from the arrondissement of La 




STASDAHD WHITE LEGHORNS. 



838 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK. 



Fleche, in France, whero tlicy arc most coninionly raised. Besides these 
there are several other varieties of useful and ornamental breeds kno^vn 
in France as, first, the de Breda, de Breese, Court Paltas, and du Mans, 
and among the ornamental varieties the Chamois, HoUandais, Hermines 
and Padoue. The Brcdas iuivc already hccn descrihinl. 




XV. The Houdans. 

These fowls are held in France in fully as high eM.aiiu,,.ii as are the 
Dorkings in England. 'Phcy are hardy, easily raised, fallen kindly, lay 
o-ood sized eggs, and arc of a most excellent quality of Hesh. They are 
a five-toed race, and arc rcportid to have originated between a cross of 



POULTKV, DIFFEUENT VAUIETIES. 



839 



the Dorking and tho Silver I'adouo. Tliej siiould he of a white and 
hiacli color, eveidy distributed, making tlieiii distinctly .speckled. Red 
feathers are not aduiissilile, hut an occasional stained feather is some- 
times seen in the liest fowls. They are very French-like, sprightly, 
vivacious, loving to wander, hut hearing confinement well. The comh is 
double leafed, and they have whiskers and heard growing well up on their 
face, which, with the crest or top-knot, gives them a curious and yet 
striking appearance. The crest of the hen especially lieing thick and 
full. In shape they resemble the Dorking, l)ut are less in size. In every 
respect they are brilliant and striking in appearance. 




llOUI»>.N llt.N. 



XVr. La Fleche Fowls. 

These handsome fowls are very tall but compact ; in size equaling the 
Dorking ; yet black, firmly knit, with .strong, long limbs ; the body rather 
angular, the plumage firm and dense. The head is hand.some, with 
spikes of feathers hehind the comh, looking like a double horn. They 
have small protuberances between the nostrils, which latter are full and 
expanded. They have large, opaque ear lobes, cravat like, very long 



,S.1(» 



ILM'STUATKl) S'I'OCK IXM'TOIt. 



pt'iulanl wiitlli's, ;i inodcrMlcly cui'vcd licitk, neck hackles long and fiuo, 
rcllcctini;' violcl ;iiul j;ri'i'ii-lil:i(U colors, ;is do llic breast, wings and upper 
(;iil leal hers, 'i'lie legs are long, slalc-hhie in young fowls, and a lead- 
gi'av when old. 'i'he hen is i'oioicd like (lie cock. The cocks arrive at their 
full growth al eigiileen nimilhs old; the hen at twelve. The tlesh is 
considered the tinest and most v.nlnalile n\' nn\ French l>rc»ed. 




I. A I'L.KCllIC I'OWIS. 



XVII. Tho CrovoCoours. 



This is the most striking of tho French breeds, their black crested 
heails being curiously relieved with deep crimson, forked or antlerod-like 
comb. Their aspect is bold and stately, the plumage black, shaded with 
green, thii'k and shining. The comb must be conspicuous and full, 
wattles long and deep, breast large, full and dei'p, the back straight not 
drooiiing. The legs should be strong, firm, leaden blue, in color, and 
short, with strong claws. The hen should have a soft, thick, round 
crest, and very litllo comb and wattles. The color must be entirely black, 
no other color being admissible in pure lircd fowls. Old birds, however, 
will sonietinies show an occasional white feather in the crest. 



I'OULTKV, UlllKHESr VAKIKTIKH. 841 

XVIII. Largo Asiatic BrccdB. 
Of tlic iiuiiicnms liici'ds :iii(l siili-<li\ isioiis of ilicsc; gi<f!intic fowls, the 
Cochin-Chiiia nml I lie Brahnias sUiid coiifcHscdly at tli(! head. TIk; 
Shangliiws, imd tln' ( 'liiltii;;oiigs have, of late, fiilloii into disrepute, and 



f/Z "t • ' 




confessedly mo, fi-oni liie superiority of the (Vx-hins and tin; Brahmas. 
lu the Shan;rhie family lliere are various colors. CJray, huff, cinnamon, 
partridge-colored and I>Iack. Twenty-five years ago they were regarded 
with especial favor, fi-om llic fact that they were of the then largest size 
known. It must he. ('onfessed that when bred pure they are quiet, good 



842 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

sitters and nurses, little inclined to rumble, and nmono; the best foster 
mothers to other chickens that can be found. 




IIUFI' COCHIN COCK. 



XIX. The Chittagong. 



This is a <riant anions,' fowls, the cock often standing twenty-six inches 
in hcifjht, and notwithstanding their long legs and necks, they are majestic 
looking. Tlicrc are two j)rincii)al breeds, the gray being the larger breed. 
In the dark red variety the breast and thighs are black. The hens yellow 
or brown ; legs in both sexes being \t'll()w, lieavily covered witli black 



I'orLTUY, UIFKEHENT VARIETIES, 



843 



feathers, and tlie can-iagc in all tiic varieties graceful, majestic, prompt 
and easy. 

XX. Buff Cochins. 

There are severjil varieties, in cdIoi' huff, lemon, and cinnamon, the re- 
sult of peculiar crosses and I)reeding. The buff is the true type of the 
colored sorts, and for utility we think the best. The cock should be up- 
right and strong in his carriage ; l)reast broad, not full, but forming a 
nearly straight line between the crop and thighs ; back short and wide ; 
tail only slightly raised ; legs strong and with gr('at thighs and saddles. 




BUFF COCHIN HEN. 



The head is small, for so lf)ng a liinl ; the beak yellow, stout, short, 
curved, and strong at the base ; comb single, not large, and with rather 
small wattles, florid, thin and fine ; the ear lobes well developed, long, 
thin, fine, and entirely without white. The eye of the cock should be of 
an ochre-yellow color, and in the hen a darker hue. The hackle of the 
cock should be full, spreading over the thighs, and of a light bay color, 
r)4 



844 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



and free from markings of any kind. 'Phc heckle of tiic hcu is a clean,, 
distinct buff. A slight penciling is adiniralilc, a dark colored one not. 
The saddle of both cock and hen should be free from markings. A black 
tail in the cock is admirable, and if the principal feathers are bronzed, so 
much the better. The breast of l)oth cock and hen should be clear buff^ 




becoming lighter toward the tip, with a wavv appearance in the sun, and 
both primary and secondary quill feathers should be buff, without other 
color. The legs should be heavily feathered, covering the outside toe, 
and partly the one behind. Vulture hocks, as shown in the Black Breda 



I'ori/rU'i-, DIl'l-KltKNT VAKIKTIES. 845 

Viuict}' i.s not ucinii.ssihlc, :i.s they not only sliow mixed l)lood, but are 
unsightly. 

XXI. Partridge Cochins. 

These are admirable fowls. Among the heaviest of the Asiatie breeds, 
attract attention wherever .shown, from their round, full, plump forms, 
elegant feathering and majestic carriage. 

The head of the Partridge Cochin is a rich orange red. The hackle 
and saddle feathers the same, l)ut each distinctly marked down the middle 
with a black stripe. The back, shoulder-coverts and wing are self colored, 
red and darker than the hackle ; the lowei- wing-coverts black, with 
greenish or blue reflection.s forming a"l)ar" across the wing ; the pri- 
mary wing feathers black, edged I)rown or bay on the lower edges ; 
secondaries ba}' on the outer edges and black on the inner, each feather 
black on the end, forming a black edge on ui)i)(!rside of the butts of the 
wings; the breast, thighs, tail and leg feathers black and without other 
color; the leg dusky yellow. The hen should have her hackle golden 
yellow, ea<-h feather sti'iped black along the center, the rest of the 
plumage light brown, ])enciled with dark brown, the pencilings over the 
body should be dense, and the purer the brown the better. On the 
breast the pencilings should ho crescent shaped. Legs dusky yellow, 
jjencikjd brown as in the body. 

XXII. Wtite CocMns. 

White Cochins should be white, pure white all over. This purity in 
color is essential, since a yellow or other tinge detracts from the l)eauty 
of the l)ird. The cock should have a medium sized, straight, smooth, 
freely serrate comb, large, red, deaf ears, large wattles, red eye, strong, 
yellow beak and legs, and with plenty of feathers on the feet. This 
feathering should be characteristic of all Cochins, avoiding as far as 
possible any tendency to vulture hocks. Breed also to large stock, of 
good carriage, and 3'ou will have in the progeny as .pretty a sight for 
fowls as could M'ell appear, either in the farm yard or on the grass. 

The hen should be large ; the head, beak, eye, deaf ears and wattles 
colored as in the cock. Avoid especially a grayish eye. It is supposed 
to .show a tendency to blindness and a generally weak constitution. The 
body must be broad, the tail small, almost covered with the soft feathers 
about it, and with well feathered rumps aud plenty of fluff. 



846 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOl! 

XXIII. Brahma Fowls. 



These majestic fowls, said to have been originally brought from the 
banks of the Brahnia-pootra river, which waters the fertile territory of 




\VUlTli COCHIN lOWLS. 



Assam, are divided into two classes, the light and dark, each having their 
special admirers, and either good enough for any farm yard. As a rule 
however, the dark are more highh' esteemed, and the fowls sell for 
higher prices than the light. 

The head of the dark Brahma cock should have a jiea comb, that is, 
three combs running parallel to each other, and with the length of the 
head, the middle one the highest ; the beak strong and curved, ear lobes 
red, and falling below the wattles, which should be full, and like the ear 
lobes, deep red ; the neck short, well curved, with the hackle full, silver 
white, .striped with black, and flowing over the back, and sides of the 
bx-east ; the back strong, very short, wide, flat, the feathers almost white, 
the saddle feathers long and white, striped with black ; the tail small, 
soft, upright, the feathers on the i-ise from the saddle to the tail, and the 



I'OITLTKY, DIFFERENT VARIETIES. 



847 



side feathers of the tail a pure lustrous black ; the breast full, broad, 
rather prominent, the feathers pure black tipped with white, and the 
feathers at the head white ; the saddle feathers and thigh fluffs ample ; 
the wings small, with a good black bar across them ; the wings well 
tucked under the saddle feathers and thiij:h fluffs ; the fluff on the hinder 




jjart of the thighs black or dark gray, the feathers on the lower part of 
the thighs soft and nearl}^ black ; legs short, yellow and profusely cov- 
ered with feathers on the outside. 

The marking of the hen is almost identical with that of the cock, 
except that it is more uniform all over except the head and tail, each 



■^48 Il,l,lISTItATKI) .STOCK IXX TOK. 

fciitluM- closely pciicilcd, with (l.iri< steel jiray on a diiijiv while <2;rouiid, 
:tii(l exteiuliiie- neaily iiji to the thioat. on the i)reast. In earriage, llie 
lien is not so upriiiiit as the eoeU, and the legs are shorter. 
XXIV. Light Brahmas. 

I'ure hred fowls are mostly white in eolor, on the outside, Inil if Iho 
feathers are p.-nli'd, iln> under plumage is hluish-gi'ay. 'I'his distinction 
is strongly marked as hetween the Light Brahmas and White Cochins, 
wliieh laltei- are white to the roots. The head is of the same general 
shape as in the dark \ariety, and with pea cond)s ; the ear loix's and wat- 
llcs lire jiure red ; the neck liiieklcs aro distinctly marked witii a ])lack 
.stripe down to the center of eacii feather, on a white ground ; the quill 
feathers of the wings arc hlack, hut when folded the wings should show 
oidy white; the tail should lie hlack, tolcrahly upright, hut ojicning out 
like a fan. and the within t.ail coverts rcHceting a peculiar green hue in 
the sunlight : the legs arc yellow and well covered with white feathers, 
sometinu\s slightly nu)ttlcd with black. The hen is eolorcil like the cock, 
«>xccpt that the plume may he somewhat darker, and the general appear- 
aujce more soher iu color. The tail shouUl he black and smaller than that 
of the cock. 

XXV. Frizzled Fowls. 

t)n(> of the most curioiis of the Oriental breeds, and occasionally seen 
in the \ards of amateurs and f.'Uicici's. are the frizzled fowls originally 
brinight from Java. Linna'us named them (fii/hix pfiuiis iri'dlii/is, or 
fowls with feathers rolU'd back. The color should be white, though they 
are also bnvl black and brown. They are I'ertainly curious and interest- 
ing as showing freaks in breeding. So far as value, in comparison with 
other breeds is concerned, it is uif. 

XXVI. Silkies. 

Far more ornamental in appearance, and really of some value, are 
what are known as Silkies. The best specimens are jiure white, and 
have this peculiarity, the webs of the feathers lack cohesion and are fila- 
mentous, hence giving the silky appearance to the plumage. 

They are sometimes called negro fowls, from the fact that the skui is 
of a dark violet color, almost black, ;ind the comb and wattles often dark 
purple, low and tlat and covered with small warts. The bones are also 
covered with a dark membrane, which altogether makes this breed the 
most singular and interesting of the gallinaceous tribe. 



I'OI LTIJV, IJII'KKKK.NT VAUIKTIKH. 

XXVn. Breda or Guelder PowIb. 



849 



Th<; Breda or Guelder fowl is peculiar in hoihc repeats, and shows 
that there is an infuBioii of Asiatic Ijlood, although they are Polish in 
shajje and closely related to this breed. They are of various colors, but 




the only true families that are bred in the United States arc the ( "u«koo 
or Dominique marked, called Guelders, and those pure black, denom- 
inated Breda, thouf^h we believe the true Bn;da is applied to all the 
Guelders, not Cuckoo marked. They have a crest, only just perceptible, 
and of the same color as the body. 

What(!ver the color, they are lightly feathered on the legs, which are 
slaty-blue, and the thighs are vulture hocked. They have no comb, but 
a depression where the comb should be ; the nostrils are cavernous, and 
particularly conspicuous. The cut given will show their general appear- 
ance, and the likeness of a Breda head given on a previous page will 
show the 'hief jieculianty of the head. In size they are mediimi chicks, 
ear lobes and wattles red and peculiar in sha[)e, being extremely pendu- 
lous in the cock. The plumage is close and compact like that of game 
fowls, with large and flowing tails. The eggs are large, smooth and of 
good flavor, and the chickens are hardy and feather quickly. 



850 



ILLUSTKATEU STOCK DOCTOR. 

XXV m. Game Fowls. 



The sevei-al varieties of game fowls are the most elegant and noble of 
the irallinaeeous tribe. The cocks are watchful, courageous, always ready 
to attack an enemy whatever it may be, and fighting to the -death. And 
of most elegant carriage and coloring. The hens are good mothers, lay 




the finest meated eggs of any breed, are hardy, and excellent foragers. 
There is hardly a breed of "dung-hill" fowls, but what owe their good 
qualities to the infusion of this prepotent blood. This general descrip- 
tion will suffice for all the varieties, which are innumerable, and belong 



I'OILTKY, DIFFERENT VARIETIES 



851 



to every country, Eiighiiid, Ireland, Spain, Cuba, Mexico, Malay and 
China being the most celebrated for their strains of blood. In all these 
varieties of games the cocks are noted for the brilliancy of their markin"-s 
and the hens for their sol)erness of color. 




The Brown-breasted Reds. 

This variety is considered as one of the best of the games, an illustra- 
tion of a group of which we give. In this breed the breast of the cock 



852 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



should bo red-brown, shoulder sometimes orange-red. The comb and 
face must be dark purple, the beak dark ; wing butts dark red or brown, 
with dark talons ; hackle with dark strijies ; thighs like the breast ; tail 
a dark greenish black ; the wing crossed with a gloss}-, green-hucd bar. 
The plumage of tho hen should be very dark brown penciled with light 
brown ; neck hackle dark, golden, copper-red, thickly striped with dark 
feathers ; comb and face nmch darker than that of the cock. When the 
tail feathers are spurred and show a slight curve, it is considered indica- 
tive of strong blood. 




I. KKHliV GAME. 



Earl Derby Game. 

This magnificent strain which has been bred in great purity in England 
for over a century, are Daw-eyed, that is the eye is gray like that of the 
Jackdaw. They have a round, well knit body, on long, strong legs, with 
white feet and claws ; the head is long, the bill lance-shapcd and elegant ; 
the face bright red, with small comb and wattles red ; back intense 
browi>red ; lesser wing coverts maroon colored ; greater wing coverts 
marked at the extremity with steel-blue forming a bar across the wings ; 
primary wing feathers bay ; tail irridcscent black ; hackle well feathei'ed, 
touching the shoulders ; wings large and well quilled ; back short : breast 
round and black ; tail long and sickled, being well tufted at the root — 



POUI-TKV, DIKKKUKNT VAUIETIES. 



853 



thick, short and siiff . The hen is thus sutcinctl}- and perfectly described 
by Bceton in his English work on poultry : "Head line and tapering; 
face, wattles and comb bright red ; extremities of upper mandii)le and 
the greater portion of the lower one white, but dusky at its base and 
around its nostrils ; chestnut^brown around the eyes, continued beneath 
the throat ; shaft of neck hackles light buff ; web pale brown edged 
with lilack ; breast shaded with roan and fawn color; belly and vent 
of an :ush tint ; primary wing feathers and tail black, the latter carried 
vertically and widelv expanded; legs, feet and nails perfectly white." 
The carriage of both cock and hen of this l)reed is ujiright and dignified. 
The pugnacious disposition of the cock e(|uals that of any other game 
bird ; and its endurance cannot be surpassed. Years ago they were 
numbered among the best breed of birds for the cock-pit ; and for the 
table they are not surjiassed liy the sweet and nutritious flesh of the 
Dorkius fowl. 




UUCK-WINU GAME FOWL^ 



Duck-winged Game Fowls. 

There are several varieties, including the Duck-winged game bantams. 
To our mind the best arc the sil\'er-gra\-, a pure-blooded, hardy and 
high couraged bird. The cock must be silver-gray in color ; the head, 
comb, face, wattles and bill of the true game t3^)e ; the first four of them 
bright red, the bill light colored ; eyes red, skin white, and the legs 
white: the hackle is striped black underneath, but clean above; the 
breast a clean, nearly silver-gray; the back a bright silver-gray; the 



854 



II,I,l'S'|-liA'l'i;i) STOCK DOCI'OIJ. 



lower pari <>( (lie wiiiffs cri-iiiiiy wliite, cTo.ssod ahovo witli a bar steel-hluo 
ill colof. 

In llif lien, tlic pluiiiMj^c sliould hf a silvery hliiisli-<j;rav, frosted with 
white; neck hatklc silverv-wiiitc, striped witli lilaeU, and the breast a 







^■11 



'^\ 



"'''f 



pale fawn eiilor, more siilxliietl than in llie rotk. The other eharaeter- 
isties, as to t'aco e3es ami I'eel, etc.. should he ideiuiial with that ol" the 
male bird. 



POI'LTHV, DII'IKIJKNT VAKIKTfKH. 



855 



White Georgia Game. 

Thin variety, ()ri<riii;iily l)r('(l in Europe, \m\ l)roii;j;lit into (icorj^iu nuiiiy 
years ago, and since carefully bred in various parts of tiie South, are 
game in the pit, and most excellent farm fowls, being hardy, couragijous, 
and the f^(^sll most (^\cellent in (luality. For l)('auty of jjlumage, elegant 
Hhape and lofty carriage, they have few if any superiors. 

Ill the color they should l)e pure; white all over, with no shade whatever 
on neck, l)reast, hock or tail. The legs may be white or yellow. We 
|)n'f(!i- the yellow, since it is an indication of a stronger constitution. 
The beak should harmonize with the legs, and the comb, ear lobes and 
wattles must be of the deepest vermilion color. Such a breed on the 
lawn makes one; of the pn^ttiest sights wc have ever seen, and in (piality 
of the flesh they have no sujjeriors. 

Game Bantams. 
These are small varieties of the nion^ coiinnon lai'ge bi'ceds. Alert, 
courageous little fellows, some of tlii-m not larger than good sized 
pigeons, but fully caijuble^ of driving ;iiiy ordinary barn-yard fowl, how- 
ever large it may be. Tli<' more iiroiniiieiit of these are the Ulack 
Breasted red game bantams. As pets they are most attractive and may 
be kept with any of the large breeds without danger of intei'mixing as to 
the hen bantams. 

Other Bantams. 
The most highly prized of the fancy bantams arc the golden and silver 
spangled Sebright bantams. There are also bantams of the white and 
black races of smooth-legged fowls, as there also are of the Asiatics. 

Sebright Bantams. 

There are two varieties of these, the golden 
penciled and the silver jienciled, identical in shape 
and markings except the color. Both varieties 
are remarkably' beautiful : pert, lively, vigorous, 
and when small and well bred, among the nicest 
p(^ts of the farm-yard. The; plumage of the Silver 
l)antani is of a silver-white color with a jet black 
margin. The Golden variety is identical except 
that the ground color of the i)luniage is golden. 
The legs arc smooth, the heads ai-e clean, the comb 
double and pointed at the back, and the tail straight 
and withoiit the long sickh; feathers. Whether iii- ji iam. 

they be golden or silver sj)angled, the value of the 
birds consists in the delicacy and pencilings of the markings. The cocks 




E:#:F^ 



856 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



should not weigh over twenty ounces at most : the hen not more than 

sixteen. Hens have been shown weighing not more than twelve ounces. 

A peculiarity of this variety is, that occasionally an old or a barren 




BARKEN, FULL FEATHERED. 



female will assume the plumage of the cock. When we remember that 
the males of this breed are what are called hen-tailed, the remarkable re- 
version, as shown in the cut, of a hen, will be interesting to the scientist 
and curious to all. 



Japanese Bantams. 

Among the most curious of the bantam tribe are the Japanese bantams. 
In this rare breed, the body must be as pure white as possible, the tail 
black, the sickles very long, upright, little curved, but carried over the 
back as shown in the cut. The shafts of the sickle feathers white ; the 
comb large, upright, not too strongly serrated ; wattles long and red ; 
legs very short and yellow. The body of the wings should be white, 
with black flight feathers. The hen should be fan tailed, and the comb 
crinkled. They are quiet, easily domesticated. The hens are good lay- 
ers and good nurses. The chickens are tender, and for this reason should 
not be hatched before the weather is warm. In fact as small size in ban- 



POULTRY, DIFFERENT VARIETIES. 



857 



tams is an essential point, the best chickens are fall-hatched and kept 
through the Winter with only feed sufficient to continue them growing 
fairly and to keep them in good health. 





JAPAIJESE BANTAM COCK. 



JAPANBSJi: BANTAM POLLET. 



CHAPTER III. 



BREEDING. 



THE PLUMAGE. IDEAL SHAPE. BREEDING TO TYPE. DISPARITY IN SEXES. 

MATING. BREEDING GRADES. 



In the breeding of poultry it is absolutely necessary that the breeder 
have a good and clear idea of the jioints of fowls. For this reason we 
give a series of illustrations showinii' the entire fowl, and also others 
accurately figured and explained, so no rcadci- can err. It is absolutely 
necessary to a correct understanding of any business or profession that 
a correct knowledge of the technicalities connet-ted therewith be had. 
The poultry i)reeder must not only understand how to feed and rear 
chickens but he must have a nice discrimination as to i^lumage, the chief 
characteristics of the several breeds of fowls, and their peculiarities of 
constitutional vigor, style, carriage, etc., but he must also understand 
something of the anatomy of the fowl, their points, and also those relating 
to outward parts, juid the technical terms used in desi'ribing the several 
parts. In addition to what follows we have prepared a pretty complete 
glossary which will be found at the end of the chapters, so that any person 
may easily inform himself as to the several terms used by the fanciers 
and breeders. The technical terms used by poultry fanciers, in describ- 
ing the points of a fowl, are not always understood by the uninitiated. 



POULTRY, BRKKUING. 



859 



For the benefit of such we give an illustration, with lettered references, 
which will supply the necessary information on the subject 




POINTS OF POULTRY. 



Explanation— ^— Neck hackle. ^—Saddle hackle. C— Tail. D— Breast. 
£"— Upper Wing coverts. ^— Lower Wins: coverts. C— Primary quills. H— 
Thighs. 7— Legs, jff— Comb. Z/— Wattles. 3/— Ear lobe. 




POIMTS OF THE HEAD OF COCK. 

Explanation.— 1— The comb, which surmounts the skull. 2— The wattles 
which hang underneath and on each side of the beak. 3-The ear wattles^ 
5y 



860 



ILLUSTKATED ISTOCK DOCTOR. 



which hang under the cheek. 4 — The tufts of little feathers, which cover and 
protect the auditorj- organ. 5 — The cheeks, which commence at the beginning 
near the nostrils, cover all the face and re-unite behind the head by a continua- 
tion of the flesh of the same nature, but covered with feathers. 6 — The nostrils, 
which are at the beginning of the beak. 7 — The beak, of which the two parts, 
the upper and lower mandible, are horny. 

The head of the cock, as of the hen, i.s composed of two principal 
piirts : 1st, the skull is a firm union of bones, which include the upper 
part, or niandililc, of the beak; 2nd, the lower part oi-nmndiblc of the 
beak, being the lower jaw-bone, formed by a single piece. In the skull 
are the sockets or cavities which contain the eye ; the nostrils are in front 
of the eye ; the auditory organ, or ear, is behind the eye. The head, ex- 
cepting the beak, is entirely covered by a fleshy covering, round which 
may be seen several appendages or caruncles, which are the crest, the two 
ear-lobes, and the two ear-wattles. This covering forms the cheeks, the 
color, the size ; the form of each of these parts is varied according to the 
variety, and often serves to characterize each. A tuft of short feathers 
called "the tuft" covers the auditory organ. 





NALVsis or WING PLUMAGE (See following Page) 



The couil) is straiiiiil nr drooping : it is single when it is composed 
of only one ])iece, double when there are two alike united or near together, 
it is trii)le when it is formed of two alike and one in the middle ; it is 
frizzled when full of gramilations more or less deep, and (>rect excrescences, 
it is a crown when it is circular, hollow, and indented ; it is goblet shaped 



POULTRY, HKEEDING. 



H(U 



when hollow, vascular, and not indented. There are other forms hut 
they are eomposed of parts or unions of those particularized. 

The Plumage. 

With the lien there may he three kinds of feathers distinguished: 1. 
The large fcathei-s on the wings for flying, and on the rump to form the 
tail; 2. the middle-sized feathers which cover the large feathers, and are 




I'OINTS OF TIIK KDWL. 



also found on the wing and rump; '.'>. the neck, the back, the sides, the 
throat, the shoulders, and a part of the wings. They are always in layers 
compactly covering thos<> beneath them like tiles. We shall designate 
them by the name of the jjlaces they occupy, and refer to the engravings 
to render them easv to recosrnize : 



Explanation— vl— The iipix-r feattiers of the head are very small in those fowls not 
tufted. They surround the skull. 



862 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



B — The underneath feathers of the head are almost like bristles. They cover the cheeks 
in the space which separates on the wattles. 

O — The upper feathers of those at the back of tlie neck are short, and lengthening lower 
down, forming what is called the h;ickle. They become longer between the shoulders 
when they cover the beginning of those on the back and the commencement of the wings. 

D The feathers of the back, forming a layer about 10. These feathers are of the same 

nature as those of the neck, but a little larger, and form the saddle. 

p Xhe feathers of the breast cover the entire length of the two breast muscles, extend- 
ing beyond tlie breast-bone at each side and uniting at its end. The whole forms what is 
termed the breast. These feathers, with the feathers of the loins, overlap those of 
the sides. 




SHOWING POINTS. 



O — The feathers on the sides cover the loins, taking in the back as far as the rump, 
which they go beyond and cover the lower part of the feathers of the tall. They also cover 
the commencement of tlie feathers of the flanks, thighs and abdomen. 

fl— The feathers of the flanks are light and flutty. They cover the upper part of the 
thigh feathers and slip under those of the breast. 

/—The feathers of the abdomen cover and envelope all this part from the end of the 
breast to the rump. These feathers are generally fluffy, of a silky nature and spread out 
in a tuft. 

J— The outside feathers of the thigh cover those of the abdomen and leg. 



POULTRY, BREEDING. 863 

i— The outside aud inside feathers of the leg stop at the heel, or in some varieties they 
proceed lower and form wliat are called ruffles or viiltured hocks. 

Af— The feathers of the feet or sole are long;, short, or entirely absent, in the diflferent 
varieties. These leathers are along the shank in either one or several rows. They are 
always on the outside part. 

if— The feathers of the toes appear on the outsides. 

— The middle tail feathers envelope the rump and cover the base* of the large feathers 
of the tail. 

P — The larger tail feathers are in a regular line of seven on each side of the rump, and 
form the tail. 

Q — The outside feathers of the shoulders cover a pan of the other feathers of the wing. 
They form the shoulder. 

R — The inside feathers of the shoulders are small, thin, and slender. 

S — The larger feathers of the pinion form, where the wing is opened, a large, arched sur- 
face, and are of diflereiit sizes. These leathers grow out of the under side of the pinion. 

r^The small outside feathers of the pinion are of different sizes. They come on all the 
outside surfaces from the shoulder to the pinion. They begin quite small on the outside 
edge, and finish a medium size on the inside edge. 

P^— The inside feathers of the pinion are close, middle-sized, and small, covering the 
bases of the large feathers of the pinion. 

F— The large flight feathers, or feathers of the hand, are large and strong, and are of 
most use to the bird in locomotion. They begin at the under edge of that which is called 
the top of the wing. 

A' — The outside flight-feathers cover the large ones ; they are stiff and well flattened on 
the others. 

I'^The inside flight-feathers are, some small and others medium-sized; cover the bases 
of the flight-leathers. 

Z — An appendix called the pommel of the wing, which represents the fingered part. It 
is at the joint of the pinion and has some middle-sized feathers of the same description as 
the large pinion feathers, and have some small one- to cover them. These feathers assist 
in the flight. 

When the whole wing is folded, almost all the feathers are hidden by 
the larger feathers of the pinion and middle external feathers. Classifi- 
cation of the feathers of the cock are the same as those of the hen, but 
the forms of some of them are different. 

Ideal Shape. 

The cut on next page will serve to show the contour of the fowl, the 
Dorking being the one selected on account of its compact body ; and the 
nearer the fowl comes to the ideal the more profitable it will l)e. Neverthe- 
less it must be remembered that each breed has its peculiar characteristics 
and that some one point must often lie sacrificed in favor of another. 

Breeding to Type. 

In the breeding of poultry, as well as farm animals, there should be 
no violent crosses made. In fact, none but the thoroughly scientific 
breeder, who has given his life study to the task, should undertake 



««4 



11,1.1 STIiATKI) S'lOCK I )()( •■|(J1{. 



(•r(issiii}jj witli 11 view (o foriiiiiiji- a new l)rcc<l. It will nol [m\ . Tlio 
jfciKTiil hrcmior slioiild ;;(•( llif Ix'sl |■^•|)l■(■s(•llli^liv(^s of tlif lnecU ho pro- 




iii:i-KiiiN(i lo ivrn 



poses (o use aiid ronliiir liiiiiscIC In il . No mole tliaii oiif lined slioiild 
l)c allowed <iii I he farm. 11' so il will end in inlerniixin^' and eonrusion. 
No liKtre should he allenipted liiail hv earel'ul hreedin>;- and selection lo 
perpetuate the strain in its purity, and if possihle to improve it. A 
ear-<d'nl slndv ol' lli<' I'oreiroinji- will render this possihle, and thus any 
farmer may hreed a ^iven sti-ain ei|ual to the hest. 

The e<iek should he larff(% broad hreastinl, stroii"; wiii<;ed, muscular, 
easy on his leys, and of stroiiir points in his plumafic ; the hen from jjood 
layini;- stock or a i^ood mother as the ease ma\- he. 

Disparity in Soxes. 

As to the numher of hens to Ihe cock it will vary with ihe lireeds. With 
(iaines, 1 )orkiiii;s, lloiidans an<l CrcNC ('(ciirs llu'\' ma\ he ei^lil or tt'li 
lo one : Spanish, ( 'oehins and Hrahmas, ten <u' t wehc to one ; I landiurg.s 
Iwche <!!■ I'oiirleen lo one. If the Hock is laiee enoniili so two or more 
I'oeks .-ire kepi all liul one had heller he conliiK'd, i^ivini:' them in succes- 
sion t<i the Hock, and il is heller in larue iloeks lo ha\t' a reser\'e to use 
when neeessar\ . 1>\ this plan much tifi'lit iiiji' ovei' aiul unnecessary wony 
of the hens will he sa\ed. If loo many males are allowed to r\m there 
will Im' a loss in eii-ns, and if too few they will bc^ d(*tieient in fertility, 
this heiiii: one of the i:realest di-awbacks to this system. So, as betAvoen 
the two, always buy ejiiis fiu' settinii' from hreedeis who eive their Iloeks 



roi MKv, ui£Ki:i»r.\<;. 865 

a "ood ranfijc, and arc, careful that the, liens have neither too few nor too 
many males. 

Mating. 

Always mate a short, compact, deep-bodied male, with long-backed 
hens, but not the revei'se, and as a rule, for the b(!8t rcHultH the hen 
should In- over one year old when she wetH. From that to four y(!ar8 she 
will tlo the best. Do not be afraid of breeding in-and-in. Unless carried 
too far it will result in better sui;cesH than out I'l-osscs. So in bnjcding 
to color let all self cohjrs be as solid as possible, and in parti-(^olored 
breeds study their characteristics, and breed as near to a feather as 
possible. Avoid vulture hocks in all poultry, and especially so in the 
Asiatic breeds In brc^c^diiig Brahmas and (-olored ('ochins have plenty 
f)f color in the males, as the tendency is to get lighter. Vet in this dis- 
crimination must be used. If the saddle is very heavily strijjed, or the 
neirk hackle very dark, the chicks will be apt to run to s|)otH. Yoi as a 
rule heavily-penciled males must be used to get heavily-penciled cock 
chickens. So very dark hackled cocks and hens with the hackles lightly 
peii(;iled will produce chickens with delicately penciled hackles. 

Breeding Orades. 

If vou cannot get fowls pure gc-t a well bi'cd cock and kc(!p witli a few 
of your select hens. Breed him again to his chicks, so long as he lasts; 
thus by th(i exeriise of judgrnent yf)U may have very supc-rior poultry in 
a short time. A better way, however, is to get a setting of pure eggs 
and comm(;nce right at oncte. They cost comparatively little, are easily 
sent by expresa, aud will noun repay their cost. 



CHAPTER IV. 



MANAGEMENT OF FOWLS. 



GOING INTO BUSINESS. VILLAGE YARDS. — THE POULTRY HOUSE. PROPER 

FOOD FOR FOWLS. BEST BREEDS FOR MARKET. EGG PRODUCERS. 

HOW TO FATTEN. HOW TO KILL AND DRESS FOWLS. PACKING FOR 

MARKET. 



Qoing Into Business. 



Before going into the bu.siness of raising poultry be sure and have com- 
fortable quarters for the fowls. These need not be expensive structures, 
poles and hay will make a warm, comfortable roosting and nestuig place, 
until something better can be provided. Be sure that plenty of dry dust 
for bathing is supplied at all times. It is the great remedy against lice, 
to which fowls are esjjecially liable. This with plenty of sun, plenty' of 
pure water, and liberal feeding, will insure success both in eggs and 
chickens. Do not over crowd the house. See that everything is kept 
scrupulously neat and clean. If you build a permanent house, know that 
there is to be plenty of ventilation ; all l)irds require a large amount of 
fresh air. Plenty of heat, plenty of food and water, and plenty of fresh 
air arc what give plenty of fresh eggs in Winter, when they are scarce 
and high. In the Summer let the fowls range over the farm as much as 
they vnW, they will thus be paying for their keep in destroying insects, 
and keeping themselves healthy : wo are writing for farmers, and not 
fanciers. In villages the case will be different ; there, fowls must be 
kept shut up a great part of the time. 



POULTRY, MANAGEMENT. 867 

Here, some tact must be used. If the fowls must be kept up during 
the day, let them out for a run, an hour before sundown, in the street 
or alley, they will come back all right at feeding time. What you lack 
in range, 3'ou must make up in care and attention to the wants of the 
fowls, and in the economy of the hen house, and the little range of grass 
which they may have. Green food of some kind must be given. Cabbage, 
lettuce or onion tops, chopped, are all good. Animal food nmst also be 
provided ; any rough meat will do if chopped. One of the mistakes often 
made is feeding too much at a time. Give them their food so they may 
take it at will, if it can be kept clean, or throw down food to them liber- 
ally, so long as they eat eagerly, and, make them eat pretty clean. 
The Poultry House. 

The poultry house should face the South on one of its broad sides, and 
the more glass you have in this, the better. One portion should be half 
dark for the nests, and, for setting hens, this should be large enough so 
a dust bath may be supplied also. The roosting place may be in one end, 
and should not be more than two feet from the floor, especially if the 
breed be heavy. The perches should be all on a level, and pretty large. 
A two by four scantling nicely rounded and set on edge, is not too large 
for the heavy birds. Keep everything about the house scrupulously 
clean. Whitewash at least once a month with lime and if lice make their 
appearance, fumigate the house, and sprinkle Scotch snuff among the 
feathers of the fowls. Follow this u\) until the lice are exterminated. 
Proper Food for Fowls. 

Never give fowls slopp}' food. When mixed feed is given, it should 
be made as stiff as possible. Never feed in a trough, it cannot be kept 
clean. Have the dough so stiff that, as it falls from the hand it will 
break, and so, feed on clean ground. Indian meal and small potatoes 
cooked together and -fed pretty hot in Winter, with a little chopped onion 
intermixed, makes a good food. Have broken bones, lime rubbish and 
gravel always where fowls can get it, and in Winter a sheep's pluck hung 
where the hens can just reach it, by jumping up to pick it piecemeal, will 
keep the fowls in good laying trim. Chandler's cake is good, if other 
meat cannot be had. This may be broken fine and mixed with one of 
their daily feeds. Be careful, however, that you do not overfeed with 
meat. If so, it will show in loss of feathers and general ill health. 
Best Breeds fT Market. 

We do not believe there are any better market fowls, all things con- 
sidered, than the Brahmas and Cochins. The Dorkings are undoubtedly 
the most superior table fowls ; they are also tender and harder to rear. 



868 ILLUSTRATEO STOCK DOCTOK. 

As a cross for early plump tal)le i)reeds, a Dorking cock crossed on 
Brahma or Cochin hens will give fast growing, plump chickens of early 
maturity. In this, however, fancy has much to do. 

The Asiatics are not great layers, but by using judgment, fully as 
many eggs can be got from either Brahmas or Cochins in Winter as from 
any other breed, and Winter eggs are what bring money. Give them 
warm and roomy quarters, with plenty of range for exercise, with liberal 
feeding, including green vegetMbles, and they will bring you money 
in eggs. 

Egg Producers. 

The Poland, the Legiiorn and the Houdan are inveterate layers, and 
their eggs are good. The Haml)Ui-gs are good layers, l)ut like the black 
Sjjanish, tender, and more fit for the amateur than the practical man. 
For eggs, there is little doubt that the Pohmds should carry the palm. 
For young chickens for market, Brahmas and Cochins, and for home 
table use, the Dorkings are best. Why, then, asks the I'eader, have you 
described so many fowls? The answer is, so that the table being well 
filled, you may take your choice of Itreeds. 
How to Fatten. 

When ready to fatten, poultry should be always confined in a small 
space ; the smaller the better. Two weeks should make them fat. If 
kept after they are fat, or when they cease to increase, they again iumie- 
diately lose flesh. The best food in the West is coini-meal, boiled into a 
very thick mush, and then made as thick as possible, while scalding hot, 
by mi.xing in all the meal that can be worked. The fowls may be kept 
in well-ventilated coops, feeding them three times a day with the feed 
warm, and allowing them plenty of water and gravel all the time, except 
for the last week, when the gravel may be omitted. The coops must of 
course be kept clean, and should be small enough so the fowls cannot 
turn around : should l)e littered with clean straw, and never allowed to 
o-et foul. If, instead of water, their drink is skimmed milk, they will 
become extra fat. 

How to Kill and Dress Fowls. 

Never kill ^our fowls until they have fasted twenty-four hours. No 
man ever made any mone}' by selling his fowls with their crops stuffed to 
make them weigh. The petty fraud is too apparent. To kill and dress, 
tie their legs together, hang the fowl up, open the beak and pass a sharp 
pohited, narrow bladed knife into the mouth and up into the roof, divid- 
in"- the meml)rane. Death will be instant. Immediately cut the throat 
by dividing the arteries of the neck and the bird will bleed thoroughly- 



POULTRY', MANAGEMENT. 8fi9 

We never scald ; the nicest way is to pick the fowl dry and while yet 
warm. A little care will prevent tearing the flesh, and the bird will 
bring enough extra in the market to make it pay. Most persons, how- 
ever, will prefer to scald, and for home consumption, or the village 
market this will do. 

Have the water just scalding hot — not boiling — 190 degrees is just 
right. Immerse the fowl, holding it by the legs, taking it out and in, 
until the feathers slip easily. Persons become very expert at this, the 
feathers coming away by brushing them with the hand, ajsparently. At 
all events, they must be picked clean. Hang turkeys and chickens by 
the feet, and ducks and geese by the head, to cool. It should be unnec- 
essary to say that under no circumstances whatever, should ducks and 
geese be scalded ; they must invariably be picked dry. Take off the 
heads of chickens as soon as picked, tie the skin neatly over the stump, 
draw out the insides carefully, and hang up to cool. Never sell fowls 
undrawn. They will bring enough more drawn and nicely packed, with 
the heart, gizzard and liver placed inside each fowl, to pay for the 
trouble. Let them get thoroughly cool — as cold as possible — but never, 
under any i-ircumstances, frozen. There is always money in pi'operly 
prepared poultr}' ; the money is lost in half fitting them for market, the 
fowls often being forwarded in a most disgusting state. There is money 
in the production of eggs ; there is money in raising poultry for the 
market. The money is lost in improper packing and in a foolish attempt 
occasionally made to make the buyer pay for a crop full of musty corn, 
at the price of tirst-class meat. It is that class of men, however, who 
are too smart ever to make money at anything. 
Packing for Market. 

The poultry, having been killed as directed, carefully picked, the 
heads cut off, antl the skin drawn over the stump and neatly tied — or if 
preferred, leave the head on, the fowl will not bring less for it — and the 
birds chilled down to as near the freezing point as possible, provide clean 
boxes and place a layer of clean hay or straw quite free from dust, in the 
bottom. Pick up a fowl, bend the head under and to one side of the 
breast bone, and lay it down flat on its breast, back up, the legs extend- 
ing straight out behind. The first fowl to be laid in the left hand corner. 
So placed, lay a row across the box to the right, and pack close row by 
row, until only one row is left, then reverse the heads, lapng them next 
the other end of the box, the feet under the previous row of heads. If 
thei'e is a space left between the two last rows, put in what birds will fit 
sideways. If not, pack in clean long straw, and also pack in straw at the 
sides and between the birds, so they cannot move. Pack straw enough 



870 



ILLUSTKATKU STOCK DOCTOR. 



over one layer of fowls, so that the others cannot touch, and so proceed 
until the hox is full. Fill the box full. There must never be any shak- 
ing, or else the birds will Ix-conic bruised, and loss will ensue. Many 
packers of extra jjoultry place paper over and under each layer before 
lillin<:' in the straw. There is no doubt but that it pays. Nail the box 
ti;:lit : mark the initials of the packer, the number of fowls and variety, 
and mark plainly the full name of the person or firm to whom it is con- 
signed, with street and number on the box. Thus the receiver will know 
at a glance what the box contains, and does not have to unpack to find 
out. These directions, if carefully carried out, might save a person 
many times the cost of this book, every year. 




FOUNTAIN iOK POULTRY. 



Turkeys, Other Foaa^Is, Breeds and Management. 



CHAPTER V. 



THE HOME OF THE TITRKET. 



VARIETIES OF THE DOMESTIC TURKEY. I. THE COMMON TURKEY. II. ENG- 
LISH TURKEY. III. THE HONDURAS TURKEY. IV. BRONZED-BLACK TUR- 
KEY. V. GUINEA FOWL VI. THE PEACOCK. 



Although it is only about three hundred years since the turkey — from 
any well authenticated accounts — was brought under domestication, we 
already see them broken up into several distinct breeds, although there 
are but two wild varieties, the In-own turkey of North America, and the 
Honduras turkey of Central America ; a cut of the latter being shown 
on following page, and of the former the introduction to poultry in 
general, illustrate these varieties. 

There is, however, one fact peculiar to the turkey as with pheasants. 
It still retains and persistently holds many of its wild traits. It is shy, 
intractable, does not care for home, and like the pea fowl and guinea 
fowl, is much inclined to wander. When full grown, and indeed after 
becoming full fledged, they are the hardiest of domestic fowls ; in fact, 
as hardy as any of our Winter species of wild breeds ; yet when young, 
they are the most delicate, tender and easily chilled. For this reason 
they should never be hatched until the weather, both nights and days, is 
warm ; and for the reason that the hen turkey is so careless of her 



H7l' 



IM-USTKATKI) STOCK DOCTOR. 



youiij;;, iiiid so poor :i provider, we have alwiiys raised them under care- 
ful hens, iii\ iuji' a hirjic hen seven esjujs and aiming to have two broods 
eonie off at once, giving hotli l)roods to ont^ nurse 

The eggs recjuire from thirty to thir- 
ty-two daj's to hateh, and for the 
first four weeks the young chicks 
should be carefully watched. They 
will neither stand the hot sun, heavy 
If: rains, nor much dew, and the}' must 
^ be kept warm. Hard boiled eggs 
rubbed uj) with oatmeal or cornmeal 
is a good food for the first two weeks. 
After which, light wheat and cracked 
corn may form the staple. About 
the time the}' acquire the red head, 

^ \vhi('h is ;it about six weeks of age, 

~ ^\. . . » ' 

J2-— sr^l which next to tiie third day is the 

most critical period of their life, they 

J " ^ should have nutritious food, and, if a 

IS?'V, little ])ruised hemp seed is added, so 

^C' much the better. In feeding give but 

a little at a time and often, and that 

out of the reach of the hen or other 

fowls. Young onion tops. ciiop|)ed very tine and well mixed with the 

food is excellent. Curds of sour milk are eagerly eaten, but should not 

be given as a constant food. Pun^ cold water must always be at hand 

as a drink, l)ut oct^asionally, say once a day, skim milk may be given. 

Where cornmeal is the basis of the food, it should always be cooked into 

a haid iiiUsli licforc Ix'ing fed. 

Varieties of the Domestic Turkey. 

These are the bronze, the English (so-called) turkey, the white, the 
buff', and the cresteil turkey. The latter is extremely rare, having been 
supposed to have originated in Europe, in the early i)art of the last cen- 
tury, then entirely lost, and again said to have l)een rccovcreil, curiously 
enough, from Africa. 

Tcmminck, in a work relating to pigeons and fo\vls, printed in Amster- 
dam in I'SKi, mentions them as follows: '{'he crested turkey is only a 
variety or sport of nature in this sp(>cics, differing only in the possession 
of a feathered crest, which is s(nnetimes white, sometimes l)iack. These 
crested turkeys are very rare. Mademoiselle Backer, in iicr magnificent 
menagerie near the Hague, had a breed of crested turkeys of a beautiful 
Isalx'lle yellow, inclining to chestnut : all had full crests of pure white. 




\Vn,I> TUKlvKY. 



I'OILTHV, Tl KKKVS. 



873 



Lieutenant Byam descrihed crested wild turkeyis as havinjj; lieeii seen 
l)y him in Mexico, f)ut it is supposed he must iiave inistak(!n curassows 
for wild turkeys, since no others liii\c l)een ;il)le to tiud them, and the 
curassow is thoroughly domesticatcHl Ihcic. 'I'iie white and l)uif turkeys 
are simply varieties in color from the common forms, which have in some 
instances been perpetuated by cur(^ful breeding and selection. So also 
there are coppcr-colorcil, faw ii-coiorcd, party-colored, and also gray 
turkeys. 'I'iicsc can liardiy be <-onsidcix'd worthy of breeding except in 
an amateur wd\ for amiiscniciit . 




COMMD.N TUHKI'YS. 



I. The Common Turkey. 
These are pure white and blai'k mixed, with the peculiar wattle and 
lu'ad of the wild turkey. Th(!y are of medium size, less given to wan- 
dering than sonu! of the lireeds, and will weigh dressed, if fat, at seven 
or eight months old, from ten to twelve pounds, and at full maturity 
sixteen pounds. 

11. English Turkey. 
'I'his is simply a modification of our common turkey, which l)y careful 
bre(^ding has been made uniform and of an increased size. Of these the 
Norfolk turkey is l)lack, with a few white spots on the wings. The breed 
most valued in ('aml)ridgesliire is a bronze-gray, and longer legged than 
the Norfolk variety. 



874 



ILLISTKATED STOCK DOC'TOK. 



III. The Honduras Turkey. 
The Iloudiiras or ( )(cllnt(Hl turkey is one, of the most rU;gant of the 
tril)(', and is fouiul ail o\fr ('ciitral Aiucrica. It l)reeds freely with our 
douiestii' \arii'ty and tin- projiciiy is ([uito fertile. The ground color of 
tbo. jiluinauc^ is a beautiful brouzed-grceu, handed with jjold-bronze and 
shinv l>lack, and lower ilowii the hark with deep hlue and red. Upon 




OCELATEO Tl'RKKY HKX 



the tail these hands are so well defined and sharp, that they become 
oeellated or eyed, and heneo the name. Unfortunately their southern 
oriirin makes them too tender for tiie North, hut in the South there 
should he little ditlieull\ in i)reediuu them. The Mexican turkey differs 



POULTRY, TlKlCEYS 



875 



but little from the fore<roing. There is more white in the tail feathei-s 
and tail coverts, and like the Honduras turke}', it breeds freely with our 
wild or domestic turkey. 




IV. Bronzed-black Turkey. 

This is the larn;est as it is the best of the domestic turkeys, and was 
undoubtedly produced by a cross of the wild male upon our common 
turkey, impressed and fixed by careful breeding and selection, until they 
■will weigh with the l)est specimens of the wild breed, sometimes attaining 
a weight of over forty i)ounds each. The general average, however, is 
about thirty pounds for mature, well fattened birds, while hens will go 
56 



876 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

from twenty to twenty-tive pounds each. It l-i the largest as it is the 
most maguitioent in i)lumage of the domesticated varieties, and as hard}' 
as it is beautiful. 

In the cock the face, ear-lohes, wattles and jaws are deep rich red, the 
wattles warted and sometimes edged white, the bill curved, strong, of a 
light horn color at the tip and dark at the base. The neck, breast and 
back black, shaded with bronze, which in the sunlight glistens golden, 
each feather ending in a narrow glossy black band extending clear across. 
The under part of the body is similarly marked, but more subdued. The 
wing-bow is black, showing a brilliant greenish or brown lustre, the 
flight-feathers black, barred across with white or gray, even and regular ; 
the wing-coverts rich bronze, the end of each feather terminating in a 
wide black band, giving the wings when folded a broad bronze band 
across each ; tail black, each feather irregularly penciled with a narrow 
brown band, and ending in a grayish-bronze band. Fluff abundant and 
soft ; legs long, strong, dark or nearly black. The hen is similarly col- 
ored, but more sulidued. 




GUINEA FOWL. 

v. Guinea Fowl. 

The Guinea fowl is quite M'idcly disseminated, being found in its 
domesticated or rather half-domesticated state all over Europe and 
America ; yet can hardly be called common. The reason is they are 
shy and rather inclined to pair as in the case of other wild birds. In 
domestication one male may be allowed to about six females. They are 
grouped by some naturalists into a considerable number of varieties, but 
since the so-called species are all quite fertile together, the distinc- 
tion is probably merely fanciful. They are found wild in the Cape Verd 
Islands and in Jamaica, having undoubtedly been carried thence. 

The hen will lay about sixty or seventy eggs in a year, though they 
sometimes reach one hundred. The Pearl guinea fowl is the variety 



POrLTKV, THE PEACOCK . 



877 



most usually ly/et with in doiucsticiition, the spots being small and white 
on a purplish-gray ground. Karcly these colors are found reversed. So 
blue and dun colored birds witii init few and even no spots are sometimes 
seen. There is also a pure wiiite variety, exceedingly rare. The sexes 
are difficult to distinguish, the colors being so nearly alike. The cock 
has more wattle, is often more mincing in his gait, as though walking on 
his toes, and more pugnacious. In fact, their quarrelsome nature and 
habit of straying has perhaps as much as anything else, prevented their 
becominsf more common. 




VI Tuo Peacock. 

This magnificent bird, as useless as it is beautiful for its tail 
feathers, and a rarity in the barn-yard, is as hard}' as a turkey at 
maturity, and the young are not difficult to rear. The hen is very secret 
in stealing her nest in some out-of-the-way place where the male bird 
may not find it, since, if so, he is pretty sure to destroy the eggs. They 
do not commence laying until pretty late in the season, and keep their 
brood out of view until cold weather drives them home for food. The 
male is much given to wandering, often roaming for miles about the 
country, his strong pinions and immense tail enabling him to fly long 
distances. 



NA^ater Fowl. 



CIIAI'TKU \i. 



DUCK3. 



1. UnUICN IIDCK.S. II. AU.IvllirilV IMCKN. III. CM. I. lilK^tS. IV. CAYIUiA 

iii.a<:k nrcKS - v. (iuav in cks vi. iii.ack i;\si' ini>i\ imick.s. 

IsrMMAUV 



l>iirl<.s and ^(M'st' lire liccniiiiii;^- more ;iii(l more rMiicicil rroiii ycnr In 
vein on llii^ I'linii, ns tlirv .should |iro|i( rlv l»'. Tlii' ifasmi uliv Ilit'V 
liavi' not li(><Mi imin* fxltMmivcly raisi'il tliaii llicy liavc, is IVoin (lie crro- 
iii'ou.s opiiiioii llial a poinl or lake is essential lo llicni. 'I'licy nIioiiIiI 
liMM' a pool ol' wain- (o wash in ; lliis iiroiliicnl, it is ail that is ncccssarv 
so I'ar as water is eoiieenied ; in fai'l , wit houl water they are more doines- 
liealed and less ineiined lorinilile. .Ml the prineipal farm lirceds of 
diieks are prohahly de.seemled fii.in the Anns /„,sr/nis, or wild Mnllanl. 
Like the wild MOosc. it is not dillieiill to domesi ieate wild diieks. .Ml 
that is neeessary is to ^'el the eji;:s and rear lliem iimler a hen, t lu' e<r<;'s 
halehin:; in t went \ -eij^lit da\s. 'There is no farm liird thai is a inoro 
iii\ t'terate insect hunter or more a-^ile than a yoiiiiu dtiek, one speeiiiicn 
takiiie; fully doulilt^ per ila\ what ehiekens will. Ilenee their \alue lo 
the farmer, and espeeially the ^iirdeiit'r, is very e()nsid(>rali!e in addition 
to their c^f'' and llesh prodiieiiif^ (|ualiti««s. Tlu'V siiould lie ruisod nioro 
«'.\teiisi\ely than they are, and on e\ery farm. 
I. Uiuiin Ducks. 

Whatever nia\' havi' Keen the ori';'in of the name, lumen, from a town 
ill l''niiiee, eelelirated for its ducks, or niim, from its color, this vurii'ty 
i.s simply a wild Miilliird, inipnivitd iiiul tuiliir^od liy soloctioii luul euro in 



IfUJLTUY, WATKU TOWr, 



87»' 



l)reedin{f. TIm) markiiign an foiiiKl in the, vvilil variety will wry p('rf«'<tly 
(l(!Hcril)(! tli(; tiiiiK!. (i(kkI Kpcciiiiciih will (Ii'chk nix poiiiidK carji, aii<l over ; 
occaHioiiall y Kpi-cimcns will wi'i;.f|i nc.irU clcxrii pounds, alive. Their 




fl(!Hh \H al)un(|;inl ami of I li<' vrTy l'e^1 llavor. Tliey Hcareely wander at 
all. In fii<-t,, lliey are ho lazy ami (iihinelined to cxerciMe, lli.it if al)iiri<l- 



880 



ILLUKTKATF.I) STOCK DOCTOR. 



antly fed they soon become so fat that their abdomens trail on the 
ground. From their inactivity they are the most easily .stolen of any 
variety. The egjjs are laid in {^reat numbers, of a blue-green color, with 
thick shells, and sliould aversige in weight about three and a half ounces. 




II. Aylesbury Ducks. 

The Avlesburv ducU is witluiut (l:)iibl tin- most valuable of theJEnglish 
breeds, and fullv as well appreciated in tiiis country as in England. They 
hardly reach so i^reat wei<rht as tlic last mentioned variety, eighteen 



POULTKY, WATER FOWL. 



881 



pounds the pair heinir about the outside figure. They are prolific layers, 
the eo-o-s of a pure white i-olor, thinner in the shell than those of the 
Rouen. The ducks are excellent mothers because less unwield_y than 
the Rouens. 

In buying ducks for l)reeding purposes, and especially the Aylesbury, 
avoid those that are down behind, from undue stretching of the abdom- 
inal muscles ; such l)irds are always sterile, both as to the ducks and 
drakes. 




OUAY CAM. DUCKS. 



III. Call Ducks. 

There are two varieties of small 
ducks that liavc the same relation lo 
the large variety, as Bantams have to 
Barn-yard fowls. One is the Gray 
Call, the other the White Call duck. 
The fir.st is an. exact counterpart of 
the Rouen in every respect, even to 
the legs, feet and bill ; the other be- 
ing in color like the Ayle.sbur}', but 
differing in the bill, which is a clear 
yellow, while the Aylesbury is flesh- 
colored. As fanciful things on a piece 
of water, they are very pretty, as to 
either variety. The colored vari(>ty 
is much used as decoy ducks for the wild si)ecies, being remarkable for 
their loud, .shrill and continuous (juacking note. Hence their name. 




WHITE DUCK. 



OOZ ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK. 

rv. Cayuga Black Ducks. 
These are the tinest of the Amerit-iiii breeds, as they are the largest, 
most valuable aud handsomest of the duck tribe. The plumage is a rich 
metallic black, with lustrous reflections on the head, neck and win"-,s. 
The bill is blue-black, with a jet black splash in the middle of it. 




They have long, straight necks, h)ng, straiglit head and ))c:ik, and in 
size they are fully equal to the Rouen, often weighing ten pounds each. 
The flesh is gamy in flavor, and to our taste fully equal to any of the 
Avild species, except the Canvas-back, Widgeon and Teal. They are pro- 
lific in eggs, are quiet, mature at an early age, and excepting possilily the. 
Rouen, are the most valuable of all domesticated ducks. 



POULTUY', WATER FOWL. 



883 



V. Fancy Ducks. 

Among the most ornamental of the duck tribes are the Mandarin and 
the Carolina duck.s, both un.surpassed for brilliance of plumage and 
variety of coloring. The Mandarin.s are a Chinese variety, and the Car- 
olinas the wild w^ood duck of the United States, domesticated and 
improved by careful breeding. 

The Muscovy duck is a large breed, and thought to be valuable on this 
account by some. Thoy are only mentioned here on this account, since 
their strong Havor of musk should keep them from the tables of all who 
appreciate rine flavor. 




VI. Black East India Duck. 
The Black East India duck which has appeared from time to time un- 
der various foreign names, as Labrador, Buenos Ayrean, and later as 
Black Brazilians, have little if anything to recommend them in comparison 
with better and larger breeds. They are undoubtedly a sport of the 
Mallard, and certainly are among the most beautiful of the small breeds, 
and are so hardy, and give so little trouble that it accounts probablv for 
their many admirers. 

Summary. 

Ducks are valuable both for their feathers and flesh, for their aptitude 
in foraging for themselves, and especially for the great insect eating pro- 
pensities of the young, they should be raised on every farm. Wild ducks 



884 



ILLUSTRATED HTOCK DOCTOR. 



arc so numerous in the West that this is prohahly a reason why thoy are 
not more extensively hred there. But wild ducks are in the market for 
only a comparatively short time in the Spring and Fall, and at all other 




cool seasons ducks may he sold, and ai'c not to he despised on the tables 
of the farmers. 

When tlesh is the princi])al ohject, and handsome ornamental (pialities 
desired, the Rouen anil esp<'cially the Black (^ayuii'a will irive satisfaction. 
If white feathers are desired the Aylesbury will be the best variety. As 



POILTUV, WATKK FOWL. 



885 



to the reiirins; it is extremely .simple, they are little liable to disease, and 
well able to take eare of themselves ; they must, however, have plenty of 
water to diink, and a pool to wash and swim in. These beinj^ furnisiied, 
if hatched under hens, they will give little trouble and fully repay the 
labor bestowed on them. Their period of incubation is thirty days. 




IVXtsUUIlY JtltAKU. 



"Water Fo\a/1 



CHAPTKR VII. 



G£!CS!Ej. 



I. EMBDKN OK BREMEN" r.KKSK. II. TOrl.OUSK GEESE. III. HOXO KONG GBESE. 

IV. WHITE CHINESE GEESE. V. THE Al'iJICA.V GEESE. \I. CANAD.V WILD GEESE. 

MANAGEMENT OP GEESE. 

(it'c.-ic, like tlu> iiiiiiu'M fowl -.WO noisy creatures, and tho.se two hinls are 
nine times out of ten hetter "wateli doij.s" tlian thfe avertige eiir. Tlie 
former on tlie ^rounil, and the hitter perched hiith in a tree, sei the 
smallest object and liear the slightest sound, and givinjr the alarm the 
noble watch dog wakes up, barks and gets the credit. There ai'e only a 
few varieties which we shall notice, l)ut these constitute about all that are 
valuable of those fowls that "saved Ronie." 

I. Embden, or Bremen Geese- 

These, tiie most \alu:i!)le to our iniiul of tlie whole tril)e, taken for 
large size, pure white feathers, and aptitude to fatten, are worthy a place 
on anv farm. They are spotless white in color throughout both male and 
female, full, and erect in cari-iage, the legs deep orange in color, and the 
bill dark Hesh color, the eyes bright blue. The eggs are white, large, and 
with rough thick shells. This breed attains enormous weights, often go- 
ing over thirty pounds, when mature, and the goose over thirty-tive 
pounds. For breeding [mrposes twenty pounds will be a full weight for 
the muidors. 



POULTRV, WATER FOWL. 

II. Toulouse Geese. 



887 



Next ill order of practicnl merit, to our mind, is the Toulouse; these 
are called after the oity of that name in France. They are most compact 
in body, not so tall as the Bremen, but will often outweigh them. In 




color they are light gray as to their bodies and breasts, the neck dark 
gray, getting gradually darker until it ajiproaches the back, the wings are 
of the color of the neck, shaded off lighter as it approaches the belly and 
at length becoming white ; the legs and feet are a deep reddish orange. 



«88 



ILLISTKATED STOCK DOCTOK. 



till' liill tlic same, toned somewhat with lirown. Both the Emhden 
and Toulouse nxiy he easily raised under hens, by regularly sprinkling the 




TOULOUSE GEKSE. 



eggs with blood-warm water, to keep the shells from becoming hard and 
thus imprisoning the young. This, with even a tub of water set in the 
ground, and good feeding, will insure success in geese raising. 
III. Hong Kong Geese. 

The China Hong Kong, or Knobbed goose, so named from the protu- 
berances at the base of the l)ill, really possesses some of the characteristics 
of the swan as it does of geese. It is also in size, between a medium 
sized goose and swan, is highly ornamental in the water, hardy, the most 
pi'olitic of any in eggs, and the (juality of the tlesh is superior. It has a 
harsh, discordant cry, and if allowed full liberty will steal away at night, 
if water for swimming in be near, or it can tind it. This nocturnal habit, 
however, can be prevented by shutting up at night in a place safe from 



rOULTliY, WATEK FOWL. 



889 



foxes or owls, which should he practiced with all geese and ducks. Hong 
Kong geese vary much in color ; they all have the same characteristic pro- 
tuberances at the bill, and also a distinct stripe down the back of the 
neck. They should have a dewlap, or feathered wattle under the throat, 
the bills and legs should be of an orange color, and the protuberances at 



iliiM illlilliir iiiU'.ii'ft /<i,'!.\»,'. illtii'':'',iv-.i.,...)^^.-?;',3 lit. I 'I 




the base of the upper bill, dark, in fact almost black, the most usual color 
is grayish brown on the back and upper parts, changing to white or 
whitish gray under the abdomen, the neck and breast yellowish gray, with 
a distinguishing stripe of dark brown running down the entire back of the 
neck, from the head to the body. 



8;to 



ILLUSTUATKU STOC^K DOCTOR. 

IV. White Chinese Oeese. 



Tlie White Chinese geese are of iiniiiciisc size, pui'e spotless white 
throughout; the logs bright orange colored, bill the same color and with 
a large oraniie coiorod knob at its base. It is more swan-like than the 




Hong Kong, of which it is perha[)s a variety, and either in or out of the 
water is a most pleasing object. When swimming, its long, slender neck 
is gracefully arched, and whether for ornament or use, it is certainly a val- 
uable breed. It is certainly as prolific as its colored relation, laying a large 
number of rather small egirs in a season, breeding three or four times, 



POULTHY, WATEli FOWL. 



891 



tlic period of iiuiuhiition hciim- five weeks. The goslings are easily raised, 
and arc of fine eating quality. A peculiarity of the breed is the disparity 
in the relative size of the sexes, the males being often one-third heavier 

than the females. 

V. The African Goose. 
This immense goose, among the largest of the tribe, is of fine carriage 
and hulk, (tarrying its neck upright, and head high, when walking. The 
head and toj) of the neck are brown, deep on the upper side and some- 
what liij;ht(ir on tlie under side; tlie bill is armi'd witli small indentations 




Al'KICAN GOOSE. 



along the sides, and at the base, on top rises a round, fleshy tuber«'le, of 
a bright vermilion color, and under the throat is a hard, firm, fleshy 
membrane. These birds have also been called Siberian geese, but the 
name .\friean is undoubtedly the proper one. 

VI. Canada Wild Geese. 
Tiiis excellent goose may be easily hutched from wild eggs, and which 
upon l)eing domesticated, take kir.dly to the farm. It is too well known 



892 ILLUSTKATEU STOCK DOCTOU. 

to need description ; wlieii fiirin-hrod it retains much of the game nature 
of the flesh of the wild bird. Their saj^acitj is superior to that of any 
other goose. It has a wide range of flight in its wild state, hein"- found 
at proper seasons from the Arctic circle to the Torrid zone, and in Europe 
as well as In America ; specimens having been shot in England. It is 
certainly one of the most beautiful of water fowls. It breeds kindly 
with any of the conmion varieties, and is rci)uted in France to have inter- 
bred with swans. 

Management. 

There is but little care necessary in breeding geese. They require a 
dry place for passing the night ; are subject to but few diseases, and 
these only when young. For diarrhoea, give a drop or two of laudanum 
in a little water, to be repeated if the tirst dose does not cure. For gid- 
diness, bleed them in the prominent vein which sepai'ates the claw. In- 
sects sometimes annoy them by getting into the nostrils and ears. It 
may be known by their hanging -svings, and the shaking of their heads. 
Feed them corn at the bottom of a vessel of water. For fattening, there 
is nothing better than corn-meal, steamed potatoes and skimmed milk, 
alternated with ground buckwheat, oat-meal or barley-meal. During the 
fattening process they should be kept closely confined. When fattening, 
the French pluck the feathers from the belly. They should l)e fed three 
times a day, and supplied with plenty of pure water, and when fat, which 
should be in two or three weeks from the commencement of feeding, they 
should be sold innnediately, since they at once begin to lose flesh again. 



Glossary of Terms Used by Fanciers and Breeders. 



Beard. — A bunch of feathers under the throat of some breeds, as Hou- 
diins or Polish. 

Breed. — Any variety of fowl presenting distinct characteristics. 

Brood. — Family of young chickens. 

Broody. — ^Desiring to set. 

Carriage. — The attitude or bearing of a bird. 

Caruncuhtted. — Covered with fleshy protuberances, as on the neck of 
a turkey-cock. 

Chick. — A newly-hatched fowl, until a few weeks old. 

Chicken. — Applied to indefinite ages until twelve months old. 

Clutch. — Given to the batch of eggs under a setting hen, also to l)rood 
of chickens hatched therefrom. 

Cockerel. — A 3'oung cock. 

Comb. — The red protuberance on top of the fowFs head. 

Condition. — The state of the fowl as regards health, beauty of plumage 
— the latter especially. 

Crest. — A tuft of feathers on the head ; the top-knot. 

Crop. — The receptacle for food before digestion. 

Cushion. — The mass of feathers over the tail and end of the hen's 
back, covering the tail ; chiefly developed in Cochins. 

Deaf-ears. — Folds of skin hanging from the true ears, varying in color, 
being blue, white, ci-eam-colored, or red. 

Dubbing. — Cutting off the conil), wattles, &c., leaving tiiC head smooth. 

Ear-lobes. — Same as deaf-ears. 

Face. — The bare skin around the eye. 

Flights. — The primary wing feathers, used in flying, but unseen when 
at rest. 

Fluffs. — Soft, downy feathers about the tliighs. 

Furnished. — Assumed full character. When a cockerel obtains his 
tail, comb, &c. 

Gills. — A term api^licd to the wattles, sometimes more indefinitely to 
tho whole region of the throat. 

Hackles. — The peculiar narrow feathers on the fowl's neck. 

Ilen-featliered, or Hennij. — Resembling a hen, in the absence of sickles. 

Hock. — The ell)ow-joint of the leg. 

Keel. — A word sometimes used to denote the breast-l)one. 

Leg. — The scaly part, or shank. 

Leg-feather.^. — The feathers on the outside of the shank. 

Mossy. — Confused in marking. 



jNi)4 u.i.i sri;vri:i> m<hk ihx roi;. 

I*e(i-co)i)h. — A (riplo i'oii\l>. 
/Vhc///;i(/. — Small stripos o\ or a tVatlior. 
Poult. — A youiii;- turkov. 

Priiiian'cs. — Tin- tli^ht-tVatliors of llic wiiios. liitUloii wluMi tlu' wiiijf is 
closed. 

l^ulh't. — A yiHiiiii' lioii. 

lioDK/rr. — Tlu' c'ominoii torm for tlio male liiiil. • 

iSdiltl/c. — Tho jiostorior of llio liai'k. ivat'liiuii' to tiu' tail in a cock, 
answoriiig to tho oushioii iu a lion. 

Secoiultirii's. — Tho winj:- (|uill-foathors. which show whon tho hird is 
at rest. 

Self-color. — A uniform tint ovor tho foathors. 
Shaft. — Tiio stom of a foathor. 
Shank.— Thi' soalv part of the leg. 
Sickli-.f. — Tho top ourvod feathers of a oook's tail. 

^'^)(n/(////f(/. — The marking produeed by oai'h foathor having one large 
spot of some eolor different to the ground. 

Spar. — The sharp weapon on the heel of a oook. 
Sfatj. — Another term for a young eoek. 

Strain. — .V raee of fowls, having aotpiirod an individual oharaoter of 
its own, by being bred for years by ont> brooder or his suooessors. 
S>/»nnctr>/. — IVrfeetion of proportion. 

'Tail-covert.'i. — Tho .soft, glossy, ourvod foatheis at tho side.-, of the 
bottom of the tail. 

Tail-feather.^. — Apjdied to the straight, stiff feathers of tho tail only. 
Thitjh.'i. — The joint above the .shanks. 
7'(7>-A•«()^ — Same as erest. 
7V/(). — A eoek and two hens. 

rnder-roior. — The I'olor of the phnnage as seen whon the surfaee 
is lifted. 

Vtiltiire-hotk. — StitY projooling feathers at the hook-joint. 
Watllts. — The red depending struotures at eaoh side of the base of 
the beak. 

]\'fb. Expressing a tlat and thin struoture. The web of a feather is 

the Hat or plume portion ; the web of the foot, the flat skin between the 
toes; of the wing, the triangular skin, seen whon the member is 
extended. 

Win(j-liar. — Any line of dark eolor aeross the middle of the wing. 
Winff-f>ou\ — The upper or shoulder part of the wing. 

Win(}-hiitt!i. The eorners or ends of the wing, (^ame fanoiers denote 

the upper ends as shoulder-butts ; the lower as lower-butts. 

Whxj-rorert.'!. — The broad feathers eovering the roots of tho see- 
ondary quills. 



PART X. 
Diseases of Poultry,. 

AND THEIR KI:MEDIE.S. 



CHAPTER I. 



DISEASES AND REMEDIES. 



jlNATOMY OP TIIK HEN. Al'OI'l.KXV. ITS CAUSK. ROUP. TO CURB. BOO BOUND. 

INFLAMMATION OK TIIK KCO I'ASMADK. C'HOI.KKA. OAI'BS. CAUSE. HOW 

TO CURE. CROP BOUND. DII'IITHERIA, OK CKOUI'. LICE. 



Diseases of Fowls. 



There are but few diseases to wliich fowls are subject. Some of these, 
as apoplexy, an; so sudden and fatal that there is scarcely time for reme- 
dies. Others, as so called (thicken cholera, are malignant and infectious, 
and thus retjuire watching. Others again, inflammatory in their nature, 
are difticult to understand and hence difficult to treat. The general run 
of diseases, however, to which the fowls of the; farmer and suburban 
fancier arc liable to in his flock arc, as a rule, simplt; in their nature and 
of easy treatment. We shall, th(!rcforc, divide diseases into l)ut two di- 
visif)ns — dangerous and sini])le ailments. In the first class will be 
considered those mon; fatal, and in the second class mere ailments, as leg 
we:ikn(!ss, Immble foot, catarrh, diarrhea, pip, lice, and other parasites. 
For a better understanding of the subjects, we introduce figures showing 
the skeleton of a fowl, their true positions and jjrojjcr names. It will 
make a good study in ccjnucction with th<;sc on plumage, etc. 



898 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



Anatomy of the Hen. 

Explanation.— ^— The head, length 2 3-4 inches. J3— The neck, length 5 1-2 
inches. C— The back or spine. D—Thc liips or hip bones, (the back and hips 

campi-ise fVom the shoulder to the tail,) 
length 5 9 10 inches. E — Rump or 
coccygis, len;^th 1 1-2 inches. F — Siioul- 
der-blade or shoulder. G — Collar bone 
or merry thought. H — Chest or thorax, 
composed of the sides and breast bone 
(bone of the throat), it contains the heart, 
liver, etc. I — The breast bone, length 
a little over 3 1-2 inches. J — The wing 
bones, as will be seen, are composed of the 
humerus or shoulder-bone of the wing, 
length 3 1-7 inches ; also the radius and 
the cubitus, the forearm or pinion, length 
2 3-4 inches ; the tip of the wing, or 
that which takes the place of the hand 
and fingers, length 2 1-3 inches. K — 
The leg, composed of d — (Fig- 2.) the 
thigh bone, 3 1-7 inches; e — the shin bone, length 4 1-3 
inches ; / — the bone of the foot, the tarsus, length 3 1-7 
inches ; g — the claws, that of the middle, length 2 1-3 in- 
ches ; the two to the right and left, length 1 6-10 inches ; 
that of the back, length 8-10 inches ; h — the patella or 
knee ; i — the os calcis or heel. 




BEK. (Fig. 1). 




(Fig.2 ) 



The engraving (Fig. 1.) represents the skeleton of 
an ordinary hen of an average size, and in the pro- 
portions to be generally met with. The only impor- 
tant muscles are those which compose the flesh, from 
which are formed the breast, the thigh, the leg and 
the wings. All the others are slender and only furnish 
a little for talile use. 

People often confound the thigh, the leg, the foot and toes of the hen, 
and so it is with nearly all animals. One expects to see her walk on the 
foot, though she Avalks like them on the toes. It is evident that the 
tarsus of the hen is the foot she would use on the ground if she walked 
like man ; the end opposite the toes is the heel. Some fowls have five or 
six toes but they do not all rest on the ground always. 
Apoplexy— Its Cause. 

Over-feeding and over-stimulating of fowls — seldom occurring on the 
farm — and generally known by finding the subject dead, often in the 



POULTKV, ITS DISEASES. 899 

uest. Prevention is the proper means to use. Give plenty of exercise 
and good wholesome food, but not that of an over-stimulating nature. 
Thii cure is by opening a blood vessel and bleeding freely, selecting the 
largest of the veins on the underside of the wing. Hold the vein be- 
tween the opening and the body, and release it when blood enough is 
taken. Keep the bird quiet and on light diet until recovered. 

Roup. 

The symptoms are at first those of severe catarrh. The discharge 
loses its thin, watery, transparent character, gets opaque, with a peculiar 
and offensive smell. The inner corner of the eye contains froth, the 
lids swell, stick together and at last close. The nostrils close from the 
same accumulation : the sides of the face swell and the bird dies. It is 
a disease of the lining membrane of the nasal cavities.' 

To Cure. 

Provide warm, dry, well-ventilated quarters, stimulating and nutritious 
food. Give internally a tea or a table-spoonful of castor oil, according 
to the size of the fowl, syringe the nostrils with chloride of soda, two 
parts water to one part of chloride. Inject by inserting the syringe in 
the slit at the roof of the mouth. Three or four hours after the oil give 
the following : 

No. 1. K Ounce balsam copaiba, 

a Ounce liquorice powder, 
K Drachm piperine. 

Divide into thirty doses, enclose each in a little gelatine, and give a 
dose twice a day. Isolate the sick fowls from all others, and kill promptly 
if they do not yield to treatment. 

Egg Bound. 

In this disability the eggs cannot pass down the passage. Strip a tail 
feather to within an inch of the end ; saturate it thoroughly in lard oil or 
sweet oil, and pass it cai'efully up the passage to the egg, lubricating the 
whole. If relief is not given, repeat the process. 

Inflammation of the Egg Passage. 

Si/mptoms. — There will be general feverishness, dullness, and the 
feathers, especially those over the back, will be raised and ruffled. Give 
the following : 

No. 2. 1 Grain calomel, 

1-12 Graiu tartar emetic. 

Mix ; envelop in gelatine and place well back on the root of the tongue 
until swallowed. If relief do not ensue in two days, give another dose. 



900 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

Cholera. 

Symptoms. — There is sudden and great thirst with diarrhoea ; the evac- 
uations are greenish, but soon change to a whitish character ; cramp en- 
sues and the bird totters, falls, and often dies suddenly. Administer 
every three hours, until relief is obtained, the following : 

No. 3. 5 Grains rhubarb, 

2 Grains cayenne pepper, 
10 drops laudanum. 

Give this at a dose for large fowls, and half this quantity to chickens 
two months old. Between each dose keep up the strength by giving a 
tea-spoonful of brandy and water, half and half. This is also good for 
common diarrhoea, omitting the brandy. 

Gapes. 

Panusitic worms {sderostoma sym/amus) in the windpipe, occurring in 
chickens up to two or three months of age. 

How to Cure. 

Separate the chickens affected ; strip a small quill feather to within 
half an inch of the end. Dip in spirits of turpentine ; pass it down the 
small opening of the windpipe, at the base of the tongue ; turn it once or 
twice around and draw it out. If it does not relieve oi)erate again ne.xt 
da}'. Give a warm, dry place, plenty of good food, and for drink, milk 
well sprinkled with black pepper. It is supposed that the gape worm is 
produced by a small parasite insect resembling a tick found on the heads 
of j'oung chickens. Examine the heads with a pocket lens and if found 
use the following, lightly rul)bed on. 

No. 4. 1 Ounce mercurial ointment, 

1 Ounce lard oil, 
Ji Ounce flowers of sulphur, 
>i Ounce crude petroleum. 

i\Iix, and applj' just warm enough to be melted. It is said that a case 
of gapes has never been found in which the young cliickcns were not first 
infected with the tick parasite. 

Black Rot. 

Swelling of the legs and. feet, the comb black, resembling mortification. 
Give a tea-.spoonful of castor oil, and then daily, until relieved, half a 



POULTRY, ITS DISEASES. 901 

tea-spoonful of flowers of sulphur. This is also good in scaly leg, and 
eruptions of various kinds, using also, after washing clean, the following: 

No. 5. 4 Ounces lard oil, 

1 Ounce turmeric powder. 
Anoint the affected parts. 

Catarrh — Symptoms like the first in Roup. Cleanliness is the best 
prevention. To cure, feed black pepper in mashed potatoes. If this 
fails, take : 

No. 6. 3 Parts pulverized charcoal, 

3 Parts new yeast, 
■ 2 Parts flowers of sulphur, 
1 Part flour. 

Mix into pills the size of a hazelnut and give one, three times a day ; 
bathe the nostrils and eyes frequently with tepid milk and water, and 
keep the fowls otherwise clean. 

Crop Bound. 
The food sometimes becomes l)ound and impacted in the crop. The 
remedy is to make an incision into the crop sufliciently large so the con- 
tents may be carefully extracted with a blunt instrument. Close with a 
stitch, and feed with soft food for two or three days, in which a little 
gentian and cayenne pepper is mixed. 

Diphtheria, or Croup. 

It may be known by the cough, raising of the head to breathe, and the 
offensive smell. 

What to do — Strip a feather to within half an inch of the end ; wet it 
and dip in powdered borax, and swab the throat well. Nitrate of silver 
would be more effective. Give to drink, chloride of potassium one-fourth 
of an ounce dissolved in a half gallon of water. 

Preventive — Cleanliness, good ventilation and care. The rule will ap- 
ply to roup, catarrh, gapes, pip, and other acute and chronic diseases. 

Pip — This is a result of other diseases rather than a disease of itself. 
Remove the crust at the tip of the tongue and wash with chloride of soda, 
examine the nostrils for any stoppage, and give a tea-spoonful of castor 
oil if the fowl be very sick. 

Rheiiniatisni — Cause — ^Exposurc to damp and cold winds, and bad 
roosting places ; remove the fowls to comfortable quarters, and feed 
warm, rather soft, stimulating food. 

Laying soft eggs — Give plenty of lime rubbish, burned and broken 
oyster shells, or bone meal. 



902 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



Lice. 

There should be no excuse for infestnient by these parasites. They 
will sometimes make their appearance on new fowls, and setting hens 
will sometimes contract them. They are of two kinds : the common hen 
louse, and minute "hen spider," so-called. The latter very minute and 
infesting every part of the house, and often the horse stables, if the hens 
are allowed to run there. To rid the house, take out every movable art- 
icle and wash thoroughly with carbolic acid and water, or with the ammo- 
niacal water of gas factories, which is cheap. Wash also every portion of 
the house with the same. Or, fumigate by closing every cre^^ce, and 
burning in an iron pot containing a burning hot stone, half the size of a 
man's head, a pound of roll brimstone, keeping the house closed two or 
thi'ee hours. Then wash every part of the house with lime-M^ash in which 
a pound of potash has been dissolved to each (juart of water used in thin- 
ning the wash. Wash also the furniture, nests, perches and all else with 
the potash solution, one pound to a quart of water. Put back the furni- 
ture, place fresh hay in the boxes, plenty of dust baths near, and the lice 
will leave the fowls and die. In case the stable becomes infested, or 
other places that may not be fumigated, wash with the potash solution, 
or the lime-wash, containing one part in twenty of carbolic acid. 




BACK OF THE BARN. 



APPENDIX. 



RACING, OR TURF HORSES. 



EARLY HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH BLOOD HORSE. HOW HE WAS IMPROVED. THE 

A.MERICAN BLOOD HORSE. CELEBRATED AMERICAN HORSES. HISTORY OF THEIR 

PERFORMAXCES. 



The care taken in the breedino; and training of horses for the chase 
and for racing in Great Britain, extends back, according to the best au- 
thority, to long before this people were converted to Christianity ; in 
fact, to long before the Christian Era. 

Just when and how horses were introduced into Great Britain is not 
certain, but it seems clear that they were well known there long before 
the Roman conquest, and that they bred horses not only for domestic pur- 
poses but also for war and for racing, seems true, from words in the 
ancient British language, as rJiediad, a, race; rJieda, to run — from the 
Gaulish language rheda, a chariot, showing that these words applied to 
the racing of horses. Hence the inference that horses came b}'^ way of 
Gaul, and that chariot races were anciently one of the pastimes of the 
people. 

The Romans found different vehicles in use in Britain, including the 
war chariot. Youatt infers that from the cumbrous structure of the car, 
the hardness of the roads, and the furious manner in which the driving 
was done, that the ancient British horses must have been not only active, 
l)ut powerful in a wonderful degree ; and he saj's that Cfesar thought 
them so valuable that many of them were carried to Rome, where they 
were much esteemed. 

After the evacuation of England b}- the Romans and its occupation by 
the Saxons, increased attention was paid to the breeding of English 
horses, and after the reign of Alfred running horses were brought there 



906 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

from Germany, yet these should not be understood as meaning racing 
horses as the term is now used. They are supposed to have been light, 
speedy horses, adapted to the chase or for the roads, as opposed to the 
heavy war horse, capable of caiTying a man at arms -with his armor. 

It does not appear that until the time of Charles I. horses were kept 
exclusively for racing. Yet even l)efore Athelstau's time English horses 
had come to be jDrized on the continent, and in Athelstan's reign many 
Spanish horses were imported, showing clearly that so long ago as this 
the English were fully alive to the importance of the continued improve- 
ment of their horse stock. 

William the Conqueror is recorded to have used great pains in impi'ov- 
ing the horse stock of the country, after the conquest of Great Britain 
by the Normans, through the introduction of fine horses from Normandy, 
Flanders and Spain, and according to Beal it would seem that as earl}"^ as 
631 people of rank distinguished themselves by often appearing on horse- 
back, and from which it would be natural to infer that thus early horses 
were kept for pleasure riding, since saddle horses are known to have been 
used during the Roman occupation of Britain, and cavalry horses long 
before the Christian Era. 

The first Arab horse would seem to have been imported in the reign of 
Henry I., an Arab horse having, with his accoutrements, been presented 
by Alexander I. of Scotland, to the church of St. Andrew. 

In the twelfth century a race course was established in London, at 
Avhat was since called SmitliHcld, and which was also a horse market. 

King John paid great attention to the importation of horses ; one hun- 
dred chosen Flemish stallions hanng been imported at a single time. 
Later it is recorded of Edward II. that he purchased thirty war horses 
and twelve heavy draft horses. 

Edward III., ujion the occasion of buying fifty Spanish horses, made 
application to France and Spain for safe conduct for them, and so impor- 
tant was the horse stock of England considered that the exportation of 
stallions was forbidden, and this prohibition was continued up to and 
during the reign of Henry YII. 

In the reign of Henry YIII it was decreed that no stallion should be 
allowed to run at large on any waste or common where animals pastured, 
if under the height of fifteen hands, and that all foals, fillies or mares 
likely to breed undersized or inferior animals, should be killed and bu- 
ried. 

All the nobility, gentry and higher ordei's of the clergy, were compell- 
ed by an act to keep a number of horses proportioned to their rank, and 
even a countrj' parson, whose wife was entitled to wear a Frencii hood or 
velvet bomiet (no person below a certain rank being allowed to wear such 



Al'PENDIX. 907 

u hood) was oliliged to keep an entire trotting stallion, under a penalty 
of twenty pounds sterling. So, also, it was made comi^ulsory that every 
deer park and ruial parish should maintain a certain nuni])er of full-sized 
luares and stallions. It is also interesting, as being the lirst mention 
made in English history, that Henry VIII. and Cliarles Brandon, Duke 
or Suffolk, rode ii I'ace in the presence of Queen Catharine, and that in 
his reign the first annual races on a regular race course were instituted. 

H. W. Herbert, in his work, The Horse of America, tiius sums up 
the whole matter in relation to the value of Oriental ])lood in England, in 
the time of Oliver Cromwell : 

It is now prett}' generally admitted that, wliether Barb, Turk, Syrian, 
or Arab of the desert proper, all oriental blood has had its share and 
influence in reinvigorating the blood of the English thoroughbred, and 
giving to it those peculiar qualities which cause it, with justice, at this 
da}', to be esteemed the nest, completest, and most perfect animal in the 
world. 

In what degree these animals have ministered to our now dominant 
strain, is by no means to be ascertained ; l>ut it is to be noted that most 
of the early imported foreign stallions were not Eastern Arabs. 

During the protectorate, Oliver Cromwell, who, though he was coni- 
l^elled by the necessity of conciliating the absurd prejudices of the 
Puritans, to forbid racing, was yet an ardent lover of the horse, and an 
earnest promoter and patron of all that belongs to horsemanship, pur- 
chased of Mr. Place, afterwards his stud-master, the celebrated "White 
Turk" — still recorded as the most beautiful south-eastern horse ever 
lii'ought into England, and the oldest to which our present strain refers. 
To him succeeds Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, his IIelmsle>' Turk, and 
to him Fairfax's — the same great statesman and brave soldier, who 
fought against Newcastle at Marston — Morocco Barb. 

And to these three horses it is that the English race-horse of the old 
time chiefly owes its pui'ity of blood, if we except the royal mares, 
specially imported by Charles II., to which it is — ni3'thically, rather than 
justly — held that all English blood should trace. 

Of all succeeding importations, those, which are principal!}' known and 
referred to, as having notoriously amended our horse — by proof of stock 
begotten of superior qualities, and victorious on the turf through long 
generations — l)ut few are true Arabs. 

We have, it is true, the Darley Arabian, the Leeds Aral)ian, Honey- 
wood's AVhite, the Oglethorpe, the Newcome Ba}- ^Mountain, the Damascus, 
Cullen's Brown, the Chestnut, the Lonsdale Bay, Combo's Gray and Bell's 
Gray Araliians ; but what is generally called the Godolphin Arabian, as 
it seems now to be the prevailing opinion — his origin not beins" actually 
58 



908 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

ascertained — was a Barl), not an Ava)) from Arabia proper. Against 
these, again, we find Place's \\'liite Turlv, D'Arceys Turlv, the Yellow 
Turk, Lister's, or the Straddling Turk, the Bjerly Turk, the Sehihy 
Turk, the Acaster Turk ; Curwen's Bay Barh, Corupton's Barb, the 
Thoulouse Barl), Layton's Barl) Mare, great-great-grandani of Miss 
Layton ; the Royal Mares, which were Barbs from Tangier, and many 
other Barb hoi-ses, not from the Eastern desert, heading the pedigrees of 
our best horses. 

In this connection, I would observe that the very i-easons for which the 
Marquis of Newcastle condemned the Markham Arabian — viz., that when 
regularly trained he could do nothing against race-horses — on account of 
which condemnation he has received a sneer or a slur from every writer 
who has discussed the subject, are those which, at this very moment,, 
prevent prudent breeders from having recourse to oriental blood of any 
kind. 

They t-anuot run or last against the English horse. They have not the 
size, the bone, the muscle, the shape, if we except the beautiful head, 
fine neck, thin withers, long, deep and sloping shoulders, which are the 
inevitable characteristics of the race. Therefore, all men who breed with 
an eye to profit, — and howsoever it might have been in the olden times 
of the Turf, there arc few now who have not an eye to it, either as 
hoping to win on the tui'f, or to produce salable stock — pi'efer to put 
their mares to known English winning horses, proved getters of winners,, 
of uncjuestioned bottom and stoutness, rather than to try stallions of the 
desert blood, concerning which nothing is known bejond the attested 
pedigree, and the visible shapes. 

Farther our authority gives a list of all foreign, and the most celebrated 
native stallions which were used for cf)vering in England in 17i^(), or just 
150 years ago. They are as follows : 

FOREIGN STALLIONS IX 1730. 

The Alcock Arabian, the Bloody Buttocks Aral)ian, the Bloody Shoul- 
dered Arabian, the Belgrade Turk, the Bethel Arabian, Lord Burlington's 
Barb, Croft's Egyptian horse, the Cypress Arabian, the Godolphin Ara- 
bian, Hall's Arabian, Johnson's Turk, Litton's Arabian, Matthew's 
Persian, Nottingham's Arabian, Newton's Arabian, Pigott's Turk, the 
Duke of Devonshire's Arabian, Greyhound, a Barb, Hampton Court 
grey Barb, Strickland's Arabian, Wynn's Aral)ian, Dodsworth, a Barb. 

NATIVE STALLIONS IN 17 ;')(). 

Aleppo, Almanzer, Astridge Ball, Bald Galloway, Bartlet's Childers, 
Basto, Bay Bolton, Blacklegs. Bolton Starling, Bolton Sweepstakes, 
Cartouch, Chaunter, Childers, Cinnamon, Coneyskins, Coinicillor, Crab. 
Doctor, Dunkirk, Easby Snake, Fox, Foxcub, Grwme's Champion, Grey 



APPENDIX. fl09 

Childers, Grey Crofts, Hiimptoii Court Childei's, Iliirlequin, Hartley's 
Blind Horse, Hip, Hohgol)liiiir, Huttoii's Blacklegs, Huttoii's Hunter, 
Jewtruinp, Jigg, Laiuprey, Lecdes, Marriclo Oysterfoot, Partner, Royal, 
SliutHer, Skipjack, Sniale's Childers, Sorehcels, Squirrel, Tifter, True- 
blue, Woodcock, Wyndham. 

The importation of racing horses M'as, without doubt, iirst made to 
Amei-ica in Virginia and Maryland. Already had raee-^oui'ses been 
established there previous to 1753, and during the exodus from England, 
of the Royalists, to the South, it is undoubtedly true that they brought 
with them descendants of such horses as were covering with success in 
England. Certain it seenis that quite earlj^ in the eighteenth century 
there were a considerable number of thoroughbred horses from the most 
celebrated English sires. That the perfect record has not come down to 
us is prol)al)ly due to the fact that, during the Revolutionary war the 
records were either lost or destroyed between the shock of contending 
armies. 

Spark was owned by Governor Ogle, of ]Mar3'land, previous to Brad- 
dock's defeat, having been presented to him by Lord Baltimore, who 
himself received him as a gift from the then Prince of Wales, father to 
Ge(n"ge IH. Spark was a most celebrated horse, and 2iroljal)ly cnic of 
the first of high distinction brought to America. 

Other celebrated horses- earl}^ imported are said to have been. Wilkes' 
old Hautboy mare, afterward known as Miss Colvillc. (iovernor Ogle 
also imported Queen Mab, and about 1750 Col. Tasker brought to Marj-- 
land the celebrated mare Selima, the progenetrix of much of the mightiest 
blood of the country. In 1752 he won a sweepstake of 500 pistoles, 
beating Col. Byrd's renowned TryalV, Col. Taylor's Jenny Cameron, and 
a mare owned by Col. Cameron. 

Nearly al)Out the same time, there were imported into Virginia, Routh's 
Crab, by old Crab, dam bj' Counsellor, daughter of Coneyskins, sup- 
posed to be in or about 1745. In 1747, Monkey, by the Lonsdale Bay 
Arabian, dam by Curwen's Bay Barb, daughter of the Bjerly Turk and 
a Royal mare. He was twenty-two years old when imported, but left 
good stock. In 1748, Roger of the Vale, afterwards known as JoU}^ 
Roger, by Roundhead, out of a partner mare. Woodcock, Croft's Bay 
Barb, Dicky Pierson, out of a Barb mare. Roundhead was by Flying 
Childers, out of Roxana, dam of Lath and Cade, by the Bald Galloway, 
out of a daughter to the Acaster Turk. Woodcock was by Merlin, out 
of a daughter of Brimmer. Dickej^ Pierson by the Dodsworth Barb out 
of the Burton Barb mai-e. 

In about 1764, was imported Fearnought, got by Rcgulus out of Sil- 
vcrtail by Whitenose, grand-dam b}' Rattle, great grand-dam by the 



910 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

Dark'}' Ar:il)ian, groat great granil-daiu Old Child mare, hy Sir Thomas 
Gresle^^'s Araljian, great great great grand-dam, Vixen, hy Helnisley 
Turk, out of Dodsworth's dam, a natural Barb. Regulus was b}' the 
Godolphin Barb, dam Grey Robinson by the Bald Gallowaj', grand-dam 
by Snake out of Old AVilkes' Ilautbo}' mare. Rattle was by Sir H. 
Harpur's Barb out of a Royal nuirc. AVhitenose was by the Hall Ara- 
bian out of dam to Jigg. Thus Fearnought is come of the very highest 
and purest l)lood in England, and has left his mark largely on the blood- 
hoi'se of Virginia. It is said that, before his time, there was little be- 
yt)nd (juarter racing in Virginia, that his progeny were of uncommon 
figure, and first introduced the size and bottom of the English race-horse 
into America. This must be taken, however, cum grano salts, as it is 
evident from what has been stated in regard to Selima, that four-mile 
racers were the fashion in Maryland at least fifteen years before that 
diitc, and it is onl}' to be understood in the case of second-rate racers, 
that quiirter running was in vogue at this period. 

These capital horses were sliortly followed b}' Morton's Traveller, who 
was probably got by Partner, a grandson of the Bj'erlj' Turk, and grand- 
sire of King Herod, dam l)y the Bloody Buttocks Arabian ; grand-dam 
by Grey-hound, a Barl) : g. gi'and dam by Makeless ; g. g. g. dam by 
Brimmer ; g. g. g. g. dam by the White Turk ; g. g. g. g. g. dam by 
Dodsworth, a Barb ; g. g. g. g. g. g. dam Laydon Barb mare. 

Makeless was by the Oglethorpe Arab out of Trumpet's dam. She 
was a pure Barb l)y Dodsworth out of the Layton Barb mare. Brimmer 
was by the Yellow Turk out of a royal mare. 

These were probably the l)est early horses that were imported into 
America ; and to these, with the mares Selima, Queen Mab, Jenny Cam- 
eron, Kitty Fisher, Miss Colville, and a few others of about the same 
period, may be traced all, or almost all the families of running horses 
now existing in the United States, in a greater or less degree, and with 
iiearl}' as much certainty as the English champions of the olden day may 
be followed up to imported Arab and Barb on both sides. 

This being most interesting history, we quote from The Horse of Amer- 
ica, to show how nmch the United States is indebted to the South for the 
foundation of its might}' racers of the present day, and owing undoubt- 
edly to the great interest the old jjlanters of the South and their de- 
.scendants have taken in field sports. The record is as follows : 

In Virginia, Col. John Tayloe, Messrs. Hoomes, Selden and Johnson ; 
in Maryland, Governors Ogle, Ridgely, Wright, Lloyd and Sprigg, who, 
as it has been remarked, seemed liy their practice to acknowledge that 
the keeping up of a racing stud was a portion of their gubernatorial 
duty ; and in South Carolina, Messrs. Hampton, Washington, McPher- 



APPENDIX. 911 

son, Alston and Singleton, were as early, and have continued to be as 
constant and undeviating patrons of the American turf, as have the 
Queensburjs, Rutlands, Wjndhaais, Bentincks, Fitzwilliams, and other 
equally renowned turf names, been su[)i)orters of this noble sport on the 
old English greensward. 

From so early a date as that of the ante-revolutionary cracks and 
champions, such as Celer, Traveller, Yorick, Tryall, Ariel, Partner, Marc 
Antony, Regulus, Flag of Truce, Goode's Brimmer, Butler's Virginia 
Nell, Bel Air, Calypso, Gray Diomed, Cincinnatus, Virago, Shark, Black 
Maria, by Shark, Leviathan, Gallatin, Fairy, Cuj)-bearer, Collector, 
Amanda, Ball's Florizel, Post Boy, Oscar, Hickory, Maid of the Oaks, 
Bond's First Consul, Sir Archy, Potomac, Pacolet, Dnroc, Hampton, 
Tuckahoe, and others, the names of which alone would till a volume, we, 
can easily bring down in these States — :ind the others colonized from 
them, both with men and horses, such as Kentucky, Tennessee, and more 
recently Alabama — one uninterrupted and stainless succession of noble 
racers, to the day when the descendants of Sir Archy, that verital^le Go- 
dolphin Arabian of the Tui-f of America, began to show upon the course 
— and when the renown of American Eclipse began to call ihe attention 
of the whole world, and of the mother country most of all, whence was 
derived that transcendent stock, which in all other countries has degene- 
rated, but in this has continued to rival the honors of its remotest ances- 
try by the performance of American race horses. 

As being of value, we give also the history and pedigrees of some of 
the most celebrated horses of the days succeeding the revolutionary war. 
They are : 

First Medley — Imported into Virginia in 1783, by Gimcrack, dam 
Arminda by Snap, out of Miss Cleveland by Regulus ; g. gr. dam Midge, 
by a son of Bay Bolton; g. g. gr. dam by Bartlett's Childers ; g. g. g. 
ar. dam by Honeywood's Arabian ; sj. <r. <?. <<:. <jr. dam the dam of the 
two True Blues, fiimcrack was bj^ Cripple, out of Miss Elliott, l)y 
Grisewood's Partner, gr dam Celia by Partner, g. gr. dam liy Bloody 
Buttocks, g. g. gr. dam by Greyh(»und, g. g. g. gr. dam Brocklesby 
Betty. 

Cripple was l)y the Godolphin Arabian, out of Blossom by Crab, gr. 
dam b}' Childers out of Miss Belvoir, by Grantham. 

Medley was one of the best sires ever imported into America. He got 
Atalanta, Bel Air, Boxer, Calypso, Gray Diomed, (iray Medley, Lamp- 
lighter, the Opossum Filly, Pandora, Quicksilver, Virginia, and others — 
racers in a high foim, and tlioniselves the getters of racers. 

Secoku Shakk. — Foaled iu 1771, and imported into Virginia by 



912 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

Marske, out of the Snap mare, gr. dam Wag's dam, by Marl })o rough, 
out of a natural Barli mare. 

Marske, sire of Eclipse, M'as by Squirt, dam by Foxcub, gr. dam by 
Cone3-skins, g. gr. dam by Mutton's Gray Barb. 

Stjuirt was by Bartlett's Childers, dam by Snake, gr. dam Hautboy. 
INIarlliorough was by the Godolphin Arabian, dam large Hartle}' mare. 

Shark's most distinguished progeny are : Americus, Annette, Black 
Maria, dam of Lady Lightfoot, Opossum, Shark, Virago, and many 
others. 

Third Diomed— Foaled in 1777. Imported into Virginia 1798. He 
WPS by Florizel, dam by Spectator, gr. dam by Blank, g. gr. dam by 
Childers, g. g. gr. dam Miss Belvoir, by Grantham. 

Florizel was by Herod, dam by Qygnet, gr. dam Cartouch, g. gr. dam 
Fliony by Childers, g. g. gr. dam old Ebony Basto mare. 

Herod M'as by Tartar, out of C^'pron, by Blaze, out of SeJinia, &c. &c. 

Diomed is probably the greatest sire of the greatest winner-getters ever 
Jjrought into this country. Had he got none but Sir Archy, out of im- 
ported Castianira — who brought him to America in her belly — that re- 
nown alone would have been more than enough ; for scarce a recent 
horse in England, unless it be PotSo's, has so distinguished himself as a 
jirogenitor. 

He begot Bolivar, Diana, Dinwiddie, Duroc, Florizel, Gallatin, Grac- 
chus, Hamlintonian, Hampton, Hornet, King Herod, Lady Chesterfield, 
Madison, Marske, Nettle-top, Peace-maker, Potomac, Primrose, Sir Ar- 
chy, Top-gallant, Truxton, Virginius, Wonder, and mauy others. Most 
of the horses named al)ove were the greatest runners of their da}^ and 
the getters of the greatest racers and sires to the present time. Boston, 
probabh' the very best iiorse that ever ran on American soil, was by Ti- 
moleon, grandson of Sir Archy, the best son of Diomed ; while Fashion, 
the very best mare that ever ran on this side the water, by her dam. Bon- 
nets of Blue, daughter of Reality, was great-granddaughter of that same 
noble stallion ; and by her grandsire Sir Charles, sire of Bonnets and son 
of Sir Archy, was also his great-granddaughter, a second time, in the 
maternal line. 

Fourth Gabbriel — Foaled 17110, imported into Virginia, M-as got by 
Dorimant, dam Snap mare, gr. dam by Shepherd's Crab, g. gr. dam, 
Miss Meredith by Cade, g. g. gr. dam Little Hartle}' mare. 

Dorimant was by Otho, dam Babraham mare, gr. dam Chiddy by 
Hampton Court Arabian, out of the Duke of Somerset's Bald Charlotte. 

Otho was by Moses, dam j\Iiss Vernon by Cade, gr. dam bv Partner, 
g. gr. dain Bay Bloody Buttocks, g. g. gr. dam by Greyhound, g. g. g. 
gr. dam by Makeless, g. g. g. g. gr. dam by Briunner, g. g. g. g. g. gr. 



APPENDIX. 913 

dam by Place's White Turk, g. g. g. g. g. g. gr. dam by Dodsworth, g. 
S- £"• £'■ £■ ff. ff- SI', dam Lavton's violet Barb mare. 

-o o ~ o o o o ^ 

Moses was by the Chedwortli Foxhuuter, dam by the Portland Arabian, 
^r. dam, the dam of the Duke of Bridge water's Star, she by Richard's 
Arabian. 

Gabriel was brought into Virginia, and became, like the preceding- 
horses, very famous for splendor of his get and their great performances. 

He got Oscar, Post Boy, and others. The former of whom, dam by 
imp. Medley, bred by General Tayloe, is his most celebrated son. He 
was a good runner, and his blood tells in many of our best modern stal- 
lions and mares, especially in the Southern States. 

Fifth Bedford — Foaled in 1792, imported into Virginia. He was 
got by Duugannon, dam Fairy, b}' Highflyer, gr. dam Fairy Queen by 
Young Cade, g. gr. dam Routh s Black JLyes by Crab, g. g. gr. dam the 
Warlock (xalloway, g. g. g. gr. dam by the Bverly Turk. 

Dungannon was by Eclipse out of Aspasla, by Herod, gr. dam Doris 
by Blank, g. gr. dam Helen by Spectator, g. g. gr. dam Daphne by the 
Godolphin Arabian, g. g. g. gr. dam by Fox, g. g. g. g. gr. dam by 
Childcrs, g. g. g. g. g. gr. dam by Makeless, g. g. g. g. g. g. gr. dam, 
Sister to Honej'comb Punch, by the Taffolet Barb. 

The year of Bedford's importation is i\ot exactly known. He was a 
great stallion, and there is hardly a family of horses in the Southern 
States which do not in some degree, more or less, partake of his. blood. 
He was a singularly formed horse — a rich ba^- — with a peculiar elevation 
on his rump, amounting in appearance to an unsightliuess, if not to an 
absolute deformity. This mai-k, known as the Bedford Hump, he has 
transmitted to his posterity, and, whatever may have been the original 
opinion as to its beauty, it has been Avorn by so many celebrated winners, 
that it has come of late to be regarded as a foreshadowing of excellence, 
rather than a deformity. It has been worn by Eclipse, Black Maria, her 
brother, Shark, Boston, Argj^le, and many other horses of great note. 

Bedford got; ^Eolus, Cnp-Bearer, Fairy, Lady Bedford, Lottery, 
Nancy Air, Sh^'lock and others not inferior in repute. 

On the first settlement in Tennessee, previous to its admission as a 
State into the Union, the early settlers began taking with them excellent 
stock from Virginia and Maryland, and the blood of Janus, Jolly Roger, 
Morton's Traveller, Pacolet and other worthies of the olden times, still 
percolates in rich luxuriance through the veins of their noble steeds. It 
has been always a gallant and a sporting State ; and I feel proud and 
happy — the rather that the history of the blood stock of Tennessee and 
of the neighboring State of Kentucky is nearly identical — to be allowed 
tlie opportunity of presenting to my readers a most valuable memoir of 



914 ILLUSTIIATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

the blood of its best equine fiuuilies, considerately and kindh' compiled 
for nic from his own memoranda of old times, and from personal i-ecol- 
lection of events, even before General Jackson and his contemporaries 
Mere on the turf, bv a veteran turfman and a hereditary breeder, Mr. 
William Williams — to whom I take this occasion of tendering my most 
grateful and respectful thanks. 

Race Horses at the North. 

Prior to the Revolution tliere was a course for racing, near New York, 
about the centre of the count}', called Xewnmrket, and one at Jamaica 
called Heaver Pond. As early as the year 1800 courses were established 
at Alban}', Poughkeepsie and Harlem, New York. On these tracks 
purses of from one to four miles were contended for. In 1804 an organ- 
ization was formed extending for five years. The Newmarket course was 
remodeled, and regular races were held in Ma}^ and October of each year, 
at which purses were contended for at four, three and two mile heats. 

Among the celebrated horses of that time, some of which have left 
their impress to this day, were Tippoo Sultan, Hambletonian, Miller's 
Damsel and Empress. Among these, as worthy of especial mention, 
were Haml:)letonian, as the progenitor of mighty trotting stock, Miller's 
Damsel as the dam of American Eclipse, and Ariel, whose granddam was 
this gray mare Empress. American Eclipse was the king of the Amer- 
ican turf of his day, and Ariel may certainly be said to have been the 
queen, since out of fifty-seven races she was forty-two times the winner, 
seventeen of them having been four mile heats. They both of them may 
be said to rank with the best race horses of any age or country. 

The pedigree of Eclipse may be summed up in the language of Frank 
Forrester, as follows : American Eclip.se, bred by Gen. Coles of L. I., 
foaled 1814 ; was got by Duroc, his dam the famed race mare Miller's 
Damsel, by imported Messenger, out of the imported Pot8os mare ; her 
dam by Gimcrack. Duroc, bred Iw Wade Moselv, Esq., of Powhatan 
county, Virginia, foaled 1809 : was got by imported Diomed, out of Mr. 
Mosely's "extraordinary race mare Anuinda," by Col. Tayloe's famed 
gray Diomed, son of imported Fiedler. Thus far Eclipse's pedigree is 
unquestioned ; for the balance see American Turf Register, p. 50, vol. 
4. Of Sir Charles Bunbury's Diomed, impoi-ted into Virginia 1799, hav- 
ing filled the measure of his glory," nothing more need be said. Mes- 
senger, foaled 1788, imported about 1800 into Pennsylvania, was also a 
race horse of repute at NewmarJ^et ; he won some good races, and lost 
but few. He was a gray, of great substance ; was got by Mambrino, a 
very superior stallion, his dam by Turf, son of IMatchem, Regulus — Star- 
ling — Snap's dam. See English Stud Book, and American Eclipse's ped- 
igree in full, American Turf Register, p. .51, vol. 4. 



APPENDIA. 915 

Of Ariel we find the following: Ariel's pedigree is Avorthy of her 
performances. Her own l)rothcrs — Lance, a j'ear older than herself, a 
distinguished runner that heat the famous Trouhle, a great match — 
O'Kcliy, that l)eat Flying Dutchman, Mary Randolph, and others, with 
such eclat as to bring $5,000 — and St. Leger in the great sweepstake in 
Baltimore, where he was so unaccountabl}^ beaten, but has since beat 
Terror — her own sister Angeline, and half-brother Splendid, by Duroc, 
that was beaten at three years old, in a produce match, bj^ Col. Johnson, s 
Medley— are all well known to fame. Her grandam Empress, has also 
been regarded one of the most renowned race nags and brf)od mares of 
the North. Octolier, 1804, at four years old, she very unexpectedly 
beat the famous First Consul, for the Jockey Club purse, four-mile 
heats, at Harlem, N. Y. The first race he lost. 

Besides combining the three valued crosses of Herod, INIatchem, and 
Eclipse, it will be observed ArieFs pedigree is "richly iml)ucd with the 
best English I)lood;'" to whi<'h she 1 races almost directly from Childers, 
Partner, Crab, Snap, Cade, Spark, Othello, Gimcrack, Mamln-ino, Med- 
ley, Pot'Sos, Messenger, Baronet, Diomed, &c. ; besides deriving her de- 
cent from the liest early importations. No other stock prol)abh' par- 
takes so much of the Messenger blood — no less than four crosses ; with 
two, not very remote, frojn English Eclipse, two from Gimcnxck, two 
frt)m imported Pacolet, and three from imported Spark. Her color sus- 
tains her valuable origin — running so much into the Arabian blood. 

Black Maria was another of the wonderful performers of the cnrlv 
part of the century, having been bred hy Charles Henry Hall, Harlem, 
N. Y., and foaled June 1/), 1826. She was sired by American Eclipse, 
dam Lady Lightfoot by Sir Archy, gr. dam Black Maria, by imported 
Shark ; g. gr. dam the dam of Ving't un, by Clackfast, a half-brother 
to Medley, by Gimcrack ; g. g. g. dam Burwell's Maria, by Regulus. 

Of her dam. Lady Lightfoot, Frank Forrester says she was the most 
distinguished racer of her day, having won between twenty and thirty 
races, the majority at foui--mile heats, and never having been beaten but 
once, except in her old age — her eleventh year — and then by Eclipse, on 
the Union Course. She was bred by the late Col. John Taloe of Va. and 
was foaled at Mr. Ogle's seat, Bel-air, Md., in June, 1812. 

Among the wonderful racers of forty years ago, Boston and Fashion 
will always be remembered as the two mighty examples of staunch 
jjrowess and well-deserved fame. 

Boston was foaled in 1833, bred by John Wickham. Esq., Richmond, 
Va. His sire was the celebrated Timoleon, out of an own sister of 
Tuckahoe, l)y Ball's Florizel ; her dam by imported Alderman, out of a 
mare l)y imported Clackfast : her gr. dam bv Svmmes' Wildair, &c. 



916 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

He was a chestnut with white hind feet and a strip in his face, 15 1-2 
hands high, rather short limbed, somewhat liat sided, but of immense 
substance, and his back a prodigy of strength. From 1836 to 1841 he 
ran thirty-eight times and won thirtj'-iive races, twenty-six of which 
were four mile heats and seven three mile heats. His winnings were 
$45), 500, and his earnings as a breeding stallion in 1841, $4,200, making 
a total of $53,700. 

Fashion was bred by William Gibbons, Esq., of Madison, N. Y., and 
was foaled Api'il 26, 1837. Of this mare it is recorded that it would be 
difficult to sit down over the Stud Book and compile a richer pedigree 
than hers, and the same remark will apply to Boston. Each is descended 
from the most eminenth' distinguished racing families on the side of both 
sire and dam, that have tigured on the Turf for a hundred years. 
Fashion was got by Mr. Livingston's Imp. Trustee, out of the celebrated 
Bonnets o' Blue by Sir Charles, and she out of Reality — "the very best 
race-horse," says Col. Johnson, "I ever saw." Reality was got by Sir 
Archy, and her pedigree extends back through the imjjorted horses Med- 
ley, Sentinel, Janus, Monkey, Silver-Eye and Spanker, to an imported 
Spanish mare. Trustee, the sire of Fashion, was a distinguished race- 
horse in England, and sold at 3 yrs. old for 2,000 guineas to the Duke 
of Cleveland, after running 3d in the race for the Derby of 101 sub- 
scribers. He was subsequently imported by Messrs. Ogden, Corbin and 
Stockton. Trustee was foaled in 1829, and was got by Catton out of 
Emma, by Whisker, and combines the l)lood of Hermes, Pipator, and 
Sir Peter, on his dam's side, with that of Penelope, by Trumpator, and 
Prunella, by Hightlyer, on the side of his sire. Trustee is not a chance 
horse ; in addition to other winners of his family, in 1835, his own 
brother, Mundig, won the Derby of 128 subscribers. 

In her three year old form she won three of the races she ran and lost 
one, being beaten by Tyler after Avinning the second heat. In her four 
year old form she ran and won three races, one at two miles, one at three 
miles and one at four miles. 

Later, the palm of victory rested upon horses bred west of the Alle- 
ghanies and south of the Ohio river. Among the celebrated ones were 
Lexington, got in 1851 l)y Boston out of Alice Carneal. Lecompte, by 
Glencoe, out of Reel. Pryor, by Glencoe, out of Gypsy, own sister to 
Medoc, by American Eclipse. 

Still later, and within the last ten 3'ears, the laurels of southern bred 
racers on various tracks in America and England, are too well known to 
need recapitulation. 

As showing English and American views on the speed of race horses 
of twenty years ago, really the palmy days of the turf, and which con- 



APPENDIX. 917 

tinned up to the late war, Stoneheuge, from an English point of view, 
says : 

Bv an examination of the racing time-tables as recorded of late 3'ears, 
it will l)e seen that from 13 1-2 to 14 seconds per furlong is the highest 
rate of speed attained in any of our races, above a niile, and with 8 st. 
7 lbs. carried by three-year-old horses. In IS-IB, Surplice and Cymba 
won the Derby and Oaks, each running the distance in 2m. 48s., or ex- 
actly 14 seconds per furlong. This rate has never since that time been 
reached ; the Flying Dutchman having however, nearly attained it, but 
failing by two seconds — making his rate 14 seconds and one sixth per 
furlong. But the most extraordinary three-year-old performance is that 
of Sir Tatton Sykes over the St. Leger Course, 1 mile, 6 furlongs, and 
132 yards in length, which he ran in 3 minutes and 16 seconds, or at a 
rate of as nearly as possible 13 1-2 seconds per furlong. With an addi- 
tional year and the same weight, this speed has l)een slightly exceeded 
by AVest Australian, even over a longer course, as at Ascot in 18;')4, 
when he defeated Kingston by a head only ; running two miles and four 
furlongs in 4m, and 27s., or as nearly as possible at the rate of 13 1-2 
seconds and one-third per furlong. This performance is the best in 
modern days, considering the weight, the age, and the distance ; and it 
will compare very favorably with the often-quoted exploit of Childers 
over the Beacon Course in 1721, when, being six years old, he beat Al- 
manzor and Brown Betty, carrying 9 st. 2 lbs., and doing the distance in 
(nn. 40s., or at the rate of 14 seconds and one-third per furlong. Thus, 
allowing him his 3ear for the extra mile in the course, and for the 21bs, 
which he carried above the Kingston's weight, he was outdone by the 
latter horse at Ascot by one second per furlong, and likewise b}' West 
Australian at the usual allowance for his age. Again ; compai'ing these 
performances on the English Turf with the recently lauded exploits of 
the American horses, it will be found that there is no cause for the fear 
lest our antagonists in the "go-ahead" department should dein-ive us of 
our laurels. On the 2d of April, 1855, a time-match was run at New- 
Orleans between Lecomte and Lexington, both four years old, in which 
the latter, who won, did the four miles, carrying 7 st. Slbs., in 7m. 19 
3-4s., or as nearly as may be, 13 3-4 seconds per furlong. This is con- 
sidered b}' the Americans the best time on record, and is undoubtedly a 
creditable performance ; though w4ien the light weight is taken into ac- 
count, not so near our best English time as would at first sight appear. 
On the 14tli of April, Brown Dick and Arrow ran three miles over the 
same course in 5m. 28s., or at the rate of 13 seconds and two-thirds per 
furlong; the former a three-year-old, carrying 6 st. 2 lbs., and the latter 
five years old, 6 st. 12 lbs. Thus it will appear that Kingston, of the 



918 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK. 

same age as Arrow, and carrying 9 st. instead of 7 st. 12 ll)s., ran 2 1-2 
miles at a better rate than Arrow did Ins 3 miles, by one-third of a sec- 
ond per furlong. And it has been shown that in the year last past, two 
horses exceeded the greatest performance of the olden times by a second 
per furlong, and beat the best American time of modern days l)y one- 
third of a second per mile. The assertion, therefore, that our present 
horses are degenerated in their power of staying a distance under -vyeight, 
is wholly without foundation ; since I haye shown that, eyen taking the 
time of the Childers' performance as the true rate, of which there is 
some doubt, 3'et it has recently been beaten yery considerabl}' by West 
Australian and Kingston. ^lany loose assertions have been made as to 
the rate of the horse, for one mile in the last century, but there is not 
the slightest reliance to be placed upon them. That any race-horse eyer 
ran a mile within the minute, is an absurd fiction : and it is out of the 
C|uestion to suppose that if Childers could not beat our modern horses 
over the Beacon Course, he could beat them a shorter distance. Stout- 
ness was imdoubtcdly the forfe of the early race-horses ; they were of 
small size, very wiry and low, and could unc|uestional)ly stay a distance, 
and could race month after month, and year after year, iu a way seldom 
imitated in these days : but that they could in their small compact forms 
run as fast in a short spin as our modern three-year-olds, is cjuite a fal- 
lacy ; and no racing man of any experience would admit it for a moment. 
The size and shape of the modern thoroughbred horse are superior to 
those of olden days, if we may judge by the portraits of them handed 
down to us by Stubbs, who was by far the most faithful aninml painter 
of the eighteenth century. In elegance of shape we beat the horses of 
that day very considerably, more especialh' in the beauty of the head 
and the formation of the shoulders, which have been much attended to 1)}'^ 
breeders. In size, also, there has been an immense stride made, the 
average height of the i-ace-horse having been increased by at least a hand 
in the last century. This enlargement is. I believe, chiefly due to the 
Godolphin Arabian, who was the sire of Babrahain, the only horse of 
his time which reached 1(5 hands, and sire and grandsire of several which 
were more than 1.') hands, much al)ove the average height of horses at 
that time — as for instance. Fearnought, Genius, Go"wer, Stallion, Infant, 
Denmark, Bolton, Cade, Clul), Lofty, and Amphion. Indeed it will l)e 
found, by an examination of the horses of that time, that out of 130 
winnei-s in the middle of the eighteenth century, there were only 18 of 
the height of 15 hands and upwards, of which 11 were by Godolphin or 
his sons, three descended from the Darly Arabian, two from the Byerly 
Turk, and two from other sources. It may therefore be assumed, with 
some degree of probability, that the increase in size is in great measure 



APPENDIX. 919 

due to the Godolphin, in addition to the extra care and attention which 
the horse has received during tlie same time. Nevertheless, all the care 
and forcing iu the world will not increase the size of some breeds ; and 
unless there was this capability of being forced, no amount of attention 
would have brought the hor.e to the present average, which may be 
placed at about 15 hands 3 inches. 

In relation to the comparisons of speed between English and American 
race horses, the Spirit of the Times, New Yord, sums up the matter, 
and wives a list of the most renowned racers of England and America, 
which we append : 

It will appear, on a critical examination of the subject, that there is 
not much difference iu the powers of the best race-horses for more than 
a centur}' ; a period during which they have been brought, upon both 
sides of the Atlantic, to the present high state of perfection. Within the 
last two years have been exhibited faster running in England, hy West 
Australian and Kingston, and in this country, by Lexington and Lecomte, 
than was ever before known. The two last have run four miles, and 
four-mile heats, faster, in either case, than has been performed in Eng- 
land. " Stonehenge," who has been well endorsed in England, has shown 
"the absurd fiction" of "a mile within a minute;" and that there is 
"not the slightest reliance to be placed upon the many loose assertions" 
— such as the reported accounts of Childers : and that he and Eclipse 
were a distance better than any other horses that have appeared, or that 
they " could beat any other a half-mile in four miles!" On the same 
authority, it appears that, in the fastest Derby, St. Leger, and Ascut cup 
races, as won by Surplice, the Flying Dutchman, Sir Tatton Sykes, Don 
John, and AVest Australian, the distance varying from one mile and a 
half to two miles and a half, that the fastest rate, with English weights, 
has been a little over one minute and forty seconds per mile. We have 
no authentic report that the mile has been run in England under one 
minute and forty-two seconds, the time of Henry Perritt at New Orleans. 
Nominall}^ of the same age, three years old, and with the same weight, 
86 lbs.. Inheritor, at Liverpool, ran two miles in 3.2.T ; which is at the 
rat« per mile of 1-42 1-2. "Stonehenge," referring to what he con- 
siders the best race ever run in England, states that West Australian, 
four years old, carrying the St. Leger weight, 8 st. 6 lbs. — 118 pounds — 
"defeated Kingston by a head only," the latter five years old, carrying 
9 St. — 126 pounds — running two and a half miles in 4.27, "or as nearly 
as possible, 13 1-2 seconds per furlong." "This performance, the best 
of modern days, considering the weight, the age, and the distance, will 
compare very favoralily with the often quoted exploit of Childers, in 
1721, at Newmarket, when six years old, carryiug 9 st. 2 lbs. — 128 lbs. — 



!ll*0 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

he did the distance, three and a half miles, in 6.40, or at the rate of 14 
seconds and one-third per furlong." "Thus allowing Childers his year 
for the extra mile in the course, and for the two jaounds which he carried 
above Kingston's weight, he, Childers, was 6utdone by Kingston at 
Ascot, by one second per furlong, and likewise by West Australian, 
at the usual allowance for his age." "Kingston, of the same age as 
Arrow, and carrying 9 st. instead of (5 st. 2 lbs. — 100 pounds — ran two 
and a half miles at a better rate than Arrow, in his race with Brown 
Dick, did his three miles, by one-third of a second per furlong," But 
Arrow's was a race of three-mile heats, the second heat in 5.43 1-2. 
Lexington, nominally four j'cars old, carr3ang 103 pounds, ran four miles, 
also at New Orleans, in 7.19 3-4. or, as nearly as may be, 13 3-4 seconds 
per furlong, at the rate, for four miles, of less than 1.50 per mile. 

The often quoted exploit of Eclipse, of England, was that he ran four 
miles, carrying 168 pounds, in eight minutes. 

With these data before them, it is left for others to draw their own 
deductions of the relative merits of West Australian, Childers, Eclipse, 
and Lexington, at the distances they ran, varying from two and a half 
mtles to four. 

Some among us believe that Lexington and Lecomte were aliout as fast 
and as good race-horses as have ever appeared in England. Undoubtedly 
they could "stay a distance" about as well as any horse that has run 
anywhere, having run two heats, of four miles, in 7.26, and 7.38, and 
the third mile of the second heat in 1.47. 

It would be difficult to institute a fair comparison between the race- 
horses of England and America, the systems of racing being so different 
in the two countries. With the exception of the light weights, adopted 
by us for convenience, the modes and rules of our turf are nearly the 
same as they were in England the last century. In England, since that 
period, the mode of racing has been essentially changed ; heavy weights, 
even for two and three-year-olds, at short distances, rarely beyond two 
and a half miles ; no longer raees of heats ; the great events being for 
"baby horses," two and three-yeai"-olds, instead of horses, as formerl3\ 
They rarel}^ nowadays, reach maturity in England. Priam, Touchstone, 
Harkaway, and Rataplan, are to be regarded as exceptions to a rule. 
Childers and Eclipse M'ere not introduced upon the turf until five years 
old, an age at which the most distinguished hoi'scs rarely run in these da^'s. 

The elastic turf and the straighter shape of the English race-courses, 
better adapt them to speed than our circular "race-tracks," that are 
wholly denuded of turf. Therefore a fair comparison of English and 
American race-horses cannot be made T)v time as the test ; one, too, that 
is not held in as high esteem in England as with us. Time, there, is fre- 
quently disregarded. 



APPENDIX. 921 

iiather a long catalogufe is here presented of the best race-horses of 
Enaland and of this country, wliich might be extended. Those now or 
hitely upon our turf are omitted, as some doubts might be entertained of 
their comparative merits. Of those furnished, who will agree as to the 
jare-emiuence of any two of them ; at least, to place any six above 
the rest? 

MOST liEXOWXED ENGLISH AXU AMERICAN HORSES. 

1715*, Childers ; 1718*, Partner; 1748*, Matchem ; 17-49*, Regulus- 
and Mirza, by the Godolphin Arabian ; 1749*, Spectator ; 1750*, Snap ; 
1758*, Herod; 1764*, Eclipse, b}' Marske ; 1771*, Shark, by Marske ; 

1773*, Pot8os, by Eclipse; *, Saltram, by Eclipse ; 1777* t, Dio- 

med; 1782t, Trumpator ; 1784t, Sir Peter: 1790t, Waxy; 1792.t, 
Hambletouian; 1796t, Sorcerer; 1798t, Eleanor ; 1798t, Orville ; 18071,^ 
Whalebone; 1816, Sultan ; 1822, Camel; 1827t, Priam, by Emilius f ; 

18.Slt, Plenipotentiary, by Emiliust ; 1831t, Touchstone ; 1, Queen 

of Trumps; 1, Bay Middlet(m ; 1, Flyiiig Dutchman; , 

Harkaway ; 1, Don John; 1, Sir Tatton Sj'kes ; 1, West 

Australian;' .Kingston; 1801*, Florizel ; 1812, Potomac ; 1813*, 

Sir Archy; 1812, Lady Lightfoot, by Sir Archy ; 1812, Vanity, by Sir 
Archy; 1813, Reality, by Sir Archy ; 1813*, fimoleou, by Sir Archy; 
1814^ Virginian, by Sir Archy ; 1815, Sir Charles, by Sir Archy ; 1820, 
Bertrand, by Sir Archy ; 1801, Maid of the Oaks, by Imported Spread 
Eagle; 1801, Floretta, by Imported Spread Eagle ; 1801, Postboy, by 
Imported Gabriel; 1801, Oscar, by Imported Gabriel ; 1801, Hickory; 
1808, Duroc ; , Sir Solomon ; 1814, American Eclipse ; 1820, Flirt- 
ilia ; , Monsieur Tonson ; , Sally Walker; , Ariel, by 

American Eclipse ; Mcdoc, by American Eclipse ; , Fanny, by 

American Eclipse ; , Lady Clifden ; , Doubloon, b}' Imported 

Margrave ; — , Blue and Brown Dick, by Imported ilargrave ; 1833, 

Boston; 1837, Fashion; 1839,.Peytona ; , Trifle, by Sir Charles; 

, Andrew, by Sir Charles ; , Wagner, by Sir Charles ; , 

Grey Eagle. 

Another view of the comparative merits of race-horses that were not 
contemporaries is presented by time on the same coui'se, and with the 
wme weight, or the relative weight for age. 

It has been shown lately, that on the Charleston Course, at three and 
fonr-mile-heats, in the races won by Nina, Highlander, Jefferson Davis, 
and Frank Allen, nearly the same time has been made ; besides the com- 
parison between that of Bertrand and Floride. 

••'Boston's ancestors. fDerby and St. Leger winners. 



922 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR 

On the Union Course, New York, the fastest four-mile heats were as 
follows : 

Fashion, 5 years, 111 lbs., and Boston, H years, 12G lbs., 7.3i> 1-2 
—7.45. 

Tally-ho, 4 years, 1U4 ll)s., and Bostona, 5 years, 111 lbs., 7.3o— 7.43. 

Fashion, a<red, 123 Ib.s., and Peytona, .') years, 117 lbs., 7.3!l — 7.4.5. 

Eclipse, 9 years, 12(j lbs., and Henry, 4 years, lOJS lbs., 7.37 1-2 
—7.49. . 

Red-E3'e, 8 3'ears, 126 lbs., and Oue-Eyed Joe, (5 years, 117 lbs., 7. .52 
— 7.3!l. ' 

Lady Clifden, 4 years, 101 11)S., and Pieton, 3 years, 90 lbs., Picton 
winning tirst heat, 7.44 — 7.43 1-2 — 7. .56 1-2. 

Principles of Breeding. 

In relation to the jirinciples and practice of breeding for the turf 
and for general purposes, Stonehenge on British Rural Sports, than 
•whom none could be more competent to advise, and although written 
from an English stand-point is applicable to any country or conditions. 
The author, in an essay holds the following: 

THE PRINCIPLES AXD PRACTICE OF BREEDIXCi FOR THE TUUF AXD FOR 
GENERAL PURPOSES. 

Before proceeding to enlarge upon the practical management of the 
breeding stud, it will be well to ascertain what are the known laws of 
generation in the higher animals. 

The union of the sexes is, in all the higher animals, necessaiy for 
reproduction ; the male and female each taking their respective share. 

The office of the male is to secrete the semen in the testes, and emit it 
into the uterus of the female, where it comes in contact with the ovum 
of the female — which remains sterile without it. 

The female forms the ovum in the ovary, and at regular times, varying 
in different animals, this descends into the uterus for the purpose of 
fructification, on receiving the stinmlus and addition of the sperm-cell of 
the semen. 

The semen consists of two portions — the spermatozoa , which have an 
automatic power of moving from place to place, by which quality it is 
believed that the semen is carried to the ovum ; and the sperm-cells, 
which are intended to co-operate with the gerui-cell of the ovum in form- 
ing the embryo. 

The ovum consists of the germ-cell, intended to form ]iart of the 
embryo, — and the yolk, which nourishes both, until the vessels of the 
mother take upon themselves the ta.sk ; or, in oviparous animals, till 
hatching takes place, and external food is to be obtained. The ovum is 



APPENDIX. 923 

carried dowu by the contractile power of the fallopian tubes from the 
ovar}' to the uterus, and hence it does not require automatic particles 
like the semen. 

The embryo, or young animal, is the result of the contact of the 
semen with the ovum, immediately after which the sperm-cell of the 
former is absorbed into the germ-cell of the latter. Ujion this a ten- 
dency to increase or "grow" is established, and supported at first, by 
the nutriment contaiued in the yolk of the ovum, until the embryo has 
attached itself to the walls of the uterus, from which it afterwards ai)- 
sorbs its nourishment by the intervention of the placenta. 

As the male and female each furnish their quota to the formation of 
the embryo, it is reasonable to expect that each shall be represented in 
it, which is found to be the case in nature ; but as the food of the embryo 
entirely depends upon the mother, it may be expected that the health of 
the offspring and its constitutional powers will be more in accordance 
with her state than with that of the father ; yet since the sire furnishes 
one-half of the original germ, it is not surprising that in externals and 
general character there is retained a far-simile, to a certain extent of him. 

The ovum of mammalia differs from that of birds chief!}' in the greater 
size of the yolk of the latter, because in tlicin this ]^ody is intended to 
support the grf)\vth of the embryo from the time of the full formation 
of the egg until the period of hatching. On the other hand, in mam- 
malia the placenta conveys nourishment from the internal surface of the 
uterus to the emiiryo during the whole time which elapses between the 
entrance of the ovum into the uterus and its birth. This period embraces 
nearly the whole of the interval between conception and l>irth, and is 
called utero-gestation. 

In all the mammalia there is a periodical " heat," marked by certain 
discharges in the female, and sometimes by other remarkable symptoms 
in the male. In the former it is accompanied in all healthy subjects by 
the descent of an ovum or ova into the uterus ; and in both there is a 
strong desire for scxunl intercourse, which never takes place at other 
times in them. 

The semen rc4aiiis its frmtifving power for some days, if it be con- 
tained within the walls of the uterus or vagina, but soon ceases to be 
frnitfiil if kept in any other vessel. Hence, although the latter part of 
th(^ time of heat is the best for the union of the sexes, because then 
the ovum is ready for tlie contact with the semen, yet if the semen 
ren hcs the uterus first, it will still cause a fruitful impregnation, because 
it remains there uninjured until the descent of the ovum. 

The influence of the male upon the euibryo is partly dependent upon 
the fact that he furnishes a portion of its substance in the shape of the 
oil 



924 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

sperm-cell, but also in great measure upon the effect exerted upon the 
nervous system of the mother by him. Hence the preponderance of 
one or other of the parents will, in great measure, depend upon the 
greater or less strength of nervous system in each. No general law is 
known by which this can be measured, nor is anything known of the 
laws which regulate the temperament, bodily or mental power, color or 
conformation of the resulting offspring. 

Acquired qualities are transmitted, whether they belong to the sire or 
dam, and also both bodily and mental. As bad qualities are quite as 
easily transmitted as good ones, if not more so, it is necessary to take 
care that in selecting a male to improve the stock he be free from bad 
points, as well as furnished with good ones. It is known by experience 
that the good or bad points of the progenitors of the sire or dam are 
almost as likely to appear again in the offspring, as those of the imme- 
diate parents in whom they are dormant. Hence, in breeding the rule is, 
that like produces like, or tlie likeness of some ancestor. 

The purer or less mixed the breed, the more likely it is to be traiTS- 
mitted unaltered to the offspring. Hence, whichever parent is of the 
purest blood will be generally more represented in the offspring ; but as 
the male is usually more carefully selected, and of purer blood than the 
female, it generally follows that he exerts more influence than she does ; 
the reverse being the case when she is of more unmixed blood than 
the sire. 

Breeding "in-and-in" is injurious to mankind, and has always been 
forbidden by the Divine law, as well as hy most human lawgivers. On 
the other hand, it prevails extensively in a state of nature with all grega- 
rious animals, among whom the strongest male retains his daughters and 
granddaughters until deprived of his harem by younger and stronger 
rivals. Hence, in those of our domestic animals which are naturally gre- 
garious, it is reasonable to conclude that breeding "in-and-in" is not 
prejudicial, because it is in conformity with their natural instincts, if not 
carried farther by art, than nature teaches by her example. Now, in 
nature we find about two consecutive crosses of the same blood is the 
usual extent to which it is carried, as the life of the animal is the limit ; 
and it is a remarkable fact that in practice a conclusion has been arrived 
at, which exactl}' coincides with these natural laws. "Once in and once 
out," is the rule for breeding given by Mr. Smith in his work on the 
breeding for the turf; but twice in will be found to be more in accord- 
ance with the practice of our most successful breeders. 

The influence of the first impregnation seems to extend to the subse- 
quent ones ; this has been proved by several experiments, and is espe- 
cially marked iu the equine genus. In the series of examples preserved 



APPENDIX. 925 

in the Museum of the College of Surgeons, the markings of the male 
quagga, when united with the ordinar}' mare, are continued clearly for 
three generations beyond the one in which the quagga was the actual sire ; 
and they are so clear as to leave the question settled without a doubt. 

When some of the elements, of which an individual sire is composed 
are in accordance with ofliers making up those of the dam, they coalesce 
in such a kindred way as to make what is called "a hit." On the other 
hand, when they are too incongruous, an animal is the result wholly 
unfitted for the task he is intended to perform. 

IN-AND-IN BUEEDING. 

By a careful examination of the pedigrees of our most remarkable 
horses, it will be seen that in all cases there is some in-breeding ; and in 
the greater part of the most successful a veiy consideral)ie infusion of it. 
It is difficult to say what is not to be considered such, or M'hen to make it 
commence, for in all cases there is more or less relationshi}) lietween the 
sire and dam of every thoroughbred hor.-ie ; at least, I cannot find a single 
exception — and again, for instance, examining the pedigree of Harkaway, 
which is the result of one of the most direct crosses in the Stud-book, we 
find that his sire and dam are both descended from Eclipse and Herod 
through three or four strains on each side, as will be seen by referring 
to page 921. The same will a[)ply to Alarm, who also is the result of as 
direct a cross as is often seen ; and, in fact, M-hatever pedigree is ana- 
lyzed, the result will be that the bulk of it in the fifth or sixth remove is 
made up of Eclipse, Herod, and Matchem, or Kegulus blood. It is not 
that a horse goes back to one of these stallions in one line only, Init 
through six or seven, and sometimes through nearly all his progenitors. 
Hence, it may be fairly assumed that all the horses of the present day 
are related, either closely or distantly ; but when we speak of in-and-in 
breeding, we mean a nearer relationship than this, such as a first cousin, 
or, at the most, one in the second or third degree. But I helieve it will 
1)0 found that even this amount of relationshi]) is desirable, if not carried 
too f;ir, and that a vast number of our best modern horses have been 
bred m this wa}. 

: )rT-rTIOSSTNG. 

By crossing the blood, we understand the selection of a sire composed 
of wholly different blood from that of the dam, or as different as can 
be obtained of such quality as is suitable to the ))articular purpose in 
view. Thus, in breeding race-horses it is found that continuing in the 
same strain beyond two stages deteriorates the constitutional health, 
diminishes the bone, and lowers the height ; hence, it is important to 
avoid this evil, and another strain must be selected which shall lead to 



926 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

the same results as were previously in existence, without the above dete- 
rioration ; and this is called out-crossing, or more commonly, crossing. 
The great difficulty is to obtain this object without destroying that harmony 
of proportions, and due subordination of one part to another which is 
necessary for the i-ace, horse, and without which he seldom attains high 
speed. Almost every individual breed has peculiar characteristics, and 
so long as the sire and dam are both in possession of them they will 
continue to reappear in the produce ; but if a dam possessing them is put 
to a horse of different character, the result is often that the produce is 
not a medium between the two, but is in its anterior parts like its dam, 
and in its posterior resembling its sire, or vice versa, than which no more 
unfortunate result can occur. Thus, we will suppose that a very strong 
muscular horse is put to a very light racing mare ; instead of the produce 
l)emg moderateh^ stout all over, he will often be very stout and strong 
behind, and very light and weak before, and as a consequence his hind- 
quarters will tire his fore limbs, by giving them more to do than they 
have the power of accomplishing. This is well seen in Crucifix, who was 
a very wiry and fast, but light mare, with a fore-quarter hardly capable 
of doing the work of her own hind-quarter. Now, she has several times 
been put to Touchstone — a horse remarkable for getting bad-shouldered 
stock, but with strong muscular propellers — and, witli the solitaiy 
exception of Surplice, these have been a series of failures. Surplice 
was also defective in the same way, but still he managed to get along in 
an awkward stj'le, but somehow or other at a great pace. Cowl, on the 
other hand, was a better galloper, l)ecause there was a greater hai'niony 
of parts ; but he was somewhat deficient in the stout qualities which 
Touchstone was intended to supply ; yet he will prove, I fancy, a better 
stallion than Surplice, l)ecause he is more truly made, and by consequence 
more likely to i)erpetuate his own likeness. 

COMPARISON OF IN-BRED AND CROSSED STALLIONS. 

The following list of thirty of the most immediately successful stallions 
of late years shows the proportion of in-bred to crossed horses of this 
class to be equal. I have omitted such as only became celebrated through 
their daughters as brood-mares, for instance, Defence, etc. 

IN-BRED STALLIONS. 

1. Priam. 2. Bay Middleton. 3. Melbourne. 4. Cotherstone. 5. 
Pyrrhus I. 6. The Baron. 7. Orlando. 8. Ithuriel. 9. Cowl. 10. 
The Saddler. 11. Sweetmeat. 12. Chatham. 13. Flying Dutchman. 
14. Sir Tatton Sykes. 15. Chanticleer. 



APPENDIX. 927 

CROSSED STALLIOXS. 

1. Partisan. 2. Eniilius. 3. Touchstone. 4. Bii'deatcher. 5. Sir 

Hercules. 6. Voltaire. 7. Plenipotentiaiy. 8. Pantaloon. 9. Lan- 

ereost. 10. Venison. 11. Alarm. 12. Ion. 13. Harkaway. 14. 
Velocipede. 15. Hetman Platoff. 

SELECTION or BKOOD MARE. 

Ill choosing the brood mare, four things must be considered — tirst, 
her blood ; secondly, her frame : thirdly, her state of health ; and 
fourthly, her temper. 

Her blood or breeding will mainly depend upon the views of the 
breeder — that is to say, what particular class of colts he wishes to obtain, 
and according to iiis decision he will look out for mares of the particular 
kind he desires to reproduce, on the pi'iuciple that "like begets like," 
but subject to the various considerations partly alluded to in tiie last 
chapter, and partly in this and subsequent ones. 

In frame, the mare should be so formed as to be capable of carrying 
and well nourishing her offspring ; that is, she should be what is called 
"roomy." There is a formation of the hips which is particularly untit 
for breeding purposes, and yet which is sometimes carefully selected, be- 
cause it is considered elegant ; this is the level and sti'aight hip, in which 
the tail is set on very high, and the end of the haunch-bone is nearlv on 
a level with the projection of the hip-bone. The opposite form is repre- 
sented in the skeleton given with the article "Horse," which is that of a 
thoroughbred mare, well formed for this breeding purpose, but in other 
respects rather too slight. By examining her pelvis, it will be seen that 
the haunch-bone forms a considerable angle with the sacrum, and that, 
as a consequence, there is plenty of room, not only for carrying the foal, 
but for allowing it to pass into the world. Both of these points are 
important, the former evidenth' so, and the latter no less so on consider- 
ation, because if the foal is injured in the birth, either of necessity, or 
from ignorance or carelessness, it will often fail to recover its powers, 
and will remain permanently injured. The pelvis, then, should be wide 
and deep — ^that is to say, it should be lai-ge and roomy : and there should 
also be a little more than the aveiage length from the hip to the shoul- 
der, so as to give plenty of bed for the foal ; as well as a good depth of 
back-ribs, which are necessary in order to support this increased length. 
This gives the whole framework of the trunk of a larger proportion than 
is always desirable in the race-horse, which may be easily overtopped ; 
and hence many good runners have failed as brood mares, whilst a great 
number of bad runners have lieen dams of good race-horses. Beyond 
this room}^ frame, necessary as the egg shell of the foal, the mare only 



y2!S ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

requires such a shape and make as is well adapted for the particular pur- 
pose she is intended for ; or if not possessing it herself, she should 
belong to a family having it. If one can l)e ohtained with these requisites 
in her own person, so much the more likely will she be to produce race- 
horses ; but if not all, then it is better that she should add as many as 
possii)le to the needful framework, without which her office can hardly 
be well carried out. But with this suitable frame, if she belongs to a 
family which, as a rule, possesses all the attributes of a race-horse, she 
may be relied on with some degi-ee of certainty, even though she herself 
should fail in some of them. Thus, there are many line roomy mares 
which have been useless as race-horses from being deficient in the power 
of some one quarter, either behind or before, or perhaps a little too 
slack in the loin for their length. Such animals, if of good running fam- 
ilies, should not be despised ; and many such have stood their owners in 
good stead. On the other hand, some good-looking animals have never 
thrown good stock, because they were only exceptional cases, and their 
families were of bad running blood on all or most sides. No mare could 
look much more unlike producing strong stock than Pocahontas, but Ije- 
ing of a family which numbers Selini, Bacchante, Tramp, Web, Orville, 
Eleanor, and Marmion among its eight members in the third remove, it 
can scarcely occasion suprprise that she should respond to the call of the 
Baron by producing a Stockwell and a Rataplan. 

In health, the brood marc should be as near perfection as the artificial 
state of this animal will allow ; at all events, it is the most important 
point of all, and in every case the mare should be very carefully exam- 
ined, with a view to discover what deviations from a natural state have 
been entailed upon her by her own labors, and what she has inherited 
from her ancestors. Independently of the consequence of accidents, all 
deviations from a state of health in the mare ma\' be considered as more 
or less transmitted to her, because in a thoroughh' sound constitution, no 
ordinary treatment such as training consists of will produce disease, and 
it is only hereditary predispositions which, under this process, entails its 
appearance. Still there are positive, comparative, and superlative de- 
grees of objectionable diseases incidental to the brood mare, which should 
be accepted or refused accordingly. All accidental defect, such as bro- 
ken knees, dislocated hijjs, or even "breaks down," may be passed over; 
the latter, however, only when the stock from which the mare is de- 
scended are famous for standing their work without this frailty of sinew 
and ligament. Spavins, ring-bones, large splints, side-1)ones, and, in 
fact, all bony enlargements, are constitutional defects, and will be almost 
sure to be perpetuated, more or less, according to the degree in which 



APPENDIX. 929 

they exist in the particular case. Curby hocks are also hereditary, and 
should lie avoided ; though many a one much bent at the junction of the 
OS calch with the asti-agahis is not at all liable to curbs. It is the defect- 
ive condition of the ligaments there, not the angular junction, which 
leads to curbs ; and the breeder should carefully investigate the individ- 
ual case before accepting or rejecting a mare with suspicious hocks. Bad 
feet, whether from contraction or from too flat and thin a sole, should 
also be avoided ; but when they have obviously arisen from bad shoeing, 
the defect may be passed over. 

Such are the chief varieties of unsoundness in the legs which require 
circumspection ; the good points which, on the other hand, are to be look- 
ed for, are those considered desiral)le in all horses that are subjected to 
the shocks of the gallop. Calf knees are generally bad in the race horse, 
and are very apt to be transmitted, whilst the opposite form is also per- 
petuated, but is not nearly so disadvantageous. Such are the general 
considerations bearing upon soundness of limb. 

That of the wind is no less important. Broken-winded mares seldom 
breed, and they are therefore out of the question, if for no other reason ; 
but no one would risk the recurrence of this disease, even if he could 
get such a mare stinted. Roaring is a much-vexed question, which is by 
no means theoretically settled among onr chief veterinary authorities, nor 
practically by our breeders. Every year, however, it becomes more 
frequent and important, and the risk of reproduction is too great for any 
person wilfully to run l)V In-eeding from a roarer. As far as I can learn, 
it appeal's to be much more hereditary on the side of the mare than on 
that of the horse ; and not even the offer of a Virago should tempt me 
to use her as a brood mare. Thei'e are so many different conditions which 
produce what is called "roaring," that it is difficult to form any opinion 
which shall apply to all cases. In some instances, where it has arisen 
from neglected strangles, or from a simple inflammation of the larynx, 
the result of cold, it will probably never reappear ; but when the genuine 
ideopathic roaring has made its appearance, apparently depending upon a 
disease of the nerves of the larynx, it is ten to one that the produce will 
suffer in the same way. 

Blindness, again, may or may not be hereditary ; but in all cases it 
should be viewed with suspicion as great as that due to roaring. Simijle 
cataract without inflammation undoubtedly runs in families ; and when a 
horse or mare has both eyes suffering from this disease, without any other 
derangement of the eye, I should eschew them carefully. When blind- 
ness is the result of violent inflammation brought on t)v bad management 
or by iuflueuza, or any otljer similar cause, the eye itself is more or less 



930 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

disorganized ; and though tliis itself is objectionable, as showing a weak- 
ness of the organ, it is not so bad as the regular cataract. 

Such are the chief absolute defects, or deviations from health in the 
mare ; to which may be added a general delicacy of constitution, which 
can only be guessed from the amount of flesh which she carries while 
sucklino' or on poor "keep," or from her appearance on examination by 
an experienced hand, using his eyes as well. The firm, full muscle, the 
brigiit and lively eye, the health3'-looking coat at all seasons, i-ough 
though it may be in winter, proclaim the hardiness of constitution Avhich 
is wanted, but whith often coexists with infirm legs and feet. Indeed, 
sometimes the very best-topped animals have the worst legs and feet, 
chiefly owing to the extra weight they and their ancestors also have had 
to carry. Crib-biting is sometimes a habit acquired from idleness, as 
also is wind-sucking ; but if not caused by indigestion, it often leads to 
it, and is very commonly caught by the offspring. It is true that it may 
be prevented by a strap ; but it is not a desirable accomplishment in the 
mare, though of less importance than those to which I have already allu- 
ded, if not accompanied by absolute loss of health, as indicated ])y ema- 
ciation, or the state of the skin. 

Lastly, the temper is of the utmost importance, by which must be un- 
derstood not that gentleness at grass which may lead the breeder's fam- 
ily to pet the mare, but such a temper as will serve for the purposes of 
her rider, and will answer to the stimulus of the voice, whip or spur. A 
craven or a rogue is not to be thought of as the "mother of a family ;" 
and if a mare belongs to a breed which is remarkable for refusing to an- 
swer the call of the rider, she should be consigned to any task rather 
than the stud-farm. Neither should a mare be used for this purpose 
which had been too irritable to train, unless she happened to be an excep- 
tional case ; liut if of an irritable family, she would be worse even than 
a roarer, or a blind one. These are defects which are apparent in the 
colt or iilly, but the irritability which interferes with ti'aining often leads 
to the expenditure of large sums on the faith of private trials, which are 
lost from the failure in public, owing to this defect of nervous system. 

CHOICE OF STALLION. 

Like the brood mare, the stallion requires several essentials — com- 
mencing also like her, first, with his l)Iood ; secondly, his individual 
shape ; thirdly, his health ; and, fourthly, his temper. But there is this 
difficulty in selecting the stallion, that he must not only be suitable per .se, 
but he must also be adapted to the particular mare which he is to " serve." 
Thus, it will be manifest that the task is more difficult than the fixing 
upon a brood mare, because (leaving out of considerations all other 



APPENDIX. 931 

points })ut blood) in the one case, a niaie only has to be chosen which is 
of good blood for racing purposes, while in the other there must I)e the 
same attention paid to this particular, and also to the stallion's suitability 
to the mare, or to " hit " with her blood. IJencc, all the vari(jus tlieories 
connected with generation must be investigateil, in order to do justice to 
the subject ; and the breeder nmst make up his mind whether in-and-in- 
breeding, as a rule, is desirable or otherwise ; and if so, whether it is 
adapted to the particular ease he is considering. Mo.st men make up 
their minds one way or the other on this subject, and act accordingly, in 
which decision much depends upon the prevailing fashion. The rock 
upon which most men split is a bigoted favoritism for some particular 
horse ; thus, one man puts all his mares to Orlando ; another, to Surplice 
or the Flying Dutchman ; although they may every one be different in 
blopd and form to the others. Now, this cannot possiI)ly lie right if 
thei'e is an}' principle M'hatever in breeding ; and however good a horse 
may be, he cannot be suited to all mares. Some, again, will sa}' that 
any horse will do, and that all is a lotteiy ; but I think I shall be able to 
show that there is some science required to enable the breeder to draw 
many prizes. That the system generally followed of late is a bad one, I 
am satisfied, and with constant ci'ossing and re-crossing it is almost a 
lottery ; but upon proper principles, and with careful management, I am 
tempted to believe that there would be fewer blanks than at present. I 
have already given my own theoretical views upon the case, illustrated 
by numerous examples on Ixitli sides of the question. It will now 
be my object to apply these views practically I)}' selecting particular 
instances. 

In choosing the [)articular blood which will suit any given mare, my 
impression always would be, that it is dtisirable to fix upon the best strain 
in her pedigree, if not already twice bred in-and-in, and then to put to 
lier the best stallion available of that blood. In some cases, of course, 
it will happen that the second best strain will answer better, because 
there hapjjcns to be a better horse of that blood to be had tiian of the 
supei-ior strain, wliicli would otherwise be iiroferrcd. If, on the otiicr 
hand, tlie mare has already been in-bi-ed to tiic extent of two degrees, 
then a cross will be advisable ; but I am nnicli inclined to believe, from 
the success of cei-tain well-known cases, that cxcn tlien a cross into 
blood already existing in the marc, but not reccnth' in-bi-cd nor used 
more than once, will sometimes answer. Ujjon these principles 1 should, 
therefore, look for success. It is surprising to me that this very common 
occurrence of in-bi-eeding among our best modern horses has so generally 
escaped oliservation, and the only way in which I can explain it is by 
supposing, that having frequently been through the grandam on either 



932 ILLUSTKATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

side it has been lost sight of, I)ecause the knowledge of the sire's and 
grandsive's blood is generally the extent to which the inquiry goes. Thus, 
we find the most recent writer on the subject, who assumes the name of 
"Craven," asserting, at page 121 of "The Horse" — "There is no 
proximity of relationship in the genealogy of the Flying Dutchman, 
Touchstone, Melbourne, Epirus, Alarm, Bay Middleton, Hero, Orlando, 
Irish Birdcatcher, Cossack, Harkaway, Tearaway, Lothario, or others of 
celebrity." Now, of these the Flying Dutchman is the produce of 
second cousins ; Bay Middleton, his sire, being also in-bred to William- 
son's Ditto and Walton, own brothers ; and Orlando, ccnitaining in his 
pedigree Selim twice over, and Castrel, his brother, in addition. Mel- 
bourne also is the produce of third cousins, both his sire and dam being 
descended from Highflyer. But if to these four, which he has specially 
named, be added the numerous "others of celebrity" to which I have 
drawn attention, besides a host of lesser stars too numerous to mention, 
it will be admitted that he assumes for granted the exact opposite of 
what is really the case. 

The choice of particular stallions, as dependent upon their formation, 
is not less difficult than that of the mare, and it must be guided by nearly 
the same principles, except that there is no occasion for any framework 
especially calculated for nourishing and containing the foetus, as in her 
case. As far as possible, the horse should be the counterpart of what is 
desired in the produce, though sometimes it may be necessary to select 
an animal of a breed slightly exaggerating the peculiarity which is sought 
for, especially when that is not connected with the preponderance of fore 
or hind-quarters. Thus, if the mare is very leggy, a more than usually 
short-legged hoi'se may be selected, or if her neck is too short or too 
long, an animal with this organ particularly long, or the reverse as the 
case may be, should be sought out. But in all cases it is dangerous to 
attempt too sudden alteration with regard to size, as the effort will gen- 
erally end in a colt without a due proportion of parts, and therefore more 
or less awkward and unwieldly. 

In constitution and general health, the same remarks exactly apply to 
the horse as the mare. All hereditary diseases are to be avoided as far 
as possible, though few horses are to be met with entirely free from all 
kinds of unsoundness, some the effects of severe training, and others 
resulting from actual disease, occurring from other causes. With regard 
to fatness, there is an extraordinary desire for horses absolutely loaded 
with fat, just as there formerly was for overfed oxen at Christmas. It 
is (|uite true that the ])rescnce of a moderate quantity of fat is a sign of 
a good constitution, but, like all other good qualities, it may be carried 
to excess, so as to produce disease ; and just as there often is hypertro- 



APPENDIA. 933 

phy, or excess of nouri^llmellt of the heart, or any bony parts, so is 
there often a like superuhundance of fat causing obstruction to the due 
performance of the animal functions, and often ending in premature 
death. This is in great measure owing to want of exercise, but also to 
over-stimulating food ; and the breeder who wishes his horse to last, and 
also to get good stock, should take especial care that he has enough of 
the one and not too much of the other. 

In temper, also, there is no more to be added to what I have said 
relating to the mare, except that there are more bad-tempered stallions to 
be met with than mares, independently of their running, and this is 
caused by the constant state of unnatural excitement in which they ai-e 
kept. This kind of vice is, however, not of so much importance, as it 
does not affect the running of the stock, and solely intei'feres with their 
stable management. 

BEST AGE TO BREED FROM. 

It is commonly supposed that one or other of the parents should be of 
mature age, and that if both ai'e very young, or very old, the produce 
will be decrepit or weakly. A great many of our best horses have been 
out of old mares, or by old horses — as, for instance, Priam out of 
Cressida, at twenty ; Crucifix, out of Octaviana, at twenty-two ; and 
Lottery and Brutandorf , out of Mandane, at twenty and twenty-one ; 
Voltaire got Voltigeur at twenty-one ; Bay Middleton was the sire of 
Andover at eighteen, and Touchstone got Newminster at seventeen. On 
the other hand, many 3'oung stallions and mares have succeeded well, and 
in numberless instances the first foal of a mare has been the best she ever 
produced. In the olden times, Mark Antony and Conductor were the 
first foals of their dams ; and more recently, Shuttle Pope, Filho da 
Puta, Sultan, Pericles, Oiseau, Doctor Syntax, Manfred and Pantaloon, 
have all been first-born. Still these are exceptions, and the great bulk 
of superior horses are produced later in the series. The youngest dam 
which I ever heai'd of was Monstrosity, foaled in 1838, who produced 
Ugly Buck at three ^^ears old, having been put to Venison when only 
two 3-ears of age. Her dam, also, was onl}^ one year older when she was 
foaled ; and Venison himself was quite a young stallion, being only seven 
years old when he got Ugly Buck ; so that, altogether, the last mentioned 
horse was a remarkable instance of successful In-eeding from young 
parents. As in most cases of the kind, however, his early promises were 
not carried out, and he showed far better as a two-3'ear-old, and early in 
the following year, than in his maturity. Such is often the case, and, I 
believe, is a ver^' general rule in breeding all animals, whether horses, 
dogs, or cattle. The general practice in breeding is to use young stal- 



934 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

lions with old mares, and to put young mares to old stallions ; and such 
appears to be the best plan, judging from theory as well as practice. 

BEST TIME FOR BREEDING. 

For all racing purposes, an early foal is important, because the age 
takes date from the 1st of January. The mare, therefore, should be 
put to the horse in February, so as to foal as soon after January 1st as 
possible. As, however, many mares foal a little before the end of the 
eleventh month, it is not safe to send her to the horse before the middle 
of the second month in the A^ear. For further particulars, see " Thoughts 
on Breeding," and the "Stud-Farm," in which the genei'al management 
of the mare and foal is fully detailed. 

It will be interesting that the reader have a pretty complete recoi-d of 
the best time at various distances in racing. Such a record has been care- 
fully compiled for Turf, Field and Farin \x^ to the close of the sea- 
son of 1879 ; and which we append : 

Fastest and Best Time, and Most Creditable Performances on Record, at 
all Distances, to end of Year 1879. 

HALF A MILE. 

Olitipa, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, July 25, 1874, 0:47 3-4. 
Pomeroy, by Planet, Louisville, Ky., May 23, 1877, 0:49 1-4. 
Harold, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, -July 23, 1878, :49 1-4. 
Idalia, by imp. Glenclg, Jerome Park, June 8, 1876, 0:49 1-2. 
Leona, by War Dance, Lexington, Ky., May 12, 1874, 0:49 1-2. 
Blue Lodge, by Fellowcraft, Lexington, Ky., May 10, 1879, :49 1-2. 
Duke of Magenta, by Lexington, Saratoga, July 24, 1877, 0:49 1-2. 
Idalia, by imp. Glenelg, Long Branch, July 4, 187(), 0:49 3-4. 
Sensation, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, July 22, 1879, 0:49 :3-4. 
Kiml)all, by imp. Buckdcn, Louisville, Ky., May 21, 1879, 0:49 3-4. 
01)scrvanda, by Tom Bowling, Louisville, Ky., May 21, 1879, :49 3-4. 
(Jrciiada, by King Alfonso, Ltnig Branch, July .'), 1879, 0:49 3-4. 

FIVE-EIGHTHS OF A MILE. 

Bonnie Wood, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Saratoga, July 20, 1878, 
1 :02 3-4. 

Grenada, by King Alfonso, Saratoga, Aug. 10, 1879, 1 :l).'! 1-2. 
Harold, by imp. Leamington, Long Branch, July 4, 187.S, 1 :il.'i 1-2. 
Rachel, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Long Branch, July (i. 1S7S, 1 :0.) 1-2. 
Palmetto, by Narragansctt, Saratoga, Aug. 10, 187(5, 1 :0;5 1-2. 
Rhiidamanthus, by imp. Leamington, Sariitoga, July 25, 1S7(), 1 :03 1-2. 
Egypt (aged), by Planet, Saratoga, July 19, 1879, 1 :04. 



APPENDIX. 935 

Ai-istides, by imp. Leamington, Jerome Park, Oct. 7, 1874, 1 :04 1-2. 
Volturno, by imp. Billet, Saratoga, Aug. 21, 1878, 1 :04 3-4. 

THREE-QUARTERS OF A MILE. 

First Chance, by Baywood, Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 17, 1876, 1:15. 

Lady Middleton, by imp. Hurrah, Saratoga, Aug. 1, 1879, 1:17, 
1 :15 1-4. First was dead heat with Checkmate. 

Bill Bruce, by Encjuirer, Lexington, Ky., May 12, l.S7(!, 1 :15 1-2. 

Connor, by Norfolk, Carson, Nev., Oct. 19, i.S79, 1 :I5 1-2. 

Ehadamanthus, l)y iuij). Leamington, Saratoga, Aug. 19, 1877, 1 :15 1-2. 

Florence B., by Tom Bowling, Louisville, K\'., Seiit. 20, 1879, 
1:15 3-4. 

Madge, by inij). Australian, Saratoga, Aug. 21, 1874, 1 :15 3-4. 

Alarm, by imp. Eclipse, Saratoga, July 15, 1872, 1 :l(i. 

Belle of the Meade, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Nashville, Tenn., Oct. 
9, 187(5, 1:1(5. 

Enquiress, by En(juircr, Detroit, July 5, 1879. 1 :16. 

Egypt (aged), by Planet, Louisville, Ky., May 26, 1877. 1 :17. 

Milan, by Melbourne, Jr., Louisville, Ky., May 26, 1877, 1 :16. 

Girofle, by imp. Leamington, Prospect Park, Sept. 13, 1879, 1 :16 1-4. 

Spendthrift, by Australian, Nashville, Oct. 8, 1878,1.1(5 1-2. 

Checkmate, by imp. Glen Athol, Saratoga, Aug. 15, 1879, 1 :1I5 1-4. 

Kimball, by imp. Buckden, St. Louis, June 13, 1879, 1 :!(! 1-2. 

Mistake, by Waverly, Louisville, Ky., Sept. 23, 1879, 1 :1(; 1-2. 

Madge, by imp. Australian, Saratoga, N. Y., Aug. 15, 1876, 1 :16 1-2. 

Gleiidaiia, by imp. Glenelg, Louisville, Ky., Sept. 24, 1879, 1 :16 1-2. 

Pigne, hy imp. Leamington, Saratoga, Aug. 27, 1877, 1 :16 3-4. 

Tom Bowling, by Lexington, Long Branch, 1872, 1 :l(i 3-4. 

Bowling Green, by Tom Bowling, Louisville, Sept. 24, 1879, 1 :16 3-4. 

Duke of Magenta, by Denington, Saratoga, Aug. 16, 1877, 1 :16 3-4. 

Spartan, by Lexington, Saratoga, Aug. 16, 1877, 1:1(5 3-4. 

Sly Dance, by War Dance, Louisville. Sept. 22, 1879, 1 :16 3-4. 

Bye and Bye, by imp. Bonnie Scotland. Louisville, Sept. 22, 1879, 
1 :16 3-4. 

McWhirter, by Enquirer, Louisville, Ky., May 15, 1879, 1 :17. 

"Wallenstein, by Waverly, Lexington, Ky., yiiiy 15, 1879, 1 :17. 

Countess, by Kentucky, Saratoga, 1873, 1 :17 1-2. 

Beatrice, by Kentucky, Long Branch, 1 :17 1-2. 

Luke Blackburn, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Prospect Park, Sept. 6, 
1879. 1:17 1-2. 

Oden, by Vauxhall, Saratoga, Aug. 7, 1879, 1 :17 3-4. 

Idaha, by imp. Glenelg, Saratoga, Aug. 5, 1878, 1 :18. 



936 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

Sj^artaii, by Lexington, Saratoga, Aug. 22, 1877, 1 :19. 

ONE MILE. 

Ten Bi-oeck, by imp. Phaeton, Louisville, Ky., May 24, 1877, 1 :39 3-4. 

Leauder (Searcher), by Enquirer, Lexington, Ky., May 13, 1875, 
1 :41 3-4. 

Reduian, by War Dance, Lexington, Ky., May 13, 1876, 1 :42 1-4. 

Danger, by Alarm, Baltimore, May 23, 1878, 1 :42 1-2. 

Mahlstick, by Lever, Lexington, Ky., Sept. 20, 1877, 1 :42 1-2. Chas. 
Gorham, by Blarneystone, Lexington, Ky., Sep. 20, 1877, 1 :42 1-2. 
Dead heat. 

Grey Planet, by Planet, Saratoga, Aug. 13, 1874, 1 .-42 1-2. 

Dun K., by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Louisville, Ky., May 29, 1877, 
1 :42 1-2. 

Goodnight, by Enquirer, Louisville, Ky., Sep. 23, 1879, 1 ;42 1-2 

Katie Pease, by Planet, Buffalo, N- Y., Sep. 8, 1874, 1 :42 3-4. 

Alarm, by imp. Eclipse, Saratoga, July 17, 1872, 1 :42 3-4. 

Glenmore, by imp. Glen Athol, Detroit, July 4, 1879, 1 :42 3-4. 

Virginus, by Virgil, Saratoga, Aug. 4, 1877, 1 :42 3-4. 

Cammie T., by imp. Glenelg, Louisville, Sept. 20, 1879, 1:43. 

Mistake, by Waverly, Louisville, Sept. 26, 1879, 1 :43 1-2. 

Edinburg, by Longfellow, Lexington, May 11, 1878, 1:43 1-2. 

Belle of the Meade, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Louisville, Sept. 25, 
1876, 1 :44 1-2. 

Belle of the Meade, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Louisville, Sept. 27, 
1876, 1.44 1-4. 

Spendthrift, by imp. Australian, Nashville, Oct. 12, 1878, 1 :44 1-4. 

Clara D., by imp. Glenelg, Sacramento, Sept. 27, 1877, 1:44 1-2. 

Astral, by Asteroid, Lexington, Ky., Sept. 12, 1873, 1 :44 3-4. 

Parole, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, Aug. 10, 1875, 1 :44 3-4. 

Aristides, by imp. Leamington, Baltimore, Oct. 22, 1874, 1 :44 3-4. 

Susquehanna, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, Aug. 8, 1876, 1 :45. 

Charley Howard, by Lexington, Saratoga, Aug. 17, 1876, 1:45. 

Firework, by Lexington, Baltimore, Oct., 1874, 1:45. 

Hamburg, by Lexington, Cincinnati, 1869, 1:45. 

Battle Axe, by Monday, Sanitoga, 1873, 1 :45 1-2. 

Spendthrift, (aged) by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Jerome Park, June 6, 
1876, 1 :46 1-2. 

Tom Bowling, by Lexington, Long Branch, Aug. 8, 1872, 1 :47. 

MILE HEATS. 

Kadi, by Lexington, Hartford, Conn, Sept. 2, 1875, fastest second 



APPENDIX. 937 

heat, and fastest two heats ever run, 1 :42 1-2, 1 :41 1-4. 

L'Argeutine, by \\dr Dance, Louisville, Ky., Sept. 27, 1879. Beati- 
tude won first heat, 1 :42 1-4, 1 :42 1-2, 1 :45 1-2. 

Mark D., by Monday, Sacramento, Sept. 19, 1878, 1 :43, 1 :42 3-4. 

Himyar, by Alarm, St. Louis, June 4, 1878, 1 :42 1-2, 1 :43 1-2. 

Camargo, by Jack Malone, Louisville, Ky., May 20, 1875, 1:42 3-4, 
1 :43 1-4. 

Una, by War Dance, Prospect Park, June 25, 1879. 1:42 1-4, 1:45. 

Tom Bowling, by Lexington, ran mile heats at Lexington, Ky., May, 
1873, in 1 :43 1-2, 1 :43 1-2. 

Thornhill, by Woodburn, ran first two heats in 1 :43, 1 :43 ; Thad Ste- 
vens (aged), by Laugford, won the third, fourth and fifth in 1 :43 1-2, 
1;4() 1-2, 1:45. 

Clara D., by imp. Glenelg, San Francisco, Sept. 13, 1878, 1:43, 
1 :43 1-2. 

Brademante, by War Dance, Saratoga, Aug. 9, 1877, 1 :43 1-2, 1 :43 1-2. 

Bramble, by imp, Bonnie Scotland, Nashville, Oct. 7, 1878, 1 :43, 1 :44. 

Lena Dunbar, by Leinster, Sacramento, Sept. 17, 1878, 1:44 1-4. 
1 :42 3-4. 

Springbok, by imp. Australian, Utica, N. Y., June 25, 1874, 1:45, 
1 :42 3-4. 

ONE JIILE AND ONE-EIGHTH. 

Bob Woolley, by imp. Leamington. Lexington. Ky., Sept. (>, 1875, 1 ;54. 

Janet Murray, by Panic, Brighton Beach, July 13, 1879, 1 :54 3-4. 

Blue Eyes, by Enquirer, Louisville, Ky., May 28, 1879, 1 :55 1-4. 

Warfield, by War Dance, Louisville, Ky., Oct. 1, 1878, 1 :5G. 

Jack Hardy, by imp. Phaeton, St. Louis, June 4, 1878, 1 :56. 

Fadladeen, (aged) by War Dance, Saratoga, Aug. 19, 1874, 1 :56. 

Picolo, Concord, Saratoga, Aug. 15, 1874, 1 :56. 

Himyar, by Alarm, Louisville, Sept. 20, 1879, 1 :56. 

Jils Johnson, by Longfellow, Lexington, Sept. 11, 1879, 1 :5(; 1-2. 

Fannie Ludlow, by imp. Eclipse, Saratoga, Aug. 10, 1879, 1 :5G 1-2. 

Round Dance, by War Dance, Louisville, Sept. 27, 1879, 1 :56 1-2. 

Konrad, by Rebel Morgan, New Orleans, April 26, 1878, 1 :5<) 1-2. 

Ben Hill, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Louisville, Sept. 25, 1879, dead 
heat, 1 •56 3 4. 

Mollie McGinley, by imp. Glen Athol, Brighton Beach, Sej)t. 10, 
1879, 1 :57. 

Una, by War Dance, Prospect Park, Sept. 11, 1879, 1 :57. 

Susquehanna, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, July 24, 1877, 1 :57 1-4. 

Experience Oaks, by Lexington, Saratoga, Aug. 20, 1872, 1 :57 1-4. 



938 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

Brainhle, by imp. Boiiiiio Scotland, Saratoga, Aug. 17, l!S7!S, 1:58. 
Bramble, " " " " " " t', l«7it, 1:58. 

KeiiiiGsaw, by imp. Gleugany, Louisville, May 28, 1878, 1 :58 1-2. 
Essillah, by Lever, Nashville, Apr. 29, 1879, 1 :58 1-2. 
Gabriel, by Alarm, Brighton Beach, Sept. 27 1879, 1 :59. 
Edinburg, by Longfellow, Louisville, Sept. 25, 1878, 1 :59. 
Diamond, by imp. Leamington, Ogdensburg, N. Y., Sept. 10, 1878, 
1 :5y. 

Lancewood, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, Aug. 13, 1^79, 1 :59. 

Belle, by Dickens, Saratoga, July 23, 1878, 1 :59. 

Khadamanthus, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, Aug. 15, 1876, 

1 :59 3-4. 

Spendthrift (aged), by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Jerome Park, June 10, 
l.S7(i, 2:00 

Phyllis, by imp. Ph;eton, Louisville, Sept. 27, l.S7(i, 2:01. 

Spendthrift, (aged), by imi). Bonnie Scotland, Jerome Park, June 12, 
1875, 2:03 1-4 

ONE MILE AND A QUARTER. 

Charley Gorham, by Blarneystone, Ijexington, May 18, 1877, 2:8 1-2. 
Falsetto, by Encjuirer, Lexington, May 10, 1879, 2 :08 3-4. 
Grimstead, by Gilroy, Saratoga, July 24, 1875. 2 :08 3-4. 
Frogtown, by imp. Bonnie Scotland- Lexington. Ky.. May 1872, 

2 :09 1-2. 

Monitor, by imp. Glenclg, Pro.spect Park, Sept. !». 1.S79, 2:10. 
Parole, by imp. Leamington. Saratoga. July 20, lX7.s 2 :I0 1-2. 
Mate, by imp. Australian, Jerome Park, Oct. 3, 1S74. 2:11 .')-4. 
Preakness, by Lexington Jerome Park, June 13, 1874. 2:12. 

ONE MILE AND THREE-EICIITIIS, 

Spendthrift, by imp. Australian, Jerome Park. June 10, 1<S79, 2 :25 3-4. 
Okw. Hampton, by Planet, Prospect Park. June 21. 1879, 2 :26 1-2. 
Braml)le. by imp. Bonnie Scotland. Long Branch, July 10, 1879. 2 :27. 

ONE AND A HALF MILES. 

Tom Bowling,* by Lexington, May 12, l!S74. 2:34 3-4. 
Parole, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, Aug. 14, 1877, 2 :36 3-4. 
Lord Murphy, by Pat Maloy. Louisville. May 20, 1879. 2 :37. 
D.iy Star, by Star Davis. Louisville. May 21. 1S78, 2:37 1-2. 
Aristides, by imp. Leamington Louisville. Ky.. May 7. 1875. 2:37 .3-4. 
Glenelg. by Citadel Long Branch. Aug. 2, 1870. 2:37 3-4. 
Shylock. by Lexington, Jerome Park. Oct. 31, 1874. 2:38. 
Baden Baden, by imp. Australian, Louisville, May 22, 1877, 2:38. 



APPENDIX. 939 

Vagrant, by Virgil, Louisville, May 14, 1877, 2 :38 1-4. 

Peru, by imp. Glengarry, Lexington, Ky., Sept. 11, 1879, 2:38 3-4. 

Belle of Nelson, by Hunter's Lexington, Louisville, May 23, 1878, 2 :39. 

Imp. Saxon, by Beadsman, Belmont stakes, Jerome Park, June 13, 1874, 
2:39 1-2. 

Tom Ochiltree, by Lexington, Jerome Park, Oct. 14, 1877, 2:43. 

Zoo Zoo, by imp. Australian, Saratoga, Aug. 21, 1877, 2:43 1-4. 

Duke of Magenta, by Lexington, Jerome Park, June 8, 1878, 2 :43 1-2. 

*Tom Bowling was permitted to extend the run to two miles. He ran 
the tirst mile in 1 :41 3-4 ; mile and a half in 2 :34 3-4 ; one and three- 
quarters miles in 3 :00 3-4 ; and two miles in 3 :27 3-4. The last two 
unotBcial . 

ONE MILE AND FIVE-EIGHTHS. 

Ten Broek, by imp, Phaeton, Lexington, Ky., Sept. 9, 1875, 2:49 1.4. 

Monitor, by imp. Glenelg, Prospect Park, Sept. 13, 1879, 2:50 1-2. 

Springbok, by imp. Australian, Jerome Park, June 20, 1874, 2:53. 

Brademante, by War Dance, Lexington, May 17. 1877, 2:53 3-4. 

Harry Bassett, by Lexington, Belmonte stakes, Jerome Park, June 10, 
1871. 2:56. 

Mintzer, by imp. Glenelg. Saratoga. July 23, 1879, 2 :58. 

Katie Pease, by Plant, Ladies' stake, Jerome Park, June 11, 1873, 
2 :58 1-4. 

ONE AND THKEE-QUARTEK MILES. 

One Dime, by Wanderer, Lexington. Sept. 12, 1879, 3:05 1-4. 
Irish. King, by Longfellow, Sept. 25, 1879, 3 ;05 1-4. 
Courier, by Star Davis, Louisville, May 23, 1877, 3 :05 1-4. 
Reform, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, Aug. 20, 1874, 3:05 3-4. 
Mate, by imp. Australian, Long Branch, July 15, 1875, 3:06 1-4. 
D'Artagnan, by Lightning, Saratoga, July 24. 1875,'3:06 1-2. 
Gen. Phillips, l)v imp. Glenelg, Saratoga, Aug. 5, 1879, 3:06 1-2. 
Emma C, by Planet. Louisville, Ky., Sept. 23. 1875, 3:06 3-4. 
Frogtown, hy imp. Bonnie Scotland, Lexington, Ky., May 26, 1872, 
3:07. 

Danicheff, by Glenelg. Saratoga, Aug. 9, 1879. 3:07. 
Gov. Hamptffli. by Planet, Prospect Park, Sept. 9, 1879, 3:07 1-2. 
Kenny, by Curies, Prospect Park, June 25, 1879, 3:07 1-2. 
Leveler. by Lever, Lexington, Sept. 9. 1878, 3:07 1-2. 
Neecy Hale, by Lexington. Lexington. Ky.. Sept. 14, 1876, 3:07 3-4. 
C.itesby. by imp. Eclipse. Saratoga, Aug. 15, 1874. 3:07 3-4. 
Parole, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, Aug;. 11. 1877, 3:08. 
Kennesaw, by imp. Glengarry, St. Louis, June 5, 1878, 3:08. 
60 



940 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

Duke of Magenta, by Lexington, Saratoga, July 20, 1878, 3 :08. 

Joe Daniels, by imp. Australian, IVavers' Stake, Saratoga, July 13, 
1872, 3:08 1-4. 

Preakness, by Lexington, Baltimore, Oct. 21, I8t!4, 3 :08 1-2. 

Viceroy, by Gilroy, Saratoga, Aug. 9, 1877, 3:08 1-2. 

V^)lturno. by imp. Billet, Brighton Beach, Sept. 16, 1S79, 3 :08 1-2. 

Atilla. by imp. Australian, Travers's Stake, Saratoga. July 25, 1874, 
3 :09 1-2, 3 :08 3-4. The first was a dead heat with Acrobat. 

Mintzer, by imp. Glenelg, Saratoga, July 28, 1879, 3:09 1-4. 

Falsetto, by Euquirer, Saratoga, July 19, 1879, 3 :09 1-4. 

Zoo Zoo, by imp. Australian, Saratoga, Aug. 2, 1877, 3.10. 

TWO MILES. 

Ten Broeck, by imp. Phaeton, against time, Louisville, May 29, 1877, 
3:27 1-2. 

McWhirter. by Enquirer, Louisville, May 28, 1877, 3 :30 1-2. 

Courier, by Star Davis, Louisville. May 28, 1877. 3 :31 3-4. 

Katie Pease.* by Planet. Buffalo, Sept. 9, 1874. 3:32 1-2. 

True Blue, by Lexington. Saratoga. July 30. 1873, 3 :32 1-2. 

Jack Frost, by Jack Malone. Cleveland. O.. July 31. 1874, 3:33 1-2. 

Glenmore. by imp. Glen Athol. Detroit, July 5, 1879. 3 :33 1-2. 

Lizzie Lucas, by imp. Australian. Saratoga. Aug. 21. 1874. 3:33 3-4. 

Creednioor by Asteroid. Louisville, Ky., Sept. 20, 1876, 3:34. 

Geo. Graham, by Rogers; first heat ; Louisville, Ky., Sept. 25. 1875, 
3:34. 

Lord Murphy, by Pat Malloy. Louisville. Sept. 22, 1879. 3:34. 

King Alfonso, by imp. Phaeton. Louisville. Ky.. Sept. 20, 1875, 3 :34 1-2. 

Hegira. by imp. Ambassador. New Orleans, La.. Nov. 23. 1850. 3 :34 1-2. 

Littleton, by imp. Leamington, Lexington, Ky., May 23. 1871, 3 :34 1-2. 

Monitor, by imp. Glenelg, Baltimore, Oct. 21. 1879, 3:34 3-4. 

Wilful, by imp. .^ustralian. Prospect Park. June 24, 1879, 3:34 3-4. 

Charlie Howard, bv Lexington, Saratoga, Aug. 10, 1876, 3 :35. 

Vandalitc. by Vandal, Breckinridge Stake, Baltimore, Oct. 23, 1874, 

3:35. 

Himyar, by Alarm, Louisville, Sept. 25, 1879, 3:35. 
Falsetto, by Enquirer, Saratoga, Aug. 14, 1879, 3:35 1-4. 
Volturno, by imp. Billet, Baltimoi'c, Oct. 25, 1879, 3:35 1-4. 
Vandalite, by Vandal, Dixie Stake, Baltimore, Oct. 20, 1874, 3:35 1-2. 
Harry Bas.set, by Lexington, Saratoga, Aug. 16, 1871, 3:35 1-4. 
Vigil, by Virgil, Baltimore, Oct. 28, 1876, 3:37 1-4. 
*Katie Pease came iu first, but was disqualified, and race given to 
Lizzie Lucas. 



Al'I'K.NDlX. 941 

TWO .MILE HEATS. 

*Ik;idoin;iiite, by War Daucc, Jarkson, Miss., Nov. 17, 1877 ( ?) 
3:32 1-4, 3:i>!l.? 

Willie D., by Revolver, Prospect Park, Sept. 11, 1)S7!), 3 :34 1-2, 3 :35. 

Lottery, by Monday, Sacramento, Cal, Sept. 21, 1878, 3:3(5, 3:35 1-2. 

Arizona, by Lexington, Louisville, Ky., May 18, 1875, 3:37 1-4. 
3:35 1-2. 

Aureola, by War Dance, Lexington, Sept. 18, 1872, 3 :37 3-4, 3 :35 1-2. 

London, by Lightning, Nashville. Oct. 5, 1872, 3 :3(j 3-4, 3:37 1-4. 

Bushwhacker, by imp. Bonnie Scothiiui, Baltimore, Oct. '22, 1878, 
3:3ti, 3:3(i 1-2, 3: .38 1-2. 

Princeton won second he;it by head. Bushwhacker second: l)est aver- 
age three heats. 

Belle of >i'elson, by Hunter's Lexington, Cinciiuiati, .Inne 1. 1.S78, 
3:37 1-4, 3:3(; 1-4. 

MoUie ,lones, by Koxbury, Galesl)urg, III., July 4. 1.S74 ; Kocket wf)n 
• first heat, 3:3(i, 3:40, 3:37 1-4. 

Eolus, by imp. Leamington, Baltimore, May 28, 1874 ; tiie fastest 
third heat, 3 :40, 3 :3y 1-4, 3 :3(> 3-4. 

Lancaster, by Lexington, Lexington, Ky., Sept. 12. 18(i7, 3:35 1-4, 
3 :38 1-4. " " ' 

Jack Sheppard, by Jack Malonc, Nashville, Oct. 12. 187(5, 3:35 3-4, 
3:42 1-2. 

Irish King, by Longfellow. Baltimore, Oct. 21. l.S7!t, 3 :37 3-4, 3 :37 3-4. 

Harkuway, by Enquirer, St. Louis, June 7, 1.S78, 3:39, 3:35 1-4. 

*Brademante's time very doubtful. 

TWO MILES AND ON E-EI(iIITlI. 

Aristidcs, by imp. Leamington, Lexington, Ky., ]\Iay 10, l.S7(>, 3 :45 1-2. 
Mate, by imp. Australian, Saratoga, July 31, 1875, 3 :4(; 3-4. 
Monmouth, by War Dance, Louisville, May 19, 1875. 3:48 1-4. 
Big Fellow, by AVar Dance, May 15, 1874,' 3:50. 
Dave Moore, by Longfellow, Lexington, May Ki, 1879, 3:50 1-2. 
Ferida, by imp. Glenelg, Prospect Park, Sept. 5. 1879, 3:54. 
Springbok, by imp. Australian, Saratoga, Aug. 3, 1874, 3:5(5. 
Sultana, by Lexington, Jerome Pai'k, Oct. 7, 187(5, 3 :5ti 3-4. 

TWO MILES AND A QfAKTEl!. 

Preakness, by Lexington ; Sj)ringbok. by imj). Australian, dead heat, 
3: 5(5 1-4. 

Harry Bassett. by Lexington, Saratoga, July 10, 1872, 3:59. 
Wanderer, by Lexington. Saratoga. Aug. 13. 1874, 4:00 1-2. 
Kentucky, by Lexington, Saratoga, Aug., 18()5, 4:01 1-2. 
Fortuna, by En(iuirer, Louisville, May 23, 1879, 4:01 1-2. 



942 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOU. 

Bramble, by imp. Bonnie Seotliind, Baltimore, May 24, 1879, 4 .02. 
Mollie Mc'Carty, by Monday or Eclipse, Chicago, ejune 25, 1879, 4:02. 
Muggins, by Jack Malone, Saratoga, Aug., 1867, 4:03. 

TWO AND A HALF MILES. 

Aristides, by imp. Leamington, Lexington, Ky., May 13, 187G, 4 :27 1-2. 
Katie Pease, by Planet, Buffalo, Sept. 10, 1874, 4:28 1-2. 
Ballankeel, by Asteroid, Baltimore, Oct. 22, 1874, 4:31 3-4. 
Helmbold, by imp. Australian, Long Branch, July 30, 4:32 1-2- 
Tom Ochiltree, by Lexington, Jerome Park, June 18, 1877, 4:36 1-2. 
Edinburgh, by Longfellow, Cincinnati, June 7, 1879, 4:36 1-2. 

TWO MILES AND FIVE-EIGHTHS. 

Ten Broeck, by imp. Phaeton, Lexington, Ky., 1876, 4:58 1-2. 

TWO MILES AND THREE-QUARTERS. 

Hubbard, by Planet, Saratoga, 1873, 4:58 3-4. 

Kentucky, by Lexington, Jerome Park, Oct. 3, 1866, 5:04. 

Tom Ochiltree, by Lexington, Jerome Park, June 17, 1876, 5:09 1-4. 

THREE MILES. 

Ten Broeck, by imp. Pha>ton, Louisville, Ky., Sept. 23, 1876, 5 :26 1-2. 
Monarchist, by Lexington, at Jerome Park, 1872 ; lirst mile, 1 :45 ; 
5:34 1-2. 

Tom Ochiltree, by Lexington, Long Branch, July 6, 1876, 5:35 .3-4. 

THREE MILE HEATS. 

Brown Dick, by imp. Margrave, New Orleans, April 10, 1865 ; the 
best second heat on record, and second best three mile heat race, 
5:30 3-4; 5:28. 

Mollie Jacks(m, by Vandal, Louisville, Ky., May 25, 18(51 ; Sherrod 
won the second heat. The last two miles of the lirst heat were run in 
3 :35 ; the last two of the second heat in 3 :36 3-4 : the ninth mile in 
1 :48 1-4. This is the best three heats and the best third heat on record, 
5 :35 1-2 ; 5 :34 3-4 ; 5 :28 3-4. 

Norfolk, by Lexington, Sacramento, Cal.. Sept. 23, 1875 ; best aver- 
age two heats, 5 :27 1-2 ; 5 :29 1-2. 

Vandal, by imp. Glencoe, Lexington, May 26, 1855, 5 :36 1-2 ; 5 :33. 

Whisper by Planet, St. Louis, June, 8, 1878, 5:39; 5:35 1-2. 

FOUR MILES. 

Ten Broeck, by imp. Phifiton, vs. Fellowcraft's time, Louisville, Kv., 
Sept. 7, 1876. 7:14 .3-4. 

Fellowcraft, by imp. Australian, Saratoga, Aug. 20, 1874, 7 :19 1-2. 



APPENDIX. 1)43 

Lexington, by Boston, vs. time, New Orleans, La., April 2, 1H55, 
7:17 3-4. 

Lexington, by Boston, beating Leconite, New Orleans, April 14, 1855, 
7 :23 3-4". 

Janet, by Lightning, Louisville, Sept. 27, 1879, 7 :29. 

Wildidle, by imp. Australian, San Francisco, Oct. 28, 1875, 7 :25 1-2. 

Idlewild, by Lexington, over Centreville Course, L. I., June 25, 1863, 
7 :26 1-4. 

Thad. Stevens, by Langford, best second heat, California, Oct. 18, 
1873, 7:30. 

Kentucky, by Lexington, Saratoga, 186(), 7 :31 1-2. 

Silent Friend, by imp. Australian, New Orleans, April 21, 1873, 7 :30 1-2. 

Kentucky, by Lexington, vs. time at Jerome Park, I8(i7 ; first two 
miles, 3 :36 ; first three 5 :29 ; 7 :31 3-4. 

Abd-el-Kader, by Australian, Saratoga, 1869, 7 :31 3-4. 

Abd-el-Koree, by imp. Australian, Jerome Park, Fall 1871 ; best time 
for a three-year-old, 7 :33. 

Monarchist, by Lexington, Jerome Park, 1872; first two miles, 3 :39 
3-4 ; first three, 5 :3(i ; 7 :33 1-2. 

Tom Ochiltree, by Lexington, Jerome Park. Oct. 12, 1876, 7:36. 

FOUR MILE HEATS. 

Lecompte, by Boston, at New Orleans, A|)ril 8, 1854, beating Lexino-- 
ton and Reube, 7 :26, 7 :38 1-4. 

Rupee, by Voucher, April 10, 1858, 7 :39, 7 :35. 

Miss Foot, by imp. Consol, at New Orleans, March 26, 1S42, X :02, 
7 :35. 

Fashion, by imp. Trustee, over Union Course, L. I., May 10, 1842, 
beating Boston match, 7 :32 1-2, 7 :45. 

Morgan Scout, by John Morgan, at Lexington, Ky., 1870, best race 
ever run in Kentucky, 7:32 1-2, 7 :43 1-2. 

George Martin, b}' Garrison Zinganzee, beating Hannah Harris and 
Reel. March 29, 1843. Reel broke down in first heat, 7 :33, 7 :43. 

Bushwhacker, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Baltimore, Oct. 26. 1878. 
Princeton won second heat, 7 :31, 7 :36 1-4, 8 :29. 

Glenmore, by imp. Glen Athol, Baltimore, two and three heats, best 
third heat, 7 :29 1-2, 7 :30 1-4 7 :31. 

Tally-ho, by, Boston, at Union Course, L. L, Oct. 8, 1.S49 ; Free Trade 
won the first heat, Boston the third, and Tally-ho se'cond and fourth, 
7 :33 1-2, 7 :43 1-2, 7 :52, 8 :10 1-2. 

HURDLE RACES. 

Joe Rodes, by Virgil, mile heats, over four hurdles, St. Louis, June 4, 
1878, 1 :50 3-4 1 :.50 1-4. 



944 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

Judith, I)}' imp. Glenelg, mile heats, over four hurdles. Prospect Park, 
Sept. 11. 1«79, 1:52, 1:52. 

Lobelia, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, mile heats, over four hurdles. Fash- 
ion Course, L. I., Sept. 11, 1869, 1:51 3-4, 1:53 1-4. 

Waller, by imp. Hurrah, one and a quarter miles, over five hurdles, 
Saratoga, Aug. 14, 1878, 2:21 1-2. 

Disturbance, by Chillicothe, one and a quarter miles, over 5 hurdles, 
Saratoga Aug. i'l, 187S, 2 :21 3-4. 

Proi)lem. by Pimlico, one and a half miles over 6 hurdles. Long 
Branch, July's, 1879, 2:50. 

Derby, by Eugene, one and a half miles, over six hurdles, Long Branch, 
July 2, 1878, 2 :52. 

Judith, by imp. Glenelg, one and three-quarter miles, over seven nur- 
dles. Long Branch, Aug.^28, 1879, 3 :3(; 1-2. 

Tom Leathers, by Camps Whale, two miles, over eight hurdles. New 
Orleans, April l(i, 1875, 3:47 1-2. 

Redman, by War Dance, two miles, over eight hurdles, Louisville, Ky., 
May 19, 1876. 3:48 1-2. 

Captain Hutchinson, by Voucher, two miles, over eight hurdles, Co- 
lumbus, O., July 3, 1875, 3:50. 

Jonesboro, by Lexington, two miles, over eight hurdles, welter weights : 
New Orleans, April 11, 1868, 3:51 1-2. 

]Milesian, by imp. Mickey Free, two miles, over eight hurdles, welter 
weights; Long Branch, Aug. 3, 1872, 3:52 1-2. 

Cariboo, by Lexington, two and a quarter miles, over nme hurdles, 
Long Branch, 1875, 4 :33. 

STEEPLE CHASES. 

Dead Head, by Julius, about two and three-quai-ter miles, thirty-six 
leaps, Saratoga, Aug. 26, 1878, 5 :33 1-2 

Ti-ouble, by Ulverston, about two and thrce-ciuartcr miles, thirty-six 
leaps, Saratoga, Aug. 19, 1876, 5 :34 3-4. 

Duffey, by Hunter's Lexington, about two and three-quarter miles, 
thirty-six leaps, Saratoga, Aug. 5, 1873, 5 :48 3-4. 



APPENDIX. 945 

TBAINTNG TO TROTTING. 

The idea of the average horse owner is that training means pampering 
the horse. Nothing could ))e further from the mark. It truly means 
the very best and most intelligent care, feeding and exercise for the work 
to to be performed, and this exercise must be in proportion to the 
distance. 

The artificial care given the horse in confinement renders blankets 
necessary for all fast working horses. Doubly so for turf horses, whose 
pace is of the most exhausting kind. To get rid of superfluous flesh 
sweating and exercise is necessary. The superfluous flesh and undue 
moisture of the body having been properly reduced, then the pace of the 
horse should correspond to that expected in the final trial. That is for 
raile heats a faster pace will be required than for longer heats, but the 
horse must be carefully worked up to the point, the improvement being 
carefully and intelligently watched, that as the day of trial approaches 
he may have a real trial of speed for the distance to be trotted. There 
is, however, no rule that can be laid down as to the amount of work to 
be done before this trial takes place. It will depend upon his condition 
while at work and the manner in which he accomplishes his brushes, as 
spurts of speed are called for short distances. These are among the 
most important parts of training, since they tend not only to extend 
the stride of the horse and improvement in speed, but the manner of 
coming out of them will indicate the condition of the animal. 

High-strung, eager, generous horses must be handled in a very differ- 
ent manner from sterner tempered ones. In anj' case, the horse must 
come to place implicit confidence in his driver. The first must be re- 
strained ; the second urged. The first named seldom have the power to 
accomplish all they would. The second must Ije made to know that it is 
speed and distance that is required, and that they must go the pace if it 
is in them. 

Feeding is essentially important. Some horses crave much hay. Such 
must be restrained ; some gluttons will cat their bedding. If so, they 
must be muzzled when not feeding, and always so at night. If a horse 
is so light a feeder that he will not eat twelve quarts of oats a day, he 
may have a little Indian corn, but this only in exceptional cases. Sound, 
heavy oats, thoroughly cleaned and sifted, should constitute the feed of 
the trotting horse, or any horse of fast work. The light feeder must be 
carefully watched in his work. Some horses will eat fourteen to sixteen 
quarts of oats a day. Such should have corresponding exercise ; for in 
no event must fat be allowed to accumulate. We should prefer to limit 
any horse, however large and powerful, to fourteen quarts of oats per 



94() ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

day, or rather to that number of pounds. As a rule twelve quails or 
pounds should suffice for the average horse. 

Hiram Woodruff, than whom there is no better authority, in his work 
on "The Trotting Horse of America," in relation to the preparation 
which precedes the first trial, says : 

During the preparation which precedes the first trial, it will be neces- 
sary to give the horse one or two sweats. Whether it ought to be one or 
two must lie indicated by the condition and nature of tlie animal, the races 
in wliich he is engaged, and resolved by the judgment of the trainer. The 
amount of clothes in which he shall be sweated must be determined by 
the same considerations. Some may require a blanket and hood, and a, 
wrapper round the neck to start the i:)erspiration out of them ; while 
there are others that will sweat freely with V)ut little clothes, and scrape 
well when more have been thrown on at the end of the jog. One thing 
may certainly be said, that a sweat obtained without the use of heavy 
clothing is more satisfactory and better than one with it, provided the 
latter method does not include a good deal more work to get the sweat. 
Only a moderate quantity of clothing and little work while the horse is going 
are the best for a sweat, if a good scrape can thus be obtained. When the 
horse comes from the drive, and is taken out of the wagon, he will soon 
be ready to scrape. That done, he must l)e blanketed up again, and 
walked about out of the draft. A favorable day for the sweat ought to 
be taken advantage of, as a matter of course. Another light scrape may 
probably l)e had after some little time spent in walking in the blankets ; 
but, if the perspiration docs not continue so as to give this second scrape^ 
it is not to ])e forced by more work in the clothes. To be of use in itself, 
and as a satisfactory indication that the condition of the horse is advanced 
it must come of itself. During the time this scraping process is in 
course of operation, the trainer having the conduct of it should not be in 
a hurry. The same things that are said to cure a man's cold — patience 
and a little water-gruel — will often do wonders in procuring a good 
sweat. Connnonly, however, it is easy enough to get the sweat and 
scrape, but more difficult to cool the horse out properly. In order to do 
this well, he is to be clothed again, and led very gently about for a 
considerable period, so that he may become cool gradually, and the per-- 
spiration may dry away by degrees. This walking is to be out of all 
draft as nmch as possible ; and it will not do to hurry it over, and go to 
the stable, until the horse has cooled off well and gradually. When the 
proper state has been reached, the horse is to be taken into the stal)le and 
his body is to be well dressed. This done, he is to be re-clothed, and 
again led into the air. 

A few sups of gruel, made of Indian meal or fine shorts, from half a 



APPENDIX. 947 

i-iUt to a pint of the meal stirred into a bucket of water may now be 
given to the horse, or water with the chill taken off it may be used as a 
substitute for the gruel. When taken into the stable again, which will 
be after a little more walking about in the air, the legs are to be put in 
tubs of warm water, the body clothing being kept on. The legs are then 
to be well washed with the water and castile soap, and when dried off to 
be bandaged. These bandages should be of light flannel, and it is imma- 
terial whether it is red or white. They are not to be put on tight. The 
legs of a horse ought never to be bandaged tight, for such a course im- 
pedes the circulation into the feet, where there is a great necessity for it ; 
but losing sight of this, the l^andages are sometimes pulled so that it 
looks as if they wei'e intended to serve as a tourniquet, and stop the cir- 
culation of the l)lood altogether. Neither can it serve an}' useful purpose, 
that I can sec, to bind the suspensory ligament up to the bone of the leg. 
Nature intended that in the horse it should stand out from it, as we see in 
the tine flat legs of tiie best runners and trotters. Whatever support is 
required may be oljtained with on!}- a moderate degree of tightness ; and I 
have sometimes thought that an elastic stocking, such as our best surgeons 
use in cases of bad strain to the nerves and muscles of the human foot 
and ankle, would be a very useful article in a training-stable. 



The average farmer's boy supposes he can drive a trotting horse. Has 
he not seen the pictures of drivers sitting back, apparently holding to the 
reins with a grasp, as though the stronger the horse was pulled the faster 
he could go? Such dri\'ing never got speed out of ahorse. The best 
drivers simph' allow the horse to pull on the bit with sufficient force to 
steady himself, and this pulling force must be graduated according to 
circumstances. It is true man}' fast horses are hard i)ullers, and gener- 
ally so from defects in training. The bit and reins are intended simply 
as the medium of communication between the horse and the driver, and 
the more intelligently the horse is trained to their use, the more will be 
got out of him. The horse should be taught to take a firm hold of the 
bit, not for the purpose of pulling upon, but that the driver may give the 
horse needed support and steadiness, and that intelligent action may be 
established between the driver and the horse. 

The object of keeping the horse well in command during fast work, on 
the road as well as on the track, is that he may instantly respond to the 
wish of the driver through the medium of the reins. Thus he may be 
pressed from day to day in his speed, until he at last comes to the full 
measure of his powers. 

Although trotting speed does not come to the horse until some years 



948 ILLUSTRATEU STOCK DOCTOR. 

after he is fully developed in growtli, the history of trotting shows that 
this increase of speed continues to develop until the horse is from ten to 
twelve years old. Hence there should be no hurry to develop the animal 
while young. He should he driven from the time he is three years old, 
sufficient to cause him to lengthen his stride as much as possible. He 
should be taught to listen quickly, never to frighten or shy at any ob- 
ject, and this b}' familiarizing him with whatever may be near. In his 
brushes, either on the road or the track, however sharp they may be, 
they should never be extended until the animal shows signs of distress. 
When he is being regularly trained for some public trial of speed, it Mill 
be time enough to find out if he can go the desired pace. 

DRIVING ON THE ROAD. 

Road driving, like driving or riding a race, is a fine art. In road 
driving the object is not only to get good speed out of the animal driven, 
but he must also be made to go in tine style. With a horse of naturidly 
fine action, this, if the driver understands his business, is not diificult. If 
not a horse of naturally fine style and action, he may be spoiled. For 
road work the horse should have been bettci- fiexed than when he is to 
be used for trotting a race. He must be able to turn out quickly and 
handsomely in passing or meeting other teams. When being driven 
slowly, he must carry himself handsomely. Thus something must be 
sacrificed to this end. 

Every horse should have a perfect fitting bit. It should be of the 
proper size and length for the mouth, and this can only be decided by 
trial. Keep trying different bits until you find one in which the horse 
works comfortably. Above all, in handling a young horse do not injure 
the mouth with a cruel or rough bit. Above all, never be so cruel as to 
jerk his mouth with the reins. The bit is the medium of communication 
between the driver and the horse. If there is any speed in the horse, it 
is to be gotten out of him by means of the bit, and hence the more sens- 
itive you can keep the mouth, the more likely you are to succeed. If 
you render the mouth numb or callous through pulling, twitdiing, saw- 
ing or other smart tricks of drivers, you do so to the permanent injur}' of 
the horse. Therefore first acquire a nice to'uch yourself, and there will 
be no difficulty in imparting it to the horse. 

Never lose your temper with the horse. If a horse does so that is no 
reason why you should. Never strike a horse with the whip for any 
faultj and then jerk him back with the reins. If necessary to punish 
him, first assure yourself that you have him sufficiently well in hand so 
he cannot "jump out of the harness." Have a definite oljjcct in view, 
for every use of rein or wiii]). Above all avoid a steady, rigid pull on 
the horse. Some horses w ill not trot without being pulled hard. It is 



Al'PENDIX. 1)49 

usually from defect in training. The perfect horse i« trained to pull just 
sufficient to steady himself in harness. How Hiram Woodruff drove, he 
tells in his " Trotting-Horse of America." No one, during his life, or 
since his death, was better authority in such matters. Hence, we cannot 
do better than to give it to our readers in his exact words. 

In order that a fast horse should be under circumstances to do his best, 
he should be as much at his ease in his harness and general rig as possible. 
If he is not, he is placed at almost as much disadvantage as if sore or 
stiff, or suffering from some bodily ailment. You may see horses brought 
out of the stable to trot with a very tight check to keep their heads up, 
and a tight martingale to keep them down. Such a horse is in irons ; and 
when to this is added a dead drag at the reins, and no movement of the 
bit from end to end, I cannot see how he could do his best. People talk 
about a stead}', bracing pull ; but, in my opinion, that is not the right 
way to drive a trotter. There is a great difference lietwcen letting go of 
your horse's head, and keeping up one dull, deadening pull all the time. 
The race-horse riders practice what is called a bracing jjuII ; and, a great 
many times, I have seen their horses tire under it without ever running 
their best. The steady pull checked them. The pull should be sufficient 
to feel the mouth, and give some support and assistance, so as to give 
the horse contidence to get up his stride. More than that is mischievous. 
To keep the mouth alive, the bit must be shifted a little occasionallv. A 
mere half-turn of the waist, or less than half a turn, by which the thumb 
is elevated and the little finger lovvei"ed, is sufficient to shift the bit, keep 
the mouth sensitive, and rouse the horse. 

The reins are to be held steadily with both hands while this play with 
the wrist is made ; and it is, of course, only done with one wrist at a time. 
The hands should be well down ; and the driver ought not to sit all of a 
heap, with his head forward. Neither should he lean back, with his bod- 
ily Meight on the reins, which, in that case, are made a sort of stay for 
him. He should be upright ; and what pulling he must do should 
be done by the muscular force of the arms. The head and the arms are 
what a good driver uses ; but some hold their arms straight out, and pull 
by means of putting the dead weight of their bodies on the reins. If, 
instead of lying back, and putting their bodily weight on the reins, with 
which latter they take a turn round their hands, drivers would depend 
upon their muscular strength, they could let up on the pull, graduate it, 
and so ease the horse from time to time instantaneously. Tiie driver who 
depends upon the arms has comnumd of the horse : he who substitutes 
bodily weight with the reins strapped round his hands, has not half com- 
mand of the hoi'se, or of himself either; and, if the horse is a ])uller, 
he will soon take command of the driver. The reason of it is, that there 



O.JO ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

is no intermission of the exertion, no let up, either for man or horse. 
Besides, in that way of driving, it is impossible to give those movements 
to the hit which seem to refresh and stinmlate the horse so much. 
When a horse has been taught the significance of this movement of the 
bit, the shift by the turn of the wi'ist, he will never fail to answer it, even 
though he should seem to be at the top of his speed. The moment he 
feels this little move of the bit in his sensitive mouth, he will collect him- 
self, and make another spurt ; and the value of this way of driving is, 
that the horse is not likely to break when thus called upon, while a high- 
strung, generous horse, if called upon for a final effort with a whip, is as 
likely to break the moment it falls on him as not. I have won many a 
very close heat by practising this movement, and therefore I have no hes- 
itation in recommending it. It is not ditficult to acquire, and the horse 
soon comes to know what it means. 

Let us come now to the way of taking hold of the reins. A wrap 
around the hand, such as running-horse riders take, is clumsy and bad. 
I do not know whether many people take hold of the reins as I do, or 
not. Perhaps not. Sim. Hoagland is the only one who takes hold pre- 
cisely as I do, so far as I have observed. When we have been jogging 
horses together at early morning, we have often talked over these mat- 
ters ; and, whether our way was the best way or not, we could never see 
any other that suited us half so well. 

I will try to explain how I hold the reins : I could show it in two sec- 
onds. Take,' first, the right-hand rein. This, coming from the bit, 
passes between the little finger and the third finger, over the little finger, 
then under the other three fingers, and up over the thumb. The left- 
hand rein is held in the left hand exactly in the same way ; l)ut the bight 
of the slack of the rein is also held between the thumb and forefinger 
of the left hand. This gives some substance in that hand ; but, if it is 
found inconvenient to have it there by those who have small hands, it may 
be dropped altogether. A firm grasp on each rein, with the backs of the 
hands up, and without any wrap, is thus obtained. It is a great point in 
driving to be able to shift the reach — that is. the length of the hold you 
take — without for an instant letting go of the horse's iical. With this 
way of holding the reins, it is easily done. If I want to shorten the 
hold on the left hand rein (the near one), I take hold of that rein just 
behind the left hand with the thumb and forefinger of the ri<:ht h;in(l, :,i.d 
steady it. This is very easily done ; and it does not interfere at ail witli 
the command of the off rein with the right hand. The near rein l)eing 
thus steadied behind the left hand, I slide that hand forward on the rein, 
which is kept over the little finger, under the other three fingers, and over 
the thumb all the time, and then shut the grasp again on the new reach. 



APPENDIX. 951 

A shift with the right hand is made just in tlie same way, by taking hoid 
and steadying the rein behind that hand with the thumb and forefinger of 
the left hand. 

" I have often observed, that, with other methods of holding the reins, 
there was great diificulty in shifting the reach. The driver tries to do it ; 
but, for an instant, he has let go of the horse's head on one side alto- 
gether, and broken his stride. When this is found to be the case, the 
dead pull all the time is adopted ; and this spoils the freedom and elas- 
ticity of the horse's stride, and chokes off his wind. I do not intend 
this to be taken as instruction for professional drivers. Every driver has 
a way of his own ; and some of them have very good ways, for, as I 
have taken occasion to state before, they drive well. But what I have 
set down above may be of service to gentlemen who drive their own 
horses, and to those young men who, having as yet no settled method of 
their own, may think it well enough to try that which I have found to 
answer. Another w(/rd about bits. I am opposed to the use of severe 
bits, and complicated things i>f that sort. Some of the inventors of such 
things say I am prejudiced ; liut I don't think I am. If a man has a 
horse that cannot be driven with a bar-bit or a snaffle, he may as well sell 
him, except it is a very exceptional case. Where are these kinds of 
severe complicated bits most in use? Why, in England ; five hundred or 
a thousand of them are used there to one that is used here : and where 
do the horses trot the best? These bits are mostly invented by men who 
have had no practical exjDerience whatever as to what sort of driving a 
fast trotter requires to keep his gait square and bold, and induce him to 
do his best when it is called for. When a horse has a good mouth — and 
a bad one is almost always the fault of bad breaking and driving — the 
easier the bit you use, the better he will act for you, and the more speed 
he viiW show you." 

Trotting Horses. 
It has often been said of Northern and Eastern men, that thcv do not 
take kindly to the saddle. In a sense this is true, especially in the 
North. In England the passion for riding in the saddle grew up at a 
time when there were, so to speak, no roads. In the earlier settlement 
of America, throughout the then vast timber region, the same state of 
tilings existed ; but a ])eople who settle a new countrv have something 
else to think of than riding to hounds or other pleasure riding. 80 tbe 
countrv became settled ; the level or gently undulating natui-e of the 
countrv rendered good roads passable at light cost, and the absence of 
preserves of game, a landed aristocracy, and the improvement in vehicles 
for pleasure and use, tended to force public taste in the djj'ection of driv- 



i'52 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

ing. Hence the early appieeiation of the trotting hor.se, and the w un- 
derful development in speed in this direction. 

In the youth, racing stock held its own, and does even to this day ; and 
nobly have they contested the palm of victor}', and successfully, on manv 
hard fought tields of racing hlood in England and our own country. At 
the North, however, the trotting horse now reigns supreme. It is the 
intention here to present something of the wonderful increase in speed 
and endurance of the trotting horse of America, with information of the 
most celebrated horses that early gave fashion to this style of going, and 
a full list of animals and performances, that the reader may see at a 
glance the growth of this passion for trotting horses. 

EARLY TROTTERS. 

Until 1823 we have but little authentic information that regular trot- 
ting courses were established, and not until 1830 were fast trotting 
courses established. According to Porter's Spirit of the Times, the tirst 
puljlic trotting in America for a stake was a match against time for $1,000. 

In 1824, A. M. Giles trotted his horse 2^ miles in one hour and tifty- 
seven seconds. The same year Topgallant and Betsey Baker were 
matched to trot three miles in harness for $1,000 a side. The race was 
won by Topgallant by 40 yai-ds, in 8 nnnutes, 42 seconds. Topgallant 
also trotted 12 miles on the road in 39 minutes. The "Albany pony" 
did a mile in 2 minutes, 40 seconds. The Treadwell marc did one mile 
in 2 :34 ; and Boston Blue trotted 18 miles within the hour. Boston 
Blue is reported to have been the first horse that trotted a mile in three 
minutes ; it having been done in 1818. So that it will be seen that the 
Treadwell mare in 1824 had reduced the lime to 2 :34. Yet for many 
years after a 2 :40 horse was considered extraordinary, as also was any 
horse capable of going on the road in 3 minutes. 

In 1827, on the Hunting Park Association of Philadelphia, Screwdriver 
won two heats at two miles, beating Betsey Baker in 8 :02 and 8 :10, the 
three best time on record. Dutchman afterwards accomplished the same 
distance in 7 :32 1-2, and Lady Suffolk in 7 :40 1-2. 

In 1840, on the Long Island course, Jerr}' beat AA'halebone in a three 
mile trotting race, in 8 :23 the tirst heat, and 8:15 the second. The best 
time for 2 mile heats that year was 5 :22, 5 :21 ; for 3 miles, 8 :26, 8 :27, 
8:41, 8 :5f). On long distances Sweetbrier accomplished six miles in 
18:52. 

In 1834 Edwin Forrest, as yet an unentered horse, trotted his mile in 
2:31 1-2, beating Sally Miller. The course was 1 mile and K) yards in 
length. 

In 1835 Dutchman made four miles, under the saddle, in 11:19 and 
10 :51, and Dolly, by Messenger, out of a thoroughbred mare, tive miles 



^VPPENDIX. 953 

to wagon, carrying two men, weighing 310 pounds, in 16 :45 ; and imme- 
diately was started again to do 10 miles more, which she accomplished in 
34 :07. The same year the horse Daniel D. Thompkins, under the sad- 
dle, trotted three mile heats in 7 :5!) and 8 :10. 

In 1.S42 Ripton beat Lady Suffolk, at 3 miles in harness, in 5 :07 and 
5:17. 

In 1S43 Lady Suffolk made mile heats in 2:28 1-2, 2:28, 2:28, 2:29 
and 2 :32, which was not again equaled until 1854, when this record was 
covered by Tacony. 

In 1844 Caj'uga Chief made the first half mile in a race in 1 :15, the 
fastest yet made in public ; and Fanny Jenks accomplished 100 miles, in 
harness, in 9 hours 3S minutes 34 seconds. The slowest mile was done 
in 6 :25 and the fastest in 4 :47. At the end of the race this mare was 
driven an extra mile in 4 :23. 

In 1849 Lad}' Suffolk trotted 19 times and won 12, beating Grey Eagle 
and Mac twice, Pelham live times. Lady Sutton twice. Trustee four times ; 
also beat Black Hawk, Gray Trouble, Plumbay and other horses. This 
year a Canadian mare, Fly, is said to have been driven from Cornwall to 
Montreal, ninety miles, in 8 hours and 15 minutes. Fanny Jenks made ' 
100 miles in 9 hours 38 minutes and 34 seconds. Fanny Murray trotted 
one hundred miles in 9 hours 41 minutes 23 seconds. 

In 1852 Tacony won 12 races, beating all the best horses of the day, 
making a single mile in 2 :26 ; two miles in 5 :02, and was beaten only 
twice. As a 3 year Ethan Allen trotted this year in 3:20. Flora Tem- 
ple this year won her first purse, on the regular turf, in 2 :41. 

In 1853 the entire sporting interest was centered in Flora Temple and 
Tacony. Flora this year beat all the best horses of the day, winning 
seventeen times. Her best time at mile heats was 2:27, 2:28, and at 2 
mile heats 5 :01 1-2, 4 :59. This year Tacony trotted a mile in 2 :25 1-2. 

In is,")!) the contest lay principally between Flora Tempte and Lancet. 
Flora made 11 races, winning nine, beating Lancet four times in harness, 
and Tacony three times in harness, Tacony going under the saddle. This 
year Flora Temple lowered the one mile record to 2:24 1-2. 

That the trotting horse of America owes his great powers to the infu- 
sion of thorough blood, we have before staated. To Imported Messen- 
ger is this due in the greatest degree. Messenger's sire was Mambrino, 
his second sii-e Engineer, and his third sire Samson. Thence to Blaze, 
Flying Childers and the Darley Arabian. Samson is reported to have 
been coarse and homely, and Engineer rough and coarse, but l)oth of these 
horses were of extraordinarj' sul)stance. 

Another great trotting sire of America was imported Bellfounder. 
There has been much controversy over his breeding, first and last, but 



954 ILLUSTRATEE STOCK DOCTOH. 

that he was a staunch trotter, and a getter of admirable horses, there is 
no doubt, giving splendid action to his get. Still, it must be admitted 
that, admirable as was Bellfounder himself, his get was not eijual to the 
descendants of Messenger in all that constitutes speed, endurance and 
action. 

Durac also became a valuable factor in our trotting blood. His strain 
of blood appears in the Medley's, Durac Messenger's, Mambrino Chief's 
and Gold Dust's. 

One of the sub-families of Messenger's blood, Hambletonian, who 
united the blood of Messenger and Bellfounder, has raised the trotting 
horse of America to the highest point of perfection. He was not 
a handsome horse from a thoroughbred standpoint, if indeed he was 
thoroughbred, which has been doulrted. It has been given as follows : 

Hambletonian was by Abdallah ; he hy Mambrina, a son of Messenger. 
The dam of Al)dallah, the mare Amazonia. The dam of Hambletonian 
by imported Bellfounder; second dam l)y Hambletonian; third dam, 
Silvertail, said n iiave been by imported Messenger. 

In all that constitutes stoutness and ability to perform, in fi'eedom 
from tendency to disability, his stock has been wonderful. Noted for 
immense and strong joints, length and strength of bone, magnificent 
muscular development, prominent, square, massive build, mighty hips 
and excellent barrel, all knit together to form a most admirable frame, 
united to a nervous constitution, that reproduced itself in his descendants, 
in a most wonderful degree. 

In relation to the descendants of the progenitors of the strain of trot- 
ting blood, Mr. H. T. Helm, of Chicago, a breeder of good horses, and 
a close students in horse history, in his work, " American Roadsters and 
Trotting Horses," says of the the trotting horse of to-day : " The com- 
bined Abdallah-Bellfounder is a horse of the teens: " Goldsmith Maid, 
2 : 14 ; Dexter, 2:17 1-4 ; Gloster, 2:17; Bodine, 2 : 19 1-4 ; St. Julieii, 
2 : 22 1-2 ; Gazelle, 2 : 21 ; Fullerton, 2 : 18 ; .Mountain Boy, 2 : 20 3-4 ; 

Jay Gould, 2 : 21 1-2; Nettie, 2 : 18 ; Startle, . Joe ILlliot would 

in his opinion, have probably stood as a bright star in tiie firmament." 
We can add to this our own opinion as a breeder of descendants of Mes- 
senger and Bellfounder many years ago, that we never had a disappoint- 
ing colt. They were mighty driving horses, of great bone, muscle and 
sinew, of great lung power, and of course of great endurance. Of some 
of the truly great descendants of this blood, the authority previously 
quoted says : 

GOLDSMITH MAID, 

The Queen of the Trotting Turf, was fnalod in 18.57, and is now 
nineteen years old. She was bred by John D. Decker, of Sussex county. 



APPENDIX. 955 

N. J. Her dam was one of those yellow-bay mares so common in the 
produce of old Abdallah. She was undersized, fretful, and of a nervous 
temperament, and up to the age of six years had performed no work of 
any kind, except to run occasional races about and on the farm, for the 
amusement of the boys. In l.S()3 she was sold by Mr. Decker for $2(50 ; 
the purchaser selling her again, on the same da}', to Mr. Tompkins, for 
$3(50 ; and she was soon afterward bought by Mr. Alden Goldsmith, for 
$(500. The eye of the practical horseman discovered that she was worth 
the handling. He discovered her ability, and soon Iirought the world to 
a knowledge of her value. Under his careful and patient management, 
and the skillful drivers employed by him, she soon displayed such speed 
and extraordinary qualities of game and endurance, that he was able to 
sell her, at about tlie age of eleven years, for the sum of $20,000. The 
purchasers were B. Jackman and Mr. Budd Dolile, and, under the guid- 
ance of the latter, she has steadily advanced in a career of fame that is 
without a parallel in the history of the trotting turf. She was subse- 
quently sold, b}' the two gentlemen last named, to H. N. Smith, for the 
sum of $37,000, and yet remains his property. She has been matched 
against all the great trotters of her period ; and, while she has occasion- 
ally lost a race, she has ultimately vanquished all competitors, and stead- 
ily lowered the record for trotting performances, and at the age of 
eighteen, marked the marvelous, and thus far unapproachable, record of 
a mile in 2 :14. 

Twice during the year 1X7(5 she trotted in a race in 2 :15, and although 
in her first race against the renowned Smuggler she was beaten, she by 
no means surrendered her queenly scepter, for again, at Buffalo, she as- 
serted her supremacy in the three fastest successive heats on record. 
Proudly does she command the sympathy and applause of all beholders 
when she hurls at her powerful competitor the defiant challenge, "You 
may become King, but I am yet Queen." 

It were useless to mention the names and performances of others ; 
there is no name that can be compared with that of the little bay mare ; 
the fame and the radiance of all others pale before the brilliancy of a 
renown that followed her to the age of twenty years, and has been wit- 
nessed on every great course throughout the expanse of a continent. I 
subjoin a description of the Trotting Queen, from the pen of one of our 
most accurate and capable writers : 

Goldsmith Maid is a bay mare 15 1-4 hands, no white. She appears, 
at first glance, to be rather delicately made, but this conception is drawn 
from the form, rather than the quality of her make-up. Her head and 
neck are very clean and blood-like ; her shoulder sloping and well placed ; 
middle piece tolerably deep at the girth, but so light in the waist as t(» 
give her a tucked-up appearance, and one would say a lack of constitu- 
61 



956 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR 

tion, but for the abundant evidence to the contrary; loin and coupling 
good ; quarters of the greyhound order — broad and sinewy ; lier limbs 
are clean, line-boned and wiry ; feet rather small, but of good quality. 
She is high mettled, and takes an abundance of work without flinching. 
In her highest trotting form, drawn to an edge, she is almost deer-like in 
ai^iJearancc, and when scoring for a start and alive to the emergencies of 
the race, with her great Hashing eye and dilated nostrils, she is a perfect 
picture of animation and living beauty. Her gait is long, bold and 
sweeping, and she is, in the hands of a driver acquainted with her pecu- 
liarities, a perfect piece of machinery. She seldom makes an out-and- 
out break, but frequently makes a skip, and has been accused of losing 
nothing in either case. Aside from the distinction of having trotted the 
fastest mile on record, she also enjoys the honor of making the fastest 
three consecutive heats ever won in a race, which renders an}' comments 
upon her staying qualities unnecessary. 

She continued on the turf until past twenty years old, and after com- 
pleting that age she closed her iDublic career with the year 1877 by 
trotting during that year forty-one heats in 2 :30 or better, and making a 
time record of 2 :14 1-2. Her record stands at the close of her career at 
2:14, with 332 heats in 2:30 or better. Her record and her career are 
the marvel of the age. 



Dexter has been so often described, that the public are familiar with 
his appearance. A dark bay or brown gelding, with a white stripe the 
full length and width of his face, and four M'hite legs ; 15 hands, 1 inch 
high ; his head as finely cut in its outline as that of Australian or Bonnie' 
Scotland ; an eye that does not stand out with the prominence of the 
Ai)dallah eye in Hanibletonian, but -one that sparkles with a glance of 
fire that speaks of that which is back of the orb ; his mane and tail are 
medium in fulness, and in form and blood-like appearance he is hardly 
surpassed by that of any thoroughbred of full age in the countr}-. His 
record of 2 :17 1-4 is familiar to all. 

JAY GOULD. 

Jay Gould is a bright bay horse, of fine mould and finish, 15 hands 2 
inches in height ; rather light-appearing in form, but of great and power- 
fully formed quarters, and a tolerabh^ fair set of limbs. His head is a 
finelv formed one, and he has a face that indicates the high degree of in- 
telligence that in so great a measure marks this branch of the family. 
He has trotted twenty heats in 2 :30 or better, and reached a record of 
2 :21 1-2, and in addition is credited with one son. King Philip, a young 
horse only five years old, that has trotted nine heats in 2 :30 or better, 
and reached a record of 2:21. 



GLOSSARY OP SCIENTIFIC AND OTHER TERMS, WITH THEIR 
DEFINITION. 



Abdomen — The portion of the body containing the stomach and intes- 
tines ; the belly. 

Abnormal — That which is not natural or regular. 

Abortion — The casting of the yt)ung in an unnatural manner, and be- 
fore the proper time. 

Abrade, Abrasion — To rub off, to wear away by contact, as rubbing 
off the surface of the skin, producing galls. 

Abrupt — Quick, sudden ; an abrupt turn or twist in the intestine may 
produce strangulation of the parts. 

Abscess — A swelling and its cavity containing pus or matter. A cavity 
containing pus. 

Abscission — The cutting away or removal of a part. 

Absorb — Swallowing up, drinking in. 

Absorbent — In anatomy, those vessels which imbibe or suck up, as the 
lacteals or h'mphatics. In medicine, any substance, as chalk, mag- 
nesia, etc., used to absorb acidity in the stomach. 

Absorption — The taking up by the vessels of the body of any substance 
either natural or unnatural, as the serum of dropsical swellings. 

Accelerate — Growing quicker or faster, as an accelerated pulse. 

Acid — Sour. The last fermentation before the putrid. 

Acidulate — To make slightly sour, as with lemon, vinegar, or the 
minei'al acids. 

Accretion — Increase, or growing as an exostosis or unnatural growth 

of bone. 

Aceni — Stony growths of the liver, resembling berries. 

Acrid — Sharp, pungent, biting, irritating, as the strong acids. 

Acute — Severe, sharp. In diseases, those which soon come to an end 
in contradistinction to chronic. 

Adhesion — A joining together, as the union of parts in healing. 

Adhesive — That Avhich adheres, as certain plasters. 



958 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

Adipose — Fatty matter ; belonging to fat. 

Aerate — Mixing with air, as tlie ijlood in the lungs, by which it ab- 
sorbs oxygen. 

Affection — Disease, or disease of some particular part. 

Affinity — The attraction which causes particles of bodies to adhere 
and form compounds. That which causes substances to cohere. 

Albumen — Substances, animal and vegetable, resembling the white of 
an egg. 

Aliment — Solid or liquid substance taken as food. 

Alimentary Canal — The l)owels. 

Alkali — Any substance which will neutralize an acid, as magnesia, 
soda, potash, etc. 

Alterative — A medicine changing the functions and condition of the 
organs of the body. 

Analysis — To separate into parts, resolving into the original elements. 

Anatomy — The art of dissecting, or separating the different parts of 
the body. The science of the structure of the body, as learned by 
dissection. 

Anchylosis — The stiffening or rendering rigid a joint. 

Ancesthetic — Agents which deprive of sensation and suffering, as chlo- 
riform, ether, etc. 

Anodyne — A medicine to allay or diminish pain. 

Anomalous — Deviating from the general character or rule. 

Antacid — Opposed to or an antidote to acids. 

Antagonism — Opposed in action ; one contradicting another. 

Anterior — Before ; in front of another part. 

Anthelmintic — Medicine to kill or expel worms. 

Antidote — That which counteracts hurtful or noxious substances. A 
remedv to counteract the effects of poison. 

AntijKriodic — Medicine to arrest or retard the return of a paroxysm in 
periodic disease. 

Antiseptic — Agents for preventing, arresting or retarding putrefaction. 

Anus — The fundament, or lower portion of the bowel at the tail. 

Aperient — Laxative Medicine ; that which gently operates on the bowels. 

Approximate — Coming near to. An approximate cure is by inocula- 
ting for another disease. 

Aqueous — Watery ; having the property of water, as watery matter, 
aqueous pus. 

Aromatic — Strong smelling stimulants, given to dispel wind and re- 
lieve pain. 

Artery — Blood vessels whii'h carry the red blood from the heart. 

Articulate — Joining, working together or upon one another, as the 
bones. 



APPENDIX. 959 

Axpltijxia — Death from strangulation of the lungs, from want of air. 

A.-tt/ieiiojjia — Weakness of the sight or vision. 

AxsimiJate — To make like another ; assimilation of food in the nutri- 
tion of the body. 

AstraJgalus — The largest bone of the hock-joint, lying below the 
OS calcis. 

Astringent — That which causes contraction of the bowels or vital 
structures. Astringents are medicines which suppress discharges, 
as from the bowels, blood, mucus. 

Attenuate — To draw out, to make thin, teduce in size. 

Atrophy — Wasting of a part, as the muscles. 

Augment-. — To increase. 

Auricle — The external part of the ear ; also parts of the heart, one 
on each side resembling ears. 

Balk — To refuse to pull, or to refuse to go forward at command. 

Base — The lower part, as the base of the brain ; the foundation. 

Beneath — Under a certain part. 

BiJiartj — Belonging to or pertaining to bile. Biliary duct, a canal 
containing bile. 

Boot — Buffer, a leather l)and, worn to prevent one foot cutting the 
other in, traveling. 

Bougie — An instrument for opening the urethra, or urinary, or other 
passages. 

Bounded — Parts Ijnng about another : surrounded by. 

Breeding-in-and-in — Breeding to close relations, in the same sub- 
family, as the produce of the same sire but of different dams, or of 
the same sire and dam. 

Calcareous — Containing lime, lime like. 

Calculus — Any hard, solid concretion found in any. part of. the body, 
as stone in the bladder, gall stones, etc. 

Calefacient — Anything producing warmth. 

Callous — Induration ; a hard deposit ; excess of bony matter. 

Cancer — A hard, unequal, ulcerating tumor, which usually proves 
fatal. 

Canker — Eroding ulcers of the mouth ; virulent, corroding ulcers. 
Any sore which eats or corrodes. 

Cannon-bone — The shank, or bone below the knee or hock. The met- 
acarpal or metatarsal bone of the horse. 

Capillary — -Hair-like : applied to the minute ramifications of the blood 
vessels. 

Capsicum — Cayenne pepper. The small, long red jjepper. 

Capsular Ligaments — Ligaments surrounding the joints. 

Capsule — A membranous bag or sac. 



960 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

Carbon — Woody matter. Charcoal is impure carbon ; the diamond is 

pure carbon. Carbonic acid is expelled from the lungs in the act of 

breathing. ^ Carbonic oxjde in the blood or lungs is fatal to life. 
Caries — Ulceration of the substance of the bones. 
Carminitives — Warming, stimulant, aromatic medicines, used in colic 

and wind. 
Cartilage — Gristle ; the substance covering the ends of bones, moving 

and working upon each other. 
Castrate — To geld, emasculate, deprive of the testicles. 
Catarrh — A cold attendeil.with running of the nose. 
Catliartic — Purgative medicine, used for freely opening the l>owels. 
Catheter — An instrument used for drawing the water from the l)laddcr 
and for other purposes. 

Caustic — Any burning agent, as potash, nitrate of silver. To cauter- 
ize is to burn, generally applied to the use of the hot iron in diseases. 
Cavity — A depression, as the cavity of a wound. 

Cellular tissue — The membrane or tissue which invests every fiber of 
the body, composed of minute cells communicating with each other, and 
■which serve as reservoirs of fat. 
Cephalic — Pertaining to the head. 
Cerebral — Pertaining to the brain. 
Cervical — The neck ; belonging to the neck. 

Characteristic — A s3'mptom of character. Characterize, to distinguish. 
CJieniical — Relating to chemistry. 
Chiriirfj/ical — Belonging to surgical art. 

Cholayogue — Medicines to increase the secretion of the bile. 
Chronic — A lingering, long-standing disease, succeeding the acute 

.stage. A seated, permanent disease. 
Chyle — The milky liquid, as taken from the food during digestion, and 

prepared from the chyme, and ready to l)e absorlied by the lacteal 

vessels before being poured forth into tiie blood. 
Chyme — The food modified and prcjiared by the action of the stomach. 
Cicatrice — The scar left after the healing of a wound or ulcer. 
Circumscribed — Limited. 
Cleft — A mark ; division ; furrow. 

Clyster — Liquid medicine injected into the lower intestine. 
Coagulate — To clot, as the blood when drawn. 
Cohesion — Connected : adiicriiig together; sticking together. 
Coition — The act of copulation ; union of the sexes. 
Conception — Fecundation by action of the male. 
Condition — A healthy, serviceable state of the system. A firm state 

of the muscular tissue. 



APPENDIX. 961 

Colic — A griping disease of the intestines. 
Collapse — A falling together. A closing of the vessels. 
Colon — The largest of the intestines, or more properly, the largest divis- 
ion of the intestinal canal. 
Congenitnl — Born with another ; of the same birth. Belonging to the 

individual from birth. 
Congestion — An accumulation of clogged blood in the vessels, or in the 

parts, as the lungs, brain, etc. 
Constrict— Di'&ydQg or binding together, as constriction of the muscles 

of a part. 
Contagious — A disease that may be communicated by contact, or the 

matter communicated, or proceeding from the breath or emanations 

of the body. 
Contorted — Twisted, twisting, writhing, as the body in pain, or from the 

result of disease. 
Contusion — A bruise ; a wound made by a blow or bruise. 
Convex — Having a rounded surface. The opposite of concave. 
Copious — Plentiful, abundant, as a copious discharge. 
Coronet — The upper part of the hoof, just where it joins the skin. 
Cranium — The skidl. Cranial : pertaining to the skull. 
Crest — The back or upper part of the neck of the horse. 
Crupper — The buttocks of a horse. 
Crural — Pertaining to the legs, as the crural arteries and the crural 

veins. 
Crust — The hoof, so-called. The outside lamiuie of the hoof. 
Cul-Be-Sac — A passage closed at one end. 
Cutaneous — Of the skin, as a cutaneous affection. 
Cyst — A small bladder or sac, applied to those containing parasites, 

which become encysted, or inclosed in an envelope. 
Dehility — The condition of weakness or feebleness. 
Decoction — A fluid formed by boiling in water. 

Decompose — The act of decaying. To separate into component parts. 
Degenerate — To become worse or inferior. 

Deleterious — That which is injurious, poisonous or destructive. 
Delirium — Insanity; loss of the senses, or a wandering of them in 

disease. 
Demulcent — That which sheathes and protects irritated surfaces. 
Dermal — Belonging to the skin. 

Dessicate — To dry. To make dry. Drying by heat. 
Detergent — Medicines having the power of cleansing the vessels or the 

skin. 
Develop — To increase. A disease develops its intensity. To show 

increasing muscular form. Bringing to perfection. 



962 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

Diabetes — An excessive flow of urine contaiuing sacharine matter. 

Diagnosis — The (listiugiiisliing of one disease from another. 

Diaphoretic — Medicines which cause perspiration or sweating. 

Diaphram — The midriff. The membrane, or brain muscle, which di\-ide8 
the thorax or chest from the abdomen or belly. 

Diarrhwa — A continued and profuse discharge from the bowels. 

Diffuse — To extend or drive out. That which may flow or spread, as a 
dift'usible stimulant. 

Digestion — The separation and dissolving of the food in the stomach. 
Digestive ointment has the power of resohnng tumors. 

Dilate — To open wide, as dilation of the eye. 

Dislocation — Putting out of joint. 

Dilatation — The expanding of a bodj', as of the heart, arteries, the blad- 
der, etc., from over-fullness. 

Dilute — To make thin, as a medicine with water, with oil, etc. 

Diminution — To make less, to decrease, as of pain. 

Distort — Deformed, crooked, out of the natural shape. 

Distend — To stretch out, or swell. 

Diuretic — Medicines to increase the flow of urine. 

Dorsal — Pertaining to the back. The dorsal column ; the back-bone. 

Drastic — Powerfully acting medicines or poisons. 

Duct — A tube for conveying a fluid or the secretions of the glands. 

Duodenum — The first portion of the small intestine, and through which 
the bile is poured. 

Dysphazia — DitBculty of swallowing. 

Dyspnoea — DifiBculty of breathing. 

Echolic — Parturients. — Agents causing the contraction of the womb. 

Effusion — A flowing out, as of the blood, water or lymph, into the tissues. 

EJeclion — Casting out, as ejecting im])roper matters from the stomach. 

Elastic— The property of springing or stretching. 

Embryo — The impregnated ovum in the womb after growth has com- 
menced. 

Emetic — Medicines given to produce vomiting. 

Emollients — Agents which have the power of softening or relaxing. 

Enamel — The hard outer covering of the teeth. 

Enema — Medicines given by injection into the bowels. 

Enteric — Belonging to the bowels. 

Enteritis — Inflammation of the bowels. 

Epidemic — Disease that affects a large number, as though carried in the 
air. 

Epiglottis — The covering of the glottis. A tongue-shaped projection, to 
prevent food or liquids from entering the wind-pi])e. 

Eruption — Pimples, blisters, rash, etc., breaking out on the skin. 



APPENDIX. 983 

Esnphfigus — The gullet, or tube of the throat which conveys food to 
the stomach. 

Eraeuate— To empty or pass out, as, to evacuate the bowels. 

Uice-necked — In the horse, having a neck like a shorn sheep. 

Exanthema — Eruption of the skin with fever. 

Excoriate — To tear or strip off the skin ; to wear away or abrade ; to 
break the skin in any manner, as in galling or with acrid substances. 

Excrement — Refuse matter. The dung. 

Ercrescence — Unnatural or superfluous growth. 

Excreting — Throwing out from the body. 

Excrition — Separating the fluids of the body by means of the glands. 

Exhale — Breathing out, evaporating. 

Exostosis — Unnatural growth or projection of the bone. 

Extensor-tendon — The tendons which stretch out the limbs. 

Extravasate — To let flow from the proper vessels, as in bleeding. 

Extremities — The limbs, so-called. 

Exude — To discharge through the pores. 

Facial — Pertaining to the face. 

Fceces — The excrement. 

Farcy — A disease of the lymphatics of the skin of the horse. Also a 
disease allied to glanders. 

Febrifuge — Medicines to lower the temperature of the body and counter- 
act fever. 

Feculent — Foul or impure matter, formed by the breaking down of the 
tissues, excrementitious matter. 

Femur — The thigh bone proper. 

Fermentation — Incipient decomposition of vegetable substances from 
souring. 

Fibrin — An organic substance found in the blood and composing a 
large part of the tissues of the body. Fibrous membrane — a mem- 
brane composed of fibers. 

Fibula — The small or splinter bone of the hind leg. The outer and les- 
ser bone of the leg ; much smaller than the tibia. 

Fissure — An opening, a crack. 

Fistula — A deep, narrow ulcer, having a pipe leading to it. Fistulous. 
Like a pipe. 

Flatulent — The generation of gas or wind in the stomach and intestines, 
as in flatulent colic. 

Flex — To bend, as the head, neck or limb ; as a muscle flexing the arm. 

Flexor — A muscle whose oflBce it is to bend a part; in opposition to 
extensor. 

Florid — Red or scarlet like, from excess of blood in a part. 



964 ILLUSTEATED STOCK DOCROE. 

Fomentation — The application of warmtli and moisture, as with a liquid 
or poultice. 

Forceps — Long pointed pincers or nippers. 

Fracture — The breaking of a bone. 

Friction — Exciting circulation by rubbing. 

Fumigate — The application of smoke or A-apor. 

Function — The office or duty of any ])art of the body. 

Fundament — The anus or extremity of the bowel. The end of the gut. 

Fungus — An unnatural growth resembling mushrooms. 

Gangrene — The mortification or death of any part of the body, or of any 
of its tissues. 

Oas — An emanation, or invisible fluid, generated in the body. 

Gastric — Pertaining to the stomach. 

Gelatine — Animal jelly. 

GemcUiparous — Producing two at a birth. 

Generate — To beget offspring. Generative ; employed in begetting or 
producing young ; breeding. 

Genital — Eclating to reproduction of young, or to generatiqn. 

Gland — A structure for secreting certain fluids of the body, and con- 
taining a tube. 

Glottis — The narrow opening at the top of the windpipe. 

Granulate — Matter resembling grains, in the healing of wounds, and 
new flesh. 

Gravid — Tlie state of being with young. 

Gullet — The cesophagus or food pipe leading to the stomach. 

Haggard — Worn down ; thin ; ghastly ; deathUke. 

Hwmal — Eelating to the blood. 

Hcematin — The coloring matter of the blood. 

Haunch — That part of the body which lies between the last ribs and the 
thigh. In the horse, the bony region of the hips. 

Haw — The process of the eye-socket, which is thrown over the eye to 
clear it of foreign substances. 

Hectic — A constitutional and remitting fever exhibited in consumption ; 
produced also by ulcers, sores, etc. 

Hemorrhage — A discharge of blood from the vessels containing it 

Hepatic — Belonging to the liver. 

Hepatized — Converted into a liver-like substance. 

Hereditary — Inbred ft-om the parents, as disease, color, vices and other 
peculiarities. 

Hue — Color. 

Humerus — The upper arm-bone ; upper bone of the fore-leg. 

Hysterics — A nervous disability, confined to females, sometimes attack- 
ing males. 



APPENDIX. 965 

Illeum — ^The lower part of the small intestine. 

Incision — Cutting into, a clean cut, cutting as in any operation per- 
formed. 

Induration — A hardening, as a hard tumor. 

Inciaors—The front teeth of the jaws. 

Infection — Communicating disease by miasma or emanations from a dis- 
eased body. 

Ingested — Food taken in. 

Inject — To throw in artificially, as from a syringe. 

Inoculation — Producing the same disease by virus or matter from a sore, 
communicated from one animal to another. 

Instinct — Sense, as applied to animals. 

Interfering — The cutting of one foot or leg with the other. 

Interstice — The minute spaces between the particles of a body. 

Intestines — The bowels. The alimentary canal leading from the stomach 
to the anus. 

Invert — To turn about or upside down. 

Invigorators — Strengthening mediaines, or agents. 

Jejunum — A part of the small intestines. 

Jet — The peculiar flow of blood from the arteries, or spurting motion. 

Jugular — The large vein of the neck. 

Lacerate — To tear. A lacerated wound, is a torn wound. 

Lachrymal — Pertaining to the tears. The lachrymal duct is the duct 
leading from the eye to the membrane of the nose. 

Lamella — A small plate of anything ; pertaining to the anatomy of the 
hoof. 

Languor — Weakness, faintuess, debUity. 

Laryngitis — Inilammation of the larynx. 

Larynx — The swell at the upper part of the wind-pipe, and extending 
into the throat. 

Lateral — At, or to the one side. 

Laxative — A mild, loosening purgative. 

Lens — A portion of the eye. 

Lesion — Disease of a structure ; any hurt or injury. 

Ligament — The bands of the joints. That which binds together. The 
fibrous structure of the bones. 

Lobe — A division of an organ, as of the brain, lungs or Uver. 

Local — Confined to a certain part. 

Lubricate — To moisten, as the lubrication of the joints and moving parts 
by their appropriate fluids. 

Lymph — A transparent and nearly colorless fluid. The fluid contained 
in and poured out by the lymphatics. 

Lymphrttic — The vessels of animal bodies which contain the lymph. 



966 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

Macerate — Steeped almost to solution. Thorough soaking of a part in 

water previous to dissection. 
Malady — Disease or ailment. 
Malar — Pertaining to the cheek bone. 

Malander — An ulcerous condition on the inside of the legs. 
Malformation — Badly or unnaturally shaped or formed. 
Malignant — Severe; long; dangerous disease. 

Medtasfhnim — The partition formed by the meeting of the pleura, divid- 
ing the chest into two lateral parts. 
Medullary — The marrow ; pith ; a soft substance. 
Membrane — A thin animal tissue. Thin covering of the brain, bones and 

other organs. 
Mental — Relating to the mind. The reasoning faculty. 
Mesentary — The membrane which attaches the intestines to the spine. 
Metastasis — The transference or removal of disease from one part to 

another, or such change as is succeeded by a solution. 
Morbid — A state of disease ; an unnatural state, as morbid humors ; a 

failing, sinking state. 
Mortification — The death of a part from gangrene. 

Mucilage — A jelly-like fluid; one of the proximate elements of vege- 
tables, abundant in slippery elm ; the agent which lubricates the 

joints. 
Mucus — The substance secreted by the mucous membranes, and effused 

upon the surfaces of the membranes, as the running of the nose in a 

cold. 
Muscles — The lean or flesh ; the organs producing the active movements 

of the body. 
Narcotic — Drugs which allay pain and produce sleep. 
Nauseants — Medicines that sicken the stomach. 
Nephrites — Inflammation of the kidneys. 
Nerves — The fibrous system, which convey sensations to and through 

the body. 
Nervous — Having weak nerves. 

Neutralize — Destroying the force or effect of anything. 
Nitrate of Silver — Lunar caustic. 

Nutritive — That which biiilds up ; strong, healthy food. 
Nutrition— The process by which the food taken is assimilated ; to repair 

waste and promote gTOwth. 
Ohesity — Exceeding fatness. 
Oblique — Slanting. 
Ocular — Relating to the eyes. 
Omentum — The caul. A fold of the peritoneal membrane, covering the 

intestines in front, and attached to the stomach. 



APPENDIX. 967 

Optic— B-elaiing to the sight, as the optic nerve ; relating to the laws of 
vision. 

Organ— The natural instrument by which a process or function is car- 
ried on. 

0/Y/flm'c— Composed of organs. Organism. The living body. 

OrUjin — The beginning or tirst existence of a thing. 

Os — The technical name for bone. 

Oi Calcis — The tip of the back. 

Osseous — Bone like. 

Oi Cheocele — Scrotal hernia. Any tumor of the hernia. 

Ossification — Changing to bone. Bony formation. 

Oxydation — The change formed by the action of air on any substance. 
The changing of the black or venous blood into red or arterial blood 
in the lungs. 

Pabulum — That which is proper for food. 

Pachydermata — A thick-skinned animal, as a horse, ox, man, etc. 

Palate — The roof of the mouth. 

Panacea — A supposed universal cure. A medicine applicable to many 
cases. 

Pancreas— 1h.e narrow, flat gland extending across the abdomen, some- 
times called callet or sweet-bread. 

Paroxysm — In disease, a recurrence coming on after an intermission. 
Chills and fever are paroxysmal. 

Parturition — The act of bringing forth young. 

Patella — The knee pan. 

Pathology — Pertaining to the nature and constitution of disease. 

Pectoral — Pertaining to the breast, as the pectoral muscles. In medi- 
cine, that which is adapted to relieve affections of the breast and 
lungs. 

Pec//;(— The gelatinizing principle of certain fruits and vegetables. 

Pepsin— A. substance secreted in the stomach of animals. The active 
principle in rennet. 

Peptic — Promoting digestion ; relating to digestion. 

Pericardium — The serous membrane of the heart. 

Pcrichrondrium — The membrane covering the cartilages. 

Pericranium — The membrame lining the bones of the skull. 

Periosteum —The fibrous membrane investing a bone. 

Ptritonvum — The serous membrane lining the cavity of the abdomen. 

Permeate — That which may fieely invest or pass through without rup- 
ture or sensible displacement. Water permeates sand ; light perme- 
ates glass. 

Pharynx — The opening or tube at the back part of the mouth which 
leads to the stomach. 



968 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

Phlebotomy — The operation or act of bleeding. 

Placenta — The membrane covering the young in the womb. 

Plethora — A fiUl habit of body ; full of blood. 

Pleura — The serous membrane lining the interior of the chest, covering 

the lungs, reflecting and lubricating them into its secretions. 
PleruH — Any union of vessels, nerves or fibers in the form of net work. 
Predispose — As Ukely to occur ; inclining to, as being predisposed to 

disease. 
Process — Prominence; a projecting part; any protuberance, eminence 

or projecting bone. 
Profuse — Abundant, plentiful ; as a profuse discharge. 
Prognosis — The art of judging by the symptoms the probable course of 

a disease. 
Prolapsus Uteri — Falling of the womb. 
Prolapsus Recti — Falling of the rectum. 
Pulmonary — Having reference to the lungs. 
Pulsate — A beating or throbbing. 
Pulse — The action or beat of the arteries. 

Pumices — The letting down or falling of the co&n bone on the sole. 
Puncture — Any orifice made with a pointed instrument. 
Pupil — The ball or apple of the eye through which the rays of light pass 

to the chrystaline humors. 
Purgative — Any medicine having the power of operating strongly on the 

bowels. 
Pus — The matter flowing from a tumor when lanced, or from sores. 

Healthy pus is yellowish white in color and secreted in the process of 

healing. 
Putrefaction — The act of decomposition ; corruption ; rotten. 
Pylorus — The lower and right orifice of the stomach through which the 

food passes to the intestines. 
Quiescent — At rest. Showing no pain. Making no sound. 
Quack — A pretender in medicine. A charlatan. 
Qualmish — Sickness at the stomach; nausea. 

Quittor — An ulcerous formation inside the foot of the nature of a fistula. 
Babies — Madness ; aft'ected with hydrophobia. 
Rachitis — Inflammation of the spine ; rickets. This is a corruption of 

rachitis. 
Ramify — Branched; running in various directions. 
Rancid — A rank, strong smell. Incipient putrefaction. 
Raphe— A seam or suture. 

Receptacle — That which receives or contains another. 
Rectum — The last intestine. The anal gut. 
Refrigerant — Medicines or lotions to diminish heat. 



APPENDIX. 969 

Begnrgitate — The act of throwiug or pouring back, as wind. 

Belax — To abate ; become more mild, or less rigorous. 

Remittent — Ceasing for a time, as a fever or a pain. 

Reproduction — Producing again ; breeding. 

Respiration — The act of breathing. 

Retention — Stopping, holding, as retention of the urine. 

Retina — The part of the eye in which the image is produced in the act 
of seeing, or vision. 

Rickets — A diseased state of the bones. 

Repulsion — In physics, that power by which particles or bodies are made 
to recede from each other. 

Reunion — The union of parts separated by a wound or accident. 

Sacral — Belonging to the os sacrum. 

Saline — That which is salt, or containing salt in solution. 

Saliva — The secretion of the salivary glands, which moistens the food 
iu chewing ; also keeps the mouth and tongue moist. Salivation. The 
act of producing an increased flow of saliva. 

Sanguinification — The process of producing blood from chyle. 

Sanitary — Relating to the preservation of health. 

Saphena — Major and minor — veins of the hind leg. 

Scaphoid — Shaped liked a boat, as the navicular bone. 

Sclerotic — The thick, hard, white outer coat of the eye. 

Sciatica — A rheumatic aft'ectiou of the liij). 

Sear — To burn with a hot iron ; actual cautery. 

Secretion — The separation of various substances from the blood. 

Sedative — Agents to depress nervous power, or lower circulation. 

Sensorium — The seat of sensation. An organ which receives an impres- 
sion. Sensitive, having feeling. Sensitive lamellfe, the lamellaj of 
the coflQn bone. 

Septic— PTomoting putrefaction. The poison of dead bodies, in contra- 
distinction to that of living ones called virus. 

Serum — The yellowish watery portion of the blood remaining after 
coagulation. 

Shank — The bone of the leg from the knee to the ankle. 

Sialogogue — Medicine to promote the flow of saliva. 

Sinus — An orifice or canal containing j)oison matter. 

Slink — The act of aborting ; producing young before the natural time. 

Slough— {pronoimced sluff.) To fall away, separate from in disease, as iu 
or in mortified parts. 

Socket — The depression or process in which an organ works on another. 

Soporific — Medicine to induce sleep. 

Spasmodic — Spasms, as cramping, fits, etc. Colic pains recurring at in- 
tervals. 



970 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

Spinal — Relating to the back-bone or spine. 

Splint — An excrescence iu the shank-bone. Siilint-bone, one of the 

bones of the leg. 
Spontaneous — A growth occurring without apparent cause. 
Sporadic— Sepavnted, scattered ; occurring here and there, as sporadic 

causes of disease. 
Stermim- -The breast-bone. 
Stimulants — Agents to temporarily excite the nervous or circulatory 

system. 
Stomachics — Agents to promote digestion. 

Strangulated — Chocked ; stoppage of the circulation iii any part. 
Strangury — Stopping of a passage. 
Stricture — Stoppage or obstruction of a passage of the body, by morbid 

or spasmodic action. 
Stupor — A dull, sleejiy, stupid sensation. Loss of sensation. 
Styptic — An astringent having the property of restraining or stopping 

bleeding. 
Sudorific— That which will cause perspiration or sweating. 
Suppuration— The process of forming pus or matter ; the result of inflam- 
mation. 
Suture — A stitch or fastening on joining together. 
Symmetry — Well proportioned, handsomely and stoutly formed. 
Synovia — A fluid resembling the white of an egg, secreted at the joints 

and articulations, for the purpose of lubricating them. Joint-oil, so 

called. 
Tegument — A covering. The skin. Integument, a membrane or skin, 

which invests a particular part. 
Tendon— The dense, fibrous structure in which a muscle ends, and by 

which it is joined to a bone. 
Tent — A pledget or plug introduced into a wound. 
Tenuity — The property of being thin, as rarified air. 
Tergal — Belonging to the back. Tergum, the back. 
Testicle — The seed. The gland containing the seminal fluid. 
Therapeutic — That part of medicine which relates to the discovery and 

application of remedies for diseases. The use of diet and medicines. 
TJiorar— The chest, or that part of the body between the neck and 

abdomen. 
Tibia— The large bone of the hind leg. 

j'onic — Agents which gradually and permanently improve the system. 
Tonsil — An oblong gland situated on each side of the fauces, terminated 

by the larynx and pharynx, at the rear of the mouth and having 

excretory ducts opening into the mouth. 



APPENDIX. 971 

TorsioH— Twisting. The act of turning or twisting, as in drawing a 
tooth with the turnkey. 

Trachea— The windpipe. 

r>-ac/(^c— That which may be drawn out. 

Tread— Tramping upon, as the tread of one hoof upon the other. The 
part of the hoof resting on the ground. 

Tuber — A rounded projection of a bone. 

Tubercle— A small tumor, as tubercles in the lungs. 

Tumor— A swelling or enlargement, generally appUed to those which 
are permanent. 

Vlcer — A running sore. 

Ulna — The larger of the two bones of the arm. 

interior — Beyond a time or division. A last result. 

Uniciform — Curved or crooked, as a clam or the finger nail. 

Ureter — The tube or canal conveying the urine from the kidneys to the 
bladder. 

Urinary — Pertaining to the urine. 

Uterus — The womb. 

Vascular — Pertaining to the vessels of animal and vegetable bodies, as 
the vascular functions. The arteries, veins, lacteals, and the like, 
compose the vascular system. Animal flesh is vascular. Highly 
organized. 

Venesection — Letting blood by opening a vein. 

Venous — Pertaining to the veins, or contained in the vein. 

Ventral — Pertaining to the abdomen or belly. 

Vermifuge — Medicines or agents to kill or expel worms. 

Vertebra — A division or separate bone of the spinal column. 

Vertex — The top of the head. 

Vesicle —A small blister. Any membranous cavity. 

F)7/t— Fine, small fibres. Villous, abounding with minute fibres, as the 
inner mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, called the vil- 
lous coat, from its abounding with villi or minute hairs. 

Virulent — A dangerous disease ; poisonous. 

Virus — Contagious or infectious matter. 

Viscera — The organs contained in any cavity of the body, particularly 
of the head, thorax and abdomen. 

Viscid — Any gluey, sticky or tenacious substance not easily separable. 

Vision — The act of seeing. 

Vital — Having or containing life. Necessary to life. 

Vivify— To bring to a vital state. 

Vulnerary — Plants, lotions, ointments, drugs or other substances useful 
in the healing of wounds. 

Wale — To move slowly on the feet, as in walking. 
fi-2 



672 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

Wane — To decrease, as in a fever. 

Warbles — Small, hard tuiiiors on the back of a horse, from irritation of 

the saddle. The tumor occasioned by the depositing of the eggs of 

the gad fly in the backs of horses and cattle. 
Warts — Spougj' excrescences on various parts of the body. 
Whining — To utter the call of the horse. To neigh. 
Withers — The high process of the vertebra between the back and neck. 
Xerodes — Any tumor attended with dryness. 
Xeromyrnm — A dry ointment. 
Xerotes — A dry habit of body, a iWy disposition. 

Xiphoid — Sword-like. A small cartilage at the bottom of the breast- 
bone. 
Xyster — A surgeon's instrument for scraping bone*. 
rrr(,s/^— Frothy, foamy, spumy ; as yeasty pus or matter. 
Young — The offspring of animals. 
Zarnich^A name api)liod to the native sulphurett of arsenic, sandarach, 

or realgar, and ori)imcnt. 
Zein — The gluten of maize. 
Zig-zag — Having very short turns. 
Zodlogi/ — That i)art of natural history which treats of the structure,. 

habits, classification and liabitations of animals. 
Zoonomy — The science which treats of the phenomena of animal life, 

their causes and relations. 
Zygomatic — Pertaining to the bone of the head, called also os yagale or 

cheek-bone, or to the bony arch under which the temporal muscle 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



I'AGE. 

Horse, skeleton of. "23 

" longitudinal section of. 26 

Horse's heaJ, vertical section of 27 

Horse, bones of the foot 28 

'• •• •• •• sectional view of 28 

foot and lower leg. vertical section oJ 29 

" external parts of. 30 

Good farm or every-day horsi- 40 

Light luinting horse 42 

Heavy •■ ■ 43 

English roadster 44 

" coach horse 4.5 

race horse, Eclipse .51 

Norman Percheron stallion 57 

mare 59 

Shetland ponies 67 

Shales 75 

Dervish 76 

Golddust 77 

Poitou ass 85 

Horse'.s head with bearing-rein l66 

•' without ■• 100 

Team of the cruel and improvident master 122 

kind and careful master 123 

Barn of the provident master „ 125 

Farmer Unthrift's barn 126 

home 126 

The barn of the cruel master 127 

Model halter on model colt 127 

Team of the kind master 128 

'• '• ciuel master 128 

Shiftless man's door-yard gate 128 

field gate 128 

High-bred roadster 132 

Finely bred roadster 133 

Good family hor.se 134 

Proportions of the horse 135 

Cleveland Bay : 137 

Goldsmith Maid. 140 

Movement in trotting 142 



974 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

PAGE 

Fine trotter in light liarness 144 

Good form for saddle horse 145 

Horse of good action 146 

Model form for speed in running 148 

Progression of blind horse 151 

Movement in walking 156 

Side and front view oi heads, good 162 

" bad 163 

Side view of fore-quarters, showing good shoulder 164 

'• " " bad conformation 166 

Front view, showing breast and limbs, good 167 

" of fore-quarters, showing bad conformations 169 

Good hind-quarters 172 

Side view of hind-quarters 174 

Back view of hind-quarters 175 

bad 176 

External manifestations of disease 184 

First stage of confirmed grease exudation 191 

Second •' " '• 191 

Horse affected with surfeit 199 

One of the causes of hide-bound in horses 205 

Poll-evil during first stage 216 

" " second stage 217 

Slight enlargement, which may end in fistulous withers 220 

Fistulous withers, worst stage 220 

A fit subject for founder or bronchitis 249 

A horse dressed for bronchitis 250 

A cough of incurable bronchitis ».. 252 

Case of congestion 252 

Position assumed by horse with an attack of pneumonia 253 

Horse's head with cold 258 

" " " lymphatic gland swollen 259 

" ' " the throat blistered 261 

Setoii in the throat of a horse 261 

A horse quidding 262 

The act of coughing 262 

Bit bearing upon jaw 266 

Confirmed influenza 267 

Opening tlie abscess of strangles 271 

The first stage of spasmodic colic 274 

The second stage of " " 274 

The third stage of " " 275 

The first stage of fiiitulent " 276 

Horse dying of flatulent colic 276 

Aestrus hemorrhoidalis 287 

" eggs, larviL' and fly 278 

Nose strained upward 280 

Application of an ammonical blister 281 

Horse suffering from acute gastritis 282 

Unnatural attitude indicative of abdominal injury 286 

Position assumed by horse suffering from abdominal injury 286 

Test for liemorrhage of the lungs 288 

Colt picking hair from its leg, giving proof of worms 289 

Symptoms attending disease of urinary organs 295 

Test for inflammation of the kidneys _»m^.,^-.- 296 



ILLUSTKATIONS. 975 

Page. 

Horse suffering from bloody urine 298 

Position assumed by horse having albuminous urine 290' 

Horse suffering with tooth-ache 308 

Burning for lampas 305> 

Effects of cruel use of bit 3H 

Aptha 312 

Countenance of a horse with rabies 328 

Destructive impulse of hydrophobia 320 

Horse during the mad stage of staggers 332 

Expression characteristic of megrims 337 

A horse dying with abscess within the brain 342 

A horse mad from inflammation of the brain 342 

Test for tetanus 347" 

Slings for tetanus or fractured limb 348 

Mode of feeding horse with chronic tetanus 349 

Showing how far a horse with tetanus is capable of motion 349 

Horse having string-halt 352 

Mode of blinding a horse and applying lotion to the eye 358 

Extirpation of the eye 360 

Obstruction of the lachrymal gland 361 

Eye effected by gutta serena 362 

Foot, incapable of being raised from ground by reason of spavin 367 

Natural position of foot when raised from the ground durmg an easy trot 367 

Closing crack in hoof * 381 

Acute fever in the feet 385. 

The low choke 4O4. 

Manner of using seton needle 40(> 

A horse suffering irom drastic poison 410 

Tumor caused by curb chain 420 

How to hear the sound made in a horse's windpipe 424r 

Internal hemorrhage 425. 

Horse suffering from partial paralysis of the hind legs 426 

Teeth of ox at age of five years 449 

Section of head of ox < 449 

Devon ox 449, 

Devon bull 45(; 

North Devon cow 453 

Devon working ox 455 

Hereford bull 458 

Hereford cow and catf 461 

Sussex cow 46^ 

Durham bull and cow, old style 466 

Shorthorn cow, in outline 468 

" bull 471 

" cow, "Gala" 475 

Yearling Shorthorn bull 475 

Shorthorn cow, "Diana" 476- 

" bull, "Hiawatha" 479^ 

" cow "Bosamond" 480 

Points of Shorthorn bull 482 

Jersey bull, "Comet" 492 

A trio of Jerseys , 494. 

Model cow, perfection, points illustrated 497 

Jersey bull " " " 499 

Jersey cow 50i 



976 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

PAGE. 

Jersey heifer 502 

Modern Ayrshire cow .505 

Jlolsteincow 523 

llolstein heifer 525 

Holstein bull 530 

" " of the Chenery milking stock 535 

Polled Angus cow 539 

A Texas steer 542 

Modified Texans, or Cherokee cattle 544 

Working by main force 571 

Results of bad handling 574 

" of good handling 575 

To prevent a cow from kicking 577 

" " sucking 577 

Harness to prevent sucking 578 

'To prevent hooking 578 

A primitive tackle, but good trainer 579 

■Old ^tyle^a^m yard 584 

Fanner Thriftless' mode ot protection 585 

" Tlirilty's mode of protection 585 

Primitive protection 585 

Main floor of dairy barn 588 

Plan of stables in basement 590 

Cattle-feeding basement 590 

Basement of dairy barn ; 591 

A pastoral scene 599 

Earl Spencer's prize ox G24 

Outline of fat bullock 026 

Milk mirror of Jerseys G30 

<ireat milk mirror on Holstein cow , G32 

<Jround plan of model creamery 545 

Application of steam to the nostrils G67 

Nose bag for steaming G68 

Malignant catarrh, second or sloughing stage 095 

Skeleton o( the ox 098 

Points of sheep 716 

Leicester ewe and Iamb 717 

Leicester ram 718 

Sheared Cotswold ram 721 

Group of Cotswold ewes 720 

Sheared Cotswold ewe 722 

Yearling Cotswold 723 

Cotswold ewes 723 

New Oxfordshire ewe 724 

Blai^k-laced Highland sheep 725 

Ilighland sheep 726 

Dorset ram 727 

Southdown ram 729 

Hampshire Down 728 

Shearling Oxford Down 729 

■Group of American Merinos 730 

Merino ram 732 

" ewe 733 

Division of wool 734 

Convenient feeding trough ior sheep 740 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 977 

Pagb. 

Allowed to shift for itself. 741 

Wintered with good shelter and feed 741 

Skeleton of Leicester sheep 747 

Sknll of a polled sheep 749 

Head of sheep, vertical section 749 

A bad case of scab 756 

Old China boar 768 

China sow 769 

Berkshire boar 77I 

Essex boar 773 

Short-faced Lancashire hogs 776 

Poland-China boar 778 

Chester white hogs 780 

Improved Cheshire 782 

Backwoods hog 785 

Berkshire sow, breeder 789 

Bazel splitter, sow 79O 

Breeder in good flesh, sow 797 

Arkansas tooth picks 798 

Skeleton of the hog 803 

Creve Cfcur cock and hen 819 

Mexican wild Turkey 820 

Embden or Bremen geese 821 

Aylesbury ducks 823 

Gallus Sonneratii 324 

Head of single-wattled Brahma fowl 825 

" Breda or Gueldre 825 

White Dorking cock 828 

Gray English Dorkings 829 

Dominique lowl 830 

Plymouth Rock jowls 831 

Bucks County (Pa.) fowls 832 

Black Hamburg fowls 833 

Golden-pencilled Hamburgs 834 

Silver penciled Hamburgs 835 

White Leghorns 836 

Standard White Leghorns 837 

Black Spanish fowls 838 

Houdan hen 839 

Lia Fleche fowls 840 

Greve Cceur fowls 841 

Buff Cochin cock 842 

" " hen 843 

Partridge Cochins 844 

White Cochin fowls 846 

Dark and I^ight Brahmas 847 

Pair of Silky fowls 849 

Breda cock and hen 850 

Brown Breasted Red Game 851 

Earl Derby Game 852 

Duck Winged Game fowls 853 

White Georgian Games 854 

Seabright Bantams 855 

Barren F'uU-feathered hen 856 



978 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 

PAGE. 

Japanese Bantam cock 857 

" " pullet 857 

Points of poultry 859 

Points of head of c"ock 859 

Analysis of wing plumage 860 

Points of the fowl 861 

Illustration showing points 862 

Breeding to type SM 

Fountain for poultry 870 

Wild turkey 872 

Common turkey 873 

Ocelated turkey 874 

Bronze turkey 875 

Guinea fowl 876 

Peacock 877 

Eonen duck 879 

Aylesbury and Rouen ducks compared 880 

Gray Call ducks 881 

Cayuga Black ducks 882,884 

Black East India ducks 883 

Aylesbury ducks 885 

Embden geese 887 

Toulouse geese 888 

Hong Kong geese 879 

White China geese 890 

African goose 891 

Anatomy of the hen 898 

Bone ot leg and foot of fowl , 898 

Back of the barn 902 

Chart for telling age of horses (49 illustrations) 36 

Chart for telling age of cattle (13 illustrations) 44& 



INDEX 



PAGE. 

Abusing a faithful servant 121 

Abuse of the hoofs 124 

Abortion in mares 80 

Abdominal cavity, wounds penetrating 404 
Abortion, causes of. 81 

" preventalives of. 81 

" toprevent 81 

Absorbents, inflammation of. 324 

" " of and recipes 325 

Abscess within the brain 841, 343 

Acute inflammation of feet 386 

Acute irritation of the skin 419 

" " " " " recipe 419 

Action, styles of. 155 

Age of horse 31 

Age of the mule 35 

Age for breeding horses 72 

Age to train a colt 89 

Alteratives 428 

Ale for tired horses... 115 

America, introduction of ilii: ii i i ... 19 

American semi-wild horse 39 

American vs. English foaU 87 

American wild horse 56 

" thoroughbred horse 61 

Ambling 100 

Antiquity of the horse 17 

Antiquity of cattle IS 

Anresthetics 429 

Antiseptics 430 

Anus, soreness of 283 

Ancient Greek horse 1G8 

An infallible rule 230 

Anodynes 434 

Apparatus, to keep 443, 444 

Apoplexy 338,341 

" recipes 340,441 

Aptha 312 

" recipes 312 

Ariel 141 

A nerved horse 158 



PAGE. 

Arabian horse 47 

" " striking points 48 

" " color of. 49 

" " first importation 50 

Arteries, enlargement of. 320 

Astringents , 330 

Barbarities practised 122 

Bad usage vs. good usage 123, 124 

Balking and backing 149 

Balking 159 

Bad heads, explanation of. 164 

Back teeth of horse 32 

Back furrowing 102 

Barbary horse 53 

Bellows 296 

" recipes 267 

Bites 419 

Big Head and Bigjaw 3C3, 365 

Blanketing 119 

" when necessary 119 

Blindness 150 

Blind horse, movement of 151 

Blood horses 161 

Bleeding from the nose 270 

Blind teeth 307 

" staggers 334, 338 

Bladder, sand like deposits in 300 

" inflammation of 302 

" " " recipes 302 

" rupture of 303 

Blood spavin 344 

Bleeding 415,416 

Black pigment, tumors 418 

Bog spavin 344, 345 

" recipes 365 

Bone spavin 367, 369 

" recipes 368,369 

Bones of the feet 28 

Box stalls 107 

Bots, recipes 279 



980 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



PAGE. 

Bishoped teeth 150 

Biting 159 

Bitting, harness 89, 90 

" bridle 89, 90 

Bots 277, 278 

Bot flies 278, 279 

Bolting 159 

Body and limbs of horse, explanation 

of 164, 167 

Body of the horse in front 198 

Bone spavin 149 

Breeding up, how to 132 

Broken wind 158 

Breaking down 158 

Broken whid 158 

" " thick wind 158 

Broken knees 158 

Bronchitis 249 

" causes 249 

how to know it 250 

" what to do 250, 252 

" recipes 250, 251 

Broken wind 265 

Breeding, importance of 70 

" draft horses 77 

" in-andiii 74, 78 

Breeding of mules 84 

Brain, abscess within 341, 343 

Broken wind 424 

Brook water 113 

Brush, the 117 

Brushes 119 

Brushing or speedy cut. 397, 398 

Broken knees 399, 398 

Broken hock 406 

Buying a trotting horse 139 

Buying cheap horses 153 

Buying for blood 178 

Burns 401 

Cattle, antiquity of 18 

Canadian horse G4 

Cranium, importance of. 28 

Calmuck liorse 37 

Care necessary in training 93 

Carriage of the body in riding 98 

Canter 101 

Carrying the reins in plowing 103 

Carriage floor 107 

Care of the feet 118 

Care of the frog 119 

Careful man's theory, the 127 

Causes of abortion 81 

Captain McGowan 141 

Cataract 159 



PAGE. 

Cataract 3.i7 

" recipes 357 

Caries of the loweBjjaw 370, 378 

" " " " " recipes 377 

Canker 387,388 

" recipes 338 

Cartileges ossified 394 

Capped elbow 399, 341 

Cancer, epithelial 418 

Cathartics 430 

Carminative 431 

Caustics 432 

Castration, time for 414 

" how performed 415 

Chinese horses 37 

Characteristics of Canadian horse 54 

Changing the leading foot 101 

Chopped feed 115 

Cheap structures available 129 

Chest founder 249, 248 

'• " recipes 249 

Chronic cough 262 

" " recipes 263 

Chronic gastritis 283,284 

" " recipes 283,284 

Choking 402, 404 

Cistus calculi 300 

Cleveland bay horse 45 

Clydesdale horse 46 

Cleaning the stable 108 

Cleaning the horse 117 

Cleaning horses 118 

Cleveland Bay 138, 139 

" " improvementin 139 

Colts' teeth 31, 32 

" milk teeth 32 

Colors of Arabian horse 50 

Colts, how to raise 81 

Colts' starveling 82 

" stabling 82 

" feeding 82 

" handling 82 

Colt, educating the 88 

" at weanmg time 88 

" first lesson 88 

" haltering a wild 88 

" training a 89 

" age to train 89 

" tr.iining to work 89 

" how to handle 90 

" learning to back 90 

Colt, handling a vicious 92 

Colts, saddling and harnessing 94 

Colts. Winter feed of 112 

Color in horses 154 



981 



PAGE. 

Colds, what to do 259, 25S 

" recipes 259 

Colic, spasmodic 273, 274 

" " recipes 276,277 

" flatulent 27ti 

" •' recipes 276,277 

Colon, iiiHammation and rupture of .279, 281 

Conncstoga horse 66 

Control of stallion necessary 105 

Comfortable shelter economical 106 

Construction of stables 106 

Corns 158 

Cough 159 

Conqueror 142 

Combs 119 

Conformation in perfect and imperfect 

horses 164, 165 

Cow hocked horse 173 

Consumption 254 

" how to know it 255 

" what to do 256, 255 

" how to prevent 256 

" recipe 255 

Constitutional lymphangitis 324 

Corns 382, 384 

" recipes 383 

Contraction of the hoof. 384 

•' recipes 403 

Contused wounds -104 

Counter irritants 431 

Cruel care 128 

Crib-biters, wear of teeth in 35 

Crib biting 149 

Crib biting * 1.59 

Cracked heels 190 

" " how to know 191 

" " what to do 191 

Crib biting 308 

Cramps 350 

" recipes 350 

Cracked hoofs 381. 382 

" " recipes 382 

Cut feed 114 

Curry comb 117 

Curry comb 119 

Cunning servants 130 

Curb 149 

Curbs 158 

Curb 345 

" recipes lor 345, 346 

Decay of the teeth, causes of. 307 

" " " how to know it... 307 

Demulcents 432 

Deodorizers 433 

" recipes 433 



PAGE. 

Dentition or teething 306 

" what to do 306 

Deceptions practised in teeth of horse 35 
Descendants of the Darley Arjvbian.... 52 
Descent of Norman Percheron horse 58 

Dervish 74 

Dexter 143 

Detinition of unsoundness or vice 159 

Dgelfe horse 47 

Difficulty of breathing 265 

Diaphram, spasm of. 285 

" recipes 285 

Diarrhea 290 

" recipes 291, 292 

Diabetes or profuse staling 297 

" " •' causes 297 

" " '• how to know 297 

" " " what to do... 297 

" •' " recipes 297 

Dimness of vision 358 

Diaphramatic rupture 402 

Dislocations 406 

Distortions 406 

Diseases of the ear 408, 409 

Division of the tendons 417 

Diaphoretics 432 

Diuretics 432 

Disinfectants 433 

Dissection 437 

Dish hoofs 152 

Diseases of the skin and sub-cutane- 
ous tissues 187, 222 

Distemper 236 

" how to know it 237 

" what to do 237 

recipes 237, 238 

Doses, graduating 441, 442 

Dongola horse 55 

Draft horse of Vermont 64 

Driving horses 155 

•' " colors of. 155 

Dropsy of thelungs 418 

Drescription ot the ancient Greek 

horse 1G8. 170 

Drop,sy of the heart 241 

" " " recipes 242 

" " brain 242 

" " " recipes 242 

" " chest 243 

" " " recipes 243 

" " skin of tlie chest 245 

" " abdomen 246 

" " " recipes 247 

Early importation of thoroughbreds.. 61 
Ear, diseases of. 408, 409 



982 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



PAGIS. 

Eclipse 136 

Economy ol shelter 106 

Educating the colt 88 

Egyptian horse 55 

Elaine 143 

Elbow, capped 399, 400 

Emetics 432 

Enlarged glands 259, 260 

Enlargement of the spleen 294, 295 

" " heart 319 

" " " arteries 320 

Enlargement of the hock 369, 370 

English roadster 44 

" thoroughbred horse 50 

Epiglottis, spasmodic actions ol 268 

Epithelial cancer 418 

Ethan Allen 134 

European horse 38 

Exostosis of the lower jaw 420 

" " " " " recipes 420 

Expectorants 434 

Explanation of good heads 161, 164 

" " bad " 161,164 

Explanation of body and limbs of 

horse 164, 165, 166, 167 

External manifestations of disease, ex- 
planation of 184, 184 

Eye, worms of 358 

" fungoid tumors of 360,359 

Farm training track 104 

Farm stable 109 

Farmer Unthrift's barn 126 

" " home 126 

Family horses 134 

Fatty degeneration of the heart... 319, 320 

False quarter 389 

Falling off of hair 419 

Farm horses, proper stature 41 

Fastest time trotting, from one to one 

hundred miles 141, 143 

Fast walking horses 155 

Farcy and glanders 158 

Farcy 230 

" causes 231 

" how to know it 232 

" what to do 333 

" recipes 234 

Feeding colts 82 

Feed bins? 107 

Feeding Ill 

" roots...-. 112 

Feed of slew work horses 112 

" " fast " " 112 

Feeding grain 117 

Feet, care of. 118 



PAGE. 

Fever 317,318 

Finely bred roadster 132 

Fistula of the parotid duct 313, 315 

Fistula 219 

" causes 219 

" how to know it 220, 221 

" what to do 221 

" recipes 221 

Flora Temple 141 

Flexibility 160 

Flexing the horse 91 

" " jaw 91 

Flatulent colic 276 

" " recipes 277 

Foals, American vs. Engli.^h 87 

Foul sheath 303 

Food, kinds and quantities of 114 

Founder 385,287 

" recipes 386 

Foot lameness 152 

Founder 158 

Form and symmetry 160 

Fore-quarters, showing bad conform- 
ations 170 

Fresh food, important 115 

Frog, care of 119 

Fungoid tumors of eye 359, 360 

Frog, injuries to : 384,385 

Frost bite 400, 401 

" " recipes 401 

Fractures 407 

French horses 38 

Fridi horse' 48 

Fungus collar tumor 208 

" " " causes 208 

" " " how to know, 220, 221 

" " " what to do 209 

Functional diseases of the liver 288 

Galloping 101 

Gastritis, chronic 2S3, 284 

" " recipes 283, 284 

Getting correct information 131 

General utility horse 135 

Gen. Butler 143 

Gestation, treatment of during 79 

Girda 141 

Glass eye 150 

Glanders, causes 223, 224 

" how to know 224, 225, 226 

" what to do 227, 228, 229, 230 

Gold dust 70, 77 

Good shelter, value of 125 

Good farmer's surrounding? 125 

Good care described 127 

Goldsmith Maid, her performances 141 



983 



PAGE. 

<Jov. Sprague 1-43 

Good head, explanation of. llJl, 164 

Gorged stomach '-86 

" "• recipes 286 

Graduating doses 441, 442 

Gravel 300 

Granary 100 

Grooming Ill 

Gruel, how to make 115 

Grain should be clean 117 

Great Eastern 143 

Grease and mange 158 

Grease, causes 190 

" how to know it 101, 102 

" what to do 190 

" recipes for. 192 

Guttaoarina 361 

" recipes 362 

Haw or hooks 357, 358 

" recipes 358 

Hair, falling off of the 419 

" " " " "recipes 419 

Hardening of the skin 420 

" " " " recipes 420 

Hamstring, rupture of 424 

Handling colts 82 

Haltering a wild colt 88 

Hai-ness, bitting 80, 90 

Harness, training to 91 

Handling a vicious colt 92 

Harnessing and saddling colts 94 

Harness, horse 99 

Hand gallop 101 

Harness room 107 

Hay, quantity to feed 115 

" and straw, value of 116 

Heaves 2G5, 2G6 

" recipes 266 

Heart, enlargement of 319 

" fatty degeneration of 319, 320 

Hernia 401, 402 

" of tlie mesentery 401. 402 

ventral 402 

" omentum 400 

Hemorrhage, internal 425 

Head, bad form 161 

" side view of, good 171 

" front view of, good 161 

" side view of, bad 161 

" front view of, bad 161 

Hidebound 204 

" " causes 204 

" " how to know It 205 

" " wlialtodo 206 

" " recipes 206 



PAGE. 

Highbred roadsters 132 

Highbred hunting horse 147 

High blowing 421,423 

" " recipes 423 

Hip sweeny 366 

Horse, cleaning the 117 

" cloths 117 

Horses, cleaning of. 118 

Horse pails 119 

Horss, light harness 143 

Horse, fast walking 155 

Horse, what he should be 157 

" shoulder 157 

" upper arm 157 

" the knee 157 

" the shank 157 

" the cannon bone 157 

" the pastern joints 157 

" hoofs 157 

Horse, the hackney 43 

Horse, Turkoman 37, 54 

" Calmuck 54 

" Tartary 37, 55 

" Turkestan 34, 38 

" Europe 38 

" Iceland 38 

" Italy 38 

" France 38 

" Normandy 38 

" Norman Percheron 38 

" Spanish Barb 39 

" semi-wild, of America 39 

" the good farm horse 39 

" the English roadster 44 

" the heavy draft 45 

" the Cleveland Bay 45 

" tlie Suffolk Punch 46 

" the Vermont draft 46 

" the Arabian 47 

" theDgelfe 47 

" the Secaloni 47 

" the Mefki 48 

" theSabi 48 

" tlie Fridi 48 

theNejdi 48 

Horses of slow work, feed 112 

" " fast " feed 112 

Hours of feeding 113 

Hoofs, abuse of 124 

How to breed up 132 

Horses for great speed 148 

Horse, view from behind 175 

" hind quarters, bad 176 

" what not to buy 177 

" perfect, not plenty 177 

Hock, enlargement of 309, 370 



984 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



PAGE. 

Horse, antiquity of. 17 

" brought to America 19 

" where found 19 

" preserved in his purity 19 

" Irameworlc of 21 

" summary of parts 25 

" general explanatory terms 27 

" head, explanation of 27 

" foot and lower leg, explana- 
tory terms..- 29 

" external parts, explanation of 30 

" age of 31 

" incisors furnish indication ... 31 

" baclf teeth of. 32 

" incisors 32 

" " how composed 32 

" teeth, wear of. 32 

" " the mark 33 

" number of teeth 33 

" wolfteeth 33 

'' when teeth are perfect or ma- 
ture 34 

" deceptions practiced in teeth... 35 

" teeth, vocabulary of 36 

" Chinese 37 

" Indian 37 

" Japan 37 

" Siam 37 

" Persian 37, 54 

" age for breeding horses 72 

" principles of transmission 73 

" relative size of sexes 73 

•' selection, value of. 73 

" in-and-in breeding 74 

" crossbreeding 74 

" Dervish 74 

■' Marshland Shales 74 

" Golddust 76, 77 

Horse, body and limbs, explanation 

of 164, 107 

" front view of. 168 

front of. 168 

of Ancient Greelss 168 

'■ fore-quarters, showing bad con- 
formations 170 

" hind quarters, showing bad 

conformations 170 

" illustrations of fore quarters... 171 

■' good hind quarters ■ 172 

'■ to examine 173 

" cow hoclied 173 

Horses, draft, breeding 77 

How to raioc colts 81 

How to handle a colt 90 

Horse, flexing 91 

" to handle 92 



PAGE. 

Horse, vicious, to subdue 95, 96 

" working 97 

breaking to work 88 

training to trot 9S 

Horse, the quarter.- 157 

" " hams 157 

" " hocks 157 

" back 157 

'• •' withers 157 

'• " shoulder-blade..! 157 

" " croup 157 

" " barrel 157 

■' " chest 157 

" " neck 157 

" " physical structure of. 157 

Hoofs, cracked ..381, 3S2 

" " recipes 382 

rot 382 

" contraction of 380 

Huntress 141 

Hunting horses 41 

Hunting horse, high bred 147 

Hydrophobia 327,331 

Iceland horses 38 

Importation of Arabian horso, Eng- 
land 50 

Importance of breeding 74, 78 

Importance of large jacks 85 

Importance of fresh food 115 

Information, correct 131 

Improvement in Cleveland Bay.- 139 

Interfering 152 

Inflammation of the lungs, causes 252 

" how to know it 253 

" what to do 254 

Influenza, how to know it 267 

" what to do 268 

" recipes 268 

Inllammation of tlie colon 279, 280, 281 

" " '• stomach 282,283 

" " " peritoneum 287 

Intestation of intestines 287 

Intestines, parasites infesting 2S9- 

" " " recipes... 290 

Incisors of the horse 23 

Indian horse 37 

Indian pony GS 

Italian horses 38 

Jacks, importance of large 85 

Jaundice 29.3,294 

" recipes 294 

Jaw, flexing the 91 

John Stuart 143 

Judge Fullerton 143 



985 



PAGE. 

Juilghig horses 178 

Jugular vein, inflamed 320 

" " " reuipes 322,323 

Kadisclii horse 48 

Kailhiin liorso 48 

Keene Jiui 143 

Kemble Jackson 143 

Kicking 149,159 

Kidneys, iiiflaniuiatiou of. 295, 296 

" " "recipes 296 

Kinds and quantities of food 114 

Knee joint, inflammation of. 376 

" brolven 398 

Know svhat you breed lor 131 

Know what yoiibuy for 143 

Kochlani horse 48 

Laying out lands 102 

Lalve water 113 

Lady Macii 141 

Larva In the skin 212 

Laryngitis, causes 2U0 , 

" recipes 261 

Lampas 309 

Lachrymal gland, impediment of.. .360, 361 

Lacerated wounds 405 

Large Jacks, importance of. 85 

Leading foot, changing the 101 

Leucorrhea, catarrh of the womb 305 

Light harness, training to 101 

'• " trotting 101 

Linseed meal 116 

Light harness horses 143 

Liver, functional diseases of. 2SS 

" congestion of 288 

" inflammation of. 289 

Lime or white urine 300 

Lock jaw 347. 350 

Lower jaw, caries of. 376, 378 

" " " "recipes 377 

Lower jaw, exostosis 420 

Loose boxes In stables 107 

Longfellow 143 

Lnla 142 

Lungs, dropsy of. 418 

Lymphangitis 324 

Mare, number of teeth 33 

Mare, treatment during gestation 79 

" when in season 79 

Mares, care of after being served 79 

Mare, to know when in foal 80 

" " " time of foaling 80 

Marshland shales 74 

Mares, treatment 79 

Mangers 107 



PAGE. 

Mashes, how to make 115 

Manure fork 120 

Mange 200 

" howtoknowit 201 

" what to do 201 

" recipes 202 

Malleuders 215 

" recipes 215 

Malignant epidemic 264 

Mad staggers 331, 334 

" recipes 333, 334 

Measurements of famous horses 136 

Megrims 159 

Metacarpal bones, inflammation. .374, 375 

" " recipes 375 

Measures and weights 436 

Medicines and doses 439, 441 

Mefke horse 47 

Mexican mustang 68 

Mismatched colors 155 

Movement in trotting 99 

Moistening grain fed 117 

Mouth, inflammation 310 

Mooneyes 356 

" recipes 356 

Morgan horse 62 

" " points of. G3 

Model racing horse 147 

Moon eyes 150 

Movement in walking 156 

Mule, to determine the age 35 

Mules, value 83 

" treatment 83 

" breeding 84 

" Spanish 48 

Myositis 386 

Narragansett pacer 63 

Native country of the horse 18 

" Percheron horse 38 

Nasal gleet 239 

" causes 239 

" how to know 239 

" what to do 239, 240 

" recipes 239, 240 

Nasal polypus 240 

Naturally weak eyes 254 

Navicular disease 379, 381 

" " recipes for 381 

Narrow heel 384 

Nail picking 378 

Naval rupture 402 

Narcotics 434 

Neurotomy 417 

Nejdi horse 48 

Necessity of clean grain 117 



986 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



PAGE. 

Necessity of blanketing 119 

Norman liorse 38 

Norman Perclieron 57,58,59, 60 

Norman Percheron, descent of 58 

" " points of. 60 

Oblique tail .il 

Ophthalmia 159 

" purulent 359 

" •' recipesfor '..359 

Organs of generation, inflammation of 304 

Ossification 158 

Ossified cartileges 394 

Out shed 109 

Over-reaching 152 

Pacing gait 100 

Pacing 100 

Parasites infesting the intestines 289 

Parasites iniesting the intestines, re- 
cipes for 290 

Parotid gland, inflammation of.....312, 313 

" duct, fistula of 313, 315 

Paralysis, partial 420, 427 

" '' recipes 427 

Persian horse 54, 37 

Performances of Goldsmith Maid 141 

Peritoneum, inflammation of 287 

Periosteotomy 416 

Periosteotomy 414 

Piclcer, the 118 

Plow, training for 102 

Plowing right hand furrows 102 

" square lands 101 

" carrying the reins 103 

Pleurisy, how to Ivnow 2.56 

" what to do 257 

'• recipes 257, 258 

Points of Arabian horse 48, 49 

" Norman Percheron GO 

" the Morgan horse 63 

Ponies 66, 67,08, 69 

" Shetland 67 

" Mexican 6S 

" Indian 68 

Poisoning 410, 412 

" internal 410, 411 

" from stings 412 

" " recipes 412 

Poisoned sliin 411! 

Poll evil, causes 216 

" how to know 216, 217 

" wh.at to do 217, 218 

" recipes 217 

Pond water 113 

Preparing food 115 



PAGE. 

Principles of transmission in horse 72 

Projecting teeth 311 

Proper stature of farm horse 41 

Pulling slowly and steadily 103 

Pulling at halter or bridle 149 

Pumiced foot 158 

Purity, value of in horse 71 

Pneumonia, causes 252 

'' how to know 253 

" what to do 254 

Purulent Ophtlialmia 359 

" " recipes 359 

Pumice foot 393 

Punctured wounds of the sole, inside 395 
Punctured wounds 403 

Quantity of hay to feed 115 

Quarter cracks 152 

Quarter false : 389 

Quitter 158, 389 

" recipes 391 

Rabies 327, 331 

Racking 100 

Racer, to train 104 

Race riding 104 

Racks 107 

Racing horse 147 

Racer, what he should be 147 

Rarey's plan 97 

Rat tail 214 

" recipe 214 

Relaxants 433 

Rearing 159 

Relative size of sexes 73 

Rheumatism 350, 352 

" recipes 351,352 

Riding, carriage of the body 98 

Riding racers 104 

River water 113 

Ringbone 149 

Ringbone 158 

Ring worm 203 

" " causes 203 

" " how to know it 203 

" " what to do 204 

" " recipes 204 

Ringbone 370, 371 

" recipes 371 

Rotten bone 375, 376 

" recipes .376 

Roaring 421,423 

" recipes 423 

Roots, feeding 112 

Roadsters, highly bred 132 

•' finely bred 132 

Rogue, the 150 



987 



PAGE. 

Roaring 151 

Rupture of the colon 279, 281 

" " " stomach 285 

Rupture 401,402 

Rupture of hamstring 424 

Rupture of bladder 303 

Running 101 

Rubbing cloths 119 

Saddle galls.! 207 

" recipes 207, 208 

Saddle horse, good form for 145 

Saddle horses of all gaits 145, 146 

Saddle horse, color for 154 

Saddle horses, styles of action 155 

Saddle horse 135 

Saddle and harness horses, training to 91 

Saddling and harnessing colts 94 

Saddle, training to the 97 

" trotting under 08 

Sallenders 215 

" recipes 215 

Salt in feed 115 

Sand cracks 152 

Sand crack 388, 389 

" " recipes for 389 

Scraper 119 

Scratches, causes 187, 188 

" howtoknow 188 

whatto do 188,189,190 

" recipes 189, 190 

Scoop shovels 120 

Scurvy of the teeth 308 

Scald mouth .311 

" " recipes 312 

Scrofula 317 

Sclerostomum equinum 320 

Scarlatina 325 

Scalds 401 

Seedy toe 393, 394 

Sedatives 424 

Semi-wild horses of America 39 

Selection of horse, value 73 

Shying 1.59 

Shoeing 118 

Shving 152 

Shfdding the teeth 307 

Sharp and projecting teeth 311 

Shot o'grease 324 

Shoulder, sweeny 365, 366 

" " recipes 366 

Shetland Ponies 67 

Sitfasr 207,208 

Side bones 394,395 

Siam horse 37 

Single foot 108 

63 



PAGE. 

Skin, acute irritation 419 

" " " recipes 419 

Skin, hardening 419 

" " recipes 420 

Skeleton of horse, explanation 23, 24 

Slings „ 419 

Slavering 310 

Sleepy staggers, or apoplexy 338, 341 

Sleepy stagggers, or apoplexy, re- 
cipes aiO, 341 

Slinking foals, to know when 80 

Smuggler 142 

Small Hopes 143 

Soundness and vigor in horses 72 

Sore nose 421 

So-so 143 

Soundness, warrantee of. 159 

Sour stomach 272, 273 

" " recipes 274 

Soreness of the anus 283 

Sore shins 374, 375 

" " recipes for 375 

Sore eyelids 355 

" " recipes for 355 

Sponges 119 

Splint brooms 120 

Splints 149 

Spasmodic action of glottis 268 

" " " recipes 268 

Spasmodic colic 274 

" " recipes 275 

Spasm of the diaphram 285 

" " " recipes 285 

Spavin, bog 344, 345 

" blood „ 344 

Spleen, enlargement of. 294, 295 

Splint 372, 373 

" recipes for 373 

Spanish barb horse 38 

Spanish mule 84 

Spavin, bone 367, 369 

recipes 368, 369 

Staggers, mad 331, 334 

blind 334, 338 

" recipes 337 

Stifle 372 

" recipes for 372 

Strangles 271 

Stomach, inflammation of. 282, 283 

Stomach, rupture of. 285 

" gorged 286 

" recipes 286 

Strangulation of the intestines 287, 288 

Stump sucking 308 

Stringhalt 158 

Stable tools 119 



988 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



PAGE. 

Straw wisps 119 

Story of thrift and unthrift 1^1, 128 

Steel gray 141 

Stumbling 149 

Stable care 117 

Stable, water in 110 

Staling, profuse, or diabetes, causes... 297 

" " howtolvnow 297 

" " what to do 297 

" " recipes 297 

Strains and sprains 39G, .397 

Stimulants 435 

Stone in the bladder 300 

Stricture of the urethra 304 

Starveling colts 82 

Stubling colts 82 

Steady and slow pulling 103 

Stable, construction 104 

Stable lolt 109, 107 

" walls 107 

Stalls, width 107 

" temperature 108 

Stable, cleaning the 108 

" surroundings 109 

" yard 110 

Surgical and other instruments 439, 438 

Suppression of urine 301 

Suffolk Punch, horse 46 

Surfeit, causes 198 

" how to know 198 

•' what to do 199 

" recipes 199.200 

Summer blankets 119 

Summing up 178 

Swelled ankles 195 

" " causes 195 

" " how to know it 195 

" " what to do 195 

Swelled legs, causes 195 

" '• how to know 196 

" " what to do 196,197 

" " recipes 197 

Sweet mash 115 

Swelled throat 260 

" " recipes 261 

Sweeny, hip 366 

Swellings from pressure 421 

Symptoms, importance of. 437 

Tartar horse 37, 55 

Teeth of horse 32 

" " the mark 33 

Teeth, decay 307 

" scurvy 308 

Teeth, projecting 311 

Teaching a colt to back 90 



PAGE. 

Tetanus 347, 350 

" recipes 848 

Temperature of stables 108 

Tendons, division 417 

Tetter 213 

" recipe for 213 

Teething 306 

" what to do 306 

Teeth, shedding 307 

Thrush ? 158 

Thickening of the back sinews 158 

Thrush, causes 192 

" how to know 193 

" what to do 193 

" recipes for 194 

Thrush 812 

" recipes 312 

Thumps... 316, 317 

" recipes 317 

Thorough pin 346 

" recipes ,346 

Thoroughbred horse in America 61 

" " early importation 61 

Time to clean lis 

Toe crack 392, 383 

" recipes 392 

Tonics 435 

Tongue, inflammation 311 

To subdue a vicious horse 95, 06 

Tool room 107 

To make gruel 116 

To make hay tea 116 

Tools of stable 119 

Topgallant 141 

To detect vices and defects 149 

Tracheotomy 416 

Tumors, black pigment 471 

Treatment of mares 79 

Treatment of mules 83 

Training colts to work 89 

Tracheotomy 414 

Training to saddle and harness 91 

'' to harness 91 

" proper care in 93 

Training to the saddle 97 

Training a horse to trot 98 

Trotting under the saddle 98 

" movement in 99 

" in harness 99 

Training to trot in harness 99 

" to light harness 101 

Training for the plow 102 

" to the wagon 103 

" a racer 104 

" track on the farm 104 

" a stallion 104 



989 



PAGE. 

Trotting in light harness 101 

" at various speeds 102 

Trotting horse, to buy 139 

Trustee 411 

Trotting, one to one hundred miles, 

fastest time 141, 143 

Trotter in light harness 144 

Turning the toe out 152 

" " in 152 

Turkestan horse 38, 54 

Turkoman horse 37, 54 

Turkish horse 54 

Ulceration of the foot 379, 381 

" recipes 379, 381 

Unsoundness, what constitutes 159 

Urine, lime or white 300 

" suppression of 301 

" " recipes for.. .301, 302 

Urethra, stricture of 304 

Using the means we have 129 

Value of purity in horse 71 

Value of selection 73 

Value of mules S3 

Value of hay and straw 106 

Value of good shelter 125 

Vagina, inflammation of. 305 

Veterinary surgery 414, 418 

Vermifuges 435 

Ventilation of stables 107, 108 

Vestibule to stable 108 

Vermin 211, 212 

Vermont draft horse 4G 

Vision, dimness of. 358 

Vices and defects 149 

Vicious horse, to subdue 95, 9G 

Vocabulary of horses' teetb 30 

Walking horse 98 

Wagon, training to 193 

Water in stable 110 

Water in tanks 110 



PAGE. 

Watering HI, 113 

Water before feeding 113, 114 

Watering when driving 114 

Washing the team 118 

Washing horses 153 

Warrantee for unsoundness and vice... 159 

Warts 209 

" causes 210 

" what to do 210 

Weak lungs 153 

Weaving in the stable J59 

Weed 324 

Weak eyes 3.54 

Weights and measures 430 

Well water 113 

Wear of teeth in crib-biters 35 

What to feed 112 

What constitutes unsoundness 159 

What a horse should be 157 

What constitutes unsoundness 158 

What to buy for 143 

When to feed 113 

Wheelbarrow 120 

White or lime urine .300 

White spot 151 

Wild horses of America 55 

Width of stalls 107 

Windmill 110 

Winter feed for colts 112 

Wind-galls 423 

Wolf teeth in horse's mouth 33 

Womb, inflammation of 304 

" catarrh of 305 

Wolf's teeth 152 

Worms in the eye 358 

Wounds of the sole 395 

" " " contused 404 

" " " " recipes ... 405 

" " " lacerated 405 

" " " punctured 405, 406 

Wry tail 151 



CATTLE. 



PAGE. 

Abortion in cows 683, 684 

" " how to prevent 684 

" " treatment 684 

About Barns 537 

" Dutch cattle 518 

" Iltrd Books 518 

Absorbents, their use 707 

" recipes for 708 

Advantages of tull feeding 619 

Afterbirth, retention of. 680 

Alderney cattle 492-503 

Alderneys, origin of 493 

" old st3'le, colors of. 493 

" Youatt and Parkinson 493 

" American 494,495 

" cliaracteristic colors of 495 

•' as milkers 495 

" points of. 495, 498 

" scale of points, cows and 

heifers 496,498 

" hulls, judging of 498 

" judging by points 500,503 

" as dairy cows 503 

Alfalfa 602 

Anverican climate m. English 508 

American Holstelns 518 

American short-horns 4G8, 469 

Ansesthetic, I'ecipe for 668 

Analj-zing thecarcass 625 

Ancient cattle 447 

Ancient us modern barns 597, 598 

Angle cattle 527 

Animals, pulse of. 672 

Animal waste 618 

Anthrax, preventives of. 693 

Anti-spasmodics 703 

Arranging basements 596 

Artificial protection .584 

Astringents 710 

Ayrshire cattle 504-515 

Ayrshires improved, England 504, .505 

Ayrshires in the East 508 

" in the West 509 

" points, description of. 509 

" u.sefulness of. 509 

" escutchons of 510 

" from English and American 

standpoints 512, 515 

the body 512 

the skin .513 

" relating to 513 

" head 514 



PAGE. 

Ayrshires, the top points , 514 

" the teats 514 

" the color 515 

" the carriage 515 

'■ of Corrick 504 

" of Kyle 504 

" of Cunningham 504 

" of the last century 504 

" in 1800 506 

" as milkers 506 

" English, yields of milk 507 

" " yields of butter 507 

" " " cheese 507 

" " in America 508 

" first imported to the U. S.... 508 
" American, yields of butter.... 509 

Baby beef. 615 

Barn, for farm 588 

" common-sense 588 

" octagonal 588 

" square 589 

" stables in basement 590 

" cattle feeding basement 590 

" dairy 591 

" square cross 591, 594 

Basements for cattle 594, 595 

" arrangements, of. 596 

Beef, short-horns for 478 

Birth, how to manage 677 

Birth, straining after 682 

Black quarter 685 

Blain, recipes for 694 

Bleeding 677 

" to slop 707 

Blistering 669 

" recipes for 669 

Blisters, application of. 700 

Bloody murrain 692 

" '• its malignant character 693 

Blue gras.? 603 

Body of the Devon 456 

Breed, how to 552 

Breeds, clioice of. 552 

Breeding, general utility 553 

" in line 554 

" grades 555 

" " how to 556 

" up a herd 557 

" grades from Texans 545 

" and feeding cattle 551, 570 

" grades 495 

Breitenburg catth' 527 



991 



PAGE. 

Butcher's profit in short horns 481 

Buttermilk for calves 657 

Butter, how to sell G56 

" package 656 

" temperature to keep 656 

" receipts, Chicago 642 

" and cheese, Milwaukee 642 

" production of. 643 

" coloring 650 

" salting 650 

" washing Ds. working 651 

" packages 651 

" " to prepare 051 

Bulls, scale of points 500 

Buying to feed 623 

" breeding cattle 623 

" milch cows 628 

" for milk 628 

Calf, training the 572 

" haltering 572 

" unnatural positions of. 679 

" " " " how to 

obviate 079 

Calves, castration of. TiOg 

" early feeding of. 568 

" profits on .')69 

Calving, drinks for cows after 709 

" paralysis after 682 

" recipes for, 682, 683 

Carcass of ox, explanation of. 625 

Careot milk 646 

Castration of calves 569 

Catarrh, recipes for 711 

Cat's tail grass 603 

Cattle, natural history of 447 

" domestication of. 447 

" ancient 447 

" teeth of. 448 

•' breeds of. 449 

" races of. 449 

" di-seasesof. 667,696 

" heavy weights -610 

" short-horns, weight 611, 613 

" interests in Texas 540 

" prime parts in 626 

" how to buy 627 

" for feeding 623 

" special signs of disease in 675 

" ten years' produce in 557 

" training and working 571, 582 

" " vs. breaking 571 

Characteristics of Devon cow 452 

" " Devons 4.55 

•' " Spanish cattle .542 

Cheap stables 586 



PAGE. 

Cheese making 652, 656 

" production of. 643 

Cheshire cheese, to make 655 

Chiddar " 653 

" " to make 654 

" " sizes of. 654 

Choice of breeds 552 

Clysters 607 

" forms of. 700 

" recipes for 700,701 

" stimulating 701 

" laxative 700 

" emollient 701 

" diuretic 701 

" anodyne 701 

" for worms 702 

" astringent 702 

" nourishing 702 

Clovers of value 602 

" imdesirable 602 

Clover rations for cattle 505 

Coloring butter 650 

Color of short-horns 488 

" " the Sussex 465 

Colors of Alderneys 495 

Common barn 588 

Common sense breeding 559 

" " in disease, value of 665 

Comparing values 565 

Comparison ol milk products 534 

Contagious diseases 685, 696 

Contour of body of short horns. ...483, 4i4 

Corn rations for cattle 565 

Cough drinks, recipes for 708 

Coughs, remedy lor • 710 

Cows, Devon 452 

Cow, Hereford. 459 

Cows, gestation of. 560 

Cow, to prevent kicking 576 

', " sucking 578 

" " hooking 578 

" to manage a kicking . ..581 

Cows, viciousness in 576 

" sucking 576 

Creamery, ex. of. 645 

Dairying, importance of. 641 

" conditions necessary for 644 

Uairy, the 041, 058 

" draining for 645 

" sub-ear;!i \xiitilation 646 

" importance of cleanliness 647 

" animal odor 647 

" temperature of. 648 

" short horns for 477, 478 

" cow. The Alderney 503 



992 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



PAGE. 

Dairy barn 591 

" milkers to buy 528 

Danish cattle 522 

Description of Ayrsliire points 509 

Devon cattle 451 

" cows 452 

" cow, characteristics of. 452 

" worlving ox 454 

Devons, characteristics of and impor- 
tant points 456 

limbs 456 

" body of. 456 

" slcin of. 457 

" liair of. 477 

" points of. 454, 455 

Diarrhea, recipes for 710 

Digestion 636 

Diseases of cattle 661, 696 

" in general 662, 663 

" recognizing 672 

" breathing in 673 

" temperature in 674 

" posture in 675 

" foot and mouth 694 

" " temperature in 694 

" " how to liuow.. 694 

" of the feet 703 

Dissections 697 

Distinguishing marks of Sussex cows 465 

Diuretic drink 709 

Doses, forms of 606 

Dr. Geo. Miiy, on Dutch cattle 526 

Drink for cows after calving 709 

Durham bull and cow, old style 466 

Dutch cattle, (see Holsteins) 517 

" " true liistory of. 519 

" " what history says 519 

" " facts as to 524 

" " races of 526 

Dutcli Fresiau cow 526 

Dysentery, recipeslor 710 

Earl Spencer's prize ox 624 

Early feeding of calves 568 

" maturity, profits in 614 

Economy of large barns 593 

English feeding, cost of 617 

Epidemic diseases 686, 696 

Eruptive " 711 

Escutcheon 628 

Escutcheons of best rows 631 

" and milk glands 623- 

" marks, value of 623 

" not always correct 634 

" in points 598 

" in Ayrshires 510, 511 

Exercising common sense in breeding 559 



PAGE. 

Experiments in feeding 562 

Export butter and clieese 643 

Eye, cooling wash for 704 

" in disease 672 

Facts about Dutch cattle 524 

Farm barn 588 

Farmer Thrifty's Cattle 584 

" Slack's shelter 595 

Fastenings 586 

Fat bullocks, outline of. 625 

Feeding qualities, Holland cows 631 

" stock cattle 006 

" milch cows 607 

" for profit 508 

" cost in England 616 

" in summer 617 

" experiments in 562 

" standard 563 

" rations for steers 564 

" stock, to buy 625 

" cheap corn 567 

" at milkingtime 575 

Firing 669 

Flooding after calving 680 

" " " recipes for 680 

Fomentations, their operations 67 

" recipes for 703 

" common 703 

" anodyne 703 

" relaxing 703 

Food vs. product 562 

Foods, relative v.alue of. 566 

Form as an index to quality 555 

Foul meadow grass 605 

Framed sheds 585 

Frankish cow 526 

Friesian cattle 521 

" " characteristics B24 

Full feeding, advantages of. 619 

Fumigants 709 

" to make 709 

Fumigation 067 

G.alloway cattle 540 

Gelding calves, care in 570 

General utility in breeding 553 

Gestation of cows 560 

" table relative to B61 

" diseases of 670, 684 

" accidents of. 676, 684 

" plural 675 

" multiple 676 

" what to do during 677 

Good care, value of 621 

" returns, how to get 621 

" feeding profitable 627 



993 



PAGE. 

Grades, breeding of. 495 

Graduation of doses 665 

Grasses for stock 551 

Grease butter 641 

Guenon's theory 628, 635 

Hair and condition 674 

" of the Devons 457 

Happy family 582 

Heat of iron 679 

Heavy weights of cattle 610 

" " ofshort-horn cattle 611, G13 

Herding, cattle, expense of. 547 

Heredity 636 

Herefords 457 

Hereford bull 458 

" fifty years ago 459 

" cow 459 

Herefords in America 460 

" as milkers 460 

Hereford ox 462 

" cow and calf. 461 

" of to-day 462 

History of Holstein 516 

" shorthorns 467, 481 

Holstein cattle 515, 536 

" history of 516 

" cow, escutcheon on 632 

Holsteins, improvement in 576 

" for the present century 517 

" in America 517 

" first imported 517 

" colors of. 517 

" herd book 519 

" regular markets established.. 522 

" Dr. Geo. Mayor 526 

" Mr. Klippart's testimony 526 

" importation of \V. C. Chen- 

ery •... 521 

" as milkers 532 

" weights of 533 

" milk products of. 533 

" herd records 534,535 

" cow 523 

" herd records , 533 

Home dairies 647 

Horns not certain indications of age... 639 

Hoven 710 

" remedy for 710 

How to breed 553 

How to buy and how to sell 621, 641 

How to .shelter 583, 600 

Improvements in Holsteins 517 

Indication of pain 517 

Infectious diseases 685, 696 

Infusions 702 

'■ rule for making 702 

Injections 667 



PAGE. 

Inversion of womb 681 

Jersey bull, perfection 499 

" scale of of points 500 

Jersey or Aklerney cattle 492, 503 

" cattle (see Alderney) 

Jerseys, milk mirrors of. 630 

Judging age by teeth 039 

Judging Alderney bulls 498 

Judging Alderneys by points 500, 503 

Kerry cow 536 

Kerry's, a rare breed 536 

" description of. 537 

" hardinessof 536 

Kicking cow, to manage 581 

Kind and careful treatment 607, 608 

Klippart, on Holstein cattle.... 527 

Last centurj', Ayrshires of. 504 

Labor, languid 682 

Languid labor 682 

Large presentation 678 

Limbs of the Devons 456 

Live weight, estimating 622 

Long horns 450 

Make beef young 614 

Making dairy butter 648 

Malignant anthrax 688 

" catarrh 695 

" " symptoms of. 695 

" " recipes for 606 

Measurements, estimating by 623 

Medicines and instruments 696, 711 

" action of. 697 

" doses 697 

" when to administer 665 

" how to give 666 

Medical recipes for cattle 699, 711 

Middle horns 450 

Milking qualities of Aldern(iys 495 

Milk mirror in points 498 

Milking qualities of Holsteins 531 

Milk products of Holsteins 532 

" " compared 534 

" " of Kerry cows 53>i 

Milking, trainingto 574 

Milking time, feeding at 575 

576 

Milch cows 607 

Milk and beef cow, description of 627, 628 

" mirrors 628 

" " vertical 630 

" " thigh 631 

Milkers in all breeds 635 

Milk veins 635 



994 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



PAGE. 

Milk, care of. 646 

" 649 

Model cow, perfection 498 

" dairy, description of 627, 628 

" creamery, ground plan of. 64,5 

Murrain, preventives of 693 

" recipes for 693,694 

Mucilages, use of 704 

Natural history of Cattle 447 

'• teniper.iture of stocli 583 

" water in food 618 

Neck of shorthorns 483 

Nutritive qualities ofHolsteins 532 

Necessity of shelter 583, 600 

New industries, rushing into 610 

North Devon cow 453 

North Holland cattle 528 

Octagonal barns 589 

Old style farm yard 584 

Opodeldoc, to make 711 

Orchard grass 604 

Oleomargarine 641 

Outline of short horn cow 465 

Oxen training 578 

Packing butter 657 

Paralysis, after calving 682 

Pasture, feed and water 601, 608 

Pasturage 601 

Pasturing, time foi- 605 

Patton 469 

Pedigree of Comet 558 

" cow Florissa 558 

Perfection in cow 488, 492 

Pleuropneumonia, virus ot. 936 

" " period of incuba- 
tion 686 

" " " of infection 688 

" " disinfection of. 688 

" " cont;jgious 686, 690 

" • history of. 6S6 

" " malignantqualities 686 

" " contagiousness of 686 

" " definition of 6S6 

Points of cows 454, 455 

Poultices, their u.-e 706 

" stimulating 706 

" to promote suppuration 707 

Polled cattle 539 

Points ot short-horns 481 

" " " described 478 

Prolonged labor 678 

Presentation large 678 

Prime parts in cattle 626 

Pre-revolutionary short-horns 469 



PAGE. 

Profits from breeding Texan grades... 545 

" on Texan cattle 547 

" of early m.Tturity 673 

" of good feeding 627 

Pulse in disease 672 

" of animals 672 

Purity, value of. 495 

Quality, form as an index to 555 

Quarterale 685 

Races of Dutch cattle 626 

Rations for milch cows 563 

Raising cream, various methods 648 

" " Dutch method 648 

" " Holstein method 648 

" " Devonshire '• 648 

" " Gussander " 648 

Raising calves, experiments in 657 

" young cattle 568 

Relative value of different foods 566 

Red top 604 

Respiration 637 

Retention of afterbirth 680 

" " " recipes for 681 

Rement for clieese 655 

Ripe cattle for profit 627 

Roughshed 5S4 

Rowels 670 

Rule for measuring cattle 623 

Salting Butter 650 

Salt for butter 652 

" impurities in : 652 

Scale of points, short-horn bulls. ..489, 490 
" " " " cows... 490, 492 

" " " cows and heifers.. ..496. 498 

" " " Jersey bull 500 

Selection in breedhig 558 

" of bulls for Tfxas. 548 

" •' calves for Texas 549 

Setons 670 

" recipes foi 670 

Shelter, how to 583,600 

•' where to plant 599 

Shallow pans 647 

Short-horns, cows, scale of points, 490. 492 

Short-horns, the buck !85 

•■ Inm 485 

" " limb 485 

" " skin 485 

" " hair 487 

" " handling 486 

" " color 488 

" perfection in 488, 492 

« bulls 489,490 

" scale of points 489.490 



995 



PAGE. 

Short horn proper 467 

" history of 467, 481 

" in America 469. 478 

" importation 1815 469 

" " 1817 469.470 

" " 1820 and 1821... 470 

" " 1822 to 1830 470 

" Ohio importation 1834 472 

" 1824 to 1S2S, 

1833 to 1840 472 
" " " 1840 to 1850, 473 

" " " 1850 to 1851, 474 

" " " 1858..., 477 

" in the West 477 

" for beef. 478, 481 

" " dairy 477.478 

" points of. 481 

" butcher's profit in 481 

" the head 481,482 

" the neclc 483 

" body, contour of. 483, 484 

" proper shape for fattening, 484 

" the crops 485 

Shorthorn breeds 465,492 

Signs of disease in cittle 675 

Skim milk, value of. 058 

Skim clieese 641 

Skeleton of ox, explanation of 698 

" " and liorse compared.... 679 

Skin diseases, wash for 704 

" and condition 674 

" oftheDevons 757 

Slack shelter 595 

South Holland caltle 528 

Spanish cattle 542 

Spraying 667 

Splenic fever 685 

Square b.irn 589 

Stimulating tincture 705. 706 

Starting the herd 557 

Stables in basement 590 

Siock cattle, feeding 606 

" feeding 6 6 

•' well and ill kept 609 

Steaming 667 

" application 667 

" nose bag for 667 

Straining after birth 682 

Suffolk cattle 541, 550 

Summer feeding 617 

" shelter 598 

Sussex cattle, distinguishing marks of 465 

" covr 465 

" the color ol 465 

Swiss cow 526 

Styptics, v^uable 706 



PAGE. 

Table on gestation 561 

Taints from impurities in milk 6:51 

Teeth of c.ittle 448 

Teeth, judging age by 639, 640 

Temperature of dairy 648 

" cheese vat 656 

Texas cattle 541, 5.50 

" " Interests in 546 

" " acclimating improved bulls 

in 546 

" " selection of calves for 549 

" fever 691 

" " how to know it 691 

" '• recipes for 692 

" " whattodo 692 

Texans, feeding in stable 543 

" improved blood 545 

Ten years produce in cattle- 557 

The young calf. 565 

The touch, value of 026 

Thermometrical tests for heat 674 

Timothy 603 

Time for pasturing 606 

Tongue in disease 672 

Training and working eattle 571, 582 

" vs. breaking 571 

" the calf 572 

" to milk 574 

" oxen 578 

" stock young 580 

■' cattle, summing up 580 

True grasses 603 

True history of Holland cattle 519 

Twist, veins of. 637 

Twisted suture 671 

Udder, veins of. 637, 638 

Ulceration of the mouth 710 

" recipes for 710 

Unnatural presentation 678 

" positions of calf. 678 

Urus '. 447 

Usefulness of Ayrshires 510 

Value of purity 495 

Values, comparison of. 565 

Valuable clovers 602 

Value of good care 621 

'• milk mirrors 629 

Vapors 667 

Veins of twist and udder, infallible 

marks 638 

Veterinary surgery, importance of.. ... 662 

" pretenders 662 

Virus, how carried 687 

Wash for eruption 709 



99(3 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



PAGE. 

Washes 704 

Waste products, utilizing 657 

Watering 606 

Weiglits of Holsteiiis 532 

" Texas cattle 545 

Weight, to estimate 622 

Weigliing cattle 626 

Well and ill kept stock 609 

What history says — Holland cattle 520 

Wliat to plant 600 

Where to plant slielter 509 

Where good beef lies 625 

Womb, inversion of 681 

" " to prevent '.. 681 



PAGE. 

Wind-breaks 584 

Wounds, sewing 670 

" tincture for 710 

W. Friesland cattle 528 

Yields of milk, Dutch cattle 529 

" " " Ayrshires 529 

" " " Toudern cows 529 

•' " " Breitenburg cows 531 

" " " Holland cows 531 

" " " Holsteins 533 

Young calf. 568 

" stock to train 580 

" beef 613 



SHEEP, 



PAGE. 

Age for breeding sheep 736 

American merinos 730 

" " origin of 731 

Apoplexy 753 

Barbary sheep 717 

Biflex canal, inflammation of 759 

Black-faced Highland sheep 725 

Border Leicester 719 

Castrating lambs 743 

" rams 743 

Cheviot sheep 725 

Colic 761 

Cotswold sheep 720 

" " value of 720 

" " South 722 

" lambs 722 

Coupling sheep 736 

Diseases of sheep 745, 761 

" " head and brain 750 

" " urinary organs 757 

" " generative organs 757 

Division of wool 734 

" " " illustration 734 

Docking lambs 742 

Dorset sheep 727 

Dosing sheep 739 

Epilepsy 754 

Fall pasturing of sheep 739 

" feeding of sheep 739 

Fine wooled sheep 730 

Foot rot 757 

" " treatment 758 

Fouls in the feet 758 

Generative organs, diseases 757 

Gravel 758 



PAGE. 

Grubs in the head 753 

" " " '• to prevent 753 

" extrraction 753 

Hampshire Downs 728 

Hydrophobia 755 

Hydatids on the brain 755 

Inflammation of the eyes 752 

" " " brain 754 

" symptoms 754 

Intestinal worms 760 

Lambing room 742 

Lambs, castration 743 

Leicester sheep 724 

Lincoln sheep 724 

Liver fluke 760 

Lockjaw, treatment 754 

Long wooled sheep 117 

" " " flocking 724 

Lung worms 759 

" " treatment 759 

Maggoty sheep 759 

" " recipes 759 

Management of lambs 742 

Merinos, American 730 

" fleeces 730 

" the head 731 

" the body 732 

" characteristics 731, 733 

" for profit 732, 733 

Middle wooled sheep 725 

New Leicester sheep 719 

" Oxfordshire sheep 724 

Nursery for iambs 744 

Oxford Downs 729 



997 



PAGE. 

Palsy 754 

" recipes 754 

Parasites on sheep 755 

Pasturing sheep 738 

Punjaub sheep 717 

Rabies 755 

Rams at coupling time 737 

" as teasers 737 

" management 737 

" castration 743 

Rocky Mountain sheep 716 

Roots for sheep 744 

Scab 756 

" symptoms 756 

" to cure 757 

" recipes for 756, 757 

Sheep, the head 747, 748 

" " trunlv- 748 

" " fore-leg 748 

" " hind-leg 748 

" " important points of. 748 

" " analysis 748, 749 

" " skull of, explained 749 

" •' importance of head of, 749, 750 

" " teeth 750 

" " teeth indicating age 751 

" " swelled head in 751 

" " " " recipes for 751 
" " distemper 752 



PAGE. 

Sheep distemper recipes for 752 

Sheep husbandry 715 744 

" varieties 715 

" importance of 715 

" points of, explained 716 

Shropshire Downs 728 

Sheep breeding 735, 745 

" management of. 735, 745 

" barns 740 

" trough 740 

Sheep, diseases of 745, 761 

Skeleton of sheep, description ol 748 

Special Winter feeding of sheep 741 

Training rams 738 

Travel sore 758 

The rot in sheep 760, 761 

Urinary organs, diseases of. 757 

Varieties of sheep 715 

Vegetable poisoning 752 

" " recipes for 752 

Watering sheep 739 

Weaning sheep 743 

White-faced Highland sheep 726 

Winter management of sheep 743 

Worms, intestinal 760 

" lung 759 

" liver-nuke 760 

" the rot 761 



SWINE AND POULTRY 



Ageof swine, to tell 767 

American breed 777,783 

" bred swine 777, 783 

Antiquity of the hog 765 

Anthrax, malignant 811 

Arkansas tooth-pick 798 

Berkshires 770 

" characteristius of. 770, 771 

Breeds of American Swine 777, 783 

" recapitulation of 782 

Breeding and management of swine, 

784, 791 

" age of swine 786 

Care of sows ''^87 

Catarrh in head 813 

Charbon 811 

Contagious pneumo - enteritis with 

malignant sore throat 809, 810 



Contagious diseases, summary of. 816 

Contagious pneumo - enteritis with 
malignant sore throat, recipes for, 

809. 810 

C.ileshill swine 773 

Catarrh, malignant, epizootic 105 

" " " recipes for806, 807 

Chinese hog 768 

Cliina boar 768 

" sow 769 

Chinese swine and crosses 

Cliaracteristics of Berkshires 770 

" Neapoliian hogs 715 

" Essex swine 773 

" Poland-China 779 

" fixing and holding... 785 

Chester whites 779, 780 

" " west 780 



998 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



PAGE. 

Cheshires 791 

" improved 782 

Clean care necessary 791 

Contagious and malignant diseases 805 

'• pneumonia enteritis... 808, 811 

" " origin of.. ..808, 809 

" " erysipelatous form 809 

Cross— barn for swine 706 

Cumberland swiue 774 

Diarriiea 815 

" recipe for 816 

DifHculty in administering 804 

Diseases of swine 803, 816 

" the skin 813 

Englisl) breeds 779 

Essex swine 772 

" origin of. 772 

Farrowing of swine 787 

Feeding and shelter 792, 802 

" in summer 793 

" grain 794 

" south 794 

" in confinement 795 

Gestation of swine 787 

Good vs. food 792 

Good nursing important 804 

Grain feeding 794 

Hog, origin of. 76"), 76G 

" antiquity of. 765 

" introduction into America 766 

" " " Florida 766 

" " " Nova Scotia.... 766 

" " " N. Foundland, 766 

" " " Canada 766 

'• " " Virginia 766 

" explanation of skeleton of S03 

" light us heavy 799 

Hospital breed 784,797 

Hog cholera, intestinal 807, 808 

'• " " causes 808 

" " " prevention 809 

Hog barns 795,797 

Illustration of skeleton 803 

Importanceof swine 707 

Improved breeds of swine 768 

" Berkshire 770 

Suffolks 774,775 

" Middlesex 774, 775 

'• Cheshire 782 

Importance of swine 784 

" " selection 780 

" " good nursing 804 

Intestinal hog-cholera 807,808 

" " ■' causes 807 

" " " prevention 809 

India hog 768 



PABK. 

Inflammatory diseases 812, 816 

Jersey reds 781 

Jefferson County hogs 783 

Large Lancashire, white 777 

Lancashire hogs 775, 779 

" middle-breed 777 

Lard worm 814 

Light !;s heavy hogs 799 

" hogs profitable 799 

Lights, rising of. 813 

Lice 815 

Magie hogs 783 

Malignant and contagious diseases..805, 812 

" epizootic catarrh 805 

" " symptoms 806 

" " recipes for 806, 807 

" authrax 811. 

Mange 814 

Management of swhie 789 

Markings of Berkshires 771 

Mast as food 794 

Medicme, difliculty in administering... 804 

Measles 813 

Middle-bred Yorkshires 774 

•' Lancashire 776 

Morgan county hogs 7g3 

Neapolitan hogs 771 

" " imported to U. States 775 

hog 768 

Origin of Essex swine 773 

" Poland-Cliina 779 

" Chester While 779 

Points of Suffolk swine- 775 

Poland-China 778 

Pneumo-enteritis 808, 811 

" " origin of. 808, 909 

" " erysipelatous form... 809 

•' " vs. authrax, distinc 

tion between 811 

Pneumonia 813 

Quinsy 812 

Recapitulation of breeds 782, 783 

Boots for swine 793 

Rising of thr lights 813 

Scab 815 

" recipes for 815 

Selection, importanceof. 7i3 

Short-faced Lancashire 775, 776 

Shelter and feeding 792, 802 

Siamese hog, and Berk.shire 770 

Skeleton of liog 803 

Small Yorkshires 774 

Splenic fever in swine 811 

Strangles 812 

'• recipe for 812 



999 



PAGE). 

Suffolks 774 

" origin ot 774 

" Prince Alberts 775 

" points 775 

Summer feeding 782 

Summary of necessary care 791 

" care of swine 798 

" contagious diseases 816 

Swine, history, breeds and character- 

teristics 765, 816 

" ageof, totelL 767 

'• breeding in America 767 

" in Iowa 768 

" in Oliie _ 768 

" in Illinois 768 

" Improved breeds of. 768 

•' breeding age ot 786 

management of 789 

" cleanliness necessary 790 

Teeth of the hog 766 

Trichina Spirali- 814 

Weaning 787 

Yorkshire swine 773, 774 

POULTRY. 

African geese 891 

American wild turkey 822 

Analysis of wing plumage 860, 862 

Anatomy of the hen 898 

Apoplexy 898, 899 

Asiatic breeds 841, 848 

Aylesbury ducks 880 

Bantams, origin of. 824 

" 855, 857 

Seabright 855 

Barn-yard fowls, varieties of. 857 

Best breeds for market 865 

Black Dorking 829 

" Hamburgs 832 

" East India duck 883 

" rot 900 

" " recipe for 901 

Bolton Gray 830 

Brahma fowls 845, 848 

Brida " 849 

Brown-breasted red game 851 

Breeding of poultry 858, 865 

Breeders, Glossary of terms used 843, 894 

" to type 864 

" grades 865 

Bronze gray Turkey 874 

" black " 875 

Buff Cochins 843 

Call ducks 881 

Canada wild goose 891 



PAGE. 

Care in packing fowls 870 

Cayuga black ducks 882 

Chittagong 842 

Cholera 900 

Common turkey 873 

Creve Coeurs 840 

Crested turkey 872 

Crop bound 901 

Croup 901 

DiirU Brahma 846 

Derby game 852 

Divisions of domestic poultry 826 

Disparity in sexes 864 

Diseases of fowls 897,902 

Diphtheria 901 

Domestic fowls, origin of 819, 826 

" poultry, how divided 826 

Dorking fowls 828, 830 

" white 827 

" silver gray 828 

" gray 829 

" fawn-colored 29 

Dominique fowls 830, 831 

Domestic turkey, varieties of 872, 873 

Dressing fowls , 868 

Duck-wing game 853,854 

Ducks, Kouen 878,879 

" Aylesbury 880 

" gray call 881 

" call 881 

" white 881 

" Cayuga black 882 

" summary of 8^3, 885 

Earl Derby game 8.52. 853 

Egg-producing fowls 8(18 

Egg bound .^99 

Embden, or Bremen geese 886 

English turkey 873 

Fawn-colored Dorking S29 

Fancier's glossary of terms 893, 894 

Fancy ducks 883 

Fowls, nian.ngeraent of. 866,870 

" the house 867 

proper food for 867 

" egg producers 868 

" for market 86S 

" to fatten 868 

" to kill SC8 

' to dress 868 

" packing for market 869 

French fowls 837, 840 

Frizzled " 848 

Game fowls 855 

" bantams , 855 

Gapes, remedy for 900 

Geese, sub-varieties of. 822 



1000 



ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



FACE. 

Georgia game 855 

Geese 886, 892 

" Embdeii 886 

" Bremen 886 

" Toulouse 887 

" Hong Kong 888 

" white Chinese 890 

" African 891 

" Canada wild 891 

" management of. 892 

Golden-penciled Hamburg 834 

Going into business 866 

Glossary of terms used by fanciers, 

893, 894 

Gray Dorking 828 

Gray call ducks 8S1 

Guinea fowl, where native 822 

Gueldar fowls 849 

Guinea fowl 876, 877 

" " number of eggs laid 876 

' " wild 876 

" " white 877 

" " spotted 877 

Hamburg fowls 832 

Hen, anatomy of. 898 

Honduras turkej' 874 

Hong- Ivong geese 888 

Houdans 838 

Ideal shape 8G3 

Inllammatiou of egg passage 899 

" " " recipe for 899 

Japanese Bantams 856 

Killing fowls 868 

Lafleche fowls 839 

Large Asiatic breeds 841. 848 

Laying soft eggs 901 

Leghorns 834 

Leg bone of hen 898 

Lice 902 

Light Brahma „ 848 

Management of fowls 866, 870 

" geese 872 

M.arketing fowls 869 

Mating 865 

Mexican wild turkey 820 

" turkey 875 

Occlated turkey 874 

Origin of domestic fowls 819, 826 

Ostrich fowls 832 

Packing for market 869 

Partridge Cochin 845 

Peacock 877 



PAGE. 

Penciled Hamburgs 833 

Pip 901 

Plymouth Rock fowls 831 

Points of poultry, expalantion of 801 

" the head . " ...859, 860 

" fowls " ...860, 863 

Poultry, history and management 819, 002 

" " 819, 826 

" wild types 822, 826 

" theplum.age 801, 862 

" diseases of. 897, 902 

Rheumatism 901 

Rouen ducks 878, 879 

Roups 899 

" recipe for 899 

Seabright Bantams 855 

Sexes, disparity in 864 

Silky fowls 843 

Silver-gray Dorking 828 

" penciled Hamburgs 833 

Sonnerat fowls 824 

South American fowls 825 

Spanish fowls 836, 837 

Spotted Guinea fowl 877 

Standard white Leghorns 837 

Summary of ducks 883, 885 

Sub-varieties of geese 822 

Toulouse geese 887 

Turkeys 87!, 876 

" domestic varieties of. 872,873 

" time of hatching eggs 872 

" common 873 

" crested 872 

" English 873 

" bronze gray 87S 

" Honduras 874 

" Ocelates 874 

'• Mexican 875 

" bronze 875 

" " black ,... 875 

Varieties of domestic turkeys 872, 873 

" barn-yard fowls 827, 857 

Water fowl — ducks 875, 878 

" " —geese 886, 892 

White Dorking 827 

" Leghorn 834 

" Cochins 845 

" Georgia games 854 

" guinea fowl 877 

" ducks 881 

" China geese 890 

Wild species of domestic fowl 824 

" goose 891 

Wing plumage, analysis of. 860, 862 



1001 



APPPENDIX TO INDEX, 



PAGE. 

Abdallah, Bellfounder Mood, record... 954 

Acquired qualities transmitted 1)24 

Albany Pony 952 

American trottinghorse, development. 951 

Ancient British horse 905 

Ariel, pedigree 915 

Arab horse, first imported into Eng- 
land 906 

Artificial care in trotting 945 

Bandaging the limbs 947 

Bellfounder and trotting stock 953 

Bedtord, pedigaee 913 

Bedford's get 913 

Betsy Baker 952 

Bit, the medium of communication.... 948 

Bits and reins, what they are for 948 

Black Maria, pedigree 915 

Boston, pedigree 915 

Boston Blue 9.52 

"Brushing" for speed 950 

Cayuga Chief, early races 9.53 

Care in preparing the food 946 

Choice of blood 931 

Choieeof stallion 931 

Comparison of speed, English and 

American horses 919, 920 

Conformation of brood mare 927 

Cripple, pedigree 911 

Defects to be avoided 929, 930 

Dicky Pierson, pedigree 909 

Diomed, pedigree 912 

Diomed's get 912 

Dorimant, pedigree 912 

Driving on the road 948 

Drivmg 947 

" evils of hard pulling 947 

Dutchman, early races 9.52 

Duroo and trotting blood 954 

Early maturity of horses of to-day 920 

Early racing horses in Tennessee 913 

Early racing stock in Kentucky 913 

Early training useful 945 

Eclipse, pedigree 914 

Edwin Forest, early races 952 

English native stallions in 1730 90S, 909 

English vs. American views on speed.. 916 

English vs. American race-courses 920 

Ethan Allen, 1852, record in 1856 953 

Establishing intelligent action 949 

Extraordinary performances of horses. 917 

Fanny Jenks, early races 953 

Fanny Murray, 100 mile trot 953 

Fashion, pedigree 916 

Fearnaught, " 909 



PAGE. 

Feeding in training 945 

Feeding 945 

First public trot in America 952 

Fiy, Canadian mare 953 

Flora Temple, in 1S53 953 

Florizel, pedigree 912 

Foreign stallions in England in 1730... 908 

Gabriel, pedigree 912 

Gabriel's get 913 

Generous horses vs. laggards 945 

Giving the horse a mouth 948 

Goldsmith Maid, memoir of. 954 

" " in 1863 955 

" " in 1876 955 

Good roads favor driving 948 

Great Britain horses introduced into... 905 

Hautboy mare 909 

Hambletonian, pedigree 954 

" description of. 954 

Hard pullers caused by defect in train- 
ing 947 

Herod, pedigree 912 

Helmsley Turk 907 

Hitting with the blood 931 

Hiram Woodruff on driving 946, 949 

Holding the reins 950 

Horse clothing 945 

Holding the reins 950 

Horses introduced into Great Britain 905 

Horses first kept for racing 906 

Horse in King Alfred's time 905 

" '' Athelstan's time 906 

Hor.se in William the Conqueror's time 906 
Hunting Park Association of Phila- 
delphia 952 

Importation of Edward HI 906 

" " Henry VU 906 

" " Henry VHI 906 

In-bred vs. out-cros.<ed stallions 926 

Influence of male on embryo 924 

lu-iind-in breeding 925 

Influence of first contact 924 

Jay Gould 956 

Keeping one's temper 948 

King John's importation 906 

Lady Sufiblk, early races 953 

Lexington, pedigree 916 

Lecompte " 916 

Long Island course 952 

Makeless, pedigree of. 910 

Marske, pedigree 912 

Messenger and trotting stock 954 

Medley, pedigree of. 911 

Miss Colville 909 



1002 



ILLUSTRATEE STOCK DOCTOH. 



PAGE. 

Morton's Traveler, pedigree of. 910 

Morocco Barb 907 

Modern race horse 918 

Moses, pedigree 913 

Monkey, ^" 909 

Noted horses of the last century, Soutli 911 

Old time trotters 952 

Oriental blood in England, time of 

Cromwell 907 

Oriental blood and English horses 907 

Oriental horses no longer profitable... 908 

Otho, pedigree 912 

Out-crossing 925, 926 

Ovum of mammalia 923 

Periodic beat 923 

Pryor, pedigree 916 

Principles of breeding 923, 925 

Preparation preceding first trial. ..945, 946 

Queen Mab 909 

Quantity of food to be given 946 

Racing horses 906 

Bacing, origin of the word 905 

Ra e horses first imported to America 909 
Race course first established in Eng- 
land 906 

Race horses at the North 914, 916 

Race course established at Albany, 
Poughlveepsie, Harlem, New Yorli. 914 

Ripton, early races 953 

Riding in the saddle 951 

Rigid pulling a mistake 948 

Road driving a fine art 948 

Roadster driving vs. trotting on the 

course 949, 950 

JElouth's Crab, pedigree of '..... 909 

Roundhead, " " 909 

Saddle riding In England 951 

Severe bits objectionable 948 

Seat of the driver 949 



PAGE. 

Selection of broodmare 927 

Selina 909 

Shifting the reach 960, 951 

Shifting the bit 950 

Shark, pedigree 911 

Small size of old time racers 918 

Smart tricks of drivers 947 

Spark 909 

Squirt, pedigree 912 

Steatyingthe horse 948 

Stoutness the forte of early racers 918 

Sweating 946 

Taking hold of the reins 950 

Tally Roger, pedigree 909 

Thorough blood valuable in trotters.. 953 

Thoroughbred hor.«es, South 910, 914 

The embryo 923 

The Giles horse 952 

Time of celebrated horses 919, 921 

Topgallanc 952 

Treadwell mare 952 

Training to trotting 948 

Training, intelligent care necessary... 945 

"• condition, importance of... 945 

Training: the 3-year-old 948 

Trials of speed 948 

Tryall 909 

Trotting horses 945 9.57 

Trotting horse of America 954 

Trotting stallions in England, time of 

Henry VIII., by whom kept 907 

Turf horses 905 

Unsoundness to be noted 928 

Ultimate trotting speed 949, 950 

Value of good bits 948 

Watering 946 

White Turk 907 

Whalebone, early races 952 

Woodcock, pedigree 909 



N 



826 



